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5.5 Classification5.5 Classification
i.ii.iii.iv.
A.B.C.D.
5.5.1 5.5.1 OutlineOutline the binomial system of nomenclature. the binomial system of nomenclature.
• Linnaeus; Greek/LatinLinnaeus; Greek/Latin• Genus 1Genus 1stst: capitalized, underlined: capitalized, underlined• Species 2Species 2ndnd: not cap., but underlined: not cap., but underlined
– HomoHomo sapienssapiens• Later reference can be Later reference can be HH. . sapienssapiens
• Name in brackets afterwards = who 1Name in brackets afterwards = who 1stst named/identifiednamed/identified– MalaclemysMalaclemys terrapinterrapin [Schoepf] [Schoepf]
• WHY?WHY?– Universal language vs. common namesUniversal language vs. common names– Show evolutionary relationshipsShow evolutionary relationships
5.5.2 5.5.2 ListList seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an using an example from two different kingdomsexample from two different kingdoms for for each level.each level.
• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• FamilyFamily• GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies
AnimaliaAnimaliaChordataChordataAvesAvesPiciformesPiciformesPicidaePicidaeCampephilusCampephilusprincipalisprincipalisIvory-billed woodpeckerIvory-billed woodpecker
Plantae Plantae AngiospermophytaAngiospermophyta
MagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaGentianalesGentianalesAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiasAsclepiassyriacasyriaca
milkweedmilkweed
5.5.2 5.5.2 ListList seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an using an example from two different kingdomsexample from two different kingdoms for for each level.each level.
• More similar = closer grouping, More similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships
• Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)
• Now...5 (or 6) KingdomsNow...5 (or 6) Kingdoms– Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista
(Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & (Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)Archaebacteria)
5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:
All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles, store starch
Differences:
vegetation (leaves, stems)
reproduction
5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum BryophytaPhylum Bryophyta• Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsLittle! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts• STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry
(liverworts) (liverworts) – NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticleNO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle
• Non-vascularNon-vascular– NO xylem/phloemNO xylem/phloem
• Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore capsule on end; releases spore new plant new plant– NO flowers/seedsNO flowers/seeds
5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum FilicinophytaPhylum Filicinophyta• Ferns & HorsetailsFerns & Horsetails• Height up to 20 mHeight up to 20 m• STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)• Divided LEAVES; ROOTSDivided LEAVES; ROOTS• Vascular (xylem, phloem)Vascular (xylem, phloem)• Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain
sporesspores
5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum ConiferophytaPhylum Coniferophyta• Conifers, pinesConifers, pines• STEMS: woody (lignin)STEMS: woody (lignin)• Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES;
ROOTSROOTS• Vascular system (tracheids)Vascular system (tracheids)• Trees up to 100 m; ShrubsTrees up to 100 m; Shrubs• Repro structure = monoeciousRepro structure = monoecious
– Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) on same plant but different flowerson same plant but different flowers
5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum Angiospermophyta:Phylum Angiospermophyta:• Flowers, fruits, & grassesFlowers, fruits, & grasses• STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVESSTEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES• Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)• Waxy cuticleWaxy cuticle• Annual or perennial, up to 100 mAnnual or perennial, up to 100 m• Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen
grains produced by anthersgrains produced by anthers• Seeds in fruit (ovary)! Seeds in fruit (ovary)!
– (NO cones) (NO cones) animal pollination often animal pollination often
earthworms
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera::• Sea sponges Sea sponges • Simple, sessileSimple, sessile• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:
– none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cellscanals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells
– No muscle/nerves, no organsNo muscle/nerves, no organs• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus:
– Neither (filter feed)Neither (filter feed)• Method of support: Method of support:
– silica or Ca spicules linked togethersilica or Ca spicules linked together
30+ Animal Phyla
These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no chlorophyll, store glycogen
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria::• Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals
(sessile)(sessile)• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:
– 2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry)2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry)
• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – 1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients
• Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxinsNematocysts = stinging cells, toxins• Method of support: Method of support:
– CaCOCaCO33 skeleton skeleton
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes::• Flatworms...Flatty Platty! Flatworms...Flatty Platty!
– parasitic or free-livingparasitic or free-living
• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan: – 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – 1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area)1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area)– No heart/lungsNo heart/lungs
• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layersmuscle layers
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida::• Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches,
polychaetes)polychaetes)– parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrialparasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial
• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan: – 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some
specializationspecialization– Gas exchange through skinGas exchange through skin
• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth gut gut anus anus
• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layersmuscle layers
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca::• Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopusSnails, slugs, bivalves, octopus• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth gut gut anus anus
• Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)(organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)
• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shellmuscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell
5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda::• Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedesInsects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes• Very diverse & adapted group!Very diverse & adapted group!• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:
– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)
• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth gut gut anus anus
• Jointed body segments & appendages; some flyJointed body segments & appendages; some fly• Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)
5.5.5 5.5.5 ApplyApply and and designdesign a key for a group of up to a key for a group of up to eight organisms.eight organisms.
• DICHOTOMOUS Keys• ? 2 alternative answers• Focus on details as you go through• Most characteristics readily observed/measured• Group things...
– Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental factors
• Shape, # of things• Classify each organism with a final id’d name