55494_indx

1,1,1-trichloroethane:in airplane environments, 68.12in residential and commercial buildings, 66.13sources, 5.12

1,3 butadiene, 68.82-ethyl-1-hexanol, 62.122-hydroxymethylpiperazine gas chromatography

method, 32.1830/30 filter (Farr) efficiency, 7.44-phenylcyclohexane (4-PC)

CRI emissions criteria, 62.12half-life, 33.10

95 percent DOP filter efficiency, 9.15

A effect (pulmonary air flow alterations), 23.7, 23.37, 23.38, 23.40

A-weighted decibel curve, 19.1, 19.3–19.4Absolute humidity (see Dew point)Access rating, in asbestos hazard assessments, 37.15Accident rates, and thermal comfort, 16.2–16.3, 16.7Accuracy, in measurements, 51.5–51.6

(See also Precision; Uncertainty)Acetaldehyde, 32.2

adverse health effects, 32.11–32.12sampling techniques, 32.17sources, exposure levels, 5.12, 32.7,

32.10–32.11, 51.2uses for, 32.10

Acetate esters:chemosensory detection threshold, 20.7, 20.9potency estimates, 23.34sources, exposure levels, 5.12

ACGIH (see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)

Acoustic environment:and building-related illness, 54.18HVAC systems, 19.4–19.8and indoor air quality, 60.8–60.9infrasound, 19.8–19.11loudness, 19.2noise, 19.11–19.13power/intensity/pressure levels, 19.4–19.5sound level measurement, 19.1, 19.15–19.19sound levels, acceptable, 19.14–19.15wave frequency and velocity, 19.2

Acrolein, 32.2, 32.12–32.13adverse health effects, 32.13sampling techniques, 32.17sources, exposure levels, 32.7, 32.12–32.13uses for, 32.12

I.3

Activated carbon:activating, 10.2–10.3ASTM standards, 10.3–10.5chemical-impregnated, 10.14–10.16effect of water vapor on, 10.8–10.9handling of mixtures, 10.9–10.10maintenance requirements, 10.13–10.14measuring adsorption capacity, 10.5–10.7measuring adsorption efficiency, 10.7–10.8(See also Adsorption beds)

Activated charcoal VOC sampling, 33.2–33.3Active noise, 19.7–19.8Activity, and metabolic rates, 15.7Actuators (HVAC system), 12.2Acute toxicity tests, 70.10Adaptive model of thermal comfort, 15.11–15.14,

22.8Addiction, and multiple chemical intolerance,

27.15Adhesives, VOC emissions from, 33.8, 33.10,

60.10, 62.12–62.13Adsorption beds, 10.2–10.3

activated carbon requirements, 10.3–10.7cleaning/maintenance requirements, 10.13–10.14designing, 10.10–10.12handling of mixtures, 10.9–10.10installing, 10.11, 10.13measuring capacity of, 10.5–10.7measuring efficiency of, 10.7–10.8

Adverse reproductive effects (see Reproductive problems)

Aerosol photometer filter scan test method (Cold DOP test), 9.16

Aerosols:aerosolized medicine exposure, 65.9–65.10characteristics of, 9.1–9.3infectious agents:

in building-related illness (BRI), 3.3collecting in air filters, 9.23controlling, 11.3–11.7in hospital environments, 65.5–65.6

particle bounce, 9.5particle size, 9.2–9.3, 9.5test dusts, 9.12–9.14

Aflatoxins, 46.6(See also Fungus exposure)

Agar plates, 64.10Age, and sensory discomfort, 17.3–17.4Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

(ATSDR), exposure limits, 51.4

Index_Spengler_HB1 6x9 11/21/00 11:30 AM Page I.3

INDEX

I.1


I.4 INDEX

Agricultural environments, gram-negative bacteria in, 42.3

AHU (see Air-handling unit)Air change rate, 52.3–52.4

air changes per hour (ACH), 6.7–6.8calculating, 52.4

occupancy -related, 52.18–52.19outdoor air, 52.19whole building rates, 52.17–52.18

in ice arenas, 67.3Air circulation (see Airflow, ambient)Air cleaners, 9.24–9.25Air cleaning devices:

and asthma/allergic disease, 4.15cleaning/maintenance requirements, 9.24–9.25criteria for choosing:

costs, 9.17design considerations, 9.21

cyclones, 9.8–9.9design considerations, 60.6effectiveness of, 4.13, 9.12–9.19electronic air cleaners, 9.7–9.8filters, 9.4–9.7, 9.10–9.12handling of biological particles, 9.23inertial separators, 9.8–9.9ion generators, 9.26louvers, 9.8–9.9portable, 9.25scrubbers, 9.10upgrading/improving, 9.23–9.24

Air conditioning:ASHRAE classifications, 5.16need for, 2.7numbers and types of units, 6.5–6.7, 6.9and respiratory disease, 4.6(See also Cooling system)

Air diffusion:in HVAC systems, 8.5–8.6, 8.8–8.9performance index (ADPI), 8.8–8.9(See also Airflow)

Air disinfection:filtration for, 11.7–11.8history of, 11.1–11.2ventilation systems, 11.4–11.10

Air exchange rate (see Ventilation rate)Air, expired, VOCs in, 33.4Air filters/filtration, 9.6

activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.2–10.14airflow rate variability, 9.25–9.26ASHRAE standards for, 7.4biological particles, 9.23cleaning/maintenance requirements, 9.23–9.25controlling airborne infection using, 4.4–4.5,

11.7–11.8criteria for choosing, 9.17design considerations, 60.6, 60.8, 63.4–63.5effects on pressurization, 9.4efficiency, 7.4

monitoring approaches, 9.12–9.17particle size and, 9.4–9.6

Air filters/filtration (Cont.):filter types/methods, 9.4–9.7, 9.10–9.12

UL class 1 and class 2, 9.16improving, cost-benefit analysis, 4.28–4.29self-charging filters, 9.26water treatment using, 8.30(See also Air cleaning devices)

Air Filtration and Ventilation Centre, 51.12Air fresheners/deodorants, VOC emissions from,

33.10Air grilles, in mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13Air-handling unit (AHU), 7.1–7.2

good design practices, 63.4negative pressurization problems, 7.3reverse airflow measurement, 12.10–12.11

Air, historical views of, 2.2–2.5(See also Indoor air quality)

Air infiltration (see Infiltration rates; Outdoor air)Air inlet (intake), 13.13

(See also HVAC systems)Air leakage:

and indoor air monitoring, 51.27–51.29measuring, 52.4

Air pollution (see Aerosols)Air purifiers, ozone-generating by, 10.18Air quality reservoir, 13.5Air sampling (see Sampling and assessment

methods)Air Sampling Instruments (ACGIH), 51.11Air speed, 15.7Air-tight construction (see Closed buildings)Air velocity, 59.2

infectious aerosol particle transport, 11.3(See also Airflow, ambient)

Air vents, 13.6Airborne infection:

causes of, 11.2–11.3controlling, 11.4–11.8and eye irritation, 17.11Pontiac fever, 3.3, 48.2–48.3

Airflow, ambient:airflow rate calculations:

in ducts, 52.7flow hood measurements, 52.15–52.16hot-wire traverses, 52.14–52.15inlet, outlet rates, 52.7–52.8outdoor flow rate measurement, 12.9Pitot tube traverses, 52.13–52.14at supply outlets, exhaust inlets, 52.7–52.8tracer gas measurements, 52.15vane anemometer measurements, 52.15–52.16ventilation rates, 52.3–52.4

during atrium fires:exhaust calculations, 14.8–14.10filling calculations, 14.11–14.12minimum smoke depth layer, 14.12–14.13natural ventilation, 14.12

computer modeling, 14.3–14.4controlling, 12.9in day care centers, 69.6–69.8


INDEX I.5

Airflow, ambient (Cont.):in diffusion-based systems, 8.5–8.6, 8.8–8.12dynamic nature of, 59.2effect on gasoline emission levels, 68.9–68.10effects of air filtration on, 9.23–9.26effects of heat exchangers on, 8.24–8.28effects of ventilation system on, 52.5evaluating during IAQ investigations,

49.11–49.12, 51.27monitoring studies, 12.4–12.5, 51.26–51.27and natural ventilation, 13.5and outdoor air sources, 52.4–52.5pattern studies:

pressure differences, 52.8–52.9smoke tubes for, 52.8tracer gas for, 52.8, 52.9–52.10

and pollutant movement, 52.5reverse rate measurement, 12.10stack effect, 52.5supply air in plenums/ducts, 8.6–8.9through cooling towers, 8.34ultrafine particle distribution, 50.2unducted, 5.8

Airflow, pulmonary:in animal bioassays (A effect), 23.7, 23.37, 23.38in automated bioassays, 24.2–24.3

Airplane environments, 69.12–69.13Airs, Waters, Places (Hippocrates), 2.2Alcohols, aliphatic, chemosensory detection

threshold, 20.5–20.8Aldehydes, 5.12, 32.1–32.2

acetaldehyde, 32.10–32.12acrolein, 32.12–32.13adverse health effects, 32.19chemosensory detection threshold, 20.9, 20.12glutaraldehyde, 32.13–32.15occupational exposure standards (table), 32.11preventing infiltration of, 60.7RD50 values, 32.3reactions with nitric oxides, 32.18reactions with ozone, 32.18removal methods, 10.14sampling methods, 51.25sources, 65.7

Alkylbenzenes, 5.12chemosensory detection threshold, 20.8, 20.11

Alkylphenols:adverse health effects, 34.21sources and levels, 34.15–34.18

Allergens, 43.1–43.3aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.2–9.3airborne rubber proteins, 41.1–41.6in airplane environments, 68.13from animals, 28.9in bus, train and subway environments, 68.12in cleaning service chemicals, 5.10in day care center environments, 69.11dust mites, 43.3–43.6evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.16–49.17German cockroach, 43.6–43.7

Allergens (Cont.):in library environments, 67.11–67.12protein purification methods, 43.2–43.3and sick building syndrome, 53.6skin reactions to, 28.7–28.9skin testing, 43.1, 43.3

Allergic alveolitis (see Hypersensitivity pneumonitis)Allergic dermatitis, and pollen exposure, 44.14Allergic fungal sinusitis, 45.14–45.15Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3, 4.11–4.15,

54.13allergic fungal sinusitis, 54.15allergic rhinitis, 54.14–54.15controlling, 4.15–4.17and fiber exposure, 37.16–37.17and fungus exposure, 45.14–45.15and microbial contaminants, 49.6versus multiple chemical intolerance, 27.4prevalence of, 5.3productivity costs, 4.15, 4.16skin disorders, 28.7–28.9(See also Allergens; Asthma; Multiple chemical

intolerance)Allergic rhinitis, and pollen exposure, 44.14Alpha particles, 40.2

(See also Radon)Alternative building/furnishing materials (see Low-

polluting materials)Alumina, potassium permanganate-impregnated,

10.14–10.16American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and

Immunology (AAAAI), 45.8American Chemical Society, 51.12American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygienists (ACGIH):Air Sampling Instruments, 51.11bioaerosol standards, 45.20indoor air quality standards, 5.8relative limit values (RLVs), endotoxin exposure

limits, 42.11STEL exposure limits, carbon dioxide, 51.2threshold limit values (TLVs), 32.15, 51.3–51.4

aldehydes, 32.11carbon dioxide, 51.2–51.3cellulose, 37.6–37.7hazard rating using, 62.4–62.6pesticides, 35.14

American Institute of Architects (AIA):Building Materials Guide, 62.12Environmental Resource Guide, 5.8

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 51.12building material testing program, 62.12guidelines, consensus standards:

activated carbon standards, 10–15Building Constructions, 51.12indoor air quality model verification,

58.8–58.11Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres, 51.12


I.6 INDEX

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (Cont.):

methods:air leakage (fan pressurization test), 52.4airborne pesticides, 35.5ASTM E 981 method automation, 24.1–24.23carbon monoxide, 51.18–51.20chlordane/heptachlor, 35.5complex mixture evaluations, 23.13–23.16formaldehyde, 51.25gases and vapors, 51.19–51.20IAQ model evaluation, 51.27odor concentration measurement, 20.5–20.6odor intensity measurement, 21.4–21.6ozone, 51.19–51.20tracer gas measurements, 52.8VOCs, 51.22

mouse bioassay approval, 23.7American Society of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers (ASHVE), 15.10American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)definitions/classification systems:

mixed ventilation systems, 5.16synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.4–37.6ventilation, 5.14–5.19, 52.3

energy use modeling, 57.6–57.7handbooks:

ASHRAE Applications Handbook, 12.2ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 16.10Energy Conservation in New Building Design

90-75, 2.8Fundamentals, 63.3

methods:filter testing, 9.14–9.17test dust, 9.13, 9.15

research laboratory, 2.6standards, guidelines:

air cleaners, 10.13air filters, 7.4, 9.14for building documentation, 63.4comfort, 15.10–15.11, 15.12, 15.13–15.14for commissioning HVAC systems, 61.1,

63.4, 63.7filter efficiency, 50.10ice arenas and stadiums, 67.3thermal environment, 2.2, 8.32, 15.8–15.9, 63.3ventilation systems, 2.1, 2.8–2.9, 5.4, 5.6–5.7,

51.3thermal sensation scale, 15.8–15.9

American Thoracic Society, sick building syndrome definition, 3.4

Amines, saturated aliphatic, potency estimates, 23.34Amosite, 38.2

(See also Asbestos)Amphiboles, 38.2

(See also Asbestos)Analogies, in risk communication, 70.30, 70.34Analysis of Smoke Control System (ASCOS), 14.3Analytic methods (see Sampling and assessment

methods)

Anaphylaxis, latex-sensitivity and, 41.5Andersen Sampler, 51.15, 51.17Anemometers, 52.7Anemophilous pollen, 44.1–44.2Anesthetic gas exposure, 65.8–65.9Animal allergens:

adverse health effects, 43.11in day care centers, 69.5dust levels and, 43.11exposure reduction strategies, 43.10–43.11and skin disorders, 28.9(See also Cat allergens; Dog allergens; German

cockroach allergens)Annoyance, from noise, 19.11–19.12Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 51.12Annual risk, 70.14Anosmic research subjects, 20.3–20.4ANSI/AHAM AC-1, 9.16Anthophyllite, 38.2

(See also Asbestos)“Anthropotoxin”, 22.2Antibodies, rubber-specific, testing for, 41.6Antimicrobial chemicals, 35.9Antimicrobial coatings, 5.14Antineoplastic agents, exposure to (see Hospital

environments)Appliances, electrical:

effect on indoor environment, 57.2–57.3PCBs in, 36.6selecting/locating, 60.11–60.12washers/dryers, 6.5–6.6, 6.9

Architects, 6.3, 6.4design services, 60.13role in healthy building design, 1.14, 60.4

Arizona test dust, 9.13Aroclors (see Polychlorinated biphenyls)Arousal model of performance effects, 16.10Arrestance percentage, 7.4, 9.14Arsenic, 28.6, 60.10Artificial infrasound, 19.9As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

standard, 69.13Asbestos, 5.2, 60.11

background levels, 37.4exposure assessment, 38.2

degradation, 38.9–38.10identifying asbestos-containing materials,

37.7–37.11PCOM measurements, 38.8–38.9sample analysis, 37.15–37.16sampling methodology, 37.11

exposure guidelines, 38.5and “fiber” phobia, 5.3fiber release factors, 38.7–38.7legal issues, 71.1physical characteristics, 37.3, 38.1–38.2remediation/control:

building inspection process, 38.12–38.15encapsulation, 38.10management practices, 38.15post-removal levels, 38.11–38.13


INDEX I.7

Asbestos, remediation/control (Cont.):standards governing, 62.24–62.25, 71.5

risk/hazard assessment, 37.13–37.16, 38.2–38.5sources, 37.13, 38.5–38.7

Asbestos Hazard Emergency response Act (AHERA), 37.3

Asbestosis, 37.2, 38.3, 54.12Ascomycetes (see Fungus exposure)Ash, in activated carbon, 10.4ASHRAE (see American Society of Heating,

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers)Aspergillus (see Fungus exposure)Assault and battery, indoor air pollution as, 71.4Assessment methods (see Sampling and assessment

methods)Asthma, 4.11–4.15, 54.13–54.14

American Thoracic Society definition, 23.35–23.36

in day care center environments, 69.8exposures implicated in:

allergens, 3.3bioassays for evaluating, 23.35–23.37cat, dog allergens, 43.7–43.8chlorinated aerosol exposure, 67.6–67.7cleaning service chemicals, 5.10cockroach allergens, 43.7dust mites, 43.3endotoxin, 42.5–42.7environmental tobacco smoke, 30.15–30.16formaldehyde, 32.8–32.9fungus, 45.14, 67.11–67.12latex, 41.4–41.5nitrogen oxides, 29.16pollen, 44.14sulfur dioxide, 29.18

in hospital workers, 65.4productivity costs, 4.15, 4.16strategies for reducing, 4.15–4.17

ASTM (see American Society for Testing and Materials)

Atomizing humidifiers, 8.29–8.31Atopy patch testing, 28.9Atriums, fire and smoke management:

exhaust calculations, 14.8–14.11filling calculations, 14.11–14.12minimum smoke depth layer, 14.12–14.13natural ventilation, 14.12smoke detector efficiency, 14.13

Attributable risk, 70.14Audible sound, 19.8Autobody repair shop emissions, 66.13Automated design (see Computer programs)Automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6Automobiles:

benzene emissions, 33.12–33.14PAH emissions, 34.3VOC emissions, 33.11(See also Gasoline)

Average concentration in the environment equation, 58.3

Average risk, 70.14

Background redness, 26.3–26.5Bacterial contamination:

endotoxin, 42.1–42.3Legionella, 48.1–48.2recommended indoor levels (RIL), 23.33(See also Endotoxin; Microbial contaminants)

Bag/pocket filter, 9.10, 9.12Bahura v. SEW Investors, 71.5–71.6Balanced “mixing” ventilation systems, 13.18Ball pan hardness (activated carbon), 10.4Ballasts, 18.6Barnebey-Cheney Odor Index, 10.13Bars, pub environments, 67.9–67.10Behavior adaption, 15.12BEIR risk assessment models, 40.13–40.15Benzaldehyde, 5.12, 32.2Benzene:

carcinogenicity, 33.22exposure assessments:

automobile/vehicles, 33.12–33.14building materials, 33.14dietary sources, 33.14gasoline, diesel fuel, 33.12–33.13, 68.1–68.2indoor air studies, 33.12New York State Department of Health studies,

66.13outdoor air, 33.12–33.13, 33.14parking garages, 68.16personal exposure studies, 33.11–33.12residential levels, 66.3–66.7wood smoke, 33.14

Benzene Exposure Assessment Model (BEAM), 58.4Benzo[a]pyrene, 34.3, 34.10Bioaerosols:

collecting in air filters, 9.23Olf measurement unit, 22.3, 25.4sampling/monitoring methods, 51.15

Bioeffluents, 22.2Biological assays (bioassays):

automation of, 24.1acquiring/processing data, 24.6–24.12advantages of automation, 24.19–24.20airflow measurements, 24.2–24.3chemical mixtures, assay results, 24.17–24.19concentration-response analysis, 24.20data presentation, 24.13detection limits, 24.14–24.15exposure system, 24.2null/low results, 24.21problems and solutions, 24.21–24.23quantifying P1 effect, 24.3single chemicals, assay results, 24.15–24.17time-response analysis, 24.20–24.21variables included, 24.12

chronic carcinogenesis bioassay, 70.10endotoxin analysis, 42.9–42.10extrapolating to human populations, 70.13immunoassays:

cat allergens, 43.8dust mite species, 43.3–43.4German cockroach, 43.6–43.7


I.8 INDEX

Biological assays (bioassays) (Cont.):Guinea pigs in, 23.36–23.37mice in, 23.4mycotoxin analysis, 46.5potency estimates:

microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), 23.33

nonreactive (NRVOCs), 23.17, 23.26–23.33reactive volatile metabolites (RVOCs),

23.33–23.35pulmonary effects, 23.37–23.38in risk assessment, 70.11–70.13

asthma-inducing potential, 23.35–23.38sensory and pulmonary irritation assays, 23.1–23.2

assay procedure, 23.5assay validation, 23.5–23.7

(See also Sampling and assessment methods)Biological contaminants, in surgical smoke,

65.7–65.8(See also Bioaerosols; Microbial contaminants)

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) committees, 40.13–40.15

Biological markers (see Biomarkers)Biomarkers, 26.2–26.3

exposure assessment:clinical applications, 1.16environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2, 30.6

eye irritation studies, 26.3–26.14for indoor air pollution field studies,

26.20–26.27upper respiratory tract irritation studies,

26.19–26.20(See also Biological assays)

BLAST energy calculation program, 2.10Blinking frequency studies, 26.5–26.6Blood analysis for VOCs, 33.4, 33.21Bloomquist v. Wapello County, 71.6“Blower” ventilation system, 2.5BM-Dustdetector, 64.10, 64.11BNL tracer-gas technique, 51.29Body burden measurement (see Total exposure)Body odor:

in day care centers, 69.5and indoor air quality, 22.2(See also Odor and scent problems)

BOES (see British Office Environment Survey)Boilers (HVAC system), 7.8BOMA (see Building Owners and Managers

Association)“Braking” “breaking” measurements (TB), 23.3Breach of contract issues, 71.3–71.4Breach of warranty issues, 71.4Breakup time (BUT), 26.6–26.8Breast cancer, 36.8

(See also Cancer)Breath analysis for VOCs, 33.20–33.21Breaths/minute (BPM) measurement, 23.3BRI (see Building-related illness)British Columbia, Code of Practice for ice arena

managers, 67.5British Office Environment Survey, sick building

syndrome studies, 3.6–3.7

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Isotherm, 10.5–10.6Buckley v. Kruger-Benson-Zimmer, 71.6Building Assessment Evaluation Survey (BASE),

3.21–3.27Building construction, 6.3

approaches to, 1.14, 5.9–5.10, 6.4“green” vs. “healthy”, 5.1–5.2housekeeping, 6.9–6.10, 64.2and indoor air quality, 5.9–5.10

composite surface materials, 5.8factors that undermine, 5.9–5.10handling chemical mixtures, 5.8–5.9

and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.10–27.11new units

absorption of contaminants in, 5.7degraded indoor air quality, 5.7indoor air quality problems, 5.2

residential buildings, 6.4ventilation system evaluations, 52.2(See also Healthy building design; Renovations,

remodeling)Building design (see Building construction;

Healthy building design)Building energy modeling, 57.6–57.8Building envelopes/shells, 6.15, 52.5, 69.5Building managers, IAQ-training, 63.2Building materials, 6.16

acrolein in, 32.12asbestos in, 38.6, 38.7–38.10benzene in, 33.14emission testing, 62.12impermeable, 2.7low-polluting, 5.14, 31.12–31.14, 60.5–60.6,

60.9–60.11, 62.12safety testing, 39.24–39.25selection criteria, 62.2–62.3

compatibility issues, 62.10emission rates, 62.10hazard rating, 62.3–62.6location effects, 62.6odor issues, 62.11sink properties, 62.10

and sick building syndrome, 5.11, 49.7, 53.6synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.4, 37.16, 39.1use of impermeable materials, 2.7VOCs in, 33.8–33.10

Building owners:as commissioning authority, 61.3–61.4role in healthy building design, 1.15

Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), 5.2, 5.6

building maintenance/repair cost estimate, 63.2Building pressurization (see Pressurization)Building-related disease (BRD) (see Building-

related illness)Building-related illness (BRI), 3.3

airborne infection, 3.2–3.3allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3building environment factors, 54.17–54.18categories of, 54.2–54.4compared with sick building syndrome, 3.3–3.4,

54.1


INDEX I.9

Building-related illness (BRI) (Cont.):dermatitis, 54.17diagnosis, 54.4–54.5exposures implicated in, 54.4–54.8headache, 54.16infections, 54.16–54.17management plans, 54.9mucosal membrane irritation, 54.15–54.16pulmonary diseases, 54.10–54.14residential buildings, 54.18–54.19testing procedures, 54.10toxic reactions, 3.3VOC exposure and, 33.9work stress and, 54.18(See also Sick building syndrome)

Building simulation (see Modeling indoor environments)

Building stock, 6.3(See also Commercial buildings; Residential

buildings)Building Symptom Index (BSI), 53.19–53.21Burge and Macher bioaerosol sampling method,

51.15Buses, exposures associated with, 68.10–68.13Business machines, ultrafine particle generation,

50.2Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

from carpet cushions, 33.10from flooring materials, 62.12

Bypass dampers (HVAC system), 7.4

Cal-ERDA energy calculation program, 2.10Calculations (see Equations and calculations)California:

Healthy Buildings Study, 3.16–3.17indoor air quality regulations, 5.6Proposition 65, 33.10–33.11Ribavirin exposure limits, 65.9

California Population Indoor Exposure Model (CPIEM), 58.4, 58.5

Canada Occupational Safety and Health (COSH)commissioning regulations, 63.7illuminance selection procedure, 18.9lighting regulations, 18.1, 18.7

Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation (CHMC), 27.2

Cancer:and acetaldehyde exposure, 32.11–32.12and acrolein exposure, 32.13and asbestos exposure, 37.3, 37.3–37.5and cellulose exposure, 37.6in children, 30.14and formaldehyde exposure, 32.9–32.10and ingested aflatoxin exposure, 46.6and PAH exposure, 34.18–34.20and pesticide exposure, 35.14–35.15prevalence of, 5.3and radon exposure, 40.2–40.4, 40.8–40.12and synthetic vitreous fiber exposure, 37.5, 39.23and VOC exposure, 33.21–33.22(See also Carcinogenicity assessment)

Candelas (illuminance) measurement, 18.9

Canister sampling:New York State Department of Health studies,

66.6VOC assessments, 51.22

Capacitive sensor, 12.5Capacitors, PCB exposure from, 36.5Capillary absorption tube samplers (CATs), 51.29Car exhaust (see Gasoline)Carbon adsorption water treatment, 8.30Carbon dioxide, 22.2

in airplane environments, 68.12calculating air change rates using, 52.18–52.19in day care centers, 69.5, 69.6exposure limits, 51.2–51.4as indicator of occupancy, 12.12–12.14, 49.6monitoring IAQ using, 7.16, 7.18, 51.15–51.19

in demand-controlled ventilation systems, 13.21

eye irritation studies, 26.11IAQ investigations, 49.11

sources, 29.3Carbon monoxide:

adverse health effects, 3.3, 29.8–29.10in airplane environments, 68.12in bars and restaurants, 67.9and building-related illness, 54.17controlling, 60.7, 67.3–67.4exposure limits, 51.2–51.4in ice arenas, 5.8, 67.2monitoring:

in HVAC systems, 7.15during remodeling and renovation, 62.30

in parking garages, 68.16sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.15–51.19sources and exposure levels, 29.6–29.9, 49.6

boiler additives, 7.8charcoal burning, 2.2–2.3environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2gasoline exhaust, 68.3–68.4, 68.9–68.10indoor vehicular events, 67.5–67.6

toxicology, 29.8Carbon tetrachloride:

evaluating activated carbon systems, 10.4residential exposure levels, 66.2–66.7sources, 5.12

Carbonic acid, 2.3Carbonyls, 32.1

(See also Aldehydes)Carboxyhemoglobin levels, 29.8–29.9

as marker of multiple chemical exposure, 29.10(See also Carbon monoxide)

Carboxylic acids, chemosensory detection threshold, 20.10, 20.13

Carcinogenicity assessment, 70.6–70.7PAHs, 34.18–34.20PCBs, 36.22threshold calculations, 70.10VOCs, 33.21–33.22“weight-of’-evidence” approach, 70.6(See also Cancer; Risk assessment)

Cardiovascular system, carbon monoxide effects, 29.10


I.10 INDEX

Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) emissions standards, 62.11–62.12

Carpeting:dust sampling, 64.11–64.13emissions standards (CRI), 62.11–62.12VOC emissions, 33.10

Carpettester, 64.11–64.13Cat allergens, 43.1–43.2

adverse health effects, 43.7–43.8airborne levels, 43.8–43.9in day care center environments, 69.11extraction/sampling methodologies, 43.3, 43.8

CAV systems (see Constant air volume systems)Cellulose:

adverse health effects, 37.6–37.7exposure assessment, 37.16–37.18indoor ambient levels, 37.7

Cement-based products, asbestos in, 37.9Central air conditioning, 6.7

(See also Air conditioning; Cooling system)Central nervous system irritation:

and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7in sick building syndrome, 3.4(See also Sensory irritation)

Centralized ducted extract systems, 13.14CFD (see Computational fluid dynamics)Chalkley point array, in asbestos sampling, 37.11Change orders, effects on IAQ, 5.9Charcoal, 2.2–2.3

(See also Activated carbon)Chemesthesis (see Mucosal membrane irritation)Chemical assays (see Sampling and assessment

methods)Chemical contaminants (see Contaminants, indoor

air; Multiple chemical intolerance)Chemical intolerance (see Allergic

(hypersensitivity) disease; Individual susceptibility/variability; Multiple chemical intolerance)

Chemical mixtures:with activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.9–10.10chemosensory detection threshold, 20.16–20.18methods for investigating, 23.13–23.15and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.11research needs, 1.9–1.10sensory irritation field studies, 23.28–23.29,

23.31–23.33(See also Environmental tobacco smoke;

Gasoline; Smoke)Chemical storage facility, IAQ investigation, 50.17Chemical water treatment, 8.30Chemisorption, 10.14–10.16Chemosensory detection threshold, 20.11, 20.15

acetate esters, 20.7, 20.9alcohols, 20.5–20.8aldehydes, 20.9, 20.12, 32.18alkylbenzenes, 20.8, 20.11carboxylic acids, 20.10, 20.13chemical mixtures, 20.16–20.18ketones, 20.7–20.8, 20.10predicting, 20.11

Chemosensory detection threshold (Cont.):predictive models for, 20.13–20.16terpenes, 20.10–20.11, 20.13, 20.14VOCs, 22.3

Chicken pox, 3.3Children:

adverse health effects:environmental tobacco smoke exposure,

30.10–30.17formaldehyde exposure, 32.9nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.13–29.16

exposure levels:environmental tobacco smoke, 30.5, 30.6–30.9pesticide exposure guidelines, 35.16

(See also Asthma; Day care center environments; Individual susceptibility/variability)

Chillers (HVAC system), 7.8Chimney design, 2.2, 2.7Chloracne (see Skin irritation/disorders)Chloramines, sources for, 67.6Chlordane/heptachlor, 35.5Chlorinated contaminants, 5.10Chlorine gas:

sources and exposure levels, 69.5in swimming pool environments, 67.6, 67.7–67.8

Chloroform:dermal absorption, 33.20sources and exposure levels, 5.12

food and beverages, 33.19swimming pool environments, 67.7, 67.8volatilized drinking water, 33.19

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban), EPA regulations on, 35.2Cholak-Schafer vitreous fiber sampling method,

39.9Chronic carcinogenesis bioassay, 70.10Chronic fatigue syndrome, 27.9Chronic toxicity tests, 70.10Chrysolite, 37.3

(See also Asbestos)CIE (see Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage)Cigarette smoke (see Environmental tobacco

smoke)Circadian cycles, and pollen levels, 44.8Citric-based solvents, reactions with ozone, 5.10Cladosporidium (see Fungus exposure)Class 1/2 filters (UL-rated), 9.16Classroom environments (see School buildings)Clean air (see Indoor air quality)Clean Air Act Amendments (1990), 68.1Clean air delivery rate (CADR):

monitoring air cleaners using, 9.16portable room air cleaners, 9.25

Cleaning air (see Air cleaning devices; Air filters/filtration)

Cleaning, maintenance practices, 64.4–64.6adsorption beds, 10.13–10.14air cleaning devices, 9.24–9.25and airborne fiber levels, 39.25and asbestos exposure, 38.11assessing quality of, 64.9–64.13cleaning workers, health issues, 64.15–64.16


INDEX I.11

Cleaning, maintenance practices (Cont.):commissioning for, 63.7controlling synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.24–39.25cooling systems, 48.9–48.11and dust/particulate transport, 64.3–64.5in laboratories, hospitals, 65.5in occupied areas, 63.9–63.10as pollutant source, 33.8, 37.16–37.17,

64.1–64.2, 64.15preventive maintenance, 63.2–63.3, 63.7–63.8programs, 64.7reducing emissions during, 60.11during remodeling and renovation, 62.19–62.21research/field studies, 64.13–64.15

Cleaning products, 64.7–64.9in airplane environments, 68.12contaminants associated with, 5.10, 5.11, 34.15in day care centers, 69.5household disinfectants, 35.9low-toxicity products, 60.11

Clearance measurements, 38.5Climate, and pressure differences, 52.5Clinical ecology, 27.16Clinical studies, building-related illness (BRI), 54.8Cloning technologies, allergen assays based on,

43.2–43.3Closed buildings, 2.7–2.8

air quality in, 5.7controlled opening of, 2.14and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.10–27.11and natural ventilation, 13.5and respiratory disease, 4.5–4.6and sound-related adverse health effects,

19.10–19.11Clothing insulation, 15.7Co-responsibility, 71.8Coal miners, radon exposure, 40.8–40.10Coal smoke, sulfur dioxide in, 29.18Coanda effect, 8.9Coarse mode particles, 9.2–9.3Coarse particulates, 7.4Cockroach (see German cockroach)Cognitive heuristics, 70.23Cold DOP test, 9.16Cold temperatures:

effect on mental acuity, 16.9effect on manual dexterity, 16.7–16.8effect on vision, 16.2(See also Thermal environment)

Color:and fluorescent lighting, 18.6lighting systems and, 18.10–18.11

Color-rendering index (CRI), 18.11, 18.12Color televisions, 6.9Color temperature measurement, 18.10–18.11Colorimetric tests, 49.11, 51.19

(See also Sampling and assessment methods)Combustion products, 29.1

acetaldehyde, 32.10acrolein, 32.13carbon monoxide, 29.6–29.10

Combustion products (Cont.):nitrogen oxides, 29.10–29.16in outdoor air, 60.7polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),

34.2–34.3research/field studies, 29.4–29.5sulfur dioxide, 29.16–29.18wood smoke, 29.18–29.19(See also Gasoline)

Comfort, 61.5–61.7adaptive model, 15.12–15.14air speed, 15.6–15.7ASHRAE standards for, 2.6, 16.10defining, 2.2, 22.1evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.11–49.12gender differences, 3.28and humidification, 22.8and HVAC system controls, 7.14–7.15ion generators and, 9.26measuring, 15.6–15.9metabolic rate and, 15.7modeling, 15.11–15.12, 22.6occupant complaints, investigating, 53.3perceptions of, 16.10–16.12personal HVAC control and, 5.5physiological basis for, 15.8psychological basis for, 15.8–15.9relationship to VAV systems, 2.11relative humidity and, 7.6, 15.7, 49.11sensory pollution load analysis, 22.5–22.7thermal environment, 15.6–15.7in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies,

25.18–25.20(See also Thermal environment)

COMIS mass balance model, verification, 58.9Commercial buildings, 30.3

acetaldehyde levels, 32.11asbestos levels, 37.4, 38.10–38.12existing stock, 6.9–6.14individual environment controls, 12.13–12.14infiltration rates, 52.4–52.5new construction, 6.15–6.17occupant complaints, investigating, 49.3–49.15outdoor air requirements (table), 7.9–7.11pesticide use, 35.2–35.4preventive maintenance practices, 63.8–63.10synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.16VOC levels, 33.2–33.3, 33.8, 66.1–66.2(See also HVAC system/controls)

Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE), 18.1

photometric measurement device calibration, 18.14–18.15

Commission of European Communities, 3.4Commissioning:

ASHRAE guidelines, 63.4benefits of, 61.1–61.3commissioning authority, 61.3–61.5commissioning process, 61.5–61.7, 63.6–63.7cost-benefit analysis, 61.7–61.10defined, 61.1


I.12 INDEX

Commissioning (Cont.):recommissioning existing buildings, 61.9–61.10testing, adjusting, balancing (TAB) procedures,

52.2–52.3Commissioning authority (CA) (see Commissioning)Common chemical sense (CCS), 26.2Communications equipment, contaminants

associated with, 5.11Community noise, sources, 19.11Compact fluorescent lamps, 18.6Comparisons, in risk communication, 70.30Compendium Method TO-10A (USEPA), pesticide

sampling using, 35.5–35.6Complaint logs, 56.3–56.4Composite surface materials:

asbestos in, sampling methodology, 37.12chemical interactivity, 5.8and indoor air quality, 5.8

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, 5.26

advantages/disadvantages, 59.13–59.19analyzing indoor air dynamics, 57.5, 57.9–57.10,

59.4–59.5direct numerical simulation (DNS), 59.8emissions modeling, 58.22–58.23experimental validation, 59.10–59.13fire and smoke management simulation,

14.15–14.16flexibility, 59.8large eddy simulation (LES), 59.8–59.10Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method

(RANS), 59.10subvolumes, defining, 59.5underlying physics, 59.5–59.7ventilation simulations, 5.20, 5.20–5.25

Computational models (see Modeling)Computer-aided design (see Computer programs;

Simulations)Computer programs:

automated bioassays, 24.1–24.23CAD/CAM design, 6.16CONTAM96 VOC prediction model, 31.15energy analysis, 57.7–57.8energy need calculations, 2.10Risk V1.0 VOC prediction model, 31.15for sound measurements, 19.16(See also Computational fluid dynamics)

Concentration difficulties:noise-associated, 19.14VOC-exposure related, 25.21

Condensate drain pans (HVAC system), 7.5Condensation particle counter (CPC), 50.2–50.4

interpreting results from, 50.5limitations, 50.3–50.4testing air filter efficiency using, 50.9–50.10tracking ultrafine particles using, 50.2

Congeners, PCB, 36.2–36.5carcinogenicity assessments, 36.12dioxin-like congeners, 36.8–36.10importance of assessing, 36.8(See also Polychlorinated biphenyls)

Congenital malformations, 30.11Conjunctiva (see Eye irritation)Conjunctival injection, 26.4–26.5Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research

Center (CCCRC), 20.4Conservation of energy, 59.6Conservation of mass, 59.6Conservation of momentum, 59.6Constant air volume (CAV) systems, 2.9–2.10, 7.13

shift away from, 5.7temperature control features, 12.7

Construction (see Building construction)Construction materials (see Building materials)Construction supervisors, IAQ-training, 62.21–62.22Consumer product emissions, 33.10–33.11CONTAM IAQ computer model, 14.3CONTAM96 VOC prediction model, 31.15Contaminants, indoor air (see specific contaminants

and environments)Continuous flow condensation particle counter (see

Condensation particle counter)Contractors, 6.3, 6.4

as commissioning authority, 61.4role in healthy building design, 1.14

Control and prevention strategies (seeRemoval/control/prevention strategies)

Control error, 12.6Control samples/sites, 49.14, 51.32Controllers (HVAC system):

actuators, 12.2air flow, 12.9direct digital control (DDC), 2.11energy management systems (EMS), 2.10–2.11humidity, 12.8integrating, 6.16lighting, 12.14pressure, 12.8sensors, 12.3–12.6temperature, 12.7–12.8temperature controls, 7.14terminology for, 12.6–12.7ventilation, 12.9–12.13

Convection, 2.4and indoor air dynamics, 57.4

Cooking, residential:energy requirements, 6.8open fires for, 2.2(See also Combustion products)

Cooling coil (HVAC system), 7.4–7.5biological contamination, 48.1maintaining dryness using, 8.33–8.36

Cooling system:biological contamination, 48.4–48.5commercial buildings, 6.13energy requirements, 6.14good design practices, 63.5maintenance and cleaning, 48.9–48.11residential buildings, 6.8(See also Cooling coil; Cooling tower)

Cooling tower (HVAC system), 7.8, 8.33–8.36design and siting, 48.11–48.12


INDEX I.13

Cooling tower (HVAC system) (Cont.):disinfecting, CDC guidelines, 48.8–48.9Legionella contamination, 5.2, 5.11, 48.5

Coping mechanisms (see Cognitive heuristics)Cornea, 17.2Corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11Coronary heart disease, and environmental tobacco

smoke exposure, 30.19–30.20COSH (see Canada Occupational Safety and

Health)Cosmetics, toiletries, allergic reactions, 28.8Cost-benefit analysis (CBA):

air filtration/filters, 9.18–9.19commissioning, 61.7–61.9IAQ complaint investigations, 56.17–56.18IAQ improvements, 4.26–4.29, 16.1during risk management, 70.20

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), 70.20Cotinine (ETS exposure marker), 30.6Cough:

and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and indoor air quality complaints, 23.40in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies,

25.17–25.18County of DuPage v. Hellmuth, 71.6CPC (see Condensation particle counter)Crocidolite, 38.2

(See also Asbestos)Crocidolyte, 37.3Cross-flow ventilation, 13.7, 13.8Cross-sectional studies, limitations of, 3.28Crotonaldehyde, 32.2Crowd poison, 2.5Cultural factors, and risk perception, 70.28Cyclone air cleaner, 9.8–9.9

Dadenoviron infection, 3.3Dampers (HVAC system):

actuators, 12.2and air flow control, 12.9volume flow rate calculations, 12.2

Dampness (see Moisture, dampness)Dander allergies (see Cat allergens; Dog allergens)Danish Society of Indoor Climate, 39.24–39.25Danish Town Hall Study (1987), 3.7–3.10, 64.6,

64.7Data analysis (see Statistical analysis)Data quality objectives (DQOs):

accuracy, 51.5–51.6detection limits (just detectable effect), 51.5precision, 51.5, 51.9–51.10representativeness and completeness, 51.10–51.11statistical confidence, precision, 51.5–51.10

Databases (see Modeling)Day care center environments:

allergens, sources and levels, 69.11carbon dioxide, sources and levels, 69.6–69.8dust mites, sources and levels, 69.10health problems:

from allergens, 69.11from carbon dioxide, 69.6–69.8

Day care center environments, health problems (Cont.):from dust mites, 69.10–69.11and low ventilation rates, 69.6–69.8modeling causes, 69.3–69.4from moisture and mold, 69.10–69.11respiratory infections, 69.1–69.3, 69.6, 69.8from thermal environment, 69.6–69.8from VOCs, 69.12–69.13

improving air quality, 69.15–69.16infectious aerosols:

control strategies, 69.13–69.14sources and levels, 69.13

moisture and mold, sources and levels, 69.9–69.10pollutants from off-site businesses, 69.5thermal environment, 69.8–69.9VOCs, sources and levels, 69.12workers in, health risks, 69.3, 69.10

Daytime ventilation, 5.15DCC (see Direct digital control)DCV (see Demand-controlled ventilation)De manifestis acceptable risk level, 70.17De minimis acceptable risk level, 70.17Decay rate equation, 58.13Decibels, 19.5

acceptable indoor noise levels, 19.14–19.15audible versus infrasound, 19.9office noise, 19.11scales for, 19.3–19.4weighting, 19.1

Decipol measurement unit, 25.4, 36.7Decision analysis (DA), 70.20Degradation of asbestos products, 38.9–38.10Dehumidification (HVAC system), 8.20–8.21Dehumidifiers, personal, 6.7Demand-control stress model, 55.2–55.4Demand-controlled lighting systems, 12.14Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), 2.12,

12.11–12.12advantages/disadvantages, 13.23components, 13.20monitoring, 7.16–7.17sensors, 13.20–13.22using, 13.22

Density (activated carbon), 10.4Density of occupants (see Occupancy)Dental clinics, as contaminant source, 5.8Department of Design and Construction (DDC,

New York City), 61.8Department of Ventilation and Illumination

(Harvard School of Public Health), 2.6Derivative control, 12.6Dermatitis, 3.3

allergic, 28.7–28.9and building-related illness, 54.17chronic irritative, 28.7–28.8and formaldehyde exposure, 32.8in hospital environments, 65.5and PCB exposure, 36.11(See also Skin irritation/disorders)

Dermatophagoides species (see Dust mites)


I.14 INDEX

Design team, healthy building design, 60.4Detection limits, 51.5Dew point:

and comfort, 8.20monitoring indoor air quality using, 7.16

Diagnosing multiple chemical intolerance, 27.11–27.12

Diaphragm-type pressure measurement gauges, 52.6–52.7

Diesel fuel emissions, 68.15PAH emissions, 34.2–34.3standards and regulations governing, 68.1(See also Gasoline)

Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), 7.8Differential pressure measurements, 52.6–52.7Diffusers (HVAC system), 8.6

characteristics, 8.16–8.18, 8.21examples, 8.19–8.20locating, 8.9, 8.13–8.14, 8.16–8.18mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13sound control, 8.12, 8.15

Diffusion:and indoor air dynamics, 57.4modeling, 58.17–58.20

Diffusion-based air filters, 9.4, 9.5Digital electronic pressure manometer, 52.6Digital electronic thermometer, 52.6Digital psychrometer, 52.6Digital thermostat control, 12.7Dilution ventilation, 5.25, 62.14Dilutions-to-threshold (D/T) measurements, 20.5Dioctylphthalate, oil-like material (DOP) tests,

9.15–9.16Dioxin-like PCB congeners, 36.8–36.10Dioxins:

adverse health effects, 28.6sources, 28.6

Direct digital control (DDC), 2.11, 12.6Direct-expansion (DX) refrigeration:

cooling coils, 7.5temperature control features, 12.7

Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, 48.7Direct numerical simulation (DNS), 5.22, 59.8Direct-reading vitreous fiber sampling methods,

39.9Direct (whole-air) VOC sampling, 33.3Discomfort (see Comfort)Discrete-particle counter filter scan test method, 9.16Disease susceptibility, IAQ and, 4.5, 5.2–5.3

(See also Individual susceptibility/variability)Disinfectants:

contaminants in, 35.9phenols in, 34.15–34.18(See also Cleaning products)

Displacement ventilation systems, 2.14, 5.25, 7.14–7.15, 13.19–13.20

controlling airborne infection using, 11.11in healthy building design, 5.16–5.19

Distributed energy systems, 2.13Distribution system (HVAC system), 7.6Dizziness, following carbon monoxide exposure,

49.6

DNPH-HPLC aldehyde sampling method, 32.17–32.18

Doctors (see Health care workers)DOE-1 energy analysis program, 2.10DOE-2 energy analysis program, 57.7Dog allergens, 43.1–43.2, 43.9

in day care center environments, 69.11Domestic animal dander (see Cat allergens; Dog

allergens)Dose-response relationships, carcinogen thresholds,

70.9–70.13(See also Carcinogenicity assessment; Risk

assessment)DRAWVDVT program (Alarie), 24.9Drift eliminator efficiency rating, 48.12Drinking water:

chlorinated contaminants in, 69.5standards, guidelines, 71.5VOCs in, 33.19

Drop, 8.8Droplet nuclei, 11.2–11.3

sampling approaches, 11.7tuberculosis transmission, 47.9

Dry bulb temperature measurement, 15.6Dry cleaning businesses:

tetrachloroethylene exposure from, 33.15, 66.2VOC levels, 33.8, 66.3–66.7

Dry-pipe sprinkler systems, 12.15Drying air (see Dehumidification)Dryness, sensation of:

in day care center environments, 69.9dry eyes, 17.3–17.4and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and humidification, 16.4–16.5, 49.7and indoor air quality complaints, 23.40and skin disorders, 28.5–28.6in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies,

25.15Dubinin-Radushkevich Equation, 10.5–10.7Ducts (HVAC system), 8.1–8.2, 13.16

airflow rate calculations, 52.7, 52.14–52.15cleaning agents, 64.9mechanical ventilation systems, 13.12noise from, 19.6standards (SMACNA), 60.12

Duration of inspiration, expiration (TI, TE) measurements, 23.3

Dursban regulations (EPA), 35.2Dust:

aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.2–9.3in airplane environments, 68.13animal allergens in, 43.11–43.12fungi in, 45.10, 45.11in library environments, 67.12pollen in, 44.9–44.10, 44.13sampling methods/strategies, 64.10–64.12

agar plates, 64.10carpet testers, 64.11–64.13High Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3),

64.9VacuMark sampler, 64.9–64.10wipe test, 64.10


INDEX I.15

Dust (Cont.):and sick building syndrome, 64.2, 64.6

Dust-holding capacity, 9.14Dust mites (Dermatophagoides sp.):

adverse health effects:asthma, 4.11, 4.13–4.15, 43.3skin disorders, 28.9

airborne protein levels, 43.4–43.5allergens from, 43.1–43.2in day care center environments, 69.10skin testing, 43.3species, 43.3, 43.4

Dust spot efficiency, 9.14Dust spot percentage, 7.4Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational

Standards, 42.11Dynamic dilution olfactometry, 20.5–20.6Dynamic insulation, 2.14, 12.6

Ecological illness (see Multiple chemical intolerance)Ecological studies, 40.10–40.11Economizer cycles (HVAC system), 7.16–7.17,

8.34–8.35, 12.7–12.8Effective temperature measurement, 8.6Efficiency measurements:

air filters, 7.4, 50.9–50.11air flow sensors, 12.4–12.5condensation particle counter, 50.2–50.3dampers, 12.2fans, 12.2heat exchangers, 12.3HEPA filters, 65.11

Electret filters, 9.14(See also Fibrous filters)

Electric power supplies, and data quality, 51.11Electrical systems:

in commercial buildings, 6.14contaminants associated with, 5.11heat gains from, 2.7integration with mechanical systems, 6.16residential spatial heating, 6.6–6.7

Electrochemical detectors, 51.18Electromagnetic radiation, 28.3–28.5Electron capture (GC-ECD), VOC analysis, 33.4,

51.22Electron microscopy, 39.11–39.12Electronic air cleaners, 9.7–9.8Electronic equipment, space requirements, 5.7Electrostatic air cleaner, 9.5, 9.7–9.8Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) air cleaner, 9.7–9.8

air flow rates, 9.24ozone-generation, 9.26testing efficiency of, 9.17

Elevator shafts:effects on pressurization, 7.7smoke and fire containment, 14.7

EM (Air & Waste Management Association), 51.12Emergency conservation, versus air filter

efficiency, 7.4Emission chambers, 23.14–23.15EMS (see Energy efficiency/conservation practices)Encapsulation, 38.10

Endocrine disrupting chemicals, 5.10PAHs, 34.18–34.20PCBs, 36.6, 36.11phthalates, 34.21

Endotoxin:adverse health effects:

asthma, 42.5–42.7pulmonary function, 42.3–42.7respiratory disease, 42.4–42.5

exposure limits, 42.11physical characteristics, 42.1removal and control, 42.11sampling and assessment methods:

bioassay approach, 42.9–42.10chemical assays, 42.10–42.11sample collection, 42.7–42.9

and sick building syndrome, 42.7sources, 42.3

Endotoxin Units (EU), 42.2–42.3Energy Conservation in New Building

Design 90-75 (AHRAE), 2.8Energy analysis codes, ventilation in, 2.11Energy efficiency/conservation practices, 6.3

commercial buildings, 6.15effect on ventilation standards, 2.7–2.8efforts to improve, 6.8energy management systems (EMS), 2.10following adoption of VAV systems, 2.11and lighting systems, 6.15, 18.7and open-combustion appliances, 13.6and poor IAQ, 2.1, 5.7rating systems, 6.17ventilation needs, 5.14–5.16, 5.19(See also Healthy building design)

Energy Policy Act, 18.7Energy Research and Development Administration

(ERDA), computerized energy need calculations, 2.10

Energy Research Unit, Strathclyde University, 57.7Energy sources:

in commercial buildings, 6.14renewable, 6.8for space heating, 6.6–6.7

Energy use/needs, 6.3, 6.4air filtration systems, 9.4analyzing and modeling, 2.10, 57.7–57.8commercial needs, 6.14–6.15relationship to building design, 6.3residential needs, 6.8with task/ambient conditioning systems, 12.14

Engineer of record, as commissioning authority, 61.4

Engineering analysis, when to use, 49.16Engineering controls, during remodeling and

renovation:dilution ventilation, 62.14pollution containment systems, 62.14–62.16work area isolation, 62.13–62.14

Enthalpy, 22.8Entomophilous pollen, 44.1–44.2Environment Technology Verification Program

(USEPA), 51.26


I.16 INDEX

Environmental antigens (see Allergens; Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease)

Environmental control systems, 60.8–60.9Environmental disease model, 69.3–69.4Environmental histories, during IAQ investigations,

27.17–27.18Environmental illness (EI) (see Multiple chemical

intolerance)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (see

United States Environmental ProtectionAgency)

Environmental Resource Guide (AIA), 5.8Environmental Science & Technology, 51.12Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 30.2

with activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.10adverse health effects, 1.8, 30.1

childhood asthma, 30.15–30.16childhood cancers, 30.14coronary heart disease, 30.19–30.20ETS levels, 30.2–30.5exposure studies, 30.6–30.9fetal health effects, 30.10–30.11lung cancer, 30.17–30.19middle ear disease (otitis media), 30.17mortality studies, 30.22odor and sensory irritation, 30.21–30.22reduced lung development, 30.16respiratory diseases, 30.14–30.15, 30.20–30.21skin disorders, 28.6–28.7sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),

30.11–30.14aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.2–9.3in bars and restaurants, 67.9–67.10biomarkers for, 30.2components, 30.2

acetaldehyde, 32.10–32.11acrolein, 32.12benzene, 33.13formaldehyde, 32.6VOCs, 33.12

control measures, 30.22–30.23exposure pathways, 30.2in hospital environments, 65.5legal issues, 71.1OSHA regulations, 5.6recognition as a contaminant, 2.1sensory load caused by, 22.5tracking ultrafine particles from, 50.14ventilation standards for, 2.8

Environments, ideal, efforts to define, 2.6EPA (see United States Environmental Protection

Agency)Epidemiological studies, in risk assessment, 70.6

(See also specific contaminants and environments)Epithelial damage studies, 26.9Equations and calculations:

air filter efficiency, 50.10airflow rate, 52.13–52.17atriums:

exhaust rate, 14.8–14.11filling calculations, 14.11–14.12

Equations and calculations, atriums (Cont.):minimum smoke depth layer, 14.12–14.13

average concentration in the environment, 58.3average fractional residual, 58.8–58.9carcinogenic risk, 70.13comfort measures, 22.6–22.10decay rate, 58.13–58.15dynamic concentration change, 58.12effective temperature, 8.6emission half life, 58.11energy needs, 2.10first order decay, 58.11fractional bias, 58.9gas-phase-limited mass transfer, 58.17–58.20hazard index, 70.13hazard quotient (HQ), 70.13heat transfer mechanisms, 15.6indoor air dynamics, 57.3–57.4lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 70.7margin of error (MOE), 70.13mass balance equation, 57.9mass balance model verification equations,

58.8–58.9mass transfer rate, 58.15–58.16Navier-Stokes equations, 59.6–59.7normalized mean square error, 58.8observed concentration/predicted concentration

ratio, 58.8outdoor air:

flow rate, 52.16–52.17percent in air stream, 52.10–52.12

PCB toxic equivalency value (TEQ), 36.8–36.9potential inhaled dose, 58.3reactive volatile metabolites (RVOC), 23.33–23.35reference dose (RfD), 70.10regression equations, 58.8–58.9for scale modeling, 14.14–14.15sensory irritation level:

multiple chemicals, mixtures, 23.28–23.31single chemicals, 23.27–23.29

sink model equation, 58.20sound velocity, 19.2source-phase limited mass transfer, 58.19–58.20steady-state equation, 62.11threshold limit value (TLV), 62.4, 62.6total emittable mass, 58.12total exposure, 58.2–58.3trigeminal receptor response, 23.17, 23.26–23.27value of statistical life, 70.17ventilation rate, 52.3–52.4whole building air change rate, 52.17–52.18

Equipment, for monitoring:characteristics, 51.11evaluating, 51.11–51.14

Equipment, office machines:and building-related illness, 54.18selecting/locating, 60.11–60.12

Equivalent standard persons, 22.3Ergotism (see Fungus exposure)Escheria coli endotoxin, 42.2ESP-r energy analysis program, 57.7–57.8


INDEX I.17

Estrogen mimics, 34.21–34.22 (See also Endocrine disrupting chemicals)

Ethnicity, and risk perception, 70.26, 70.28Ethylbenzene, sources and levels, 5.12, 66.7, 66.9Ethylene oxide exposure, 65.6ETS (see Environmental tobacco smoke)European Audit Study, 3.12–3.14European Collaborative Action (ECA), 1.13–1.14European Commission (EC):

indoor air quality reports, 33.10indoor air quality studies, 1.13–1.14

European standards:for air filter/filtration efficiency, 9.17European ventilation guidelines, 22.2As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

standard, 69.13VOC sampling methods, 33.3

Exfiltration, 52.4Exhaust, from atrium fires, flow rates, 14.8–14.11

(See also Gasoline)Exhaust systems (HVAC system), 7.7

design considerations, 60.8re-entraining, 50.15–50.17

Experience Exchange Report (BOMA), 63.2Experts:

as commissioning authority, 61.4and risk communication, 70.25

EXPOLIS study, 1.13Exposure assessment (see Sampling and assessment

methods)EXPOSURE mass balance model, verification,

58.9Exposure modeling, prior to remodeling and

renovation, 62.17Exposure standards (see Standards, IAQ

guidelines)Eye irritation, 17.1–17.4, 17.11, 20.3

from acrolein exposure, 32.13from airborne microbials, 17.11and aldehyde exposure, 32.1–32.3, 49.7bioassays based on, 23.1–23.2and contaminant exposure:

experimental studies, 17.8, 17.10research/field studies, 17.8–17.9

in day care center environments, 69.9, 69.10and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and indoor environments, research/field studies,

17.5–17.8, 54.15–54.16methods for assessing, 17.4

blinking frequency studies, 26.5–26.6carbon dioxide eye-provocation test, 26.11corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11epithelial damage studies, 26.9eye redness studies, 26.3–26.5foam formation studies, 26.8impression cytology studies, 26.10Schirmer I tear test, 26.12symptom validation, 26.12–26.14, 26.20tear film stability studies, 26.6–26.8tear fluid cytology studies, 26.9–26.10

from synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.22–39.23

Eye irritation (Cont.):thermal environment and, 16.2–16.4threshold measurements, 20.4in vehicular environments, 16.6

Eyes:immune system for, 17.4physiology, 17.1–17.5

Eyesight, diurnal variability in, 18.7–18.8

Fabric surfaces (see Furnishing)Face dampers, HVAC systems, 7.4Fan pressurization test, 52.4Fans (HVAC system):

effect on pressurization, 7.9good design practices, 63.5–63.6mechanical ventilation systems, 13.12noise from, 19.5–19.6performance, 12.3

Fans, portable, 6.7, 6.9Farr filters, 7.4Fatigue/sleepiness:

and carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7in day care center workers, 69.10and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9in VOC field studies, 25.21, 25.22

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 35.2

Feedback data, HVAC controls, 12.7Fetal impacts, environmental tobacco smoke,

30.10–30.11Fiber contamination:

public fear of, 5.3(See also Asbestos)

Fiber release, 38.7–38.8Fiberglass insulation, 8.4–8.5Fibromyalgia, 27.9Fibrous filters, 9.4–9.7, 10.3Fibrous materials, 37.1–37.2

adverse health effects, 37.2–37.3and endotoxin exposure, 42.3–42.4fiber release, factors that accelerate,

37.16–37.17in HVAC systems, 8.4–8.5(See also Asbestos; Cellulose; Synthetic

vitreous fiber)Field modeling (see modeling)Filters/filtration (see Air filters/filtration)Filtration-based pollen samplers, 44.11Fine mode particles, 9.2–9.3Fire and smoke management (see Smoke control

systems)Fire Protection Handbook (NFPA), 14.2Fire-related emissions components, 23.15Fireplace design, 2.3First order decay equation, 58.11Flame ionization (FID), for VOC analysis, 33.4,

51.22–51.25, 62.30Flammability, of air filters, 9.16, 9.22Flat-panel filter, 9.10Flooded type cooling coils, 7.5


I.18 INDEX

Flooring products: asbestos in, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7CRI emissions criteria, 62.11–62.12VOC emissions from, 33.10, 60.11, 62.12–62.13

Flow hoods, 52.8, 52.16Fluid mechanics, 2.11–2.12Fluorescent lighting, 18.5–18.6

PCB exposure from, 36.6and skin disorders, 28.5

Foam formation studies, 26.8Food allergies/intolerances:

and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.5, 27.9, 27.13, 27.17

and skin disorders, 28.9(See also Sensitization)

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 35.2, 35.16Food service buildings, 6.11Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), 54.10Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), 54.10Formaldehyde, 5.3, 5.11–5.12, 32.2–32.3, 60.11

adverse health effects, 32.6–32.10in day care centers, 69.5in environmental tobacco smoke, 32.6, 32.7exposure modeling, 32.6from flooring materials, 62.12from gasoline exhaust, 68.8half-life, 33.10in hospital environments, 65.5indoor air levels, 32.4–32.6, 66.7, 67.12and odor problems, 49.7potency as irritant, 32.2removal methods, 10.14sampling and assessment methods, 32.16–32.17,

51.25standards and guidelines, 32.15, 32.16uses, sources, 5.12, 32.4(See also Volatile organic compound)

Formic acid, 10.14FQPA (see Food Quality Protection Act)Fractional bias (FB) equation, 58.9Fraud, misrepresentation, and indoor air problems,

71.4Fuel oil:

and indoor air quality, 2.2use of, 6.6–6.7(See also Diesel fuel exhaust; Gasoline)

Full-spectrum lighting, and morale, 4.23Fume hoods, contaminants associated with, 5.11Fundamentals handbook (AHSRAE), 63.3Fungus exposure, 45.11–45.13, 46.1–46.12

adverse health effects:allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3experimental evidence, 46.7hypersensitivity diseases, 45.14–45.15infections, 45.13ingestion versus inhalation, 46.6–46.7risk assessment, 46.11toxicoses, 45.15–45.16

in airplane environments, 68.13chemistry, 45.2–45.3classification, nomenclature for, 45.5–45.6

Fungus exposure (Cont.):in day care center environments, 69.9–69.11ecology, 45.3, 45.5fungal aerosols, 45.5, 45.7, 45.11–45.12in hospital environments, 65.6indoor air levels:

data analysis and interpretation, 45.26–45.27normal ranges, 46.5–46.6relationship to outdoor levels, 45.8–45.9during remodeling and renovation,

62.26–62.29removal and control strategies, 45.27–45.29

in library environments, 67.11morphology, 45.2sampling and assessment methods, 45.12,

45.16–45.26biological assays, 46.5chemical analysis, 46.4, 46.5immunological assays, 46.4–46.5

sources, 45.7–45.13, 46.2–46.6Stachybotrys chartarum, 46.7–46.11standards and guidelines, 23.33and VOC emissions, 45.16

Furnaces/boilers:types of units, 6.6–6.7ultrafine particle generation, 50.2

Furnishings, interior, contaminants associated with, 5.8, 5.11, 57.3, 69.5

Furniture refinishing operation emissions, 66.7

Gas and vapor removal methods, 10.14–10.17Gas chromatography:

with electron capture (GC-ED), 33.4, 51.22emissions monitoring using, 62.10with flame ionization (GC-FID), 33.4,

51.22–51.25with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 33.4,

42.10–42.11with photoionization (GC-PID), 51.24–51.25

Gas discharge lamps, 18.5–18.6Gas-fueled cooking stoves (see Nitrogen oxides)Gas-phase-limited mass transfer equations,

58.17–58.20Gasoline:

exhaust emissions, 33.13, 68.7–68.81,3 butadiene levels, 68.8airflow and meteorological effects, 68.9–68.10carbon monoxide levels, 68.3–68.4formaldehyde levels, 68.8methyl-tert-butyl ether levels, 68.8methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl

(MMT), 68.9oxygenated compounds, 68.9PAH levels, 34.2–34.3, 68.8–68.9standards and regulations governing, 68.1tetraethyl lead, 68.9

pumping-related VOC emissions, 33.8, 33.11, 68.13

volatility measurements, 68.13–68.15Gear failure, 12.2Gelatin foil fiber analysis, 39.13


INDEX I.19

Gender:and IAQ complaints, 3.28and risk perception, 70.26, 70.28

Genotoxicity, 32.9–32.10German cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergens,

43.1, 43.2, 43.6–43.7(See also Allergens)

German National Standards, 10.13German ProKlimA study, 3.14–3.16Glare, in lighting environments, 18.12–18.13Glass fiber (GF) (see Synthetic vitreous fiber)Globe thermometer, 15.6–15.7Glucans (fungal toxins), 45.15Glutaraldehyde, 32.2

adverse health effects, 32.14–32.15exposure sources and levels, 32.14in hospital environments, 65.5sampling and assessment methods, 32.17–32.18standards and guidelines, 32.16uses for, 32.13–32.14

Gram-negative bacteria (GNB):endotoxin from, 42.1sources, 42.3

Graphic sound level recorder, 19.16Gravimetric particulate samplers, 51.20–51.21“Green building,” recommendations for, 5.10

(See also Health building design)Gross domestic product (GDP), building

construction industry and, 6.3Ground source pollutants, limiting access of,

60.7–60.8Guidelines (see Standards, IAQ guidelines)Guidelines for Commissioning of HVAC Systems

(ASHRAE 1-1989), 63.4Guidelines for low-polluting building

(CEN Report), 22.6Guinea pigs, in asthma bioassays, 23.36–23.37

Halogenated compounds, potency estimates, 23.34Harvard School of Public Health, 2.6Harvard Six-Cities Study, 1.8Hayfever:

and fungus exposure, 45.14and pollen exposure, 44.14

Hazard identification, data sources, 70.6 (See also Risk assessment)

Hazard index calculation, 70.3Hazard Material Identification System (National

Paint and Coatings Association), 5.8, 62.4–62.5Hazard quotient (HQ) calculation, 70.13Hazard ratings (building materials):

identification material use, 62.4–62.5Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 62.3by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),

62.4–62.5by National Paint and Coatings Association,

62.4–62.5product approval form, 62.7threshold limit value (TLV) approach, 62.4–62.6

Hazardous material, in construction waste stream, 6.10

Headache:and building-related illness, 54.16and carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7and fiber exposure, 37.16and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14and VOC exposure, 25.20

Health care workers (HCW):asthma prevalence, 65.4personal protection strategies, 65.12–65.14response to multiple chemical intolerance,

27.16–27.17role in maintaining indoor air quality, 1.15(See also Hospital environments)

Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST), 51.4

Health Effects Institute, asbestos risk analyses, 37.3–37.4

Health hazard evaluations (NIOSH), 3.20–3.21Healthy building design, 5.1

air cleaning devices, 9.21–9.23appliances and equipment, 60.11–60.12construction documents (CD), 60.11–60.12construction process, 60.12contaminant dilution, 5.14–5.19contaminant source elimination, 5.13–5.14cost effectiveness, 63.2design checklist, 60.13design process, outline of, 60.14–60.18environmental control systems, 60.8–60.9identifying potential contaminants, 5.10–5.12local source control, 5.14low-polluting building materials, 60.9–60.11modeling VOC emissions, 5.12–5.13noise control, 19.7–19.8occupancy management, 60.6, 60.8pollutant source control, 60.5–60.6professionals, role of, 60.4providing building manuals, 60.12–60.13sensory pollution load analysis, 22.5–22.6site characteristics, 60.7–60.8standards, IAQ guidelines, 63.3–63.4ventilation and filtering systems, 5.15–5.25,

60.6(See also Commissioning)

Healthy Homes Initiative (HUD), 5.6Hearing:

loudness and, 19.4normal ranges, 19.2–19.3, 19.11octave bands, 19.1

Heat, ambient:effect on light industrial work, 16.7–16.8effect on mental acuity, 16.9effect on vision, 16.2from lighting systems, 18.5–18.6from personal computers, 5.8(See also Heating system; Thermal environment)

Heat balance models, 15.11–15.12Heat recovery, with local extract ventilation

systems, 13.14Heat transfer:

effect on indoor environment, 57.3


I.20 INDEX

Heat transfer (Cont.):studies of, 2.11–2.12types of, 15.7–15.8

Heated resistors, 12.5Heating coils (HVAC system), 7.5Heating system, 2.7

good design practices, 63.5heat exchangers, 8.21–8.28, 12.3heat gain, 6.13heat pumps, 7.14steam heat, introduction of, 2.4(See also Combustion products; HVAC

system/controls; Space heating)Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

systems (see HVAC system/controls)Hedonic tone (odors), 21.6HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters:

controlling airborne infection using, 11.7–11.8in hospital environments, 65.11monitoring efficiency of, 9.14–9.16

Herbicides, 35.9Hevea brasiliensis, 41.1–41.2Hexane:

in indoor environments, 66.9residential exposure, 66.3–66.7

High-efficiency filters, design considerations, 9.22High Performance Building Guidelines (1999)

(NYDDC), 61.8High Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3), 64.9Hirst-type pollen samplers, 44.10–44.11, 44.12Histoplasmosis, 3.3 (see Fungus exposure)Historical documents, reviewing in IAQ

investigations, 49.9HISTVAR program (Alarie), 24.6Hives, 3.3HMIS (see Hazard Material Identification System)Homes (see Residential buildings)Hospital environments, 65.3–65.4

contaminant control strategies:containment, isolation, 65.10–65.12personal protection, 65.12–65.14product substitution, 65.10during remodeling and renovation, 62.22tuberculosis control guidelines, 47.9–47.12ventilation systems, 65.11–65.12

glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14IAQ investigations, ultrafine particle tracking,

50.13indoor air contaminants:

airborne rubber allergens, 41.1allergens, 65.4–65.5, 65.7–65.8allergic skin reactions, 28.8–28.9anesthetic gases, 65.8–65.9anti-neoplastic agents, 65.5infectious aerosols, 65.6irritants, 65.5surgical smoke, 65.7–65.8teratogens, mutagens, 65.5–65.6

latex sensitivity, 41.8–41.9, 41.10“Hospital”-grade filters, monitoring efficiency of,

9.15

Hot smoldering phase (fire), detecting, 12.15Hot-wire anemometers, 12.5, 52.7

airflow rate calculations, 52.14–52.15Household products, VOC emissions from, 33.10Housekeeping practices (see Cleaning, maintenance

practices)Housing stock:

existing units, 6.5new construction, 6.9–6.10(See also Residential buildings)

HUD (see United States Department of Housing and Urban Development)

Human comfort (see Comfort)Human contagion:

breath as source of, 5.4fears about, 22.2

Humidification, 7.6and comfort, 22.8in day care center environments, 69.9–69.11effects on health, 69.5–69.6good design practices, 63.5humidity control, 6.7, 12.8humidity sensors, 12.3and rates of worker illness, 4.7and sensation of dryness, 16.4–16.5sensory irritation from, 49.7and skin disorders, 28.5–28.6water vaporization methods, 8.24

Humidifiers, biological contamination, 42.11Humidity (see Moisture, dampness; Relative

humidity)Humidity-sensitive vents, 13.6HVAC Applications Handbook (AHSRAE), 63.3HVAC system/controls, 2.2–2.7, 7.2, 7.14–7.15, 12.2

air diffusion principals, 8.5–8.6, 8.8–8.9air-handling units (AHU), 7.1airflow, 12.4–12.5, 12.9antiquated approach to, 2.13–2.14biological contamination, 48.1, 48.4–48.5boilers, 7.8clean-air delivery rate (CADR), 9.25in commercial buildings, 6.15condensate drain pans, 7.5constant-air volume (CAV) systems, 7.8, 7.13cooling components, 7.4–7.5, 7.8, 8.33–8.36customizing, 5.9–5.10dampers, 7.3, 7.4, 12.2dehumidification components, 8.20–8.21diffusers, 8.9–8.10, 8.16–8.21displacement ventilation, 7.14–7.15disregard for during commercial building

process, 6.4distribution system, 7.6dryers, desiccants, 8.31–8.33ducts, 8.1–8.2evaluating during IAQ investigations,

49.11–49.12, 49.16–49.17exhausts, 7.7fans, 12.3fibrous insulation, 8.4–8.5fire and smoke sensors, 12.5–12.6


INDEX I.21

HVAC system/controls (Cont.):good design practices, 63.4–63.6heating components, 7.5, 7.14, 8.21–8.28, 12.3humidification components, 7.6, 8.29–8.31, 12.3,

12.8hybrid systems, 7.14and indoor air quality, 57.2–57.3, 63.2–63.3lighting control, 12.14low-frequency sound, 19.1, 19.4mechanical rooms, locating, 7.3mixing plenum, 7.3monitoring, 7.16, 7.18in museums, 67.12–67.14noise from, 19.1, 19.7–19.15occupancy sensors, 12.5outdoor air intake, locating, 7.2–7.3personal control systems, 5.5, 12.8, 12.13–12.14,

16.10–16.12pressure sensors, 12.5pressurization functions, 7.9preventive maintenance, 6.15, 63.2, 63.7–63.8radon control using, 40.16return-air fans, 7.7return air grilles/exhausts, 8.12return air plenums, 7.7, 8.2–8.3rooftop units (RTU), 7.2room configuration, 7.6smoke and fire controls, 12.15sound control, 8.12, 8.15, 8.17, 8.18stairwells and elevator shafts, 7.7supply air fans, 7.6supply air momentum, 8.6–8.9supply air plenums, 8.4, 8.6–8.9temperature sensors, 12.3, 12.7–12.8terminal equipment, 7.6terminology for, 12.6–12.7univents, 7.1variable air volume (VAV) systems, 7.13,

8.18–8.21ventilation, 5.14–5.19, 5.14–5.19, 7.9, 12.9–12.13water traps, 7.5(See also Commissioning; Healthy building

design; Thermal environment; Ventilationsystem)

HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook (ASHRAE), 63.3

Hybrid HVAC systems, 7.14temperature control features, 12.7

Hydrogen sulfide, 10.14Hyper-responsiveness, 27.3–27.4 (see Multiple

chemical intolerance)Hyperemia, 17.4Hypersensitivity diseases (see Allergic

(hypersensitivity) disease)Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 3.3, 45.15, 54.10–54.12Hypersusceptible individuals (see Individual

susceptibility)

IAQ complaints:acute nonspecific symptoms, 53.3addressing, cost-benefit analysis, 56.17–56.18

IAQ complaints (Cont.):building-related illness (BRI), 3.3comfort-related, 53.3, 56.7–56.11complaint behavior analysis, 56.2–56.15complaint logs, 56.3frequency, 56.3–56.4handling approaches, 56.11–56.15investigation process, 49.4–49.10productivity-related, 53.4sick building syndrome (SBS), 3.3–3.4statistical analyses, 56.2–56.3symptoms, 4.4–4.7, 23.40temporal factors, 56.5–56.7(See also IAQ investigations; Occupant surveys;

Sick Building Syndrome)IAQ investigations:

airflow considerations, 51.27–51.30, 59.3–59.5assessment process, 49.8

contaminant source inventory, 49.12–49.13formulating/verifying conclusions, 49.15HVAC systems, 49.11–49.12identifying levels of concern, 51.27–51.30identifying problems, \#208>53.3initial screening, 49.4–49.6interviews, 49.9–49.10problem identification, 49.9–49.10reviewing historical documents, 49.9

available technologies, reviewing, 51.11–51.14building exhaust tracking, 50.15–50.17communicating findings, 49.17–49.18and complaint behavior, 56.11–56.16computational fluid dynamics modeling,

59.13–59.19data quality objectives, 51.5–51.11environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 50.14hospital environments, 50.13measurement systems, 51.14–51.30monitoring studies, 51.2–51.5preliminary assessment, 49.4–49.6quality assurance (QA):

quality assurance plans, 51.30quality control samples, 51.32standard operating procedures (SOP),

51.31–51.32quantitative studies, 49.16–49.17reporting requirements, 51.14revising measurement objectives, 51.12, 51.14statistical confidence, 51.5–51.10types of, 49.4ventilation systems:

air speed measurements, 52.7air temperature measurements, 52.6airflow measurements, 52.7–52.8airflow rate calculations, 52.13–52.17differential pressure measurements, 52.6–52.7outdoor airflow rates, 52.16–52.17percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.10–52.12relative humidity measurements, 52.6smoke tube studies, 52.8tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.9–52.10velocity pressure measurements, 52.7


I.22 INDEX

IAQ investigations, ventilation systems (Cont.):whole building air change rates, 52.17–52.18

(See also Occupant surveys; Risk assessment; Sampling and assessment methods)

Ice arena environments, 67.3air quality regulations, 5.6, 67.4–67.5emission control strategies, 67.3–67.4exposure sources and levels, 5.8, 67.2–67.3health problems, 67.1–67.2

Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) (seeMultiple chemical intolerance)

IEQ Strategies, 51.12IESNA (see Illuminating Engineering Society of

North America)IEST Recommended Practice (RP-CC-007), 9.16Illuminance, 18.8–18.9, 18.14–18.15Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

(IESNA), 18.1–18.2, 18.9Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)

exposure limits:carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4carbon monoxide, 51.2, 51.4

Immune system disturbances, 36.11 (See also Allergens)

Immunoaffinity chromatography, 46.4–46.5Immunoassays:

cat allergens, 43.8dust mite species, 43.3–43.4German cockroach allergens, 43.6–43.7rubber protein measurements, 41.6–41.7(See also Biological assays; Biomarkers)

Impermeable building materials, 2.7(See also Closed buildings)

Impression cytology studies, 26.10In vivo/in vitro assays, 70.6Incandescent lighting, 18.5Incipient phase (fire), detecting, 12.15Index concentration calculation, 51.5–51.9Individual control:

HVAC systems, 12.13–12.14importance of, 16.10–16.12

Individual susceptibility/variability, 48.6in complaint behavior, 53.2–53.3, 56.7–56.11and dust mite protein sensitivity, 43.5–43.6in fungal infection sensitivity, 45.13incorporating in risk assessments, 70.7–70.9individual risk calculations, 70.9and job stress, 55.11–55.13in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1–27.2in occupant responses, 53.3in perceptions of “comfortableness”, 16.10and pollen sensitivity, 44.14in respiratory illness rates, 69.1–69.3and sick building syndrome, 53.6in sound sensitivity, 19.10(See also Sensitization)

Indoor air quality (IAQ):cost-effectiveness of improving, 4.26–4.30,

56.17–56.18, 63.2defining, 3.1–3.2, 5.2, 5.25, 63.1determinants of, 69.4–69.6

Indoor air quality (IAQ) (Cont.):early research, 5.7European perspective, 1.12–1.13and hypersusceptible individuals, 27.1–27.2perceptions of, measuring, 5.3–5.4,

22.1, 22.3measuring, 22.8–22.10

proactive approaches, 5.5research/field studies:

history of, 1.7–1.9research needs, 1.9–1.12

(See also Healthy building design; Sick Building Syndrome)

Indoor environment:dynamic nature of, 57.3modeling, 57.4–57.10occupancy, 57.2outdoor climate effects, 57.1time spent in, 6.3, 62.2(See also specific environments and building

systems)Indoor Environment Review, 51.12Induction lamps, 18.6Induction units (HVAC system), 7.6Industrial buildings, outdoor air requirements

(table), 7.9–7.11Industrial Hygiene News, 51.12Industrial hygiene paradigm, 62.2–62.3Inertial impaction air filters, 9.4Inertial separator air cleaner, 9.8–9.9Infection rates:

and indoor air quality, 4.3–4.7, 54.16–54.17strategies for reducing, 4.10–4.11(See also Day care center environments;

Hospital environments)Infectious aerosols (see Aerosols, infectious)Infectious disease model, 69.3–69.4Infectious dose, 11.3Infiltration rates, 52.4

and indoor air monitoring, 51.27–51.30in older housing stock, 6.8versus outdoor intake rates, 52.4

Influenza, 2.6, 3.3, 5.4–5.5Infrared meter, 49.11Infrared presence sensor, 13.22Infrasound, 19.8–19.11Inherent characteristic, 12.2Inhibition radioimmunoassays (RIA), 43.3Inner city populations, cockroach allergen

exposure, 43.6Insecticides, 33.8, 35.9–35.10Inspection process (see Monitoring indoor

environments)Installation effect, 19.6Insulation:

asbestos in, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7clothing insulation values, 15.7in commercial buildings, 6.15formaldehyde exposure from, 32.5and indoor air quality, 5.8in residential buildings, 6.8


INDEX I.23

Insulation (Cont.):synthetic vitreous fibers, 8.4–8.5, 37.4, 37.16,

39.1, 39.23Insurance, IAQ-issues, 71.8Integral control, 12.7Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS)

database, 35.16, 51.4Integrated wiring/electronics, 6.10Integrating sound level meter, 19.5Interception air filters, 9.4International Agency for Research on Cancer

(IARC):carcinogenicity assessments

aflatoxins, 46.6aldehydes, 32.15cellulose, 37.6–37.7formaldehyde, 32.10PAHs, 34.18–34.20phthalates, 34.19–34.20, 34.21–34.22synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.23

risk assessment, 70.7International Commission for Radiological

Protection (ICRP), 40.4International Facility Managers Association, 5.2International Organization for Standards (ISO),

9.13, 15.11, 19.2International Standards Organization (see

International Organization for Standards)Interstitial lung disease (ILD):

asbestosis, 54.12hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 54.10–54.12organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13sarcoidosis, 54.12–54.13usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13

Intervention studies, 53.22(See also IAQ investigations)

Interviews, during IAQ investigations, 49.7, 49.9–49.10

Interzonal airflows, and indoor air monitoring, 51.27Involuntary smoking (see Environmental tobacco

smoke)Ion exchange water treatment, 8.30Ion generators, 9.26Ionizing radiation, and skin disorders, 28.5,

28.8–28.9IRIS (see Integrated Risk Assessment System)Isoniazid (INH) treatment, 47.8Isothiazolinones, 28.8

J function, 10.8Jail environments, 4.6Job stress:

and building-related illness, 54.18defining, 55.2evaluating during IAQ investigations:

communicating findings, 55.20implementation process, 55.17–55.20limitations of current methods, 55.13–55.14questionnaires, 55.14

and indoor air quality:models for, 55.4–55.6

Job stress, and indoor air quality (Cont.):physical stressors, 55.11psychosocial stressors, 55.11research/field studies, 55.6–55.13

modeling:demand-control model, 55.2–55.4NIOSH Job Stress Model, 55.7person-environment fit, 55.2–55.4

perceptions of, measuring, 55.12–55.13JOULE project, 1.12Journals and trade magazines, 51.11–51.12Just detectable effect (JDE), 24.14–24.15

K factor:in airflow rate calculations, 52.15–52.16in radon dosimetry calculations, 40.8

Kathon CG, 28.8Kerosene heaters:

use of, 6.7, 6.9VOC exposure from, 33.12

Ketones, 5.12chemosensory detection threshold, 20.7–20.8,

20.10King’s law, 12.5Kitchen exhaust, contaminants associated with, 5.11

L-tryptophan, 28.6Laboratory environments:

improving IAQ in, 62.24PCB levels, 36.14–36.18

Laminar air flow (LAF) areas, 65.11Langmuir isotherm, 58.20–58.21Large eddy simulation (LES), 5.22–5.23, 59.8–59.10Laser-based particle counters, 50.2–50.3Laser plumes, 65.7–65.8Latent heat, 15.7Latex allergen exposure:

adverse health effects, 28.8, 41.4–41.6controlling, 65.7measuring allergen concentrations, 41.1, 41.6–41.8sources, 41.1, 65.4–65.5, 65.7(See also Paints)

Latex paint emissions (see Paints)Latex sensitivity, 41.4–41.6

affected populations, 41.8–41.9controlling exposure, 41.11diagnosis, 41.6research/field studies, 41.5–41.6

Lawsuits, IAQ, preventing, 71.6–71.9LD50 measurement, 70.6Lead, airborne, 62.25Legal issues, IAQ-related:

assault and battery, 71.4breach of contract, 71.3–71.4breach of warranty, 71.4fraud, misrepresentation, 71.4lawsuits, 5.5, 71.2–71.3

examples of, 71.5–71.6liability concerns, 71.3negligence, 71.3trespass, nuisance, 71.5


I.24 INDEX

Legionella bacteria, 5.2, 48.1–48.2detection methods, 48.7–48.8exposure levels, 48.5, 48.9exposure sources, 8.29, 8.34, 48.4–48.6microbiology, 48.3–48.4remediation guidelines, 48.8–48.9

Legionellosis (Legionnaire’s disease), 3.3, 48.1–48.3reducing risks of, 48.9–48.11

Levels of concern, 71.3establishing, 51.2–51.5index concentration calculations, 51.5–51.12

Library environments, 67.11–67.12Library of Congress SBS study, 3.18–3.19Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) equation, 70.9Lifetime risk, 70.14Light intensity sensor, 12.14Light microscopy, pollen sample analysis, 44.13–44.14Lighting systems:

color-related features, 18.10–18.11color-rendering index (CRI), 18.11, 18.12color temperature, 18.10–18.11spectral power distribution, 18.10

commercial buildingseffect on productivity, 4.22–4.24energy requirements, 6.14lighting controls, 12.14

glare, 18.12–18.13good lighting, features of, 18.5and indoor air quality, 60.8–60.9light distribution, 18.9–18.10light measurements, 18.7–18.10luminance ratios, 18.13–18.14measurement tools, 18.14–18.15measuring amount of light, 18.7–18.9psychological impacts, 18.16–18.19recommended standards, 18.1–18.5residential buildings, 6.8and skin disorders, 28.5task-to-surround luminance ratios (TSLR),

18.13–18.14technology of, 18.5–18.7and the thermal environment, 16.8–16.10visibility models, 18.11–18.12

Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, 42.2, 42.7–42.10

Lint, 9.2–9.3Lipid A, 42.1Lipophilicity:

and eye irritation, 17.3and olfactory sensory potency, 20.12

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS):and endotoxin toxicity, 42.1purified LPS (EC6) standard, 42.1–42.3, 42.7–42.9

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 6.6–6.7Local extract ventilation systems, 13.13–13.14Local source control strategies, 5.25Localized ventilation systems, 5.19, 5.25Lost work (see Productivity)Loudness, measuring, 19.3–19.4Louver air cleaner, 9.8–9.9Low-efficiency filters, 7.4

Low frequency sound (see Infrasound)Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program,

2.17–2.18, 6.6Low-income households, 6.6Low-polluting materials, 31.12–31.14, 60.5–60.6

legal advantages, 71.8selecting during remodeling and renovation,

62.3–62.4, 62.12–62.13Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Levels (LOAEL),

25.4, 25.5, 35.16, 51.5, 70.10Lowry method for measuring rubber allergen,

41.6–41.7Lumens, measuring, 18.8–18.9Luminaires, 18.7, 18.9–18.10Luminance meters, 18.14–18.15Luminance ratios, task-to-surround, 18.13–18.14Luminous flux (see Lumens)Lung cancer:

and airborne asbestos exposure, 38.3and environmental tobacco smoke exposure,

30.17–30.19and radon exposure, 40.2–40.4, 40.8–40.15(See also Cancer)

Lung diffusing capacity (DLCO), 54.10Lux, 18.8

M22 VOC mixture, 25.4Macroscopic modeling, 57.4–57.6

mass-balance equation, 57.9pros and cons, 57.6

Maintenance activities (see Cleaning, maintenance practices)

MAKEDVT program (Alarie), 24.6Mall environments, 5.8Malodors (see Odor and scent problems)Man-made mineral fiber (MMMF) (see Synthetic

vitreous fiber)Man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF) (see Synthetic

vitreous fiber)Managing, buildings:

asbestos-handling, 38.15providing manuals, 60.12–60.13(See also Cleaning, maintenance practices)

Mancini cat allergen assay, 43.3, 43.8Manometers, digital electronic, 52.6–52.7Manual dexterity, effect of cold on, 16.7–16.8Margin of error (MOE) calculation, 70.13Martin County v. Frank J. Rooney, Inc., 71.6Mass balance models:

examples, 58.6–58.7indoor-outdoor air exchange, 58.5–58.6limitations, 58.21–58.22multiple-room model, 58.4–58.6penetration factor, 58.6single-room model, 58.4verifying, 58.7–58.11(See also Odor and scent problems)

Mass flow rate, 12.4Mass spectometry (GC-MS):

endotoxin analysis, 42.10–42.11VOC analysis, 33.4


INDEX I.25

Mass-transfer based models, 58.15–58.21gas-phase limited, 58.17–58.19limitations of, 2.11source-phase limited, 58.19–58.20

Mass transfer rate equations, 58.15–58.16gas-phase limited, 58.17–58.20source-phase limited, 58.19–58.20

Massachusetts:commissioning requirements, 61.2indoor air quality regulations, 5.6

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 5.8, 60.10, 62.3–62.4

Maximally exposed risk, 70.14Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) measurement,

70.10MBTH method for aldehyde sampling, 32.18Mean radiant temperature, 15.6Measles, 3.3Measurement techniques (see Sampling and

assessment methods)Measurement units (see Sampling and assessment

methods)Mechanical displacement ventilation systems,

13.19–13.20Mechanical extract ventilation systems,

13.13–13.15Mechanical filters, 9.6–9.7Mechanical rooms (HVAC system):

locating, 7.3preventive maintenance practices, 63.8–63.9

Mechanical ventilation systems, 5.25, 7.9, 13.11–13.12, 13.16–13.17, 52.4

adoption of as standard, 2.7, 6.10air filters, 50.9–50.11air speed, 15.7in apartment buildings, limitations of, 6.8balanced “mixing” ventilation systems, 13.18components, 13.12–13.13demand-controlled ventilation (DCV),

13.20–13.23displacement ventilation, 13.19–13.20and heat gains, 2.7integration with electrical systems, 6.16limitations of, 2.6–2.7link to temperature control during twentieth

century, 2.7natural ventilation comparison, 5.15–5.16need for, in new housing, 6.8supply ventilation systems, 13.16–13.17ventilation strategies, 13.13–13.14

MEMS (see microelectromechanical systems)Mental acuity:

loss of with multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9thermal environment and, 16.2–16.3, 16.8–16.10

Mesomachines, 2.13Mesothelioma, 37.3, 38.3, 39.23

(See also Cancer)Metabolic rate, and comfort, 15.7Metals, in humidification system water, 8.29Metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols, 23.16–23.17Method Detection Limit (MDL), 51.5

Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency byParticle Size (ASHRAE 52.2), 9.14–9.15

Methods (see Sampling and assessment methods)Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane),

residential exposure, 66.3–66.7Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), sources and

levels, 33.11, 68.8Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl

(MMT), 68.9Methylene chloride, sources and exposure levels,

5.12, 66.3–66.9Methylmethacrylate, 65.4Mice, in sensory and pulmonary bioassays, 23.3–23.4Microbial contaminants:

in airplane environments, 68.12–68.13from buses, trains and subways, 68.12on cellulose fibers, 37.7from cooling towers, 7.8in day care centers, 69.5evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.16–49.17in humidification system water, 8.29in HVAC cooling towers, 8.34Legionella, 48.1–48.2Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 47.2and odor problems, 49.7public fear of, 5.3recommend indoor level (RIL) calculations,

23.31–23.33removal methods, 7.4, 62.26–62.29research needs, 1.10sampling methodologies, 64.10and skin disorders, 28.9(See also Bioaerosols)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 2.12–2.13Microfibers, cleaning practices, 64.9Micropore membrane sampling, for tuberculosis,

11.7Microscopic modeling, 57.4–57.6Microtechnology:

and personal comfort control, 5.5silicon-based micromachines, 2.12–2.13ventilation simulations using, 2.12

Microwave ovens, 6.9Middle ear disease (otitis media), 30.17Midwestern United States:

characteristics of housing stock, 6.5commercial building stock, characteristics, 6.12humidifier/dehumidifier use, 6.7

Military barracks, respiratory disease prevalence, 4.5Mines, ventilation of, 2.4Minimum-efficiency reporting value (MERV), 9.15Minimum smoke depth layer, calculating,

14.12–14.13Minnesota, indoor air quality regulations, 5.6Mixed-gas sensors, 13.22Mixed-is-burned model, 14.15–14.16Mixed ventilation systems, 5.16, 5.25Mixtures (see Chemical mixtures)MLEGCV program, 24.9MM-questionnaires, 3.12


I.26 INDEX

Mobile homes, 6.5–6.6, 6.9formaldehyde levels, 32.8

Modeling indoor environments, 57.4–57.6, 59.2carbon monoxide exposure, 68.4carcinogen threshold levels, 70.10chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.13–20.16comfort analysis, 22.7–22.10, 57.8computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 57.9–57.10,

58.22–58.23, 59.10–59.13day care center health problems, 69.3–69.4emission modeling, 58.8–58.20, 62.17energy analysis, 57.6–57.8fire and smoke management systems, 14.15–14.16job stress, 55.2–55.6mass balance models, 57.9, 58.4–58.22microscopic versus macroscopic modeling,

57.4–57.6model types, 58.1–58.2off-site exposure sources, residential effects,

68.15–68.16predictive modeling, 57.4sink models, 58.20–58.21smoke control systems, 14.3–14.5statistical models, 58.2–58.5VOC concentrations, 31.15(See also Simulations)

Moderate Thermal Environments (ISO 7730), 15.11Modernism, 2.7Modules, prefabricated, in new construction, 6.10Moisture, dampness:

and activated carbon filter efficiency, 10.4and asthma prevalence, 4.11in day care center environments, 69.9–69.11and fungi growth, 45.3–45.5and indoor air quality, 69.5and particulate transport, 64.5–64.6and pollen levels, 44.3–44.6(See also Humidification)

Moisture sensors, 13.21Mold problems, 5.3

and asthma, 4.11and composite surface/insulation materials

insulation, 5.8in day care center environments, 69.9–69.11evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.16–49.17monitoring approaches, 49.11and respiratory disease, 4.7(See also Fungus exposure)

Monitoring indoor environments, 7.16–7.17air change rates, 52.3–52.4air cleaner efficiency, 9.16air filter efficiency, 9.4, 9.12–9.16airflow, 49.11–49.12, 51.27–51.30aldehydes, 51.25asbestos, 38.12–38.15available technologies for, reviewing,

51.11–51.14bioaerosol levels, 15.15, 15.17carbon dioxide levels, 7.18, 12.12–12.13, 49.11,

51.15, 51.18carbon monoxide levels, 51.15, 51.18–51.19

Monitoring indoor environments (Cont.):continuous monitoring, when to use, 49.16cooling systems, 8.33–8.34data quality characteristics, 51.5–51.11electrostatic precipitator efficiency, 9.17environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.5equipment and field characteristics, 51.11infrasound levels, 19.4instrument selection, 51.2measurement systems, 51.14–51.15noise levels, 19.5odor measurements, 20.4–20.9, 21.3–21.8ozone levels, 51.19–51.20particulate matter, 51.20–51.21pesticide levels, 35.4–35.8quality assurance (QA), 51.30–51.32radon levels, 40.15–40.16reasons for, 52.2–52.3relative humidity measurements, 49.11, 52.6during remodeling and renovation, 62.29, 62.30reporting requirements, 51.14revising measurement objectives, 51.12, 51.14synthetic vitreous fibers levels, 39.3–39.8ventilation rates, 52.3–52.4ventilation systems, 52.6–52.17VOC levels, 51.21–51.27whole building air change rates, 52.17–52.18(See also Sampling and assessment methods)

Monoclonal antibodies: allergen assays, 43.2–43.3

cat allergens, 43.8dust mites, 43.3–43.4German cockroach, 43.6

(See also Biological assays; Biomarkers)Mood changes, with multiple chemical intolerance,

27.9Morpholine, 7.8Mortality, and environmental tobacco smoke

exposure, 30.22Motion detectors:

lighting control, 12.14occupancy measurements, 12.5

Motorcycles, exposures associated with, 68.10–68.12Mouse bioassay, automation of, 24.1–24.2

acquiring/processing data, 24.6–24.12advantages, 24.19–24.20airflow measurements, 24.2–24.3concentration-response analysis, 24.20data presentation, 24.13detection limits (just detectable effect),

24.14–24.15exposure system, 24.2mixture assay results, 24.17–24.19negative/low results, 24.21problems and solutions, 24.21–24.23quantifying P1 effect, 24.3single chemical assay results, 24.15–24.17time-response analysis, 24.20–24.21variables measured, 24.13(See also Biological assays)

Moving-curtain/renewable filter, 9.12, 9.13


INDEX I.27

MSDS (see Material Safety Data Sheets)Mucosal membrane irritation, 26.1

and acetaldehyde exposure, 32.11airborne vitreous fibers and, 37.5–37.6and aldehyde exposure, 32.1–32.3bioassays based on, 23.1–23.2and building-related illness, 54.15–54.16chemesthetic sensory receptors, 20.1–20.3eye irritation assessments, 26.3–26.5and fiber exposure, 37.16and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and indoor air quality, 17.5–17.8methods for assessing:

blinking frequency studies, 26.5–26.6carbon dioxide eye-provocation test, 26.11corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11epithelial damage studies, 26.9foam formation studies, 26.8impression cytology studies, 26.10nasal lavage studies, 26.17–26.19nasal patency measures, 26.15–26.17nasal scrapings/biopsies, 26.19–26.20respiratory frequency, 26.14–26.15Schirmer I tear test, 26.12symptom validation, 26.12–26.14, 26.20tear film stability studies, 26.6–26.8tear fluid cytology studies, 26.9–26.10

versus odor, 20.3physiological basis for, 20.1–20.3, 26.2in sick building syndrome, 3.3–3.4and surgical smoke exposure, 65.7–65.8upper respiratory tract irritation, 26.14–26.15VOC research/field studies, 25.13–25.15

chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.11–20.16

olfactory versus chemesthetic responses, 20.3–20.5

Multifamily housing, 6.5–6.6, 6.9Multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1–27.2

versus allergic disease, 27.4animal models, 27.6case studies, 27.4–27.5, 27.20, 27.23defining, 27.3–27.4, 27.11–27.12demographics and prevalence, 27.7–27.8diagnosis and treatment, 27.16–27.23as disability, debate over, 27.19disease model for, 27.5–27.6, 27.13historical views of, 1.16, 27.2–27.3identifying in workplace environments,

27.20–27.23initiating events, 27.4–27.6predisposition to, 27.15–27.16proposed mechanisms, 27.12–27.16research/field studies, 27.9–27.10research needs, 1.10–1.11responses to, 27.2–27.3symptoms, 27.2, 27.9

individuality of, 27.9, 27.10–27.12signature responses, 27.5–27.6

underlying mechanisms, 27.4and VOC exposure, 33.24

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) (see Multiple chemical intolerance)

Multisorbent sampling systems, 33.3Museum environments, 67.12–67.14Mutagens:

in hospital environments, 65.5–65.6PAHs, 34.18

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 47.2–47.4Mycotoxins, 46.9 (see Fungus exposure)

Naphthalene, 34.3Nasal airway resistance (NAR), 26.15–26.16Nasal irritation, 20.3

and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14VOC-induced, 25.15(See also Eye irritation; Pulmonary irritation)

Nasal lavage (NAL) studies, 26.17–26.19Nasal localization threshold measurement,

20.4–20.5Nasal mucosal swelling, 26.31Nasal patency measures, 26.15–26.17Nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIF), 26.16Nasal scrapings/biopsies, 26.19–26.20Nasal volume, 26.16–26.17National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 70.4National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(40 CFR 50), 51.2, 51.4, 60.7National Association of Home Builders, 5.6National Cancer Institute (NCI), 40.13–40.14National Council for Radiation Protection and

Measurements (NCRP), 40.4National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA), 4.22–4.23National Fire Protection Association (NFPA):

diamond hazard rating system, 62.4–62.5Fire Protection Handbook, 14.2Life Safety Code, 14.3standards, 14.1

National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), 68.2

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Job Stress Model, 55.4recommended exposure limits (REL):

aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15pesticides, 35.14

rubber allergen exposure control recommendations, 41.11

sampling methodologies:formaldehyde, 32.16glutaraldehyde (MBTH method), 32.18organochlorine/organophosphate pesticides,

35.5SBS studies, 3.20–3.21

National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), 3.3

National Paint and Coatings Association:Hazard Material Identification System (HMIS),

62.4–62.5indoor air quality recommendations, 5.8


I.28 INDEX

National Research Council (NRC): Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR)

committees, 40.4exposure-dose relationships, 40.7–40.8risk assessment models, 40.13–40.15

indoor air exposure to termiticides, 35.14–35.15National Toxicology Program (NTP), 70.7

carcinogenicity assessments, 37.5Natural gas use, 6.6, 6.14Natural infrasound, 19.9Natural rubber, 41.1, 41.3Natural ventilation systems, 5.15, 5.25, 52.4

advantages/disadvantages, 13.10–13.11air speed, 15.7airflow dynamics, 13.2–13.5atriums, 14.12building design factors, 13.5and comfort, 15.9–15.10in healthy building design, 5.15–5.17humidity in, 15.11in older housing stock, 6.8ventilation openings:

air vents, trickle ventilators, 13.6automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6passive stacks, 13.6windows and louvers, 13.5

ventilation techniques:atria ventilation, 13.9–13.10cross-flow ventilation, 13.7–13.8passive-stack ventilation, 13.8, 13.10–13.11single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.9wind towers, 13.8

where used/useful, 5.17, 13.1–13.2(See also Ventilation systems)

Nausea, following carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7

Navier-Stokes equation, 57.4–57.6, 59.6–59.7Negative pressure isolation rooms, 65.11, 65.12Negligence, IAQ-related, 71.3Nervous system, in the eye, 17.5Network calculations, 13.5Neurodevelopmental problems, 36.10Neurosensory problems:

thermal environment and, 16.2VOC exposure and, 33.22

Neutral buoyancy plane, 7.9New York City:

High Performance Building Guidelines (1999), 61.8

indoor air quality guidelines, 5.6New York State Commission on Ventilation, 2.6New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH),

indoor air studies:air sampling, 66.5–66.6facility selection, 66.3–66.4field questionnaires, 66.6product inventories, 66.5recruitment of participants, 66.4–66.5results, 66.1–66.2, 66.3–66.13sample analysis, 66.6

NFPA (see National Fire Protection Association)

Nicotine, as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2, 30.6

“Night air,” fears about, 2.2Night time cooling, and natural ventilation, 5.15Nitric acid, in museum environments, 67.13Nitric oxide, 10.14Nitro-PAHs, 34.10Nitrogen oxides, 29.10–29.11

adverse health effects:acute, 29.13in adults versus children, 29.13–29.16

in airplane environments, 68.12aldehyde reactions with, 32.18from environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2environmental/toxic concentrations, 29.11–29.12

asthma-related, 29.16exposure sources and levels, 51.4from gasoline exhaust, exposure levels,

68.4–68.5in ice arenas, 5.8, 67.2–67.4from indoor vehicular events, 67.6in museum environments, 67.13in outdoor air, 60.7toxicology, 29.12–29.13

No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL), 2.17–2.18, 25.4, 25.7, 51.5, 70.10

Noise, indoor, 19.11abatement efforts, effectiveness, 19.20–19.21acceptable levels, 19.14–19.15effects, 19.11–19.14from HVAC systems, 8.12, 19.1, 19.5–19.7

controlling, 8.15, 8.17–8.18, 19.7–19.8installation effect, 19.6

measuring, 19.5productivity and, 16.10

Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectrometry, 51.15, 51.18

Non-Occupational Pesticides Exposure Study (NOPES), 35.12–35.14

Nonreactive volatile organic compounds (NRVOC), potency estimates:

mixtures, 23.27–23.33receptor phase calculations, 23.17, 23.26–23.27single chemicals, 23.27–23.28

Nonsmoking environments, ventilation standards, 2.8

Nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), 51.22Norbeck’s SBS studies, 3.11–3.12Normal distribution, 51.5–51.6, 51.7Normalized mean square error (NMSE) equation,

58.8North American Insulation Manufacturers, 5.6Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use

Management, 68.16Northeast United States:

commercial building stock, 6.12housing stock, 6.5

Null findings, interpreting and communicating, 55.20

Number of transfer units (NTU), 12.2Nursing home environments, 4.6


INDEX I.29

OA (see Outdoor air dampers)Occupancy:

density of:and disease rates, 3.3, 4.10odor complaints and, 49.6, 49.7

duration of, and disease rates, 4.12effect on indoor environment, 57.1management practices, 60.6, 60.8relationship to ventilation requirements, 2.12,

7.15, 12.11–12.12during remodeling and renovation, 62.21–62.22and sick building syndrome, 53.6

Occupancy sensors, 12.5Occupant surveys:

analysis of problem, 53.19–53.21ethical issues, 53.21–53.22intervention studies, 53.22motivating respondents, 53.18–53.19outcome measures, 53.19–53.20planning process, 53.16–53.17problems with, 53.2–53.3questionnaires:

closed questions, 53.11confounding factors, addressing, 53.15construction process, 53.11criteria for choosing, 53.9–53.11environmental/cleanliness ratings, 53.14example questionnaire, 53.12–53.15frequency of occurrence scales, 53.14layout of questions, 53.14linguistic clarity, 53.10–53.11, 53.14recall of past events, 53.10reliability and validity issues, 53.9–53.10

reasons for undertaking, 53.2proactive monitoring, 53.7–53.8research, mitigation followup, 53.8–53.9suspected problems, 53.6–53.7

sample selection, 53.16–53.18Occupational environments (see Commercial

buildings)Occupational Health and Safety Administration

(OSHA) (see United States OccupationalHealth and Safety Administration)

Occupational Safety and Health Act, workplace exposure limits, 51.4

Occupational stress (see Job stress)Octave bands, 19.2–19.3Ocular irritation (see Eye irritation)Odor and scent problems:

body odor, 22.2, 69.5and building material selection, 62.11cleaning service chemicals, 5.10controlling, 5.5effects on productivity, 4.24–4.25and environmental tobacco smoke, 30.21–30.22hedonic tone, 21.6and IAQ risk perception, 20.4–20.5versus irritation, 20.3muscosal membrane irritation (chemesthesis), 20.1odor control research, 2.7odor measurements, 20.4–20.6, 21.4–21.8

Odor and scent problems (Cont.):odor threshold values, 51.4physiological basis, 20.1, 21.1–21.3in sick building syndrome, 3.3sources, 21.8, 49.7VOC research/field studies, 20.3–20.16, 33.4

Odor character measurement, 21.5–21.6Odor concentration measurement, 20.5Odor Index, 10.13Odor intensity measurement, 21.5–21.6, 25.10, 25.13Odor thresholds, 62.11 (see Chemosensory

detection threshold)Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established

Occupational Health Standards (AIHA), 51.4ODVC (see On-demand ventilation control)Off-site emissions, as source of pollutants, 69.5Office environments:

available floor space, building size, 6.11–6.12PCB levels, 36.14–36.17respiratory disease prevalence, 4.5–4.6sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms,

4.17–4.18sound levels, 19.5

Office equipment, energy requirements, 6.15Office workers, IAQ complaints by, 3.2–3.3Offset printing operation emissions, 66.9, 66.12Oil fuel, 29.18Olf, 22.3, 25.4Olfaction:

factors that affect, 20.3–20.4nasal irritation, 20.3olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), 20.2physiological basis for, 20.1–20.3sensory receptors, 21.1–21.3(See also Odor and scent problems)

Omni-directional anemometer for, 15.7On-demand ventilation control (ODVC),

12.12–12.13On the Art of Building (Alberti), 2.2“Onion Theory of Comfort”, 15.4–15.5Open-air schools, 2.6Open-combustion appliances, 13.6Open fires, 2.2Operating room environments:

anesthetic gas exposure, 65.8–65.9pressurization, 65.11surgical smoke exposure, 65.7–65.8

Operative temperature, 15.6Opportunistic infection, and fungus exposure, 45.13Organic Compounds in Indoor Air (OCIA), 25.1Organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13Organic solvents (see Volatile organic compounds)Organochlorine/organophosphate pesticides, 54.17

sampling methodologies, 35.5Otitis media (see Middle ear disease)Outdoor air, 52.4–52.5, 60.5

airflow rate calculations, 12.9, 52.16–52.17benzene levels in, 33.14in day care centers, 69.14in demand controlled ventilation systems,

7.16–7.17


I.30 INDEX

Outdoor air (Cont.):distribution calculations, 52.19in economizer cycles (figure), 7.17exfiltration to, 52.4improving supplies of, cost-benefit analysis,

4.27–4.28infiltration by, 52.4

controlling, 7.15intake percentage:

measuring, 52.10–52.12reducing, 2.7–2.8

intake rate:versus infiltration rate, 52.4–52.5limiting, 60.7–60.8

measuring flow rate, ??particulate matter from, 64.3–64.4requirements for commercial and industrial

buildings, 7.9–7.11tetrachloroethylene levels in, 33.15–33.16ultrafine particles in, 50.7–50.9, 50.12, 50.14,

50.15VOC levels in, 33.11

Outdoor air dampers (OA), 7.3Outdoor air intake (HVAC system), locating, 7.2–7.3Oxygenated compounds, from gasoline exhaust,

68.9Owners (see Building owners)Ozone:

and aldehyde-generation, 32.18electrostatic-generated, 9.26exposure limits, 51.4gas and vapor removal using, 10.17–10.18in museum environments, 67.13in outdoor air, 60.7removing, 10.16sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.19–51.20sources, 60.9

p-Dichlorobenzene, 5.12P1 effect (see Pulmonary irritation)Paints:

allergic skin reactions, 28.8latex paint emission modeling, 58.13–58.14, 58.20low-odor, 62.12standards, guidelines, 71.5VOC emissions from, 33.10, 60.11

Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), exposure assessments, 33.16–33.18

Parking garage environments, 68.16Particle collection efficiency, 9.4, 50.9–50.10Particle counters, 62.30Particle sensors, 13.21Particulate matter (PM), 9.2

aerodynamic particle size, 9.2in airplane environments, 68.12in bars and restaurants, 67.10from buses, 68.12exposure limits, 51.4exposure-related symptoms, 49.7as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2in museum environments, 67.13

Particulate matter (PM) (Cont.):in outdoor air, 64.3particle size, 9.5, 9.14–9.15, 64.3–64.4resuspension factors, 64.4–64.6sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.20–51.21transport in indoor environments, 64.3–64.6ultrafine particles, 50.1–50.2, 50.9

health effects, 50.2–50.6 as indicator of indoor air quality, 50.5size, 50.1–50.2sources, 50.2, 50.4–50.5tracking methodology, 50.2, 50.6–50.9trend analysis, 50.11–50.12

(See also Aerosols)Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing

(PATH), 5.6Passive smoking (see Environmental tobacco

smoke)Passive-stack ventilation, 13.8, 13.10–13.11Pause duration (TP) measurement, 23.3–23.4Payback periods, healthy building design, 63.2PCBs (see Polychlorinated biphenyls)PCOM (see Phase-contrast optical microscopy)Penetration factor, particulate matter, 64.3Penicillium (see Fungus exposure)Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 35.9Perceived air quality, 22.1

measuring, 22.8–22.10, 25.4, 25.10Perceived stress, 55.17Percent outdoor air intake calculations, 52.10–52.12Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs), 51.29Performance, of workers:

arousal model, 16.10effects of noise on, 19.13–19.14relationship to productivity, 16.12–16.13and sensation of dryness, 16.4–16.5and thermal comfort, 16.2–16.3, 16.6–16.7, 16.13(See also Productivity)

Performance testing, ventilation systems:air speed in ducts, 52.7air temperature, 52.6airflow measurements, 52.7–52.8airflow rate calculations, 52.13–52.17differential pressure, 52.6–52.7outdoor airflow rates, 52.16–52.17percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.10–52.12reasons for, 52.2–52.3relative humidity, 52.6smoke tube studies, 52.8testing during commissioning process, 61.6tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.9–52.10velocity pressures, 52.7whole building air change rates, 52.17–52.18(See also Efficiency measurement)

Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 32.11, 32.15Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 67.13Person-environment fit stress model, 55.2,

55.3–55.4Personal computers, 6.9Personal control, microengineering and, 5.5Personal exposure models, 58.22–58.23


INDEX I.31

Personal monitoring:carbon monoxide exposure, 68.3Total Exposure Assessment Methodology

(TEAM), 33.4–33.5VOC sampling methods, 33.3–33.5

Personal Symptom Index (PSI), in occupant studies, 53.19–53.20

Pesticides, 5.10, 35.1in day care centers, 69.5exposure routes, 35.14monitoring/sampling methods, 35.4–35.9and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9–27.10occurrence, 35.9and odor problems, 49.7in outdoor air, 60.7phenols in, 34.15regulations for, 35.1–35.2residential and commercial use, 35.2–35.4in residential buildings, 35.11–35.14sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.26standards, guidelines, 71.5toxic reactions to, 3.3transport and volatilization, 35.10–35.11

Phase-contrast optical microscopy:asbestos monitoring, 37.15–37.16, 38.9fiber analysis, 39.10–39.11

Phenolic compounds:adverse health effects, 34.20, 34.22in household disinfectants, 35.9sources and levels, 34.15–34.18

Phlogiston, 2.2Photo-allergic reactions, 28.8–28.9Photography-based eye irritation test, 17.4, 26.3–26.4Photoionization (PID), VOC emissions monitoring,

51.25, 62.30Photometric measuring tools, 18.14–18.15Photometric units, 18.7–18.8Photopic correction curve, 18.7Photoprocessing facilities, volatile organic

compound emissions from, 66.13, 66.15Photovoltaic roof tiles, 6.10Phthalates, 5.10

adverse health effects, 34.19–34.20, 34.21levels, 34.11–34.15sampling and analytical methods, 34.11–34.15sources, 34.11

Physicians (see Health care workers)Physiological adaption, 15.12PID control, 12.7Piloerection, 15.8Pine oil disinfectants, 35.9Pitot tube, 12.4–12.5

airflow measurements, 52.13–52.14velocity pressure measurements, 52.7

Plant allergens, 28.8Plasma/photocatalytic destruction, 10.17Plasticizers (see Phthalates)Plastics:

stability of, 60.11thermal decomposition mixtures, 23.15–23.16

Pleated-panel filter, 9.10, 9.11

Plethysmograph, 23.5Plumbing system contaminants, 5.11Pneumatic activators, 12.2Pneumatic controls, 12.7Pneumotachograph, 23.3Point estimates, 70.14Pointperson, 71.8Poisonous vapors, 5.4Pol unit, 22.5Polk County v. Reliance Insurance Co., 71.6Pollen:

adverse health effects, 28.9, 44.14aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.2–9.3ecology, 44.3–44.8indoor levels

predictive models, 44.8relationship to outdoor levels, 44.9sources, 44.8–44.9

morphology, 44.3sampling methods:

dust sampling, 44.13filtration samplers, 44.11Hirst-type suction slit impactors, 44.11locating samplers, 44.11–44.13rotating arm impactors, 44.10–44.11settle samplers, 44.10

Pollution containment systems, 62.14–62.16Pollution Equipment News, 51.12Poly ((-olefin) (PAO) synthetic oil, 9.15–9.16Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5.10

adverse health effects, 34.18–34.22, 36.6, 36.7–36.8

risk assessment, 34.20–34.21bioaccumulation, 36.1–36.2congeners, 36.1–36.5, 36.8–36.10controlling exposure to, 36.22–36.23exposure assessments:

difficulties in conducting, 36.6–36.7outdoor environment, 36.2, 36.22residential buildings, 36.18–36.22schools, offices, laboratories, 36.14–36.18

exposure routes, 36.1sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.26sources, 36.5–36.6volatility, 36.2

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):benzo[a]pyrene, 34.3, 34.4, 34.10sampling and analytical methods, 34.3,

34.10–34.11sources, 34.2–34.3, 65.7

environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2gasoline exhaust, 68.8–68.9

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):Legionella bacteria detection, 48.7tuberculosis detection, 11.7

Polyurethane foam tube (PUF) collection, 51.26Polyvinyl chloride (PVC):

adverse health effects, 28.6in day care center environments, 69.8

Pontiac fever (see Legionellosis)Population risk, 70.14


I.32 INDEX

Pore ventilation, 2.14Portable space heaters, 6.7Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., commissioning

study, 61.9Potential inhaled dose, equation for, 58.3Precision, 51.5, 51.6–51.10

of control sensors, 12.6(See also Accuracy)

Predicted mean vote (PMV), 15.9, 15.11Predicted percentage dissatisfied (Fanger), 15.11Predictive modeling, indoor air dynamics,

57.6–57.7Prefabricated components/modules, 6.10Preparation of Operating and Maintenance

Documentation for Building Systems(ASHRAE 4-1993), 63.4

Pressure-sensitive vents, 13.6–13.7Pressure sensors, 12.5, 12.8

smoke and fire containment, 12.15using during remodeling and renovation, 62.30

Pressure-swing adsorption, 10.17Pressurization, 7.9

and adsorption bed efficiency, 10.11and air filters, 7.4and airflow from outdoors, 60.7differential pressure measurements, 52.6–52.7in hospital environments, 65.11–65.12HVAC systems and, 7.9and indoor air monitoring, 51.27–51.29in mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13in natural ventilation systems, 13.2–13.5pollution containment systems, 62.14–62.16pressure differentials, 52.4–52.5

measuring, 52.9relief fans and, 7.9smoke control systems, 14.1, 14.2–14.3

atriums, 14.8–14.12computer modeling, 14.3–14.4elevator shafts, 14.7stairwells, 14.4–14.7zones, 14.7–14.8

stack effect (figure), 7.13velocity pressure, 52.7

Prevention strategies (see Removal/control/prevention strategies)

Preventive maintenance, 63.7–63.8Primula obconica, 28.8Problem identification process, 49.8, 49.9–49.10Productivity, of workers:

factors that affect, 3.2–3.3asthma and allergic disease, 4.15, 4.16humidity levels, 4.7infectious disease, 4.10–4.11lighting, 4.22–4.24noise, 19.13–19.14odors and scents, 4.24–4.26thermal environment, 4.21–4.22, 16.7–16.8

measuring, 53.4relationship to performance, 16.12–16.13and sick building syndrome, 4.18–4.20and vehicular environments, 16.6

Productivity, of workers (Cont.):and ventilation rates, studies of, 4.7and VOC exposure, 33.24

Project Klima und Arbeit study, 3.14–3.16Property managers, IAQ training needs, 63.2Proportional demand-controlled ventilation,

12.7, 12.12Proportional integral derivative (PID) control, 12.7Psychological adaption, 15.12Psychometric processes, 15.7–15.8

measuring, 15.6–15.7relative humidity measurements, 52.6

Psychosocial factors:in job stress perception, 55.11lighting systems, 18.16–18.19in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.15–27.16in sick building syndrome, 3.28in skin disorders, 28.9–28.10

Public buildings, IAQ in:environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.5ice arenas, 67.1–67.5libraries, 67.11–67.12, 67.15museums, 67.12–67.15restaurants/bars, 67.9–67.10swimming pools, 67.6–67.9

Pulmonary function measurements, 23.2–23.3, 23.38–23.40

Pulmonary irritation/disease:from acrolein exposure, 32.13from airborne vitreous fibers, 37.5, 39.22–39.23from allergen exposure, 43.3, 43.5–43.6, 43.7from asbestos exposure, 37.2bioassays based on, 23.2, 23.7, 23.37–23.38and building-related illness, 54.10–54.15and chlorine-related exposures, 67.6–67.7in day care center environments, 69.9, 69.10from endotoxin exposure, 42.3–42.5exposure guidelines based on, 23.13from formaldehyde exposure, 32.8interstitial lung disease (ILD):

asbestosis, 54.12hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 54.10–54.12organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13Sarcoidosis, 54.12–54.13usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13

from mycotoxin exposure, 46.7sources, 49.7testing procedures, 54.10upper airways disease, 54.13

allergic fungal sinusitis, 54.15allergic rhinitis, 54.14–54.15asthma, 54.13–54.14

(See also Respiratory disease)Putrefaction, fears of, 2.3Pyroelectric sensors, 12.5, 12.14

Quality assurance (QA), during IAQ monitoringquality assurance plans, 51.30quality control samples, 51.32standard operating procedures (SOP),

51.31–51.32


INDEX I.33

Quanta (q), 11.3Questionnaires, IAQ investigations, 3.28

confounding factors, addressing, 53.15environmental/cleanliness ratings, 53.14estimating nitrogen oxide exposure using, 29.12frequency of occurrence scales, 53.14in-depth interviews, 49.9–49.10job stress evaluations, 55.14layout of questions, 53.14linguistic clarity, 53.14for New York State Department of Health

studies, 66.6occupant surveys, 53.9–53.11

Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI), 27.17, 27.24–27.27

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 43.2, 43.3Radiometry, 18.7Radon, 5.3

adverse health effects, 40.8–40.12control strategies, 40.15–40.16exposure-dose relationships, 40.7–40.8exposure measurements, 40.4–40.5monitoring studies, 40.6–40.7in outdoor air, 60.7physical properties, 40.1–40.2research/field studies, 1.8risk assessments for, 40.12–40.15sources, 40.5–40.6, 69.5standards, guidelines, 71.5

RAST inhibition (see Radioallergosorbent test)Rating systems (see Energy efficiency/conservation

practices)RD50 values, 23.7–23.13RD50P values, 23.7–23.15Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS),

27.11Reactive volatile organic compounds (RVOCs),

potency estimates, 23.33–23.35Real-time monitors, 51.26Recall periods, occupant surveys, 53.10, 53.13–53.14Receptor phase, trigeminal receptor response,

23.17, 23.26–23.27Recommendations, IAQ-related (see Standards,

IAQ guidelines)Recommended exposure limit (REL), 32.11, 32.15Recommended indoor level (RIL) calculations,

23.13, 23.29–23.33Recommended Practice for Referencing

Suprathreshold Odor Intensities (ASTMMethod E544), 21.4–21.6

Recommissioning, benefits of, 61.9–61.12Record-keeping, importance of, 71.8Recreational facility environments, 67.1–67.9Reference dose (RfD) (EPA), 35.16, 36.12–36.14

calculating, 70.10Refrigeration (see Cooling system)Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

(RTECS), 51.4Regression equations, mass balance model

verification, 58.8–58.9

Regulations (see Standards, IAQ guidelines)Reheat coils, 7.5Reid Vapor Pressure measure, 68.13Relative humidity, 15.7

measuring, 49.11, 52.6and thermal comfort, 15.10–15.11(See also Humidification)

Relative limit value (RLV) (ACGIH), 42.11Relative risk, 70.14Reliability, in questionnaire, 10Relief fans, 7.9Removal/control/prevention strategies:

adsorption beds, 10.2–10.17anesthetic gas exposure, 65.8–65.9animal allergen exposure, 43.10–43.11asbestos exposure guidelines, 62.24–62.25in day care center environments, 69.15–69.16endotoxin exposure, 42.11fungus exposure, 45.27–45.29, 62.26–62.29gas and vapor removal methods, 10.14–10.17in hospital environments, 65.7–65.14in ice arena environments, 67.3–67.4latex allergen exposure, 65.7lead removal, 62.25Legionella bacteria exposure, 48.8–48.9in museum environments, 67.14radon exposure, 40.15–40.16reduction strategies, 5.13–5.14during remodeling and renovation, 62.2–62.12for skin irritants, 28.6–28.9in swimming pool environments, 67.8–67.9

Renovations, remodeling:engineering controls during:

dilution ventilation, 62.14pollution containment systems, 62.14–62.16work area isolation, 62.13–62.14

of hospital environments, 62.22IAQ complaints following, 53.5of laboratories, 62.24maintaining good IAQ during, 62.2–62.3monitoring tools, 62.29, 62.30selecting building materials:

compatibility issues, 62.3–62.13hazard rating, 62.3–62.6odor issues, 62.11performance criteria, 62.6–62.10

source control during, 62.11–62.12special problems:

asbestos removal, 62.24biological contaminants, 62.26–62.29lead removal, 62.25

and VOC emissions, 33.10–33.11work practices:

housekeeping, 62.19–62.20, 64.2IAQ-related training, 62.21–62.22waste removal, 62.20–62.21

Replicability, and reliability, 53.10Reproductive problems:

and anesthetic gas exposure, 65.8and ethylene oxide exposure, 65.6and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.15


I.34 INDEX

Reproductive problems (Cont.):and PAH exposure, 34.20and PCB exposure, 36.10, 36.11

Residential buildings:air changes per hour (ACH), 6.7–6.8air conditioning and respiratory disease, 4.6airborne pesticide sampling methodologies,

35.5–35.7allergen exposure reduction strategies, 43.10–43.11allergen sources, 43.1–43.2, 43.7, 44.8–43.9asbestos levels, background, 37.4and building-related illness, 54.18–54.19for chemically intolerant individuals, 27.2endotoxin in, 42.5–42.7environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.4, 30.5existing stock, 61.9–61.12exposures from off-site sources, 66.1–66.2,

66.13, 66.17, 68.15–68.16formaldehyde exposures, 32.5–32.6household disinfectants, 35.9minimum acceptable ventilation rates, 6.7pesticide use, 35.2–35.4polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in,

36.18–36.22radon concentrations, 40.2, 40.5–40.7synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.16–39.19ventilation standards, 2.9VOC levels in, 33.5, 33.8, 66.2–66.17

Residential Energy Conservation Survey (RECS), 6.7Resistance temperature device (RTD), 12.3Respirable particles, 30.2

(See also Particulate matter)Respiration, human, fears about, 2.3Respiratory disease, 4.3–4.9

and building-related illness, 54.13–54.14in day care center environments, 69.1–69.3,

69.6–69.8, 69.9, 69.13–69.14direct/indirect productivity costs, 4.8, 4.10–4.11from endotoxin exposure, 42.4–42.5from environmental tobacco smoke exposure,

30.14–30.15, 30.19–30.20from formaldehyde exposure, 32.8ice arenas and, 67.2latex-sensitivity and, 41.4from nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.13–29.16from PAH exposure, 34.20research/field studies, 1.8strategies for reducing, 4.10–4.11from sulfur dioxide exposure, 29.17transmission of, 4.5, 11.1–11.3upper airways disease, 54.13–54.15(See also Pulmonary irritation/disease)

Respiratory frequency measurements, 26.14–26.15Restaurant environments, 67.9–67.10Resuspension factors, 64.4–64.6Retail and service buildings, 6.11Retrocommissioning (see Recommissioning)Return-air fan (HVAC system), 7.7Return-air plenum (HVAC system), 7.7, 8.2–8.3,

8.12airflow rate calculations, 52.15–52.16

Reverse airflow, measuring, 12.10–12.11Reverse osmosis water treatment, 8.17–8.18,

8.30–8.31Revised Office Environment Study (ROES), 3.7,

53.23–53.28Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method (RANS),

59.10Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

equations, 5.22, 5.23–5.24, 57.5Rhinitis, allergic, 3.3

cat allergens and, 43.7–43.8fungus exposure and, 67.11–67.12latex-sensitivity and, 41.4and skin disorders, 28.9

Rhinoconjunctivitis, 44.14Rhinovirus infection, 4.5

(See also Respiratory disease)Rhode Island, indoor air quality regulations,

5.6Ribavirin exposure, 65.5, 65.9–65.10RIGA-FLO filters (Farr), 7.4RIL (see Recommended indoor level)Risk analysis:

framework for, 70.5mass balance models, 58.4–58.8process of, 58.1statistical models, 58.2–58.4

Risk assessment:asbestos-associated, 37.3carcinogenicity assessments:

aflatoxins, 46.6aldehydes, 32.15BEIR models, 40.13–40.15cellulose, 37.6–37.7formaldehyde, 32.10NCI model, 40.13–40.14PAHs, 34.18–34.20PCBs, 36.11–36.14pesticides, 35.15phthalates, 34.21–34.22radon, 40.12–40.13synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.23VOCs, 33.21–33.22

exposure assessment:exposure pathways, 70.7threshold effects, 70.10toxicity testing, 70.10

hazard identification:classification schemes, 70.6–70.7data sources, 70.6

indoor risk, 5.13–5.14mycotoxin exposure, 46.11polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 36.22risk characterization:

carcinogenic exposures, 70.11–70.13communicating risk, 70.14noncarcinogenic exposures, 70.10–70.11,

70.13tuberculosis, 47.10

Risk calculation, 70.14Risk characterization, 70.13–70.14


INDEX I.35

Risk communication, 70.22–70.34addressing cognitive heuristic responses:

anchoring, 70.23availability, 70.23overconfidence, 70.23representativeness, 70.24

handling null findings, 55.20putting risk in context, 70.30risk perception, 70.25–70.28strategies, 70.28–70.30, 70.34

Risk distributions, 70.14Risk ladders, 70.30Risk management:

analyzing risks, 70.19decision-making, 70.20–70.21defining problem and context, 70.18–70.19determining acceptable risks:

de manifestis risk, 70.17de minimus risk, 70.17value of statistical life, 70.17zero-risk, 70.16–70.17

evaluation process, 70.21–70.22identifying and analyzing options, 70.20implementation process, 70.21

RISK mass balance model, 58.9Risk perception, 33.24Risk rankings, 70.24Risk V1.0 VOC prediction model, 31.15Rodent allergens, 43.9ROES (see Revised Office Environment Study)Rollover phase (fire), detecting, 12.15Roofing materials, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7Rooftop units (RTU), temperature control features,

12.7Room air cleaners, testing methods, 9.16Room configuration, effect on indoor air quality, 7.7Rotating-arm pollen samplers, 44.10Rotating vane anemometers, 52.7–52.8Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution,

29.17Royal Society of Health, occupant survey

questionnaire, 53.12–53.15RTU (see Rooftop units)Rubber allergens:

adverse health effects, 41.4controlling, 41.11measuring in air, 41.7–41.8, 41.10measuring in gloves, 41.6–41.7protein characteristics, 41.1–41.2sensitivity to, 41.1

Rubber particle measurement, 41.1–41.2Rubella, 3.3Runny nose/eyes (see Eye irritation; Nasal

irritation)

Safety testing:of air filters, standards for, 9.16for construction materials, 39.24–39.25

Safety, uncertainty factor (UF), in risk assessment, 70.10

Salts, in humidification system water, 8.29

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres (ASTM committee), 51.12

Sampling and assessment methods: air speed, 15.7airborne chemical potency, 23.1–23.2airborne rubber proteins, 41.7–41.8, 41.10aldehydes, 32.16–32.18allergens, 43.2–43.3asbestos, 37.4, 37.7–37.16, 38.8–38.12, 38.14benzene, 33.11–33.15bioaerosols, 43.3–43.5blood analysis, 33.21BNL tracer-gas technique, 51.29body fluid analyses, 33.20–33.21breath analysis, 33.20–33.21breathing processes, 23.2–23.3carbon dioxide, 51.15, 51.18carbon monoxide, 51.15, 51.18–51.19, 68.4cat allergens, 43.3, 43.8cellulose, 37.16–37.18chloroform/trihalomethanes, 33.19comfort perception measures, 15.8–15.10complaint behavior analyses, 56.2–56.11complex mixtures, 23.13–23.15dust, 64.9–64.13endotoxins, 42.7–42.11eye irritation, 17.2formaldehyde, 32.4–32.6fungus assessments, 45.12, 45.16–45.27,

46.4–46.5German cockroach allergens, 43.6–43.7history of, 11.1Legionella bacteria, 48.7–48.8lighting measurements, 18.14–18.15metabolic rates, 15.7multiple chemical intolerance diagnosis,

27.18–27.19in New York State Department of Health studies,

66.5–66.6noise, 19.1occupant surveys, 53.2–53.3, 53.9–53.15,

53.17–53.19odor concentration, 20.5ozone, 51.19–51.20PAHs, 34.3para-dichlorobenzene, 33.16–33.18particulate matter, 51.20–51.21PCBs, 36.2–36.5, 36.14–36.20perceived air quality, 22.3, 22.8–22.10pesticides, 35.4–35.8pollen, 44.10–44.14pulmonary function:

breaths per minute (BPM), 23.3duration of inspiration, expiration (TI, TE), 23.3lung diffusing capacity (DLCO), 54.10pause duration (TP), 23.3–23.4spirometry measurements, 54.10tidal volume (VT), 23.3

radon, 40.4–40.5, 40.7–40.8relative humidity, 15.7during remodeling and renovation, 62.29, 62.30


I.36 INDEX

Sampling and assessment methods (Cont.):rubber proteins, 41.6–41.7sensory and pulmonary irritation assays, 23.5–23.7sensory pollution loads, 22.5–22.6sound levels, 19.2, 19.4–19.5, 19.15–19.19speech interference levels (SIL), 19.13standard practices, 49.13–49.15, 51.31–51.32,

66.5–66.6synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.13–37.21, 39.3,

39.5, 39.8–39.13temperature, 15.6tetrachloroethylene, 33.15–33.16thermal environments, 16.13toxicity testing, 70.10tracer gas measurements, 52.8trigeminal receptor response, 23.17, 23.26–23.27tuberculosis bacillus, 11.7ultrafine particles, 50.2, 50.5–50.9VOCs, 31.2, 33.2–33.4, 51.21–51.27, 66.3–66.7

Sarcoidosis, 54.12–54.13Scandinavia, displacement ventilation systems,

5.16, 5.19Scandinavian HVAC Association (SCANVAC),

16.10–16.11Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 39.11–39.12,

50.2–50.3Scents (see Odor and scent problems)Schirmer I tear test, 26.12School buildings, classrooms:

asbestos levels, 37.4, 38.10–38.12available floor space, building size, 6.11design considerations, 60.9German cockroach allergen levels, 43.7health problems:

asthma, 4.13–4.14respiratory disease, 4.6

IAQ investigation, 50.17open-air, 2.6PCB levels, 36.16, 36.17synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.13–39.16univent HVAC systems, 7.1ventilation standards, 2.9VOC emission sources, 33.9(See also Day care center environments)

Scleroderma-like disorders (see Skin irritation/disorders)

Scotopic correction curve, 18.8Scrubber air cleaner, 9.10Sealants and adhesives, 5.14, 37.10Sealed buildings (see Closed buildings)Seasonality, and pollen levels, 44.5–44.6Seebeck effect, 12.3Self-charging air filters, 9.26Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs),

51.22, 51.26Sensible heat transfer, 15.7–15.8Sensitivity:

defining, 27.3–27.4of HVAC control sensors, 12.6

Sensitization: to cat allergens, 43.8, 43.9

Sensitization (Cont.):in day care centers, 69.11to dust mite protein, 43.5–43.6in hospital environments, 65.4–65.5(See also Individual susceptibility/variability;

Multiple chemical intolerance)Sensors, HVAC control:

accuracy and precision, 12.6air flow, 12.4–12.5in demand-controlled ventilation systems,

13.20–13.22dynamic response, 12.6fire and smoke, 12.5–12.6humidity sensors, 12.3locating, 12.6MEMS sensors, 2.13occupancy sensors, 12.5pressure sensors, 12.5temperature sensors, 12.3

Sensory awareness, 5.3–5.4Sensory irritation, 26.1–26.2

and aldehyde exposure, 32.1–32.3bioassays based on, 23.1–23.2, 23.5–23.7from boiler additives, 7.8and cellulose exposure, 37.6–37.7and chlorinated aerosol exposure, 67.6–67.7complaints about, investigating, 49.4–49.10and environmental tobacco smoke exposure,

30.21–30.22exposure guidelines based on, 23.8–23.13and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14in hospital environments, 65.4–65.5and humidification systems, 49.7methods for assessing, 26.3–26.20and perceived IAQ, 25.2–25.3physiological basis, 20.3, 26.2research/field studies, 17.5–17.8, 25.1–25.26upper respiratory tract irritation, 26.14and VOC exposure, 22.3, 23.17(See also Eye irritation)

Sensory pollution load measurement point, 22.5–22.6Setpoint, 12.7

with demand-controlled ventilation, 12.12with variable air volume systems, 12.8

Settle-type pollen samplers, 44.10Sewage gas, exposure-related symptoms, 49.7Shadduck v. Douglas, Emmett and Co., 71.6Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors

Association, 5.6ductwork standards, 60.12indoor air quality guidelines, 63.4

Ship environments, 68.13Shivering, 15.8Shoe repair shop emissions, 66.9, 66.11Short-term exposure limit (STEL), 32.15, 51.2Sick building syndrome (SBS):

acute nonspecific symptoms, 53.3versus building-related disease, 32.19, 54.1control and prevention strategies, 4.20defining, 1.4, 2.1, 3.2, 3.3–3.4, 5.7, 53.4–53.5


INDEX I.37

Sick building syndrome (SBS) (Cont.):diagnosing, 53.5effects models, 25.1–25.2and endotoxin exposure, 42.7and fiber exposure, 37.5, 37.16importance of addressing, 53.5and job stress, 55.6–55.13legal issues, 71.1–71.2and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.4,

27.9–27.10noise-related problems, 19.10–19.11preventing, 63.2–63.3productivity costs, 4.18–4.20, 64.6research/field studies, 1.8–1.9

British Office Environment Survey (BOES), 3.6–3.7

California Healthy Buildings Study, 3.16–3.17

Danish Town Hall Study (1987), 3.7–3.11discussion of findings, 3.27–3.28EPA studies, 3.21–3.27European Audit Study, 3.12–3.14German ProKlimA study, 3.14–3.16Library of Congress study, 3.18–3.19NIOSH studies, 3.20–3.21Swedish studies, 3.10–3.12

risk factors, 3.4–3.5, 53.6symptoms associated with, 3.3–3.4, 4.17–4.18,

64.6nose, eye and throat irritation, 17.5, 20.3sensory irritation, 26.2skin disorders, 28.5–28.6, 28.9–28.10

and thermal environment, 16.4–16.5and ultrafine particle exposure, 50.2and VOC exposure, 25.24–25.25, 33.9,

33.22–33.23(See also Building-related illness)

Sidestream smoke (see Environmental tobacco smoke)

Signature responses, 27.5–27.6Silencers (noise attenuators), 13.13Silica, health effects, 28.6Silicon-based micromachines, 2.12–2.13Simulation of Human Activity and Pollutant

Exposure (SHAPE), 58.3carbon monoxide exposure modeling, 68.4

Simulations:airflow pattern studies, 57.4–57.6carbon monoxide exposure, 68.4computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

advantages/disadvantages, 59.13–59.19direct numerical simulation (DNS), 59.8large eddy simulation (LES), 59.8–59.10Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method

(RANS), 59.10energy use models, 57.6–57.8fire and smoke management systems,

14.15–14.16modeling emissions sources, 5.12–5.13ventilation system design, 5.21–5.25(See also Modeling indoor environments)

Single-family houses:construction waste associated with, 6.10features, 6.5, 6.8–6.9

Single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.9, 13.9–13.10Sink models, 58.20–58.21Sink properties, 62.10Siting issues, 5.11Skin irritation/diseases:

exposures associated withairborne rubber allergen, 41.4–41.6airborne vitreous fibers, 37.5, 39.22–39.23biological agents, 28.8–28.10electromagnetic radiation, 28.3–28.5environmental chemicals, 28.6–28.9formaldehyde, 32.7–32.8glutaraldehyde, 32.14PBCs, 36.6, 36.11VOCs, 25.15–25.16

and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.5skin physiology, 28.2–28.3, 28.7–28.8

Skin testing:fungal allergen sensitivity, 45.14German cockroach allergen, 43.7for latex sensitivity, 41.6for pollen sensitivity, 44.14(See also Allergens)

Sleepiness (see Fatigue/sleepiness)Sling psychrometer, 49.11, 52.6Slit lamps, 17.1–17.4SMAIR dust sampler, 64.10“Smart” buildings, 2.14–2.15Smell (see Odor and scent problems; Olfaction)Smoke, 29.3

evaluating components of, 23.15from indoor fires/stoves, 2.2, 14.1–14.2modeling spread of, 2.12from open fires, 2.2

Smoke control systems:in atriums, 14.8–14.13

elevator shafts, 14.7modeling, 14.11–14.12, 14.14–14.16pressurized systems, 14.2–14.7prevention approaches, 14.2protection systems, 14.1–14.2stairwells, 14.4–14.7tenability, 14.2zones, 14.7–14.8

sensors for, 12.5–12.6, 12.15Smoke tubes:

emissions monitoring using, 62.30evaluating airflow using, 49.11, 52.8

Smoking (ETS) environments:controlling/limiting, 5.14ventilation standards, 2.8

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 9.13Soiling, 9.14Solanesol, 30.2Solar energy use, 6.8Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), 51.26Solid waste streams, municipal, 6.10Solvation model, 20.13


I.38 INDEX

Sorbent collection techniques, 51.22–51.25Sorption models, 5.13Sound control, HVAC systems, 8.12, 8.15–8.18

(See also Acoustic environment; Infrasound; Noise, indoor)

Sound intensity level (SiL) measurement, 19.4–19.5Sound level meters, 19.15–19.19Sound power level measurement, 19.4–19.5Sound pressure level (SpL) measurement,

19.4–19.5Source and sink models:

empirical decay models, 58.8–58.15mass-transfer based models, 58.15–58.20

Source control:localized, 5.14during remodeling and renovation, 62.11–62.12

Source elimination strategies, 5.25Source-phase limited mass transfer, 58.19–58.20Southern United States:

air conditioner use in, 6.9characteristics of housing stock, 6.5commercial building stock, characteristics, 6.12

Space heating:commercial buildings, 6.14residential buildings, 6.6–6.8(See also Combustion products; Heating system)

Spatial representativeness, 51.11Spectral power distribution (SPD), 18.10–18.11Spectroradiometer, 18.15Speech/communications, noise and, 19.12–19.13Speech interference levels (SIL), 19.13Spina bifida, 41.5Spirometry, 54.10Spore traps, 45.24Spores, fungal, size of, 9.2–9.3Spread, 8.8Sprinkler systems, 12.15Stachybotrys chartarum (S. atra), 5.3

adverse health effects, 46.9–46.11ecology, 46.8levels in indoor environments, 46.8, 46.9, 46.11trichothecene mycotoxin in, 46.8(See also Fungus exposure)

Stack effect, 7.9, 7.13and indoor airflow, 52.5in natural ventilation systems, 13.2–13.11

Stairwells:pressurization effects, 7.7smoke and fire containment, 12.15, 14.4–14.7

Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality Models (ASTM), 51.27

standard operating procedures (SOP), sources for, listing, 51.31–51.32

Standard Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds (ASTM Method E679-91),20.5–20.6

Standard Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors (ASTM 1999), 51.19

Standard Practice for the Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air (ASTM),51.22

Standard Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other CarbonylCompounds in Air (ASTM), 51.25

Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres(ASTM), 51.22

Standards, IAQ guidelines:adsorption bed effectiveness, 10.13–10.14air filtration/filters

AHSRAE guidelines, 9.14European standards, 9.17UL class 1 and class 2 air filters, 9.16

airborne mycotoxin levels, 46.5–46.6, 46.12aldehydes, PELs (OSHA), 32.11, 32.15–32.16ambient air quality (EPA), 60.7Arizona test dust (ISO), 9.13As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

standard, 69.13asbestos, 38.5, 62.24–62.25, 71.5building material hazard ratings, 62.2–62.6carbon dioxide standards (OSHA), 51.2carboxyhemoglobin levels (WHO), 29.7comfort, 22.1–22.2commissioning regulations (Canada OSH), 63.7comparison of, 54.6–54.7diesel fuel emissions, 68.1drinking water, 71.5endotoxin exposure limits, 42.11flooring material emissions (CRI criteria),

62.11–62.12gasoline, diesel fuel, 68.1high performance buildings (New York City

DDC), 61.8ice arenas, 67.3, 67.4–67.5Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

exposure limits:carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4carbon monoxide, 51.2, 51.4

for IAQ:difficulty establishing, 5.13–5.14EPA, 5.6, 63.4HUD, 5.6industrial versus nonindustrial settings,

51.2–51.3occupational exposure (OSHA), 5.2, 5.6

indoor noise levels, 19.14–19.15latex exposure, 41.9lead-related, 62.25, 71.5Legionella remediation (CDC), 48.8–48.9lighting systems, 18.2–18.4, 18.7low-polluting building (CEN Report 1752), 22.6museum environments, 67.14, 67.15National Fire Protection Association material

hazard ratings, 62.4–62.5noise levels for indoor speech (EPA), 19.13outdoor air intake, 7.9–7.11PCBs (EPA), 36.11–36.14pesticides:

EPA, 35.1–35.2OSHA, 35.14

poisons, 71.5


INDEX I.39

Standards, IAQ guidelines (Cont.):purified LPS (EC6), 42.2–42.3radon (EPA), 40.15, 71.5RD50/133, RD50/1333 values, 23.12–23.13RD50P/60 values, 23.13recommended indoor levels (RIL), 23.13

microbial volatile metabolites (MVOCs), 23.33nonreactive volatile organic compounds

(NRVOCs), 23.29–23.33Ribavirin exposure limits (California DOH), 65.9swimming pool emissions, 67.8–67.9synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.23–39.24thermal comfort, 63.3, 15.10–15.11threshold limit value (TLV) (ACGIH):

aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15asthma-inducing chemicals, 23.37building material hazards, 62.4–62.6comparison with RD50 values, 23.7hazard rating using, 62.6

time-weighted averages (EPA TWAs), 32.15tuberculosis control (CDC), 47.9–47.12ventilation rates (ASHRAE), 6.7, 60.9ventilation systems, 22.1–22.3

ASHRAE Standard 62-1973, 2.8ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, 2.8ASHRAE Standard 62-1999, 2.8–2.9changes in, 2.5, 11.5for controlling airborne infections, 11.4early state and local ordinances, 2.5, 5.6European guidelines for, 22.2natural ventilation systems (UK), 13.6questioning of, 2.7for residential usage, 2.9smoking versus nonsmoking environments,

2.8U.S. government agencies, 5.6U.S. state governments, 5.6

VOCs, 25.25–25.26, 31.2carpet and rug emissions (CRI), 62.11–62.12in day care centers, 69.12–69.13NOAEL/LOAEL recommendations,

25.24–25.25workplace regulations (OSHA), 30.22

Standards Measurement and Testing Program (SMT), 1.12

Staphylococcus exposure, 65.6Statistical analysis:

complaint behavior, 56.2–56.3fungus assessments, 45.26–45.27occupant studies, 53.19–53.20in risk assessment, 70.7–70.13statistical confidence, 51.5–51.10

Statistical models, 5.13, 58.2–58.4(See also Modeling indoor environments)

Steady-state equation, 62.11Steam-based ventilation system, 2.4–2.5Steam heat, 2.4Steel framing, 6.10STEPP-tester, 64.12Sterilization equipment emissions, 32.14Stratification (in atriums), 14.13

Stress:job-related:

defining, 55.2measuring, 55.2–55.6

and sick building syndrome, 4.18and skin disorders, 28.9–28.10(See also Job stress)

Strict liability, 71.3Structure-activity relationships:

for chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.12–20.13

in risk assessment, 70.6Styrene-butadiene carpet backings, 33.10Styrene, sources for, 5.12, 62.12Subvolumes, in computational fluid dynamics

modeling, 59.6Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 30.11Sulfur dioxide, 29.16

adverse health effects, 29.17–29.18environmental/toxic concentrations, 29.17exposure limits, 51.4in museum environments, 67.13–67.14in outdoor air, 60.7removal methods, 10.14sources, 29.16–29.17toxicology, 29.17

Sulfur hexafluoride, 52.8Sun exposure, and skin disorders, 28.4Supply-air fans (HVAC system), 7.6Supply air plenums, 8.4

airflow rate calculations, 52.15–52.16supply air momentum, 8.6–8.9

Supply ventilation systems, 13.16–13.17Surface area, and building material selection, 62.10Surface sampling, 39.9–39.10Surgical smoke exposure, 65.7–65.8SVF (see Synthetic vitreous fiber)Sweating, 15.8Swedish Office Illness Project (1994), 3.10–3.12Swimming pool environments, 67.6–67.9Symptom validation:

eye irritation studies, 26.12–26.14upper respiratory tract irritation studies, 26.20

Symptoms (see IAQ complaints; Sick building syndrome)

Synthetic vitreous fiber (SVF), 37.4, 39.1–39.2, 39.4adverse health effects, 37.4–37.6, 39.22–39.23exposure assessment, 37.16–37.21

school buildings, 39.13–39.16in skin and eyes, 39.20surface levels, 39.19–39.20

fiber size calculations, 39.2–39.3, 39.5guidelines/standards, 39.23–39.24physical structure, 37.6removal methods, 39.25sampling and assessment methods, 39.3–39.13sources, 39.1

TABLEVT program (Alarie), 24.6Task/ambient conditioning systems, 12.13–12.14Task-conditioning systems, 5.19


I.40 INDEX

Task supply ventilation systems, 13.16Task-to-surround luminance ratios (TSLR),

18.13–18.14TB skin test, 47.6, 47.11Tear film stability studies, 26.6–26.8Tear fluid, 17.2–17.3Tear fluid cytology studies, 26.9–26.10Tear glands, 17.3Technical Data Sheets (“cut-sheets”), 62.6, 62.10Temperature:

calculating percent outdoor air using, 52.10–52.11

and complaint behavior, 56.5–56.11effective, formula for, 8.6evaluating during IAQ investigations,

49.11–49.12and fungal growth, 45.3mean radiant temperature, 15.6measuring, 52.6operative temperature, 15.6relationship to comfort, 15.4–15.5, 15.10–15.11relationship to humidity, 22.8and skin disorders, 28.5–28.6temperature swings:

effect on mental acuity, 16.9–16.10and VAV systems, 2.10

(See also Thermal environment)Temperature control (HVAC system), 12.7

individual control, 12.13–12.14sensors, 12.3

Temperature-sensitive vents, 13.6Temporal representativeness, 51.10Temporal variability, 49.8–49.9Tenability, in smoke control systems, 14.2Tenax-based VOC sampling, 33.3Teratogens, 65.5Terminal boxes (HVAC system), 7.6Terpenes, chemosensory detection threshold,

20.10–20.11, 20.13, 20.14Test dusts, 9.12–9.14Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the

Atmosphere (ASTM D 3162), 51.18Testing, adjusting, balancing (TAB) procedures,

52.2–52.3Tetrachloroethylene:

in airplane environments, 68.12exposure assessments, 66.9

dry-cleaned clothing, 33.15–33.16outdoor air, 33.15–33.16in residential buildings, 63.4–63.4

sources, 5.12Tetraethyl lead, 68.8–68.9Textile screen printing shop emissions, 66.7, 66.9,

66.10TFM (see Transfer function modeling method)Theoretical models, 5.13THERdbASE (EPA), 35.16Thermal Comfort Envelope (ASHRAE Standard

55-1992), 8.32Thermal Conditions for Human Occupancy

(ASHRAE 55-1966), 15.10

Thermal environment:accident rates, 16.7air speed, 15.7air temperature, 15.6comfort, 8.6, 8.7, 57.8

defining, 15.4–15.5models for, 15.11–15.14perceptions of, measuring, 15.8–15.10standards, 15.10–15.11temperature-humidity relationships, 22.8

and complaint behavior, 56.7–56.11in day care center environments, 69.8–69.9effect on mental acuity, 16.8–16.10effect on productivity, 4.21–4.22, 16.1effects of lighting system on, 18.5engineering perspective, 16.1heat transfer mechanisms, 15.6importance of, 5.15, 15.3and indoor air quality, 60.8–60.9and performance/productivity, 16.6–16.7physiological basis, 15.8relative humidity, 15.7and sensation of dryness, 16.4–16.5and sick building syndrome, 53.6sources of discomfort, 16.2–16.3standards, 15.10–15.11, 63.3temperature, 15.6–15.7thermal controls, 7.15thermal gradients, 16.5–16.6thermal neutrality zone, 2.2in vehicles, 16.6(See also Comfort)

Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE Standard 55), 2.2

Thermal gradients, 16.5–16.6Thermal loads, 2.11Thermal sensation scale (Fanger), 15.8–15.10Thermistors, 12.3Thermocouples, 12.3Thermodynamics, 2.4Thermohygrometers:

digital, 52.6monitoring thermal comfort/mold growth, 49.11

Thermometers, digital, 52.6Thermostats, 7.15, 12.7Thin-coated material emissions, 60.10Thin-layer chromatography, 46.5Threshold effects, in risk assessment, 70.10Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances

and Physical Agents and Biological ExposureValues (ACGIH), 51.4

Threshold limit values (TLVs):aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15asthma-inducing chemicals, 23.37comparison with RD50 values, 23.7–23.13hazard rating using, 62.4, 62.6

Throat irritation, 20.3and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14

Throw, 8.8Tidal volume (VT) measurements, 23.3“Tight” buildings (see Closed buildings)


INDEX I.41

TILT (see Toxicant-induced Loss of Tolerance)Time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limits,

32.15carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4

Tobacco smoke (see Environmental tobacco smoke)Toluene:

in airplane environments, 68.12in indoor environments, 5.12, 66.7, 66.9, 66.13

Total emittable mass equation, 58.11Total exposure:

body burden measurements, 33.20equation for, 58.2–58.3vehicle-related emissions, including,

68.16–68.17Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM),

30.5, 33.4–33.5Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), 31.1,

51.26–51.27in day care centers, standards, guidelines,

69.12–69.13exposure measurements, 33.18–33.19from flooring materials, 62.11–62.12recommended exposure limits, 25.25in sensory irritation field studies, 25.4in sick building syndrome, 32.19(See also Volatile organic compounds)

Toxic equivalency factors (TEF), 36.9Toxic equivalency values (TEQs), 36.8–36.9Toxicant-induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT), 27.2,

27.13–27.15diagnosis and treatment, 27.17–27.18physiological mechanisms, 27.15–27.16(See also Multiple chemical intolerance)

Toxicity testing, in risk assessment, 70.6building-related illness (BRI), 54.5, 54.8

Toxicoses, from fungus exposure, 45.15–45.16Tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.11–52.12

airflow pattern studies using, 52.9–52.10airflow rate calculations using, 52.15identifying airflow patterns, 51.29–51.30outdoor airflow rate calculations using, 52.19

Train environments, 68.10–68.12Trane Company, indoor air quality guidelines, 63.4Transfer function modeling method (TFM), 57.6Transmission electron microscopy (TEM):

in asbestos hazard assessment, 37.16fiber analysis using, 39.11–39.12

Tremolite, 38.2Trespass and nuisance, IAQ-related,71.5Trichloramine:

exposure sources and levels, 67.6, 67.7–67.8exposure standards, 67.9

Trichloroethylene, 5.12Trichlorophenols, 28.6Trichothecene mycotoxin, 46.8–46.9Trickle ventilators, 13.6Trigeminal response, bioassays based on, 23.1–23.3

(See also Mucosal membrane irritation)Trihalomethanes:

exposure assessments, 33.19exposure sources and levels, 67.6

Tuberculosis, 3.3, 5.4–5.5air sampling for, 11.7diagnosis and treatment, 47.5–47.6droplet transmission, 47.9etiology and occurrence, 47.2as impetus for air disinfection, 11.1latent infection, 47.7propagation cycle, 47.3–47.4risk assessment, 47.10symptoms, 47.4–47.5treatment approaches, 47.3, 47.7–47.9upper-room UVGI disinfection for, 11.9–11.10and ventilation standards, 2.5–2.6

Turbulence:and air flow control, 12.9in indoor environments, 57.4modeling, 59.7, 59.22

Turbulent coefficient, 57.4

ULPA filters, monitoring efficiency of, 9.15–9.16Ultrafine particles:

abundance of, 50.1–50.2adverse health effects, 50.2, 50.6definition, 50.1in IAQ investigations, 50.12–50.17as indicator of indoor air quality, 50.5size, 50.1–50.2sources, 50.2, 50.4–50.5tracking method, 50.2, 50.6–50.9trend analysis, 50.11–50.12

Ultraviolet absorption photometry, 51.19Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI),

11.8–11.11Ultraviolet (UV) radiation:

gas and vapor removal using, 10.17as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2and skin disorders, 28.3–28.5water treatment using, 8.30

Uncertainty:and exposure estimates, 51.5in risk assessment, 34.20–34.21, 70.3, 70.10(See also Individual susceptibility/variability;

Statistical analysis)Underwriters Laboratory (UL), air filter standards,

9.16–9.17United Kingdom Scientific Committee on Tobacco

and Health, 30.19United States Center for Disease Control (CDC):

Legionella remediation guidelines, 48.8–48.9tuberculosis control guidelines (1994),

47.9–47.12United States Congress, ventilation, 2.4United States Department of Energy, energy

analysis programs, 57.7United States Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD), indoor air quality regulations, 5.6

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA):

asbestos sampling scheme, 37.12Bahura v. SEW Investors, 71.5–71.6


I.42 INDEX

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (Cont.):

Building Assessment Evaluation Survey, 3.21–3.27

carcinogenicity assessments, 33.21–33.22environmental tobacco smoke, 30.18PCBs, 36.5, 36.8, 36.11–36.14phthalates, 34.19–34.22“weight-of’-evidence” approach, 70.6–70.7

Environmental Technology Verification Program, 51.26

exposure recommendations/limits, pesticides, 35.14–35.15

hazard identification, 70.6–70.7Industrial Source Complex Long-Term

Dispersion Model, 68.16information on test data availability, 51.4Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS)

database, 35.16list of asbestos-containing products, 37.7, 37.8Non-Occupational Pesticides Exposure Study,

35.12–35.14residential pesticide use survey, 35.3risk assessments, pesticides, 35.15–35.16sick building syndrome investigations, 33.23standards, guidelines:

ambient air quality, 5.13, 60.7indoor air quality, 5.6, 63.4noise levels for indoor speech, 19.13pesticide regulation, 35.1–35.2radon control, 40.15reference doses (RfDs), 35.16, 36.12–36.14

statistical models, 58.3–58.4Temporal Indoor Monitoring Exposure (TIME)

study, 3.25–3.27Total Exposure Assessment Methodology

(TEAM):findings, 3.25–3.27residential ETS levels, 30.5study results, 66.3.

VOC definition, 31.1United States Occupational Health and Safety

Administration (OSHA):asbestos-related rules, 37.10, 37.12–37.13carbon dioxide standards, 51.2glutaraldehyde sampling method, 32.18indoor air quality regulations, 5.6Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 60.10nonindustrial workplace air quality rules, 5.2permissible exposure limit (PEL):

aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15pesticides, 35.14

tuberculosis control guidelines, 47.9–47.12workplace regulations, 30.22

United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), value of statistical life (VSL), 70.17

Univent HVAC systems, 7.1Upper respiratory tract irritation:

assessment methods, 26.14–26.20physiological basis, 26.14–26.15

Upper-room UVGI, 11.9–11.11

Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI), 32.5Urine, analyzing contaminants in, 33.4Urticaria, latex-sensitivity and, 41.4User-controlled ventilation systems, 12.13–12.14,

16.10–16.12Usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13UVGI (see Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation)

VacuMark dust sampler, 64.9–64.10Vacuum cleaner efficiency, 64.3–64.4Vagal response bioassays, 23.2Validation:

computational fluid dynamics model results, 59.10–59.13

eye irritation studies, 26.12–26.14mass balance equations, 58.8–58.9questionnaire responses, 53.10sensory and pulmonary irritation assays,

23.5–23.7upper respiratory tract irritation studies, 26.20(See also Modeling; Statistical analysis)

Value of statistical life (VSL) estimates, 70.17Vane anemometer, 52.15–52.16Variability (see Individual susceptibility/variability)Variable air volume (VAV) systems, 2.10–2.11, 7.13

air diffusers, 8.18–8.21air filters in, 9.25–9.26computer controls, 2.11flow control, 12.9pressure control, 12.8shift towards, 5.7temperature control features, 12.7

Vasodilation, 15.8VAV systems (see Variable air volume (VAV)

systems)VDI vitreous fiber sampling method, 39.9Vehicle-related exposures, 68.1–68.2

airflow and meteorological effects, 68.9–68.10buses, trains, motorcycles, 68.10–68.12diesel fuel exhaust, 68.15

PAHs, 34.2–34.3standards and regulations governing, 68.1

gasoline exhaust:1,3 butadiene, 68.8carbon monoxide, 68.2–68.4formaldehyde, 68.8from indoor recreational events, 67.2–67.6methyl-tert-butyl ether, 68.8methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl

(MMT), 68.9nitrogen dioxide, 68.4–68.5oxygenated compounds, 68.9polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 68.8tetraethyl lead, 68.8–68.9volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

68.5–68.8, 68.14thermal environment effects, 16.6time spent in/near vehicles, 68.2

Velocity pressure measurement, 52.7Ventilation engineers, role in healthy building

design, 1.14


INDEX I.43

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Quality (AHSRAE 62-1989), 2.1, 51.3

Ventilation for Control of Indoor Air Quality, 2.8Ventilation needs, in energy analysis codes,

limitations of, 2.11Ventilation rate:

airborne synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.25in bars and restaurants, 67.10calculating, 52.3–52.4in day care centers, 69.6–69.8energy use and, 5.19monitoring tools, 7.16occupancy and, 2.12and rates of worker illness, 4.7recommended standards, 60.9relationship to area occupied, 2.9and respiratory disease prevalence, 4.6and sick building syndrome, 4.19

Ventilation research, 2.6Ventilation system evaluations (see IAQ

investigations)Ventilation systems:

advantages/disadvantages, 13.10–13.11air filtration, 6.10airflow, 52.3–52.5balanced “mixing” ventilation systems, 13.18and building-related illness, 54.17–54.18within building, tools for simulating, 2.12cleaning practices, 64.9and comfort, 22.1–22.2complaints about, investigating, 49.4–49.10constant air volume (CAV) systems, 2.9–2.10and contaminant dispersion, 69.5–69.6controlling airborne infection using, 11.4–11.7convection-driven ventilation, 2.4in day care centers, 69.6–69.9demand controlled (DCV), 2.12designing, 5.4–5.5, 5.19–5.20, 60.6, 60.8

comfort standards, 22.1–22.2computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 5.20

diluting contaminants using, 5.14–5.19dilution ventilation, 62.14displacement ventilation, 2.14, 11.11dynamic insulation/pore ventilation, 2.14efficiency of, 30.22energy efficiency issues, 5.14–5.16, 5.19energy used for, 6.15historical views of, 2.2–2.7, 5.4–5.5, 22.2in ice arenas, 67.3–67.4improving, cost-benefit analysis, 4.26–4.30and increased emissions, 60.11indoor airflow, 52.5and infections, 11.6localized ventilation, 5.19measurement systems, pressure differences, 52.9mechanical ventilation:

components, 13.11–13.13demand-controlled ventilation (DCV),

13.20–13.23displacement ventilation, 13.19–13.20fans, 13.12

Ventilation systems, mechanical ventilation (Cont.):mechanical extract ventilation, 13.13–13.14mechanical supply ventilation, 13.15–13.17versus natural, 2.6

mixed systems, 5.16–5.19monitoring/evaluation tools:

air speed measurements, 52.7air temperature, 52.6airflow measurements, 52.7–52.8airflow rate calculations, 52.13–52.17differential pressure, 52.6–52.7outdoor airflow rates, 52.16–52.17percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.10–52.12reasons for, 52.2–52.3relative humidity, 52.6smoke tube studies, 52.8tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.9–52.10velocity pressure, 52.7

and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.10natural ventilation:

air vents, trickle ventilators, 13.6automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6building design factors, 13.5comparison with mechanical, 5.15–5.17cross-flow ventilation, 13.7, 13.8passive-stack ventilation, 13.6, 13.8, 13.10,

13.11single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.9–13.10stack pressure, 13.2–13.5where used/useful, 13.1–13.2wind pressure, 13.2–13.5windows and louvers, 13.5

and nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.12outdoor airflow control, 12.9relationship to air quality, 2.1, 5.25, 60.8–60.9role of HVAC systems in, 7.9sensory pollution loads and, 22.6–22.7variable air volume (VAV) systems, 2.10–2.11

Ventilators, trickle, 13.6Vertical temperature differences (see Thermal

environment)Very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), 51.22Vinyl flooring emissions, 33.10Viral respiratory infections:

and asthma prevalence, 4.15transmission of, 11.1–11.2(See also Pulmonary irritation/disease;

Respiratory disease)Visibility models, 18.11–18.12Visual display terminals (VDTs), 18.13Vitreous fiber (see Synthetic vitreous fiber)VOCs (see Volatile organic compounds)Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions

Measurements (VOCEM), 1.13Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 5.11–5.12

adverse health effects:acute effects, 33.22–33.24cancer, 33.21–33.22in day care center environments, 69.12–69.13

in airplane environments, 68.12benzene, 33.11–33.15


I.44 INDEX

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Cont.):bioeffluents, 22.2body burden measurements, 33.20–33.21in day care center environments, 69.3,

69.12–69.13definitions/classification, 8.21, 31.1–31.2emissions modeling, 5.12–5.13, 58.13–58.15,

58.17–58.18exposure assessment, 33.1, 33.10–33.11

commercial building emissions, 66.13–66.17EPA Total Exposure Assessment

Methodology (TEAM) findings,33.4–33.5

indoor air, 31.14–31.15, 33.5–33.8outdoor air, 33.1, 33.8–33.11, 60.7personal air, 33.4–33.5residential buildings, 66.6–66.13typical levels, 31.2

exposure routes, 33.1–33.2, 33.19–33.20half-lives, 33.9–33.10in hospital environments, 65.5in library environments, 67.12microbial volatile metabolites (MVOCs), 23.33and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9–27.11NOAEL/LOAEL recommendations, 25.24–25.25nonreactive (NRVOCs), 23.17–23.33and odor problems, 49.7para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), 33.16–33.18reactive volatile metabolites (RVOCs), potency

estimates, 23.33–23.35recommended indoor levels (RIL) for, 23.13risk assessment, 33.24sampling and assessment methods, 31.2,

33.2–33.4activated carbon, 33.2–33.3body fluid analyses, 33.4canister sampling, 51.22direct (whole-air) sampling, 33.3multisorbent systems, 33.3passive dosimeters, 51.26real-time monitors, 51.26Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), 51.26sorbent collection, 51.22Tenax, 33.3

semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 51.22sensory irritation field studies, 25.1–25.26

chemosensory detection threshold, 20.5–20.11limitations, 2.16–2.17

sensory irritation potency database, 23.17and sick building syndrome, 64.6sources, 22.3, 31.2–31.4, 33.8–33.11

building materials, 60.10commercial sources, 66.1–66.2drinking water, 33.19emissions, 31.4–31.14flooring materials, 62.12fungus emissions, 45.16gasoline/diesel fuel exhaust, 68.1, 68.5–68.8,

68.11gasoline pumping, 68.13–68.15in-home sources, 66.2–66.3

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sources (Cont.):soil and dust, 33.19–33.20surgical smoke, 65.7–65.8

standards, IAQ guidelines, 31.2tetrachloroethylene, 33.15–33.16total volatile organic compounds, 33.18–33.19,

51.26–51.27trihalomethanes, 33.19very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), 51.22

Volumetric flow rate, 12.4

Warmup cycles, outdoor air dampers, 7.3Washington state, indoor air quality regulations, 5.6Waste anesthetic gas (WAG), 65.8–65.9Waste handling:

during construction process, 6.10during remodeling and renovation, 62.20–62.21

Waste services, 5.11Water:

and fungal growth, 45.3, 45.5, 45.10–45.11, 45.12

HVAC humidification systems, 8.17–8.20, 8.29Water traps, in HVAC systems, designing properly,

7.5Water vapor:

as combustion product, 29.3effect on activated carbon efficiency, 10.8–10.9in HVAC humidification systems, 8.29

Wave frequency, 19.2Wave length:

of light, 18.7–18.8of sound, 19.2

Wave velocity, 19.2Weather, and pollen levels, 44.8Weatherization (see Insulation)“Weight-of- evidence” carcinogen classifications

(USEPA), 70.6–70.7Western Untied States:

commercial building stock, 6.12housing stock, 6.5

Wet-bulb temperature, 8.33Wet-pipe sprinkler systems, 12.15Wet-product emission, 60.10Wet surfaces:

fungal growth on, 45.10–45.11, 45.12and odor problems, 49.7VOC emission rates and, 33.9–33.10

Whetlerite, 10.14Whole-air VOC sampling, 51.22–51.25Window air conditioning units, 6.7Window glass, insulated, 6.8Windows, louvers, 13.5Wipe test dust sampling, 64.10Within-space ventilation need analyses, 2.11Wood smoke:

acetaldehyde in, 32.10adverse health effects, 29.19aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.2–9.3benzene in, 33.14from residential heating, 6.6–6.7


INDEX I.45

Wood smoke (Cont.):toxicology, 29.18volatile organic compounds in, 33.8

Work stress (see Job stress)Workers:

absenteeism, IAQ-related, 4.10–4.11cleaning workers, health risks,

64.15–64.16construction workers, role in healthy building

design, 1.14day care center workers, health risks, 69.3,

69.10health care workers:

asthma prevalence, 65.4personal protection strategies, 65.12–65.14

office workers, IAQ complaints, 3.2–3.3Workplace environments:

formaldehyde exposures, 32.4multiple chemical intolerance, handling,

27.20–27.23worker expectations about, 5.2(See also Commercial buildings)

World Health Organization (WHO):carcinogenic risk assessment, 38.5exposure guidelines:

Air Quality Guidelines, 5.13ncarboxyhemoglobin levels, 29.7nitrogen oxides, 29.11–29.12

position paper on environmental tobacco smoke, 30.18

sick building syndrome definition, 2.1, 3.3–3.4, 5.7, 53.4

VOC classification system, 31.1–31.2

XL filter (Farr), 7.4Xylenes:

levels, 66.7, 66.9sources, 5.12

Zero acceptable risk level, 70.16–70.17Zones, building:

pressured smoke control systems, 14.7–14.8VAV systems for, 2.10–2.11

Zoophilous pollen (see Fungus exposure)


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