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___________________________
Characteristics of rural-urban elderly living in poverty
ELDERLY INMALAYSIASAIDATULAKMAL MOHD, Ph.D.
This study benefits from the financial support provided by the Social Security Research Center (SSRC), Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Background of study• Objectives of study• Data & Findings• Conclusion
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
• Traditional family structure broken down
• Difficult to maintain a decent life
• Decline in fertility rate,
longer life expectancy
• An economic and social issue
Aging populatio
n
An increase in
elderly populatio
n
Change in family
structure
Increase in the cost of
living
Current Situation
• Percentage population aged 55 years an above increase from 7.6 percent in 1970 to 12.3 percent in 2012
• 2015 Malaysia’s population aged 65 years and above will be six percent of the total population
Population data
2009 2012Age Group Poor Hard-core
poorPoor Hard-
core poor
Total 3.8 0.7 1.7 0.215 – 24 2.7 0.5 1.6 0.225 – 29 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.130 – 34 3.3 0.5 1.3 0.335 – 39 4.5 0.8 2.4 0.440 – 44 5.5 1.3 2.5 0.345 – 64 3.8 0.7 1.6 0.265 and above 3.6 0.6 1.4 0.2
Poverty incidence (2009 & 2012)
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
Investigates the characteristics of the elderly living in the rural and urban areas)
Identifies the elderly living in poverty based on the rural and urban areas
Examines the factors influencing the poverty of elderly in each of the strata they live in
DATA & FINDINGS
• HIS 2009 data provided by the DOS
• 19,125 observations or elderly are used for the analysis (9,452 in rural and 9,673 in urban areas)
• Information on socio demographic profiles is provided at the household and individual levels
Characteristics of elderly
GenderAGE
Marital StatusEthnicity
Education
Strata
Working Group
Male : 48.05Female : 51.91
58-59 : 14,7460-64 : 30.7965-69 : 21.3670-74 : 16.5975-79 : 8.4780 & Above: 8.06
Married : 67.54Others : 32.46
Bumiputera :63.39Chinese : 30.58Indian : 5.55Others : 0.48
Urban : 50.56Rural : 49.44
Primary : 42.60 Secondary : 18.37Tertiary : 4.13None : 34.90
Homemakers etc : 71.45Senior officials & managers : 0.48Professionals: 0.49Technicians & associate professionals : 1.37Clerical workers : 0.48Skilled agriculture & fishery : 12.38Craft & related trade: 2.07Plant & machine operators : 1.66Elementary occupations : 3.33
Characteristics of elderly
living in poverty(9.9%)
GenderAGE
Marital StatusEthnicity
Education
Strata
Working Group
Male : 7.97Female : 11.73
58-59 : 5.5660-64 : 6.3665-69 : 10.1270-74 : 13.6675-79 : 15.9880 & Above: 16.90
Married : 7.40Others : 15.17
Bumiputera :13.66Chinese : 3.02Indian : 5.17Others : 10.99
Urban : 4.72Rural : 15.24
Primary : 7.95 Secondary : 2.05Tertiary : 0.63None : 17.58
Homemakers etc :10.32Senior officials & managers : 1.86Professionals: 0.00Technicians & associate professionals : 3.80Clerical workers : 0.00Skilled agriculture & fishery : 12.95Craft & related trade: 5.79Plant & machine operators : 2.84Elementary occupations : 11.91
GenderAGE
Marital StatusEthnicity
EducationWorking Group
Male : 49.44 / 50.56 Female : 49.45 / 50.55
58-59 : 13.75 / 15.7060-64 : 29.65 / 31.9065-69 : 21.25 / 21.4670-74 : 17.44 / 15.7575-79 : 9.19 / 7.7680 & Above: 8.71 / 7.43
Married : 67.63 / 67.44 Others : 32.37 / 32.56
Bumiputera :84.41 / 42.83Chinese : 12.12 / 48.65 Indian : 2.93 / 8.12Others : 0.55 / 0.40
Primary : 46.68 / 38.61Secondary : 9.93 / 26.63Tertiary : 1.32 / 6.88None : 42.07 / 27.88
Homemakers etc: 65.02 / 77.74Senior officials & managers : 1.44 / 3.04Professionals: 0.33 / 0.65Technicians & associate professionals : 0.82 / 1.91Clerical workers : 0.13 / 0.82Skilled agriculture & fishery : 22.15 / 2.82 Craft & related trade: 1.69 / 2.45Plant & machine operators : 1.14 / 2.16Elementary occupations : 3.39 / 3.27
Characteristics of rural-
urban elderly
GenderAGE
Marital StatusEthnicity
Education
Strata
Working Group
Male : 12.59 / 3.46Female : 17.70 / 5.89
58-59 : 8.39 / 7.8860-64 : 18.92 / 22.3265-69 : 21.07 / 24.0770-74 : 23.70 / 20.1375-79 : 13.51 / 14.0080 & Above: 14.41 / 11.60
Married : 52.53 / 43.54 Others : 47.47/ 56.46
Bumiputera :93.42/ 67.83Chinese : 4.50 / 24.51Indian : 1.66 / 6.78Others : 0.42 / 0.88
Urban : 4.72Rural : 15.24
Primary : 32.99 / 37.64Secondary : 2.49 / 7.88Tertiary : 0.07 / 0.88None : 64.45 / 53.61
Homemakers etc: 72.49 / 80.09Senior officials & managers : 0.49 / 0.22Professionals: 0.00 / 0.00Technicians & associate professionals : 0.49 / 0.66Clerical workers : 0.13 / 0.00Skilled agriculture & fishery : 19.82 / 4.60 Craft & related trade: 0.97 / 1.97Plant & machine operators : 2.16 / 1.09Elementary occupations : 2.98 / 7.22
Characteristics of rural-
urban elderly living
in poverty
Logistic analysis
Other Ethnicity is the reference category in ethnicity; No Education is the reference category in education; Other House Type is the reference category in House
Whole sample(n = 19,125)
Rural(n = 9,452 )
Urban(n = 9,673)
Coefficient Odds Ratio Coefficient Odds Ratio Coefficient Odds Ratio
HHSIZE -1.0683a 0.3436 a -1.0049 a 0.3661 a -1.2501 a 0.2865 a
CHILD 0.8370a 2.3094 a 0.7821 a 2.1861 a 0.9683 a 2.6336 a
AGE 0.0181a 1.0183 a 0.0189 a 1.0190 a 0.0167 c 1.0168 c
Primary -1.0011a 0.3675 a -1.0139 a 0.3627 a -0.9475 a 0.3877 a
Secondary -2.1843 a 0.1126 a -2.0955 a 0.1230 a -2.2936 a 0.1009 a
Tertiary -3.5165 a 0.0297 a -3.9625 a 0.0190 a -3.3940 a 0.0336 a
Bumiputera 0.4945 1.6398 0.8734 c 2.3951 c -0.3267 0.7213Chinese -0.9449 b 0.3887 b -0.6024 0.5474 -1.7577 a 0.1724 a
Indian -0.0611 c 0.9407 c 0.3152 1.3704 -0.8151 0.4426HHRelation 0.4577 a 1.5804 a 0.4295 a 1.5364 0.5009 a 1.6503 a
STRATA 0.6837 a 1.9812 a NA NA NA NAOwned -1.1062 a 0.3308 -0.8480 b 0.428251 b -1.6264 a 0.1966Rented -0.8748 a 0.4169 -0.7788 a 0.458978 a -1.2987 a 0.2729 a
Squatter Owned 0.9112 b 2.4872 1.446 b 4.249332 b 0.3120 1.3662Squatter Rented -0.0079 0.9921 0.4644 1.591133 0.4641 0.6287
CONCLUSION
• This study had empirically demonstrated that elderly’s poverty incidence is still at a relatively low level
• Nevertheless, poverty incidence in the rural area is relatively high, more than three times higher than the urban areas.
• The logistic probability estimation indicates that the many factors influencing elderly poverty include household size, presence of young child in a household, age, education attainment, strata and house ownership
• Education has important role in reducing poverty: with education, the probability of poverty could be reduced, regardless on the type of education, let them be primary, secondary and tertiary
• Role of wealth in reducing poverty: house ownership is an example of wealth acquisition and this is an important element to reduce poverty
• Ethnicity remains an issue in poverty: being a Bumiputera is susceptible to be poor in the rural areas while being a Chinese has a higher probability to be out of poverty in the urban area
