5801 5805.output

* GB786209 (A)

Description: GB786209 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Process and apparatus for the decomposition of alkali metal amalgams

Description of GB786209 (A)

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BE525162 (A) CH326526 (A) FR1111392 (A) NL91210 (C) BE525162 (A) CH326526 (A) FR1111392 (A) NL91210 (C) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 7863,24 ii Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 17, 1954. No 36553/54. Application made in Belgium on Dec 17, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Clagses 1 ( 2), Q 4; and 41, A 1 C. Internmtional Classification:-B Olk Cold. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Process and apparatus for the decomposition of alkali metal amalgams We, SOLVAY ET C 1 E, a body corporate organised under the laws of Belgium, of 33 Rue Prince Albert, Brussels, Belgium, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to processes and means for the decomposition of

alkali metal amalgams in short circuited electrolytic cells. In present practice, the cathodes of such cells are frequently made of bars arranged in the form of grids, the bars preferably being disposed in the direction in which the amalgam circulates; this arrangement is designed to minimise the resistance to the circulation of the amalgam in the cell. It is found, however, that masses of thickened amalgam gradually accumulate along the grids and encroach on the active reaction surfaces It is therefore necessary before long in some way to detach this thick, pasty mass and the operation must necessarily be accomplished without shutting down the cell It has previously been proposed to achieve this by periodically moving or shaking the grids The construction of a modern cell is such that it is not possible during operation to see how effective this procedure is and when a cell is shut down and the grids are removed it becomes very apparent how inefficient are the means at present utilised The object of the present invention is to eliminate these disadvantages and provide an improved procedure and means for carrying it out. The invention, therefore, provides an improved process of decomposing amalgams of alkali metals in a short circuited electrolytic cell having a plurality of cathodes wherein the amalgams constitute the anode which is simultaneously in contact with water and with the cathodes, usually of graphite, characterised in that some at least of the lPrice 3 s 6 d l cathodes are subjected to rapid, oscillatory movements by means of electromagnetic vibrators. It is not necessary that the vibrators operate continuously It is generally sufficient to bring them into operation periodically for quite short times to ensure that the thickened amalgam, commonly termed " thick mercury ", does not come to rest between the bars of the grids but moves forward to the end of the cell Depending on the particular construction of the cell, the extent of formation of thick mercury can vary within very wide limits; it may be quite slow and only apparent after fairly long periods, but even in such cases the invention provides considerable advantage because by imparting vibratory motions to the grids at intervals determined by practical observation of the cell, accumulation of thick mercury on the working surfaces of the cell is avoided and thus the grids are maintained in a state of maximum activity. The vibrators may be attached to the grids and may move with these, as is customary, along the cell, or they may be fixed in place and periodically brought into contact with the grids. It is not necessary to attach a vibrator to each of the grids of any given cell When the grids float on the amalgam they abut one upon another and it is sufficient to provide a number of these, preferably

regularly spaced, with vibrators because the oscillatory movements are transmitted from grid to grid The amplitude, of the motion transmitted to any one grid will of course diminish with its distance from a " driving grid" and therefore these latter are spaced out at intervals determined appropriately for the particular cell in question. The invention may be put into practical operation in several ways Some such arrangements will be described by way of example. Thus, there may be permanently installed _ W inside the cell, fixed along the vertical walls by means of insulators, two iron rods which are connected to a source of current which is to excite the vibrators These, attached to some of the grids, pick up their current from the rods by means of brushes. A variant of this arrangement is one wherein instead of one of these iron rods, the body of the cell is used as a conductor. In still another variant, the current is returned through the layer of amalgam. Alternatively, the vibrators can be fed with current led by insulated cable for instance, two-core cable, divided into sections by junction boxes, which simultaneously serve as shunt boxes to feed the vibrators. Yet again it is not necessary that the exciting current is led to the vibrators inside the cell For instance, there may be provided in the lid of the cell vertical tubes within which move hollow shafts which at their lower ends carry the vibrators and at their upper ends are attached to a mechanism by which these shafts can be lowered to bring the vibrators in contact with the grids, the conductors leading the current to the vibrators passing down through these hollow shafts. A further possibility is to fix the field windings of the vibrators on the upper wall or lid of the cell, inside or outside the latter, the vibrating core, movable in a vertical direction, being brought into contact with the grid when it is desired to agitate the latter The core may either rest freely on top of the grid, or else is fixed to the grid. In the first case, when a current passes through the field winding, the vibrating core is alternately lifted and released, thus causing it to fall on the grid, which is thus agitated periodically In the second case, where the vibrating core is fixed to the grid, the said core is alternately attracted and repelled when the current is passed through the field winding, thus causing a vibrating movement of the grid In this case, the conductors traverse the lid of the cell if necessary close to the windings. The current used to excite the vibrators is preferably alternating current at an appropriate voltage but it is also possible instead to use a pulsating direct current.

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* GB786210 (A)

Description: GB786210 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in sliding rotatable spindle assemblies for machine-tools,particularly for the tail-stocks of lathes


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DE1013939 (B) FR1098600 (A) US2910905 (A) DE1013939 (B) FR1098600 (A) US2910905 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION 786,210 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 29, 1954. No 37598/54. Application made in France on Jan 19, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 83 ( 3)1 B( 1: 2 K 8: 2 K 9: 8), E 1 A 16

A, E 11 88 (F: G J), E 1 820. International Classification:-B 23 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in sliding rotatable spindle assemblies for machine-tools, particularly for the tail-stocks of lathes We, LA PRECISION INDUSTRIELLE, of 196, Avenue Paul Doumer, Rueil-Malmaison, Seine-&-Oise, France, a Body Corporate organized under the laws of France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to sliding rotatable spindle assemblies for machine tools, particularly, although not exclusively for the tail-stocks of lathes. The known kinds of rotatable sliding spindles are generally carried by bearings housed in sleeves which do not rotate but which are adapted to slide longitudinally. The axial stresses to which the spindle is subjected are thus transmitted to the sleeves by these bearings When these stresses are considerable, the bearings are heavily overloaded with the result that they wear rapidly and the accuracy of centering of the spindle is seriously affected. In order to overcome this drawback, it has already been proposed to apply directly upon the spindle an axial thrust, so as to protect the bearings from the effects of the said thrust. In a known arrangement of this kind, the spindle is rigidly coupled to the piston of a fluid jack, the cylinder of which is fixed. An arrangement of this kind has serious disadvantages As the piston, which is rigid with the spindle, must turn inside the cylinder and also at the same time it must be able to slide along the cylinder, the piston must be accurately centered with respect to the cylinder in all its possible positions along the length of the cylinder. However, the cylinder is fixed, whilst the sleeve which carries the spindle and centers it, is movable These two parts are thus independent and a precise adjustment of the lPrice 3 s 6 d l piston over the whole length of the bore of the cylinder is, for this reason, a very delicate operation Now, any error of centering of the piston may lead to seizure, particularly at high speeds of rotation, and the consequences may therefore be extremely serious. The present invention has the object of providing a remedy for this disadvantage. According to the present invention, in a sliding rotatable spindle assembly for a machine tool, the spindle is rotatably mounted within the forward end of a sliding sleeve, the spindle being so constructed

that a part thereof forms across said sleeve a partition, the dimensions of which are such as to provide a peripheral clearance between the partition and the inner wall of the sleeve or a member forming an effective portion of said sleeve, the assembly including an adjustably fixed piston mounted within the rear end of said sleeve and over which the sleeve is slidable, said piston and said partition, together with the inner wall of said sleeve, forming a compartment to receive fluid under pressure supplied via a port in the sleeve, or from which fluid may be discharged. In a particular form of sliding rotatable spindle assembly embodying the invention, the piston is supported by a rectilinear member which passes in a fluid tight manner through a member closing the rear extremity of said sleeve, which member, together with the rear face of said piston, defines a second compartment of variable volume within said sleeve and to which fluid under pressure may be supplied via a second port in said sleeve or from which fluid may be discharged. In other words, in a spindle assembly embodying the invention, the sleeve itself constitutes the cylinder of a jack movable with respect to its piston, the thrust on the spindle being effected by the rotatable base of this cylinder which is rigid with the said spindle. Thus, the two possible causes of seizure are eliminated since, on the one hand, the spindle always rotates with respect to the same portion of the cylinder while, on the other hand, the cylinder and the sleeve form one single member. The invention is especially applicable to the tail-stocks of lathes in which the rotation of the spindle is induced by the rotation of the work-piece It is also applicable to the case in which the spindle is positively driven, in this case, the spindle drive may be readily obtained from a driving shaft which passes through the rear portion of the sleeve. Alternative forms of spindle assemblies embodying the invention will now be described in greater detail by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is an axial cross-section of the general arrangement of a rotatable sliding spindle which may be used as the tail-stock of a lathe. Fig 2 shows an alternative form of construction of the front part of this assembly. Fig 2 a shows an alternative form of construction of the front part of Fig 2 which enables the spindle to be fixed at will. Fig 3 is an axial cross-section of a driven rotary spindle, for example a drilling or boring spindle. In the sliding head-stock 1 of a lathe, of which only the portion concerning the invention has been shown, is arranged to slide a sleeve 2 which carries the rotatable lathe-centre 3 This lathe-centre has a

tapered portion fitted into the spindle 4 which rotates inside the sleeve 2 by virtue of two conical bearings 5 and 6 inclined in opposite directions to each other The external rings 5 a and 6 a of these conical bearings are spaced apart by means of the spacing member 7 The adjusting nut 8, which is accessible through the plug member 9, permits of a relative axial displacement of the internal rings of these conical bearings, so as to take up any play. At the inner extremity of the spindle 4, the latter carries a cylindrical member 10 which partitions the sleeve at its central portion, leaving however a slight clearance 11 between the internal wall of the sleeve and the said cylindrical member, so as to permit the latter to rotate inside the sleeve. The rear portion of the sleeve contains the fixed piston 12, with respect to which the said sleeve can slide with a fluid-tight fitting, by virtue of the packing rings 13. The piston 12 is carried by a cylindrical rod 14 on which it is fixed longitudinally by means of the nut 15; the fluid-tight packing ring 55 prevents leakages between the rod 14 and the piston In addition, this rod passes through the base member 17, through packing rings 16 which close in a fluid-tight manner the extremity of the sleeve opposite 70 to the lathe-centre This base 17 is fixed in position by means of screws 18. The rod 14 is centered by means of a shouldered portion 19 inside a socket 20 which is threaded at 20 a so as to screw on 75 to the threaded portion 14 a of the rod 14. This threaded portion is screwed in the supporting plate 23 and is provided with a locking nut 21 The plate 23 is rigidly fixed to the head-stock by means of the 80 tubular collar 24 which is formed with longitudinal apertures, not shown, and to which it is secured by means of the assembly screws 25 and 26. In this way, the rod 14 and, in conse 85 quence, the piston 12 are fixed in a longitudinal position with respect to the headstock 1 In addition, by slackening-oft the nut 21 and rotating the rod 14, the longitudinal position of the piston 12 in the head 90 stock may be regulated, that is to say the travel towards the left of the sleeve 2 may be regulated with respect to this head-stock. In the position shown in Fig 1, the piston 12 is displaced to its maximum extent 95 towards the left, and the extent to which the sleeve 2 can travel towards the left from the fully traversed position towards the right as shown, is also the maximum as represented by the distance between the opposed l OC faces of the piston 12 and the base 17 The position of the socket 20 along the rod 14 may be adjusted by rotating the socket with a key pin inserted through one of the longitudinal apertures in the tubular collar 10 ' 24 The adjustment of

the positions of the piston 12 and of the socket 20 enables the useful travel of the sleeve to be adjusted without displacing the head-stock, this travel being preferably made as small as possible 11 ( in order to avoid loss of time during working This useful travel towards the left is determined by contact of the lathe-centre 3 with the work-piece and towards the right by contact of the base 17 with the left-hand 1 l extremity of the socket 20. The rear portion of the sleeve forms, with the piston 12, a double-acting jack, one of the bases of which is rotatable. In this jack, the compartment 27 121 comprised between the piston 12 and the member 10 communicates with a fluid supply conduit 30 by means of the drilled hole 28 and the groove 29 formed in the sleeve The compartment 31, comprised 12 between the piston and the base 17 communicates in the same way with a second supply conduit 34 through the drilled hole 32 and the groove 33 formed in the sleeve. In addition, in the embodiment shown, 131 786,210} centre, oil under pressure is applied through the conduit 34 whilst the conduit 30 is set to discharge The sleeve then withdraws until the base 17 comes in contact with the left-hand extremity of the socket 20 70 It will be noted that, by virtue of the space occupied by the rod 14 in the compartment 31, there will be obtained, for the same rate of flow through the conduits 30 and 34, a return movement of the tail-stock 75 which is more rapid than its forward movement. In the embodiment shown in Fig 1, when the lathe-centre 3 has come into contact with the work-piece, the sleeve 2 is no longer 80 subjected to any longitudinal stress and, in consequence, it may move longitudinally within the limits of clearance permitted by the bearings 5 and 6 As the play of the front bearing 5 has not been taken up, the 85 lathe-centre 3 may become badly centered. In order to remedy this drawback, the front portion of the sleeve is preferably constructed as shown in Fig 2. The conical bearings 5 and 6 which 90 support and centre the lathe-centre 3 are mounted closely adjacent each other at the lathe centre end of the spindle The cylindrical member 10, which is provided to partition the sleeve, is itself directly 95 centered by a cylindrical roller bearing 44, the external ring 45 of which is centered in the sleeve and is retained by the screw 46. The partitioning of the sleeve is completed by a screw plug 47 which closes the 100 extremity of the spindle. The cylindrical member 10 thus has a diameter less than that of the sleeve 2 and the end area of compartment 27 upon which the thrust of the oil is effectively applied 105 comprises a circular rotatable part having the maximum diameter of the member 10, and an annular fixed area 45 a rigid with the sleeve and separated from the rotating

portion by the space 11 A surface of the 110 right hand face of the ring 45, equivalent in area to the portion 45 a is subjected to the axial thrust of the fluid admitted into the compartment 27 The sleeve is itself thus subjected, when the compartment 27 115 is under pressure, to a thrust of the same direction as that which is applied to the spindle In consequence the conical external ring of the bearing 5 is forced against the rollers of this bearing by a slight but 120 constant hydraulic initial pressure which prevents any play arising in this bearing from permitting the spindle 4 to become outof-centre during rotation. In the embodiment shown in Fig 2, the 125 lathe-centre 3 is engaged by a taper fitting directly in the extremity of the spindle 4. In order to remove the lathe-centre, the extractor nut 56 has been provided It is however not possible to prevent rotation of 130 the sleeve 2 is prevented from rotating with respect to the head-stock by means of a key sliding in the longitudinal slot 36 in the sleeve, and the extremity of the sleeve is closed by a cover 37 held in place by screws 38 The part of the spindle passing through this cover is provided with a flanged bushing 39 rotating with said spindle to prevent oil leakage The periphery of the flanged bushing 39 may be formed with small turbine like vanes which will have the effect of driving the oil towards the interior of the sleeve 2 if the spindle always rotates in the same direction Alternatively, the periphery of the flanged bushing 39 may be formed with annular grooves 39 a as shown in Figure 2 a if the spindle rotates in both directions The flanged bushing 39 and the cover 37 are furthermore provided with oppositely-disposed grooves 40 connected to the exterior by the orifice 40 a. The arrangement which has just been described operates in the following manner:If oil under pressure is applied to the conduit 30, the conduit 34 being open to discharge, the oil which fills the compartment 27 and which is in contact with the fixed piston 12, acts on the cylindrical member 10 and pushes the assembly of the sleeve and the spindle towards the left As soon as the lathe-centre 3 comes into contact with the rotating work-piece, the spindle 4 begins to rotate, this being permitted by the freedom of the mounting of the cylindrical member 10 inside the sleeve (clearance 11). When the cylindrical member 10 has applied to it the thrust of the oil, this thrust compensates that applied to the lathe-centre 3 and the bearings 5 and 6 are not directly subjected to this axial thrust. There will clearly be a flow of oil through the annular space 11 This flow of oil is utilised for the lubrication of the bearings 5 and 6 In fact, this oil accumulates towards the bottom of the front part of the sleeve and becomes established at a level which is determined by that

of the orifice 41 bored in the sleeve and which communicates with :50 a groove 42 formed in the same sleeve so as to pass out excess of oil through the conduit 43 Towards the front of the sleeve, the flow through the space comprised between the spindle and the cover is prevented by the flanged bushing 39, and the small quantity of oil which may nevertheless pass through this bushing is collected in the grooves 40 and flows out to the exterior through the orifice 40 a Liquids such as soluble oil or cooling water which are injected on to the lathe-centre, and which may also penetrate into the grooves 40, are also evacuated through the orifice a. In order to cause withdrawal of the lathe786,210 the spindle 4 so as to permit, for example, of axial drilling on a lathe. The alternative form of embodiment shown in Fig 2 a overcomes this disadvantage. The cover 37 is provided with an annular flange 37 a in which there is formed a slot 37 b The spindle 4 may, as previously, receive directly in its conical opening the cone of a lathe-centre or alternatively, a conical sleeve 57 provided with a finger 57 a which engages in the slot 37 b As the cover 37 does not rotate, the spindle 4 is thus held stationary. The sleeve 57 is provided with a female Morse taper and may thus receive, for example, a drill 58 The assembly of the sleeve and the drill may be extracted when the work is finished on removal of a screw 59 The screw 59 may be made to function as an extractor screw by making it longer so that its head is spaced from the sleeve when the parts are assembled, screw threading the shank to engage a screw thread in the sleeve 57 and allowing the end of the screw assembly to abut the face of flange 37 a Thus, on rotation of the screw in the appropriate direction, the sleeve 57 will be forced away from the cover 37 and carry the drill with it The drill and the sleeve may be separated in known manner by means of ports 57 b. In the case of drilling, it is desirable that the sleeve 2 should move slowly and in a regular manner towards the left of Fig 2 a. This may easily be achieved by arranging in the conduit 34 a valve device for throttling the section Thus the speed of travel of the sleeve 2, by admission of oil under pressure to the compartment 27, is determined by the speed at which the compartment 31 may empty itself, by reason of the throttling of the conduit 34 For the return travel however, when oil under pressure is applied to the compartment 31 through the conduit 34, the valve opens and the return movement of the sleeve 2 towards the right is not subject to any braking effect. Fig 3 shows a driven rotatable sliding spindle constructed in accordance with the invention. The spindle 4 is driven by means of a shaft 48 rotatably driven from a

source 49 of motive power, for example an electric motor or alternatively a mechanical transmission The extremity of the shaft 48 is provided with a splined head 48 a engaged in the axial grooves 49 formed internally of the spindle The shaft 48 passes through the plug 47 with the interposition of a fluidtight packing 50 In addition, it passes through the piston 12 through a bore 51 which, in the same way as the annular space 11, permits free rotation of the rotating portion in the non-rotating portion at the cost of a certain leakage of oil contained in the compartment 27 The solid rod 14 of Fig 1 is replaced in Fig 3 by a tube bearing the same reference numeral and which supports the piston 12 and, at the same time, serves as a collector for the leakage oil. This oil may pass through a hole 52 bored in the tube, from which it falls into the casing 53 and finally flows out through the conduit 54 The tube 14 is centered, as previously, and is retained by the nuts 20 and 21 and the annular collar 24 The extension of this tube may serve, as shown, for centering and mounting the source 49 of motive power. In this arrangement, the forward movement of the spindle may be regulated as in the previous case, by means of a valve throttle device or the advance of the rotating spindle may be controlled in known manner by providing a variable automatic throttling of the oil supply according to the rate of spindle advance. 75.


* GB786211 (A)

Description: GB786211 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in or relating to packaging of articles in carrier cartons


COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Packaging of Articles in Carrier Cartons I, ARTHUR JAMES MURPY, a citizen of the United States of Amenica, of 4100 Xerxes Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to the art of packaging articles such as cans and bottles and particularly to the packaging of such articles economically at bottling plants and canneries into compact carrier cartons having the articles arranged in two contiguous, short rows. At the present time, bottling companies, breweries and certain canneries "are supplying carrier cartons often in collapsed form to be set up and compactly Yelled with usually two short rows of cans or bottles for convenience to the purchaser. In some instances, the cartons in collapsed form are made available to the franchise bottlers who pay for .the same, assemble the cartons and after assembly, ifill the same with the bottles or other articles. In some instances, the canneries, breweries or bottles aniake and assemble their own carrier packages, but in all cases known to applicant, the carrier carton is first formed and assembled and thereafter, the articles are disposed therein in two contiguous rows. The production of such carrier cartons and the labor required to assemble the cartons and thereafter fill ithe same, has been very expensive to the manufacturer or distributor, particularly when it is realized that the actual gonads sold in such carrier packages command no higher price than that of the goods when sold without packaging. Most of the carrier cartons now utilized, while constructed for the most part of cardboard or analogous, relatively cheap material, require glueing of pans and flaps or fastening of interconnected parts by staples or other fasteners, thereby adding to the labor iand expense of production. The instant invention is particularly concerned with the provision of a simple method and apparatus for simultaneously wrapping articles in row formation while forming the carrier carton for the same. Such la method makes available at the bottling plant or cannery, continuous packaging of the bottles or cans after they emerge from the dispensing and fiiling machines and are labelled without requiring separate labor to assemble and secure the parts o a carrier and to thereafter ;arrange the articles i,n such carriers. According to the invention there is provided a method of packing a

plurality of articles in row formation in a sheet of foldable sheet material such as cardboard for example, to form therewith an openWended carton containing the articles, which consists in folding the sheet material so as to provide a first artide- end engaging portion; article-side engaging portions extending upwardly from the said Ers,t-end engaging portion ,at each side thereof; and second article-end engaging portions extending respectively from the said side engaging portions, depositing a row of the articles in separated relation with one end of each article in engagement with said dirst-end engaging portion, folding and wrapping said second end engaging portions inwardly over the other end of the articles, and securing the said second end engaging portions in the folded and wrapped position. According to a further feature of the invention, an open-ended carton containing a plurality of articles in row formation comprises an elongated :strip of folded sheet material such as cardboard having las integral portions thereof a top section, a bottom section, and side walls extending between transverse fold lines in the said strip, the said side walls each having a series of transversely spaced slits extending along the transverse fold line between the side wall and the bottom section, which slits when the side walls are in folded relation extending upwardly from the IboltOom section, form narrow apertures for receiving portions of the beaded edges of the containers, thereby to locate and retain the containers in position transversely of the strip. The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several views and in which: Fig. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatical plan view illustrating an embodiment of apparatus for carrying out several of the steps of my novel method, some parts thereof being broken away iand other non-essential elements such as supports, guides and so forth, being omitted; Fig. 2 is a cross-section- taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1, showing one of the forming and supporting jigs with .a scored integral cartion blank fitted therein and with rhe ends of the blank depending vertically and retained by suitable means such as a retaining bar; Fig. 3 is a vertical elevation taken on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1, showing a row of upright articles .in full lines at one side of the jig and showing a portion of the tipping mechanism and guiding rail mounted in stationary relation at the side of the article conveyor and in parallel .and contiguous position to the outer edge of one of the V-shaped channels; Fig. 4 is a cross section taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1, the dotted

lines indicating the position of the articles when initially tipped and immediately thereafter when guided into inclined positions within the channels; Fig. 5 is a cross section taken on the line 5-5 of Fig. 1, illustrating the steps of my novel method which follow the tipping of the articles and guiding of the tipped articles upon the channels of the jigs; this view showing one of the ends of the article-encompassing strip fully projected through the central slotted part of the strip and showing the opposite end of the strip as it is projected through said central slotted portion; Fig. 6 is a perspective view showing the completed carrier carton .proper position for shipping or handling; Fig. 7 is a plan view of one of the scored integral carton blanks before bending to article-receiving position in the form or jig; Fig. 8 is a plan view of a modification of the scored integral carton blank which has openings associated with certain of the fold lines therein but does not contain the diminished end portions or handles of the preferred form of Figure 7; Fig. 9 shows a cross section of a form or jig similar to that of Fig. 5, but modified so as to have its contiguous V-shaped channel members hinged at the apex, and so as to be foldable together with the modified carton blank shown in Fig. 8 and articles positioned therein; Fig. 10 shows the modified form or jig of Fig. 9 in closed position and the modified blank of Fig. 8 closely encompassing the articles while a pressure roller adhesively seals the bottom of the modified carton; and Fig. 11 is a perspective view of the finished modified carton in upright position. Referring now particularly to the drawings, the packaging strip or blank which is used in my method and in conjunction with my apparatus for packaging articles for carrier purposes, is shown generally at 10 in Fig. 7. The strip or blank 10 has elongated parallel sides 11 and 12 which are continuous and parallel, having no side flaps nor integrally formed members extending outwardly therefrom. The ends of the strip or blank terminate in tabs or diminished end portions 13 which are adapted to be used as handles of the finished carton containing the articles, as shown in Fig. 6. The strip or blank 10 from which my carton is formed is provided with a central fold line 14 which has means such as an opening or elongated sla.t 15 at the central part thereof for the purpose of passing the diminished end portions 13 therethrough to form the carton as illustrated in Fig. 6. Oppositely disposed fold lines 16 define the juncture between the top portion 17 of the carton illustrated in Fig. 6. and the side portions 18 which 'are adapted to extend downwardly

and engage the outer periphery of articles 25 placed in two short, contiguous rows therein. In a similar manner, fold lines 19 connect the side portions 18 with bottom portions 20 and fold lines 21 form the juncture for the ;bottom portions 20 and the separator or inner side portions 22, which, in turn, terminate in the diminished end portions 13, as previously described. Associated with some of the fold lines such as at 19 are openings 23 formed from slits or cut lines in the blank 10 which are adapted to receive, and the marginal edges thereof to engage, certain protruding portions of articles at the outer surface thereof as at 24 in Fig. 6, whereby such articles as capped cans 25 may thereby be positioned and retained against accidenral lateral displacement from the open ends of carton 10. iThe apparatus which I have devised for placing articles into the previously described strip or blank 10 comprises mechanism for advancing a large number of articles such as cans or bottles in filled and labeled condition to a point adjacent the prepared strip or blank 10 and tipping in predetermined and corresponding small numbers of the articles into proper position for completing the packaging operation to form .an encased package for carrier purposes, as illustrated in Fig. 6. In order to maintain and support the single strip or. blank 10 in the proper article-receiving position I may employ a jig, or preferably a plurality of jigs or forms 30, as shown in Fig. 1. The jig or form 30 may take various dimensions and arrangement of parts but has, as .an essential element thereof, an apex 31 shown in cross section in Eg. 2. Since it is an important function of my apparatus that ;the diminished end or tab portions 13 of the carrier strip or blank be allowed to pass through the slot 15 while the strip or blank still retains in -contact 'with the apex element 31, I provide therein a corresponding slot or opening 312 which allows ,the tab portions to pass freely therethrough. in order to condense the relatively wide blank 10, I prefer to fold the end portion of the strip in a depending manner, as shown in Fig. 2. To facilitate the support of the blank 10 in this position, I may provide my form or jig 30 with walls 33 which form, with the .central apex 311 and the downwardly disposed sides 34, a pair of contiguous V-shaped -article-receiving channels when the strip 10 is bent and placed as shown in Fig. 2. Where my strip 10 is equipped with epenings 26, as shown in Fig. 7 for receiving cans 25. which have upstanding neck and cap portions 27, I also provide the jig 30 with openings 35 to correspond and align therewith. It is understood that I may provide continuous slots and walls in a stationary jig with the strip 10 slidably advanced there along, but prefer to arrange in my apparatus a

plurality of jigs 30 which are adapted to have blanks or strips 10 placed consecutively in each of them. When so arranged, the jig 30 may be equipped with sides 36 as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 for the purpose of rigidly maintaining the strip 10 against misalignment or lateral movement with respect to the surface of the jig. For the purpose of bringing the jig 30, together with a blank 10 disposed therein, into juxtaposition with the articles to be packaged, I may mount a plurality of the jigs 30 in spaced orderly relation for relative movement with the articles so that, at the proper instant, two short rows of said articles may be substantially simultaneously tipped into their proper respective positions into the jig 30 supporting the prepared blank 10. It will be obvious from the drawings that the weight of the cans in their tipped position will assist in bending and maintaining said blank in properly formed position within the jig. In order to advance the jigs to their proper position I may use such means. as chain elements 317 which may be guided over a fixed structure or track elements and driven by such means as sprocket wheels mounted on a driving shaft journaled across the line of movement of the chains 37.. The latter structure and mechanism is well known in: mechanical science and is not shown herein.. Travelling in close parallel relation at each side of the jigs 30 mounted on their chains or belts 37 are additional travelling or advancing means. such as belts 38 for carrying articles 25 in close upstanding relation. The belt 38 and the chains 37 may advance intermittently and at different rates of speed, the only requisite being a simultaneous positioning of a predetermined short row of sym- metrical articles at both sides of a properly positioned jig 30 bearing a packaging strip 10. Such arrangement is shown in Fig. 1 with a jig and strip 10 in proper position for the said rows to be tipped thereinto by a tipping mechanism attached to a fixed framework 40. The tipping mechanism may take various shapes and forms ant can even be eliminated where simplified machinery is utilized in conjunction with manual operation. In such case, the operator would merely tip the required number of articles by hand into the jig and strip. Where it is desired to tip the articles mechanically swinging arms. 41 may be pivoted; to a supporting structure 42 for simultaneous; inward swinging to the dotted line position shown in Fig. 4, and back to the full line position therein. The arms 41 may be actuated by a toggle arrangement operating pivotally about a point 43 which may comprise a shaft fixed to and driving the cross arm 44. Pivotally interconnecting the ends of cross arms 44 with the tipping arms, 41 are rods 45. The contacting portion of the tipping mechanism may be disposed across

pairs of arms 41 at their lower ends as at 46. When thus actuated, the contacting rods 46 will simultaneously tip the articles 25 inwardly to engage guiding means 47 which may comprise a strap or rod having bent portions at the corresponding position for each articles to be guided and positioned thereover as they are being tilted inwardly.. The guide rod 417 may be fastened to a portion of the fixed structure supporting the packaging equipment as at 48. Details of the guiding arrangement are shown in Fig. 3.. It is understood, of course, that guiding mechanism could be associated' with the contacting members 46 or could be otherwise disposed, to move forwardly in. contacting relation with the articles as they are being tipped into the jig 30 and then could subsequently be removed in order not to interfere with the progressive and successive packaging operation. I prefer, however, to use the rod 47, as shown, since there is no moving mechanise associated with ,the guiding elements and the positions of the bent cradling portions are such as to cooperate with the articles 25 as they are being tipped over, thereby causing them to fall into the proper predetermined position with respect to the blank and its cooperating portions.. For the purpose of holding the depending ends o the blank 10 out of the way of moving machinery portions, I may employ retaining bars 50, as shown in Figs 1 and 4. The retaining bars may have flared ends 51 adapted to press inwardly and retain the blank ends in depending relation andi likewise retain: the tent portions within the jig or form 30 as it is advancing along the machine. OPEBATION In the use of my apparatus and while practiring my method of packaging articles for carrier purposes, I first position a strip or blank 10 over the form or jig 30s as shown in Fig. 1, as it is entering the guide bars 5a at the flared ends 51. As the jig advances by forward movement of the chains 37 in the direction of the arrow from the first position to the second position, the depending ends of the packaging strip 10 are frictionally retained in the position shown in Fig. 2. As each jig 30 together with its packaging strip 10 advances, preferably in an intermittent manner, to the third position shown in Fig. 1, it is then in article-receiving position for tipping of two short predetermined rows of articles thereinto. The moving elements such as belts 38 likewise may advance intermittently in such a manner as to simultaneously advance the required number of articles to form a new short row for each jig and carrier strip positioned at the tipping mechanism, as shown in Fig. 1. At this point, the tipping mechanism is actuated to the dotted line position in Fig. 4 and the articles are caused to rock over the guide

rod 47 and fall into the required position, as shown in dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 4. As the jig again advances together with its blank 10 and the articles 25 therein to the fourth position shorn in Fig. 1, the depending ends of withe'blank are no longer retained by fixed guiding elements 50 and are clear of the advancing elements 38 which may be terminated or have their directional movements reversed as by passing over a pulley (not shown) positioned immediately beyond the tipping mechanism. The articles in the jig are then in the fourth position shown in Fig. 1, and: the pre-scored end portions of the blank 10 are then bent around the articles 25 to closely encompass them and the diminished tabs or end portions 13 can then be introduced through slot 15 in the packaging strip 10 and through the cooperating slot 32, at the apex 31 of the jig 30. It is understood, of course, that the encompassing step in my packaging operation may be accomplished by suitable automatic or semi-autematic equipment or may be accomplished by manual operation. Details of the insertion of the diminished portion 13 through the slotted opening 15 in the packaging strip 10 is shown in detail in Fig. 5. Following this step, the package is in completely assembled form and when inverted takes the form shown in Fig. 6 with the break at the central fold line 14 again being straightened to form a plane top surface with the diminished tabs 13 extending as handles for the carton carrier. An important feature of my packaging method and apparatus is the simplified operation required to construct the finished carrier carton together with the articles contained therein. Since all of the foldl lines in my packaging strip are parallel to the continuous elongated straight edges thereof, there being no laterally extending flat or integral portions thereof, all movements and motions actively contacting the articles or the packaging strip are lateral to the said fold lines. Thus, the articles may be simultaneously tipped into the jig and against the folded packaging strip 10 in a single simultaneous movement lateral to the direction of advancement of each jig unit and, likewise, the encompassing and folding operation may be a single movement lateral to the same intermittent line of travel to cause the articles to be completely packaged with handle element formed therein and-the articles secured against lateral displacement, all without a sequence of various movements in different directions such as for folding flaps, gluing margins, and so forth. Where it is desired to economize on material used in forming the carton, the modified blank or strip 60, showing in Fig. 8, may be employed. This blank has no diminished end portions and utilizes a gluing operation in order to seal the encompassed sides of the carton

in its finished condition. The modification is extremely simple in structure and is similar to the form of blank 10 in its intermediate portions including the top section and side sections. Likewise, the bottom fold lines 61 and 62 are designed to cooperate with the bottom surface edges of the canned or bottled goods retained therein and have the openings formed from slits or cut lines 63 and 64 to cooperate with protruding portions thereof in the same manner as in the alternate embodiment. The fold line 65, however, need not have openings since the end section 66 of the strip 60 is designed to be a partition common to both short rows of articles. The bottom portion 67 at the opposite end of the strip or blank 60 has no additional fold line at all since it is glued in a flat manner to the cooperating bottom portion 68 lying between fold lines 65 and 61. The jig or form 69 which I may employ to package the articles 70 cooperates with the remainder of the apparatus in the same manner as disclosed in my preferred embodiment In this case, however, I prefer to arrange my contiguous V-shaped channel portions shown in Fig. 9 so as to be pivotally mounted across end portions 71 by means of hinge elements 72, it being understood that the pivot 73 of the hinge 72 may extend at either side into the fixed sides 71. Stops such as pins 74 cooperate with the contiguous V-shaped elements 75 so as to limit the downward movement thereof and to assist in supporting the weight upon the hinges. When using the modified form of strip or blank 60 in my modified jig or form 69, the blank 60 is placed therein in the same manner as previously described. Articles 70 may be placed in the jig containing the strip or blank 60 by manual or automatic means and then the contiguous V-shaped portions of the jig 69 may be swung upwardly about pivot 73 on hinges 72 so that the apex at the hinged portions is eliminated and the transverse center line 76 which3 in the form shown in Fig. 9 need have no slot associated therewith, will again be bent back to its original flat or plane form so as to constitute the top of the carton. Before attaining this position, the bottom 68 of the blank 60 is first bent over the row of articles 70 disposed at the left side, as shown in Fig. 10, with the partition 66 bent downwardly to closely encompass the articles and then the end section 617 is bent over to contact a portion of the area 68. An adhesive coating 77 may be placed upon the end portionJ6.7 or the portion 68 so as to adhesively secure the contacting surfaces, as shown in Fig. 10. A roller element 78 may them compress the adhesive. joint so as to finish the packaging operation. Where the modified device is used in conjunction with automatic equipment, the roller 7j8 may be positioned in such a manner that the folded carton will pass over and in contact

with it during its forward travel. When the jig 69 is returned to its original open positiOn and the packaged carton is removed therefrom in finished oondition, it has the appearance shown in Fig. 11. It should be noted that even though there are no handle portions to cooperate with the remainder of the carton there nevertheless will tend to be a similar augmented gripping or binding action if the rectangular 'configuration of the entire carton becomes slightly; distorted. The protruding surface portions 79 which already cooperate with the openings produced at slit or cut 'lines '63 and 1641 in the carton will thus be further forced into binding cooperation therewith to prevent accidental lateral displacement. It may thus be seem that I have provided a new method and apparatus therefor which may utilize a single, economical sheet of foldable material and may quicldy and efficiently package a large numiber of canned or bottled articles in a manner such that the packaging operation may be economically accomplished directly at the bottling plant or cannery. Since the number of mechanical moving parts and the number of sequences of operation have been minimized, the cost and maintenance problems of such operation and apparatus as herein described will be surprisingly low. What I clairn is : - 1. A method of packing a plurality of articles in row formation in a sheet of fordable sheet material such as cardboard for example, to form therewith an open-ended carton containing the articles, which consists in folding the sheet material so as to provide a first article-end engaging portion; article-side engaging portions extending upwardly from the said first-end engaging portion at each side thereof; and' second article-end engaging portions extending respectively from the said sid


* GB786212 (A)

Description: GB786212 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in and relating to the production of alkali-metal hyposulphites

Description of GB786212 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: ZYGMUNT KRZESZ a JI m ii Date of filing Complete Specification March 6, 1956. Appl cation Date March 8, 1955. Complete Specification Published Nov 13, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 1 3), Al LU 22, AI(GI 1 D)22: G 9 D 922: G 50 Dl 22). International Classification: -CO 1 b, d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION IR-provements in aund relating to tch Production of Alkali-Metal Hyposulpkites We, DOMINION TAR & CHEMICAL COMPANY LIMITED, a Company organised under the laws of the Dominion of Canada, of 2249, Sun Life Building, Montreal 2, Quebec, Canada, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to the manufacture of hyposulphites (commonly termed, hydrosulphites) It is concernedl, more particularly, with a process for the manufacture of an alkali-metal hyposulphite by the reaction between sulphur dioxide and the respective alkali-metal in a non-aqueous medium. Various methods have been proposed for the preparation of hyposulphites, all of which methods involve essentially the reduction of a sulphite or a bisulphite, or of sulphur dioxide. by means of a suitable reducing agent, such as zinc powder, or metallic sodium, or sodium zinc amalgam, or else by way of electrolytic reduction. The application of these methods to the manufacture of sodium

hyposulphite encounters however, various difficulties and of the many methods which have been described only one, notably the method employing an intermediate zinc compound, has found more than internittent, large-scale commercial application According to this method, zinc dust in aqueous suspension is reacted with sulphur dioxide to produce z Inc hyposulphite and the zinc hyposulphite thus formed is subjected to a double decomposition reaction with sodium carbonate, resulting in a sodium hyposulphite solution and a precipitate of zinc carbonate; from the solution sodium hyposulphite dihydrate is obtained by " salting out" with sodium chloride and alcohol, and the unstable dihydrate is finally converted to the anhydrous commercial product by a relatively complex dehydratnopro cedure. lPr; It has been proposed to produce sodium 45 hyposulphite by direct reaction between sulphur dioxide and the alkali-metal, instead of by the several steps of the above described procedure, and one such proposal, for example, concerns a method for reducing 50 aqueous sodium bisulphite by means of sodium amalgam of low sodium concentration. This method has, among other disadvantages, the one common to all methods proceeding in an aqueous medium, viz that it results in a 55 hydrated product, which product must be fuitther processed, in conditions which are often injurious to the heat-sensitive compound, in order to obtain the anhydrous article of commerce 60 It has also been proposed to carry out the reaction between suluhur dioxide and metallic sodium using an organic liquid as the reaction medium, and one such process is known to use ethers of polyhydric alcohols as the said 65 medium However, solvents of this nature are generally costly, and their removal is often difficult. The present invention provides a new or improved process for producing anhydrous 710 sodium hyposulphite by the action of sulphur dioxide on an akali-metal By the present invention, it is possible to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art methods and to produce anhydrous sodium hyposulphites more 75 cheaply than by other known methods. According to the Process of the present invention sulphur dioxide is contacted with alkali-metal amalgam in a non-aqueous medium consisting of a lower aliphatic mono E) hydric alcohol at a temperature not above 400 C and in the presence Qf a catalyst consisting of at least one organic base (The term "lower" whenever used herein and in the appended claims, connotes an ralcohol con 85 taining from 1 to 4 carbon atoms) The alkalimetal of the amalgam combines with the sulphur dioxide to form an alkali-metal hypo786,212 No 6734/55. I 786,212 sulphite which is insoluble in the alcohol and is precipitated in it; the anhydrous salt thus precipitated can be

separated from the alcohol by filtration or any other suitable means. The reaction between the alkali-metal and sulphur dioxide in an alcohol medium also occurs in the absence of a catalyst of the type aforesaid; but the hyposulphite thereby formed, while being a product of high purity, does not show the required stability and decomposes in contact with air at a relatively rapid rate This instability is believed to be connected with the crystalline form of the hyposulphite thus prepared, the hyposulphite appearing as a finely divided, powdery almost amorphous, difficultly filtrable substance. When a small amount of an organic base is added to the reaction mnedium, the reaction not only occurs more readily but also results in a better product, the hyposulphite formed being more stable while also having a larger crystal size and being therefore more amenable to filtration The mechanism of the reaction in the presence of the organi base is not clearly understood, but it is believed that an intermediate addition compound may be formed by a reaction between sulphur dioxide and the said base, which addition compound decomposes in the presence of the alkali-metal freeing the sulphur dioxide for the main reaction with the alkali-metal; the organic base may thus serve as a carrier for the sulphur dioxide. One convenient way of carrying out the invention involves the use of a lower monohydric alcohol, e g methanol as the reaction medium, of a tertiary base, e g quinoline as the catalyst, and of sodium amalgam as the source of the alkali metal The alcohol containing the catalyst in solution is placed under an inert atmosphere in a vessel wherein it is maintained at a constant temperature and into the vessel is introduced a suitable quantity of sodium amalgam and then a stream of sulphur dioxide, while the liquid is being gently stirred After a short induction period the reaction proceeds fairly raoidly, sodium hyposulphite being formed as a creamy white powder which remains in suspension in the liquid medium and can be subsequently separated therefrom by any suitable means. Methanol is the preferred aliphatic monohydric alcohol for use in the present invention but examples of other lower aliphatic alcohols which may be used are ethanol and isopropanol. Organic bases suitable for the practice of the present invention include the alkyl and aryl substitution products of ammonia, such as the aliphatic and aromatic amines typical examples of which amines include primary amines such as monoethanolamine and aniline, secondary amines such as dibutylamine and diphenylamine, and tertiary amines such as triethanolamine and dimethylaniline Also included among the bases are organic nitrogen compounds of the type including the derivatives of carbamic acid, exemplified by urea. thiourea and guanidine; the derivatives of cyanic acid such as

cyanuric acid; ammonia 70 condensation compounds like hexamethylenetetramine; and the like Further inluded among the bases suitable for the process of the present invention are the heterocyclic nitrogen bases such as pyridine or its homologues, e g 75 the picolines, or its derivatives e g piperidine; quinoline or its derivatives, e g the hydroxyquinolines; and acridine or its derivatives. Addition of the organic base, even in small amounts of the order of O 01 % bv weight of 80 the alcohol present, has proved beneficial for the preparation of hyposulphite The quantities used, however may be varied within wide limits, depending on the nature of the base and on the type of alcohols that are being 85 used, and also on other conditions of the reaction Subject to these variations, the quantities of the organic base present at the reaction may range from mere traces to 20 % 9 by weight, relative to the weight of alcohol Quantities 90 from O 02 % to 5 % are convenient. The alkali metal amalgam may be of any alkali metal concentration (or strength), provided the concentration is not such as to make it lose its free flowing properties Thus, an 95 amalgam of a concentration such as would normally be obtained directly from an electrolytic cell, will be suitable It has been found. however, that when the alkali metal concentration of the amalgam is greater than about 100 0.1 % /, there often occurs a dispersion of mercury globules which contaminates the hyposulphite product With amalgams of a strength belcw 01 % contamination of the product with mercury is less likely to occur, 105 and with amalgams of a strength about 0 010.02 % a particularly pure product is obtained. With amalgams of too low concentration, however, the rate of production of the hyposulphite in any given apparatus will be very 110 slow It has been found, moreover, that if the alkali metal is used in metallic form, e g. when a sodium dispersion in an organic solvent is used in the place of sodium amalgam. only very small yields of hyposulphite are 115 obtained. Gaseous sulphur dioxide may be introduced into the reaction vessel continuously as the ieaction proceeds, and may be admitted either above or below the surface of the liquid 120 medium In an alternative arrangement, which is suitable for batch operation, an appropriate amount of sulphur dioxide is dissolved in the liquid as the solution is placed in the reaction vessel The concentration of 125 sulphur dioxide in the liquid at any particular moment is not of critical importance; but it is necessary that the sulphur dioxide be present in stoichiometric excess over the alkali metal of the amalgam with which it is to react, and 13 C 786,212 that the excess be maintained during

the reaction. The temperature in the reaction vessel may be between 20 C and + 400 C but is preferably maintained at not above 350 G, as at higher temperatures the yield and purity of the product fall very rapidly It has been found most advantageous to employ a temperature between about 5 C and 100 C. It is most desirable to maintain an inert atmosphere in the vessel throughout the operation in order to exclude oxygen and carbon dioxide of the air from contact with the alkali metal. The following examples illustrate how the present invention may be performed. EXAMPLE 1. ml of methanol containing about 1 % by weight of piperidine was placed in a vacuum flask from which the air had been evacuated and replaced by an atmosphere of nitrogen The flask was placed in a dry icemethanol cooling bath and when a temperature of -5 C was reached, about 100 ' ml of sodium amalgam was added, the amalgam having a sodium concentration of about 0.07 %/,' A stream of sulphur dioxide was then introduced above the surface of the liquid, and the liquid was stirred in such a manner that the surface ef the amalgam was gently brushed at the same time, and more sulphur dioxide was added from time to time The reaction was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes, while a constant temperature of C was being maintained and after that time the methanol containing l,the hyposulphite in suspension was decanted from the mercury, filtered and dried on the filter for 30 minutes with warm carbon dioxide Anhydrous sodium hydrosulphite having a purity of 95 % was collected. EXAMPLE 2. The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that the compounds listed in column I below were used, instead of piperidine, in concentrations as stated in column II In column Ill are listed the purities of the hyposulphite obtained, the respective figure being in each case also a measure of the yield based on the sodium consumed'. I II Monoethanolamine 1 % Di-n-butylamine 1 % Triethanolamine 1 % Aniline 2 % Diphenylamine 1 % Dimethylaniline 5 % Urea 0 05 % Thiourea 0 05 % Cyanuric acid 0 05 % Guanidine 0 05 % Pyridine O 02 % Beta-picoline 0 02 % III 93 % % % 51 % 86 % 63 % 88 % 81 % % 91 % % % I Quinoline 8-hydroxyquinoline Acridine Hexamethylene-tetramine II 0.02 % 0.02 % 0.02 % 0.02 % III % % 86 % % EXAMPLE 3. The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that a mixture of 8-hydroxyquinoline and hexamethylene tetramine, each in the amount of 0 015 % by weight of methanol, was used as a catalyst and the temperature was varied as stated in column I In column II are listed the purities of the hyposulphite obtained, the respective figure being

in each case also a measure of the yield. I C. C. + 50 C. + 15 C. + 25 C. II 93 % 94 % 92 % 88 % 86 % EXAMPLE 4. The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that anhydrous ethanol is used, instead of methanol, as the medium for the reaction, and a temperature of 35 C was maintained during the reaction Anhydrous sodium hydrosulphite having a purity of 82 % was collected. EXAMPLE 5. An apparatus was set up consisting of a glass reaction vessel fitted, in the bottom part, with an inlet and outlet tube for the circula 95 tion of amalgam and similarly connected, in the upper part, with a circulatory system for the circulation of the liquid reaction medium. The circulatory system consisted of glass tubes, connected in series with a Dump, a 100 cooler and a fritted gas disperser This glass tube having a fritted glass cylindrical end It conducted the gas into the reaction vessel without brushing the surface of the amalgam. The circulating systeml also contained an 105 arrangement for "bleeding off" part of the circulating liquid passing it through a filter and returning the filtrate into circulation. 1000 ml of methanol, containing about 0.03 % by weight of a mixture in equal quan 110 tities of 8-hydroxyquinoline and hexamethylene tetramine, were introduced under an atmosphere of nitrogen into the reaction vessel and circulated in the circulatory system at a temperature of about 5 C Sodium amal 115 gam, having a sodium concentration of about 0.07 % was continuously introduced and removed through the tubes in the bottom part of the vessel, but in such a manner that a pool of amalgam remained continuously on the 120 bottom of the vessel A stream of sulphur dioxide was introduced below the surface of the organic liquid, while the liquid was being stirred and circulated Sodium hypsosulphite was formed in the vessel and remained in sus 125 786,212 pension in the organic liquid forming a slurry. Part of the circulating slurry was bled off at regular intervals, passed through a filter and the filtrate returned into circulation The product was drained under vacuum and dried in a stream of warm carbon dioxide; it had a purity of 90 %. The invention is not, of course, limited to the above examples While the process of the invention has been described with particular reference to sodium hyposulphite, it will be evident that other alkali metal hyposulphites, e g potassium hyposulphite, can be produced by the method of this invention It is sufficient to substitute the

amalgam of another alkali metal for sodium in the process of the invention to obtain the hyposulphite of such other alkali metal.


* GB786213 (A)

Description: GB786213 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Device for a dimensional inspection of mechanical parts


COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Device for a dimensional inspection of mechanical parts I, ADOLPH RAZDOW, a Citizen of the United States of America, of 158, Montclair Avenue, Montclair, County of Essex, State of New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to an apparatus for and method of dimensional inspection of mechanical parts, in general, and of blades or vanes, for example, in turbines, axial flow compressors or the like, in particular. Devices, which concern themselves with the inspection of pieces of work and the marking thereon of location points by which the piece of work may be accurately positioned for subsequent machining, are known. These known devices use generally means for projecting a plurality of longitudinally spaced cross-sectional contours of the workpiece together with a plurality of marking tools, whereby means were provided for supporting the tools in operative relation to the

workpiece, the latter being adjustable with respect to the plurality of tools by reference to projected images for accurately locating the tools with respect to the workpiece. While these devices and the method for inspection by using such devices have been found sufficient in some situations, they were lacking in other instances because the result achieved by the known devices in such other instances were found insufficient. Other known methods to achieve the same end include the so-called wire method which is only capable of checking on two points, which method operated by projection of the front face of the fir tree of a turbine blade in the shadowgraph, which gauges only the front section, and leaving unchecked from the front to the rear. Still other systems have been tried for solving the problem which use mechanical, electrical or acoustical tracers. Minuteness of space and accuracy discourage the use of these known systems. In order to obtain a reading accuracy of 0.0001 inches, the tracer must have a point which is much smaller, having a diameter not greater than 0.00002 inches, an expedient which is impossible to obtain with the actually known physical methods. The small space that also exists in the female part of the fir tree permits no location of mechanical or other tracers. Mechanical tracers with levers are not suitable for the present purpose because of the unavoidable play" in the bearings, which cannot be eliminated for practical purposes. The only tracers, therefore, having the minutest size, are light beams. Projections of an object such as a fir tree can only be made from the front or back faces thereof. Thus, a projection of its middle portion is not possible, though substantial errors between the two end faces may exist. If all sections from the front to the rear are optically analyzed, a complete evaluation of the dimensional tolerances is made possible. It is, therefore, one object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for making precise castings of an adequate plurality of sections of the fir tree turbine blade or any other irregular object along an appropriate, predetermined axis. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for evaluating the dimensional tolerances of a workpiece by optical comparison of a plurality of castings of adequate sections of the workpiece with an optical projection of a master drawing. It is still another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus which includes means for automatically or semiautomatically moving each of the obtained sections into the projecting position and upon terminating the comparative projection with the theoretical pattern to move each of the sections back into its neutral position. According to the present invention, an apparatus for optically gauging

profiles of a workpiece is characterised in that a workpiece holder adapted to retain the workpiece in position is provided as is a fluid pressure box having a plurality of pin members slidably disposed therein, advanced and withdrawn, respectively, from and into the said pressure box, whereby each pair of adjacent sets of pin members forms, in conjunction with side walls provided on the pressure box, a compartment and the front end of each of the said pin members engages closely the said workpiece, the said compartments being fed with molten metal to form a cast therein, thereby providing one or a plurality of casts corresponding to one or a plurality of sections of the said workpiece, whereupon the workpiece holder together with the said workpiece is withdrawn, each one of the said casts being then advanced and a master profile element bearing a master profile is projected on a screen, simultaneously with the advanced cast, thereby permitting the evaluation of any discrepancy between the projection of the profile of the said cast and that of the said master profile. Furthermore, according to the present invention, a method for optically gauging profiles of a workpiece is characterised in that a plurality of casts are formed in accordance with a plurality of parallel sections of the profile of a workpiece, and the profile of each of the casts of a section is optically projected simultaneously with the profile of a master profile, and any discrepancy between the profile of the cast and that of the master profile is evaluated. The invention will now be further described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate several embodiments. In the drawings: Fig. 1 is an elevation of the apparatus for forming the plurality of castings; Fig. 2 is a section along the lines 2-2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is an end view of the apparatus; Fig. 4 is a fragmentary view showing the engagement member for the blade; Fig. 5 is a section along the lines 5-5 of Fig. 1, turned through 90 ; Fig. 6 is an elevation of one of the pins used for forming the casting shown on an enlarged scale; Fig. 7 is a sectional elevation of the mould; Fig. 8 is a plan view of the mould body; Fig. 9 is a diagrammatically shown elevation of the apparatus for forming a plurality of casts; Fig. 10 is a diagrammatically shown other embodiment of the apparatus for making casts Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic showing for automatically moving into focus

for optical comparison the respective cast sections and Fig. 12 is a schematic showing of the optical system used for the purpose of the present invention. It is of importance to use a casting material which does not affect chemically or physically the workpiece and it is, therefore, preferred to use alloys with a low melting point. A further principal requirement for the casting material is that it is not subjected to shrinkage and rather has a tendency of a slight expansion upon cooling. The following materials have been found suitable for this purpose: (a) thermosetting plastics (b) magnetizable particles suspended in a fluid (c) gallium (d) low melting alloys (e) powdered metals (f) sprayed metals (g) any suitable sprayed plastics In the determination which one of the casting materials is best suitable for a particular workpiece, the accuracy of the contact mold as well as post-mold shrinkage the storageability in relation to surface variation, the thickness and material of the separating plates, the mechanical rigidity and the formation of flash is to be considered. It has been found that low melting alloys are the best material for giving superior results. The following examples are given now for such low melting alloys: (1) A low melting alloy known as "Cerro Low" (Registered Trade Mark), which consists of 58% Bi and 42qo Sn; (2) A low melting alloy known as "Cerro Base" (Registered Trade Mark), consisting of 55.5% Bi and 44.5% Sn; (3) A low melting alloy known as ferro Bend" (Registered Trade Mark), consisting of 48% Bi, 28.5 Pb, 14.5% Sn, and 9% Sb. In accordance with the method of the present invention, all sections may be cast individually or simultaneously, whereupon the optical evaluation may be performed successively. In certain cases, it may be sufficient to provide the casting of only one important section which is to be checked. As will be pointed out later in more detail, each section is preferably attached to a moving table which engages a cam for moving

each section in forward direction for optical projection. Simultaneously, proper mechanical means are provided to move the optical system in such manner that an exact focus is maintained for each of the sections, the evaluation being obtained by the projecting onto the screen of a shadowgraph or any other appropriate optical projection system by mechanical movement of the particular cast until coincidence is achieved between the projection of said cast with that of a corresponding article. In accordance with another feature of the present invention, it is preferred to heat the workpiece under test up to 20 F lower than the melting point in order to anticipate an overall error due to difference in temperature between the ambient room temperature and the melting temperature of the casting material. For example, the terminal linear coefficient of expansion for steel is 6.1 x 106 per degree F. An increase of 20"F will expand one inch of the workpiece by only 0.000012 inches. If such variations are negligible, the workpiece could be maintained at ambient room temperature. For 10"F temperature increase, the linear expansion per inch for steel is 0.0001 inches. The local heat developed is negligible if the total mass to be cast is larger than the mass of the castings. The liquid metal would solidify immediately upon contact with the workpiece at ambient room temperature. The heat necessary to melt the casting material could be gained from an oil container heated by any conventional means such as electrical resistances whose temperature is maintained constant by a thermostat. Accuracy of the casting will be greater if the temperature of the container receiving the pressure fluid, as for instance oil, is maintained at exact melting temperature rather than at one lower or higher. While any suitable means may be used for local heating, one of the possibilities would be induction heating. The present method is performed in such manner that upon manual or electrical manipulation of a valve control mechanism the molten metal will be poured or injected into the mould which is subdivided by thin steel or brass sections or pins which contact the surface of the workpiece as closely as possible. Proper pressure must be applied in order to get a very close contact between the molten metal and the face of the workpiece to be tested. Such pressure may be determined by providing a higher head or by providing proper fluid pressure, as for instance by small hydraulic pumps. The linear distortion of the screen on which the comparative optical tests are performed will be checked with standard sections or with a cast of comparison plates lapped to an optical finish. The chromatic distortion may be eliminated by the use of mono-chromatic light if higher accuracies are required. It is also preferable to project a

test pattern onto the screen for an exact evaluation of linear distortion due to the optical process. Furthermore, in order to make an easier determination of any discrepancy between the projection of the cast section and the master pattern, different colors, as for instance red and blue, may be used for the respective projections. If there is no desire to conserve the cast upon finishing the comparative optical test, it may be re-melted by an appropriate heating system and the liquid metal then poured into the subsequent cast. If it is, however, required to preserve the formed cast sections, each section may receive markings for storing and classification. The melting pot feed line may be shut off by a mechanically or electrically operated valve which is heated either by the pressure fluid line or by a particular heater. Referring now to the drawings and in particular to Figs. 1 to 8 in which one embodiment of the apparatus is disclosed, the device comprises a horizontally disposed base 1, which is equipped with a preferably circular opening 2 for the purpose, as will be described later, to project a light beam towards any one of a plurality of casts. The base 1 carries two parallel disposed guide members 3 which are adapted to form a guide for a carriage 4 which is movable along the base 1 between the guide members 3. The carriage 4 is adapted to be moved into a position in which the opening 2 is covered up and back into an inoperative position in which the turbine blade or any other workpiece 5 is simultaneously removed from its cast forming position. A turntable 6 is built into the carriage 4, which turntable 6 is preferably of sector-like shape and permits an angular displacement relative to the carriage 4 for a few degrees in each direction by means of an operating screw 7. A hand-operated screw 8 is inserted into the carriage 4 for the purpose to lock the latter in any desirable position. It is to be understood, however, that additional securing means for the carriage 4 may be provided, as for instance by set screws (not shown) extending on the side through the guide members 3. A vise 9 is properly secured to the turntable 6 which is adapted to receive two clamp members 10 formed substantially complementary to the fir tree 11 of the workpiece or blade 5. A screw bolt 12 carrying one of the clamp members 10 is adapted to open and close the vise 9, which screw bolt 12 is received by an upwardly extending bracket 13, likewise mounted on the turntable 6, the bracket 13 having thread complementary to the screw bolt 12. As particularly clearly shown in Fig. 4 of the drawing, the upper portion of the bracket 13 has secured thereto a second bolt 14 by means of a mounting 15 adequately secured to the bracket 13 and the forward end of the bolt 14 carries, by means of a pivot 16, an

abutment member 17 which, due to its pivotal connection with the bolt 14, permits angular adjustment when engag ing the face of the blade 5. The abutment member 17 is adapted to assume the pressure exerted against the blade 5 upon injecting the pressure fluid in the casting process. The base 1 supports a second bracket 18 disposed on the opposite side of the blade 5, which bracket 18 comprises substantially a frame 19. The upper connection 20 of the frame 19 has inner thread and is adapted to receive a vertically disposed threaded bolt 21 to carry the box 22 supported by a plate 23, the ends of which are received by two posts 24 on which the ends of the plate 23 may slide in upward and downward movement, thereby providing sufficient guide members for the pressure box 22. As shown in Fig. 1, pressure fluid feed lines 25 lead to the pressure box 22. A hand-operated nut 26 retains the pressure box 22 in any desirable position. As particularly clearly shown in Figs. 6 and 7, a plurality of pin members 27 are disposed in parallel arrangement in the pressure box 22 and extend therefrom or may be withdrawn thereinto depending upon the control of the fluid pressure. Each one of the pin members 27 is of such configuration to permit the exertion of fluid pressure for providing a projecting movement to the blade 5 and a withdrawing movement, respectively. For this purpose, each of the pin members 27 has a projecting portion 28 and in front and rear of the projection portion 28 fluid outlets 29 and 31 are provided. An additional outlet 31 is arranged near a recessed portion of the abutment 28 and serves to remove surplus hydraulic oil escaping from the pressure fluid chambers. When the pin members 27 are to be advanced conventional valve means (not shown) feed hydraulic fluid into the rear of the abutment 28 by way of outlet 29 and allow pressure fluid to be exhausted from the forward chamber by way of outlet 31, thus producing a forward driving force on the rear face of the abutment 28 to displace the pin members 27. To withdraw the pin member 27 the pressure fluid in the rear chamber is allowed to escape to exhaust by way of outlet 29 and pressure fluid is fed into the forward chamber by way of outlet 31 to produce a driving force on the forward face of the abutment 28 and withdraw the pin member 27. Each pair of parallel disposed sets of pin members 27 forms, in conjunction with side walls provided on the pressure box, a compartment 33 in which the cast is formed. The projecting movement of each of the pin members 27 permits of an advancement thereof in accordance with the contour of the workpiece within the accuracy determined by the thickness of each pin member. The slight remaining space between the end face of each pin member and the workpiece will be filled in by the injected molten metal.

As indicated schematically in Figs. 9 and 10, two different embodiments are shown, namely in Fig. 9 an arrangement is shown in which on the left side the pressure box 22 has a plurality of pin members 27 forming a plurality of compartments 33, while the opposite face of the blade or workpiece 5 is supported by abutment members 17. On the other hand, in the arrangement shown in Fig. 10, the abutment members are replaced by a second pressure box 22' disposed on the opposite side of the blade and compartments 33 and 33' are provided on both sides of the blade or workpiece 5', the pressure fluid being fed from pressurized fluid containers 34 and 34', respectively, which containers are heated by, for example, resistance wires in an electric circuit, so that the pressure on both sides of the blade or workpiece 5' is substantially equalized. As indicated particularly in Fig. 11, each one of the formed casts 35 is disposed in parallel arrangement and a plurality of cams 36 is secured to a shaft 37. The latter is mounted adjacent the box 22 and is rotated by any convenient gear drive 38 and a continuing gear train 39 which includes a threaded shaft 40 provides a guide means for the lens system 41 which simultaneously with the distance of the respective casts 35 is advanced or withdrawn into its proper focussing position. Prior thereto, the blade to be tested is withdrawn leaving the casts 35 projecting. The evaluation of the formed cast 35 in comparison with a theoretical pattern is achieved by optical means. As schematically shown in Fig. 12, a light source 42 arranged below the hole 2 is used to project light on a screen 43 by means of mirrors 44, 45 and 46 when the blade under test has been withdrawn leaving the hole 2 clear. A lens system 41 is disposed within the light train and projects the cast 35 thus properly on the screen 43. A master pattern 47 is simultaneously projected by means of the mirror 48 on the same screen 43 and any discrepancy between the projected picture of the cast 35 and that of the master pattern 47 is clearly apparent on the screen 43. While I have disclosed several embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that these embodiments are given by example only and not in a limiting sense, the scope of the present invention being determined by the following claims. What I claim is : - 1. An apparatus for optically gauging profiles of a workpiece characterized in that a workpiece holder adapted to retain the workpiece in position is provided as is a fluid pressure box having a plurality of pin

Date post:	20-Jan-2017
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