INTEGRATED
PEST
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Dr. Mahesha H BAssociate Professor of Sericulture
Yuvaraja’s College
University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)is an
‘ecosystem-based strategy thatfocuses on long-term prevention ofpests or their damage through acombination of techniques such astechniquesphysical, chemical, biological,habitat manipulation, modificationof cultural practices, and use ofresistant varieties’
or
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or
"Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) is a sustainable approach
to managing pests by combining
biological, cultural, physicalbiological, cultural, physical
and chemical tools in a way that
minimizes economic, health and
environmental risks"
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1. Physical Method
2. Chemical Control
3. Use of Resistant Varieties
4. Genetical / Autocidal
5. Biological Methods
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Physical control
(a) Mechanical
(b) Phototropical
(c) Cultural
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(a) Mechanical:
i. Hand and net collection of egg masses,
larvae, pupae, scrapping of the bark etc.
ii The other forms of mechanicalii. The other forms of mechanical
destruction through the cutting of the
infested shoots and branches and their
destruction, preferably by burning.
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(b) Phototropical:
Another method of physical
control may be through light
trapping, taking advantage
of the phototrophic nature of
certain insects This hascertain insects. This has
been found to be particularly
effective against the
Lepidopteran pests forming
one of the largest groups of
phytophagous insects.
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(c) Cultural:i. Turning up of the soil, flooding etc., which
expose the pests to physical stress. During the
process they are killed by exposure to
sunlight, water and the predators.
ii. Pruning of the plants and burning of the
infested twigs may also lead to the control of
certain foliar pests.
All the physical control methods are pollution
free but labour intensive.
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Chemical ControlThey are, no doubt, very quick in action
but are cause pollution of theenvironment and danger to non-targetgroup of insects like many usefulinsects thereby breaking the agro-eco-systemsystem.
Dangerous to silkworms also.
They may affect higher animals also.
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Use of Resistant Varieties
One way to avoid the pest infestation is the
selection of pest resistant varieties and
“Cheapest Method”
Criteria for screening of pest resistant varieties:
(a) Visual damage rating(a) Visual damage rating.
(b) Determination of the number of plants
surviving infestation at regular intervals.
(c) Comparison of yield loss between the
infested and the non-infested plants.
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Genetical / Autocidal:Pests are controlled by the introduction of sterile
or genetically altered individuals into the wild
population.
"a method of pest control using area-wideinundative release (involves releasing large( releasing large
numbers of natural enemies for immediate
reduction of a damaging or near-damaging pest
population) of sterile insects to reducereproduction in a field population of the samespecies".
It is therefore a type of “birth control”
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Quarantine/Legislative:
Quarantine means to keep materials in
isolation to prevent spreading of diseases,
pests etc.
Legislative or regulatory method is a method
mainly employed to prevent the introduction of
pests from other countries or to prevent the
spread of a pest from one area to another. The
method is operated through specific
regulations known as plant-quarantine laws.
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In India some states have special pest acts,
by which it becomes obligatory on the part
of the cultivators and governmental
authorities to take appropriate steps to
control a particular pest when it appears incontrol a particular pest when it appears in
an epidemic form.
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Biological control
Practically every crops pest has itsnatural enemies in the form ofparasites, predators and disease
causing organismscausing organisms.
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(a) Use of hyperparasitoids to attack the
primary parasitoid.
(b) Use of attractants and repellants including
pheromones to trap and kill the insects.
(c) Use of hormones and other physiology
impairing chemicals to upset the normal
metabolism.
(d) Use of sterile male technique.
(e) Use of bacterial and fungal insecticides is
ruled out as many of them are known to be
toxic to the silkworm itself.
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MULBERRY PESTS
Practically every crops pest has its natural
enemies in the form of parasites, predators
and disease causing organisms.
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The biological control involves a large scale
multiplication of and liberation of such
agents, or creating conditions under which
the naturally occurring agents can act
effectively.
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The following mulberry pests
can be controlled effectively
under this methodunder this method
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Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Diacrisia obliqua)
Trichogramma chilonis is an egg parasitoid of
many lepidopteran pests. It is widely used as
biocontrol agent of several crop plants.
Release twice T. chilonis at the rate of 5 tricho-
cards (20,000 parasitised eggs in each tricho -
card) per acre, at an interval of 3 days. card) per acre, at an interval of 3 days.
Parasitoid releases have to be undertaken 20
days after pruning or harvesting.
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Trichogramma parasitized on egg
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Leaf-roller- Diaphania pulverulentalis
This pest can be biologically controlled with the
help of its natural enemies like Apanteles spp.
and Diadegma spp.
Also, Trichogramma chilonis can also be used to Also, Trichogramma chilonis can also be used to
control this pest as described for Bihar hairy
caterpillar.
Tetrastichus howardii, is an pupal parasitoid can
be used at the rate of 1 lakh adults/acre.
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Two alternate examples are given below to know the
mechanism of controlling the pests.
Larvae of Apanteles sp. (parasitoid) emerging from Pieris sp.
Larva Parasite Diadegma insularisovipositing on Diamondback Moth larva.
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Mealy bug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Successful biological control of mealy bug can be
achieved by employing predatory cociinellid
Ladybird beetle like Cryptolaemus montrouzieriat the rate of 125 adults per acre twice, during
August-September and October-November.
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Alternatively, 500 adults of Scymnus coccivora per acre
are also useful.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri feeds on
MaconelIicoccus hirsutus
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Thrips: Pseudodendrothrips mori
This pest can be biologically controlled by
Ladybird beetles, Menochilus sexmaculatusand Scymnus coccivora were observed to
feed on thrips in the field and laboratory. thrips in the field and laboratory.
Termites:
The use of entomopathogenic fungi and plant
extracts for termite control is currently
being investigated.
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Pest Outbreaks
Large, sporadic populations of insect pests are
usually called outbreaks / Sudden increase in
the population of any individual species is
called pest outbreak.
They typically occur when the pest populationThey typically occur when the pest population
rises significantly above its general
equilibrium level and becomes a threat to
human interests.
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Some of the reasons for pest outbreaks:
� Environmental change - weather, deforestation and
bringing under cultivation etc.
� Introduction from abroad - insect/plant
� Destruction of natural enemies
� Development of resistance
� Higher yielding varieties/high amount of
fertilizer
� Intensive (Monoculture) and Extensive (susceptible
variety in large area) farming
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Pest Forecasting
It is a management system used to predict the
occurrence and change in severity of plant
pests.
Pest forecasting is the perception of future
activity of biotic agents, which wouldactivity of biotic agents, which would
adversely affect crop production
Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak
based on information obtained from pest
surveillance.
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Uses
- Predicting pest outbreak which needs
control measure
- Suitable stage at which control measure
gives maximum protection
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Types of pest forecasting
a. Short term forecasting - Based on 1 or 2
season
b. Long term forecasting - Based on affect
of weather parameters on pest
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Experiment No. 5: Collection, Identification and mounting / preservation of insect pests of mulberry (field work).
Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is called as a pest.
Insect Collection: Insects can be collected by hand, light trap and with a net.
Collect as many as possible insects from the mulberry garden, identify and preserve them for laboratory use.
The preservation of collected specimens is of two types.
Liquid Preservation: This method is ideal for the larvae and other forms of soft bodied and tiny insects i.e., 4% formaldehyde solution / 95% alcohol / 70% isopropyl alcohol is ideal for preservation of the specimen.
Pinned Preservation: In this method the specimens are preserved as mounted directly on pins after killing and drying. This method is useful to study the morphological characters when compared to first one. However, only adult stages can be preserved in this method.
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The pinned preservation technique is explained as below.
Materials Required:
� Nets: For collecting adults only.
� Killing Jar: Glass jar with screw lid with absorbent material (cotton) at the bottom to hold ethyl acetate (also nail polish remover works).
� Forceps
� Relaxing Jar: After death of the insects, insects can � Relaxing Jar: After death of the insects, insects can be softened (to minimize the breaking of any body part) in a relaxing jar before pinning.
� Spreading Board: Spreading boards are useful for laying the wings of insects out flat and holding them in place while the specimen dries.
� Insect pins and labels: Insect pins are long, slender pins made specifically for mounting insects. Labels for pinned specimens should be made on relatively heavy stock paper.
� Storage Boxes: For preservation of adults.
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Procedure:
� Collect the adults of different pests of mulberry.
� Put them into killing jar and leave for few min or till
the death of the insect.
� Transfer them to relaxing jar 2-3 days.
Spread the insect wings, arrange legs and � Spread the insect wings, arrange legs and
antennae etc properly, pin them and leave it for
complete drying. It may take few days.
� After complete drying, preserve them in a
preservation box with appropriate labeling.
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Expt. No. 7: Study of pesticides, their formulation, applicators (sprayers &
dusters).
A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to
cultivated plants or to animals
FORMS AND FORMULATIONS: i.e. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous.
(a) Solid formulations
(i) Dusts (D): Mixture of toxicants and inert diluent to form a dry, free
flowing powder.
(ii) Wettable powders (WP) or water dispersible powders (WDP): These are
finely divided concentrated dusts containing a wetting agent to facilitate
the mixing of the powder with water before spraying. the mixing of the powder with water before spraying.
(iii) Water soluble powder (SP):
(iv) Granulars (G): Inert material with the toxicants absorbed on to them. It
may be impregnated or surface coated.
(v) Capsules, baits and pellets:
Capsules-Small mass of toxicant enveloped in a thick coating material
from which the toxicant diffuse slowly.
Baits-Small quantities of toxicants combined with food material attractive to
the pests.
Pellets-Toxicant is mixed with polyvinyl chloride and a plasticizer which
release the toxicant over a period of time.
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(b) Liquid formulations: solutions, suspensions and
emulsions.
(i) Solutions: They are homogenous mixture of two or
more substances and usually are not soluble in water,
but with xylene, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene etc.
(ii) Suspensions: They are also referred as flowable or
sprayable suspensions (F or S). They consist of finely
divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium
by means of a wetting agent.
(iii) Emulsions: There are two types of emulsion; the
first is the oil in water (O/W) type and water in oil
(W/O).
(iv) Water miscible liquids: They readily mix with water.
(v) Concentrate insecticide liquids: Applied without
diluting in water at ultra low volume (ULV) rates.
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� (c) Gaseous Formulations:
� (i) Aerosols: These contain the toxicant
dissolved in an inert liquid which is gaseous at
ordinary temperatures but liquifiable under
pressure. When the pressure is released the
solution is discharged through a fine nozzle, the
solvent evaporates and the toxicant is dispersed
in a very finely divided state.
� (ii) Fumigants: Pesticides in gaseous forms are
known as fumigants and are most often
formulated as liquids. These are generally
useful in completely closed spaces.
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� PESTICIDE SPRAYERS
� Sprayers are the equipments used to apply the
insecticide. Very simple to sophisticated instruments
are available in the market. Three different models are
shown in the picture.
� Hand operated useful for very small area of the
mulberry garden.
� Manual operated useful to moderate area of mulberry
garden.
� Machine operated useful for very large area like forests
etc.,
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MULBERRY AND SILKWORM CROP PROTECTION
Duration-3 hrs. Max. Marks - 70
Q 1. Temporary mounting of Leaf spot/ leaf rust/ powdery
mildew/ root knot nematode of mulberry - 25 marks.
Note: Distribution of marks
a) Identification with binomial nomenclature - 5
b) Sectioning, staining and mounting - 15
c) Labelled diagram with description - 5
Q 2. Temporary mounting of Pebrine spore/nuclear polyhedral
bodies/mycelia & conidial spores - 25 marks.
Note: Distribution of marks
a) Identification - 5
b) Staining and mounting -15
c) Procedure and diagram - 5
Q 3. Identify and comment on the spots A, B, C and D.
Any FOUR from the practical syllabus. 20 marks-5 marks
each.
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Acknowledgementsto
INTERNETINTERNET
FOR
PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS
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