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Quantification of Mercury-Containing Wastes and
Management Practices in Thailand
5th AIT Masters Theses Competition May 17, 2010
Name: Miss Nisita KhongpaitonAdvisor: Dr. Preeda ParkpianSchool/FoS: SERD/Environmental Engineering and Management
2
Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussions
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
3
Industries Paint (fungicides in both oil and water based) Electrical apparatus (e.g. fluorescent lamps) Control Instrument (e.g. thermostats) VCM, Acetylene and Acetaldehyde (catalysts) Chlor-alkali plants (chlorine and caustic soda) Pulp & paper (Prevent M/O growth)
Agriculture FungicidesMining Gold and silver miningPharmaceutical Antiseptic and preservative in vaccines, Cosmetic
and Detergent, Amalgam in dentist filling
Introduction
1. Mercury Use
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Introduction (Cont’d)
2. Mercury Transformation in the Environment
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Introduction (Cont’d)
3. Mercury Toxicity
Mercury poisoning can result from vapor inhalation, ingestion, injection, or absorption through the skin.
1) Organic mercury – Nervous System (CNS) MeHg- Group 2B: Possibility Carcinogenic to human
2) Elemental mercury – Nervous System (CNS)
3) Inorganic mercury – Kidneys, GI tract
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Introduction (Cont’d)
4. Trade of Mercury in Thailand
Year Hg Import (Kg) Sources1996 30,405 Belgium
Germany AlgeriaSpainU.K.Netherlands JapanMalaysiaEtc.
1998 13,064 2000 12,080 2002 13,110 2004 10,711
2006 14,3632008 6,1552009 3,861
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Objectives
1. To estimate Hg containing wastes in Thailand
2. To review current Hg containing wastes management and practices in Thailand
3. To compile environmental sound management for Hg use and Hg containing waste
4. To recommend better and appropriate Hg containing waste management in Thailand
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MethodologyQuantification of Mercury-Containing Wastes and
Management Practices in Thailand
1. Tracking Hg use and its wastes within Thailand
3. Current Hg containing waste management practices
4. Environmental Sound Management Compilation
5. Recommendation better and appropriate of Hg
containing waste Management in Thailand
2. Hg containing waste Estimation
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Source of Mercury Emission
1. Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources2. Primary (virgin) metal production3. Production of other minerals and materials w/ Hg impurities4. Intentional use of Hg in industrial processes5. Consumer products with intentional use of Hg6. Other intentional products/process uses7. Production of recycled metals8. Waste incineration 9. Waste deposition/landfilling and waste water treatment10. Crematoria and cemeteries
Source: UNEP, 2005
1.1 Coal combustion in large power plants1.2 Other coal combustion1.3 Extraction, refining and use of mineral oil1.4 Extraction, refining and use of natural gas1.5 Extraction and use of other fossil fuels1.6 Biomass fired power and heat production1.7 Geothermal power production
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Estimation of Hg Emission
Activity rate X Input factor X Output distribution factor for each pathway
UNEP’s Toolkitfor identification and quantification
of mercury releases (2005)
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Mercury Calculation1.1 Coal combustion in large power plants
( boiler capacity >300 MW)
EGAT’s Mae Moh Power Plant in Thailand (2,625 MW)
Activity rate: Lignite consumption (ton) Ministry of Energy
Input factor: Hg conc. in lignite (mg Hg/kg lignite)
UNEP, 2005
Output distribution factor:
0.4 Air 0.6 General waste
NESCAUM, 2003; Joshi, U.M., 2003; UNEP, 2005
Activity rate X Input factor X Output distribution factor for each pathway
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Mercury EmissionYear Activity rate
(ton)Input factor
(mg Hg/kg lignite)Total Hg
Emission(kg)Output factor Hg emission
(kg Hg)
1996 16,405,340 0.12 1,969 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 787/ GW 1,1811997 18,010,806 0.12 2,161 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 865/ GW 1,2971998 15,388,095 0.12 1,847 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 739/ GW 1,1081999 13,893,584 0.12 1,667 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 667/ GW 1,0002000 14,120,569 0.12 1,694 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 678/ GW 1,0172001 15,744,116 0.12 1,889 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 756/ GW 1,1342002 15,035,329 0.12 1,804 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 722/ GW 1,0832003 15,406,532 0.12 1,849 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 740/ GW 1,1092004 16,536,694 0.12 1,984 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 794/ GW 1,1912005 16,571,091 0.12 1,989 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air795/ GW 1,1932006 15,815,374 0.12 1,898 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,1392007 15,811,050 0.12 1,897 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,1382008 16,407,465 0.12 1,969 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 788/ GW 1,1812009 15,818,265 0.12 1,898 Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,139
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Results and DiscussionsResults and Discussions
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Hg Emission Source Ranking
1. Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources2. Primary (virgin) metal production3. Other intentional products/process uses4. Consumer products with intentional use of Hg5. Production of other minerals and materials w/Hg impurities
(include in category 1)6. Intentional use of Hg in industrial processes (Process
Substitution)7. Production of recycled metals (No data)8. Waste incineration (Double counting avoidance)9. Waste deposition/landfilling and waste water treatment
(Double counting avoidance)10. Crematoria and cemeteries (Negligible sources)
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
1. Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources 2. Primary (virgin) metal production
3. Other intentional products/process uses 4. Consumer products with intentional use of Hg
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Current Management Practices of Hg Waste
1. Extraction and use of fuels/energy sources
EGAT’s Mae Moh Power Plant
Source: Simachaya, W., PCD, 2009
1) Air pollution control systems
Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) Low NOx Burner Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
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RecommendationsCo-Benefit Technologies
e.g. 74 to 86 % of Hg can be captured by fabric filter (FF) and other air emission control during testsNot possible to guarantee the removal capabilities
Hg-Specific Control Technologies: ACI (Activated Carbon Injection) + FF can reduce Hg up to 90%
Source: NESCAUM, 2003
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Current Practices at EGAT’s Mae Moh Power Plant
2) Ash
Source: Cheerarot, R. et al, 2004The landfill of Mae Moh Power Plant
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Current Management Practices
Offshore Oil & Gas Operation
“Zero Discharge Policy” Re-injecting produced water separator, de-oiler cyclone, chemical flocculation processes
Up-Stream
Exploration & Production
Shipping & Trading
Refining & Marketing
Down-Stream
Electricity
Industry
Consumer
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Monitor Hg vapor by Jerome meter
Storage at Songkhla Logistics Base
Waste Removal Storage at Offshore
Shipment
Source: PTTEP
PTTEP: Hg Waste Handling
21Source: PTTEP
Vacuum Distillation Recovery of Mercury
Incineration Distillate and dry residues
DELA, Germany AVR/BMT, Netherlands
Rotary Kiln
PTTEP: Export of Hg Waste
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Where is mercury come from???
Body tissues e.g. in blood and hair
Dental Amalgam Filling
Coffin(part of coffin decoration)
Crematoria and cemeteries
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Open burning of corpse in some areas
Current Practices of Crematoria
1. Open burning2. Single Chambers3. Two Chambers
24Source: PCD
2 Chambers Crematory
Duration >1 sec. Temperature - before burning 900oC - burning > 1,000oC
2nd Chambers (or last chamber)
1st Chambers Fuel
(Die
sel/
gas)
Tem
pera
ture
Co
ntro
l
Door
Air
Air
Recommendation for Crematoria
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Conclusions &Recommendations
1. Apply air pollution control systems with higher Hg reduction efficiency or/and add Hg emission control system
2. Regularly Monitoring Program of Ash landfill3. Use two chamber crematoria and training worker
for proper operation and maintenance4. Proper management and practices are required for
fly ash from crematoria 5. Mercury Treatment Plants are required in Thailand
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Special Thanks
Thesis Examination CommitteeDr. Preeda Parkpian (Chairperson)Prof. C. VisvanathanDr. Siraprapha SanchatjateDr. Katerachada Klankrong
SERD/Environmental Engineering and Management
Head, Research & Education Support Office