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6-Dry Needling of specific muscles--Handout slides...Trendelenburg#test.#Supports#the#body#in#...

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1 Of Specific Muscles For all muscles: Anatomical landmarks Taut band Trigger Point Needle with straight in and out motions Elicit a local twitch response Draw the needle back to the skin and re-redirect the needle to treat other trigger points in the same or other areas Hemostasis Origin : The wristfinger extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles) originate from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus bone, the lateral epicondyle, the radial ligament of the elbow and the inter muscular septa through a common tendon. Insertion: The base of the second metacarpal bone (extensor carpi radialis longus), base of the third metacarpal bone (extensor carpi radialis brevis) Function : These muscles extend and deviate the hand at the wrist to the radial (extensor carpi radialis longus) side. Innervation : Deep branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve), via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus from spinal roots C7 and C8. NOTE: The radial nerve may get entrapped in the superiorlateral aspect of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle ( Clavert et al. 2009 ). REFERRED PAIN The extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle projects pain to the radial and posterior aspects of the hand and the wrist. The extensor carpi radialis longus muscle refers pain to the lateral epicondyle and to the dorsum of the hand next to the thumb. Pincer palpation for the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles Dry Needling
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Page 1: 6-Dry Needling of specific muscles--Handout slides...Trendelenburg#test.#Supports#the#body#in# single#leg#stance#with#the#tensorfascia#latae.! Innervation:Superiorgluteal#nerve#from#L4,#

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Of  Specific  Muscles  

For all muscles: ¡  Anatomical landmarks ¡  Taut band ¡  Trigger Point ¡  Needle with straight in and out motions ¡  Elicit a local twitch response ¡  Draw the needle back to the skin and re-redirect

the needle to treat other trigger points in the same or other areas

¡  Hemostasis

¡  Origin:  The  wrist-­‐finger  extensors  (extensor  carpi  radialis  longus,  extensor  carpi  radialis  brevis,  extensor  digitorum  communis  and  extensor  carpi  ulnaris  muscles)  originate  from  the  lateral  supracondylar  ridge  of  the  humerus  bone,  the  lateral  epicondyle,  the  radial  ligament  of  the  elbow  and  the  inter-­‐muscular  septa  through  a  common  tendon.    

¡  Insertion:      The  base  of  the  second  metacarpal  bone  (extensor  carpi  radialis  longus),  base  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone  (extensor  carpi  radialis  brevis)  

¡  Function:  These  muscles  extend  and  deviate  the  hand  at  the  wrist  to  the  radial  (extensor  carpi  radialis  longus)  side.    

¡  Innervation:  Deep  branch  of  the  radial  nerve  (posterior  interosseous  nerve),  via  the  posterior  cord  of  the  brachial  plexus  from  spinal  roots  C7  and  C8.    

¡  NOTE:    The  radial  nerve  may  get  entrapped  in  the  superior-­‐lateral  aspect  of  the  extensor  carpi  radialis  brevis  muscle  (  Clavert  et  al.  2009  ).  

REFERRED  PAIN  

¡  The  extensor  carpi  radialis  brevis  muscle  projects  pain  to  the  radial  and  posterior  aspects  of  the  hand  and  the  wrist.    

¡  The  extensor  carpi  radialis  longus  muscle  refers  pain  to  the  lateral  epicondyle  and  to  the  dorsum  of  the  hand  next  to  the  thumb.  

Pincer  palpation  for  the  extensor  carpi  radialis  longus  and  brevis  muscles    

Dry  Needling  

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¡  Origin:    From  the  infraspinous  fossa  of  the  scapula  

¡  Insertion:    The  dorsosuperior  facet  of  the  greater  tubercle  of  the  humerus.  

¡  Function:  It  assists  in  external  rotation  and  stabilizes  the  humeral  head  together  with  the  other  rotator  cuff  muscles  and  prevents  upwards  migration  of  the  humeral  head  during  all  movements.  

¡  Innervation:    Suprascapular  nerve,  from  the  C5  and  C6  nerve  roots.  

¡  It  is  projected  to  the  front  of  the  shoulder  (intra-­‐articular  pain)  and  the  mid-­‐deltoid  region,  extending  downwards  the  arm  to  the  ventrolateral  aspect  of  the  arm  and  forearm  and  the  radial  aspect  of  the  hand.    

¡  The  referred  pain  from  this  muscle  can  mimic  the  symptoms  of  carpal  tunnel  syndrome  (  Qerama  et  al.  2009  )  

REFERRED  PAIN  

¡  Intrascapular  region  

REFERRED  PAIN   u  Traditionally the rotator cuff muscles were thought of as humeral head depressors.

u  The rotator cuff muscles are poorly positioned to produce effective depression of the humeral head.

u  More likely, their main role is to produce compressive forces required for concavity compression.

u  Concavity depression is a mechanism in which compression of the convex humeral head into the concave glenoid fossa provides stability against translating forces.

Huijbregts PA, C Bron: Rotator cuff lesions: shoulder impingement. In: Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., J.A. Cleland, P. Huijbregts: Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes: Evidence-Informed Screening, Diagnosis, and Management. Elsevier, 2011: Chapter 16:220-231

Before  inserting  the  needle,  always  recheck  the  anatomical  landmarks.      Patients  may  move  their  arm  while  you  prepare  the  needle.  

Dry  Needling   Dry  Needling  

In  prone    It  is  important  to  examine  the  entire  muscle.    Frequently,  there  are  many  trigger  points  in  the  infraspinatus  muscle.  

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In  side-­‐lying      **stand  behind  the  patient  when  needling  

Dry  Needling   Chapter  7,  page  96;  Workbook  48   Precautions  

In  osteoporotic  patients  fenestration  of  the  scapula  has  been  reported,  which  would  imply  that  clinicians  should  avoid  needling  through  the  scapula.      In  clinical  practice,  however,  fenestration  has  not  been  an  issue.  

¡  Origin:    The  muscle  is  found  between  the  gluteus  maximus  and  tensor  fascia  latae.  It  originates  between  the  posterior  and  anterior  gluteal  lines  of  the  ilium.  

¡  Insertion:    The  lateral  border  of  the  greater  trochanter.  A  bursa  lies  under  the  tendinous  portion  over  the  surface  of  the  trochanter.  

¡  Function:    Hip  abduction  and  medial  rotation.  Insufficiency  of  this  muscle  results  in  a  positive  

¡  Trendelenburg  test.  

¡  Innervation:    Superior  gluteal  nerve  from  L4,  L5  and  S1.  

¡  TrPs  may  be  found  throughout  the  entire  muscle  with  referral  to  the  sacroiliac  joint,  gluteal  and  lumbosacral  regions,  and  along  the  iliotibial  tract,  gluteal  region,  posterior  thigh  and  posterior  lower  leg.    

Referred  pain   The  patient  is  prone  or  side  lying.  The  muscle  is  needled  with  flat  palpation  perpendicular  to  the  muscle  along  the  contour  of  the  iliac  crest.  Strong  depression  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue  is  required  to  reduce  the  distance  from  the  skin  to  the  muscle.  Needle  contact  at  the  periosteum  is  common.  

Dry  Needling  

Iliac  Crest    

Trochanter    

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¡  Origin:    The  muscle  is  found  deep  to  the  gluteus  medius.  It  originates  between  the  anterior  and  inferior  gluteal  lines  of  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  ilium  

¡  Insertion:      The  anterior  aspect  of  the  greater  trochanter.  It  also  has  a  bursa  between  the  tendon  and  the  insertion  at  the  greater  trochanter.  

¡  Function:    Hip  abduction  and  medial  rotation.  Insufficiency  of  this  muscle  along  with  the  gluteus  medius  results  in  a  positive  Trendelenburg  test.  Supports  the  body  in  single  leg  stance  with  the  tensor  fascia  latae.  

¡  Innervation:  Superior  gluteal  nerve  from  L4,  L5  and  S1.  

¡  Referred  pain  from  the  gluteus  minimus  muscle  is  into  the  iliotibial  tract,  gluteal  region,  posterior  thigh  and  posterior  one  third  of  the  lower  leg.    

¡  It  is  not  possible  to  separate  referred  pain  patterns  from  the  gluteus  medius  muscle  in  the  area  where  the  two  muscles  overlap.  

Referred  pain   The  patient  is  prone  or  side  lying.  The  muscle  is  needled  with  flat  palpation  perpendicular  to  the  muscle  along  the  contour  of  the  iliac  crest.      Strong  depression  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue  is  required  to  reduce  the  distance  from  the  skin  to  the  muscle.      Needle  contact  at  the  periosteum  is  common.  

Dry  Needling  

Trochanter    

Iliac  Crest    

¡  Origin:    The  muscle  is  divided  into  lateral  and  medial  heads.  Proximally,  each  head  anchors  to  the  corresponding  condyle  of  the  femur  and  to  the  capsule  of  the  knee  joint.    

¡  Insertion:    Both  heads  insert  into  the  Achilles  tendon,  which  attaches  to  the  posterior  surface  of  the  calcaneus  bone.  

¡  Function:  Plantar  flexion  and  supination  of  the  foot.  Limited  contribution  to  knee  flexion  (with  the  knee  extended)  and  to  knee  stabilization.  In  closed  kinetic  chain  it  contributes  to  knee  and  ankle  stability.  

¡  `:  Tibial  nerve  by  fibers  from  S1  and  S2.  

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¡  Most  TrPs  in  this  muscle  referpain  locally.  TrPs  in  the  belly  of  the  medial  head  tend  to  refer  pain  to  the  instep  of  the  foot,  sometimes  spreading  to  the  lower  posterior  thigh,  the  back  of  the  knee,  and  the  posteromedial  aspect  of  leg  and  ankle.  

Referred  pain  

PRECAUTIONS  

Needle  away  from  midline!!!!  

The  patient  lies  in  the  prone  position,  with  the  knee  slightly  flexed  and  the  leg  supported  by  a  pillow.      For  TrPs  in  the  central  part  of  the  medial  head,  a  pincer  palpation  is  used  to  locate  and  fix  the  taut  band  and  the  TrP  and  the  needle  is  angled  medially,  towards  the  fingers  located  in  the  opposite  side.  

Dry  Needling  

The  patient  lies  in  the  prone  position,  with  the  knee  slightly  flexed  and  the  leg  supported  by  a  pillow.      For  TrPs  in  the  central  part  of  the  lateral  head,  a  flat  palpation  is  more  commonly  used  to  locate  and  fix  the  taut  band  and  the  TrPs.  The  needle  is  directed  perpendicular  to  the  skin  aiming  towards  the  TrP  in  a  postero-­‐anterior  direction  with  a  slightly  lateral  angulation.    

Dry  Needling  

¡  Origin:    The  muscle    originates  in  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  head  and  proximal  third  of  the  fibula,  in  the  popliteal  line  of  the  tibia  and  in  the  tendinous  arch  between  both  bones.    

¡  Insertion:    Fibers  attach  distally  to  a  superficial  tendinous  sheet,  which  continues  directly  to  the  Achilles  tendon,  which  in  turn  attaches  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  calcaneus.  

¡  Function:  Plantar  flexion  and  inversion  of  the  foot.  

¡  Innervation:  A  branch  of  the  tibial  nerve  containing  fibers  from  L5  –  S2.  

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¡  Mostly  to  the  distal  part  of  the  Achilles  tendon  and  the  posterior  and  plantar  surfaces  of  the  heel.  Its  TrPs  can  also  refer  pain  to  the  upper  half  of  the  calf  and,  very  rarely,  to  the  ipsilateral  sacroiliac  joint.    

¡  Simons  et  al.  (1999)  mentioned  an  exceptional  referral  pattern  to  the  ipsilateral  jaw  area.  

Referred  pain   ¡ When  needling  the  medial  part  of  the  muscle,  care  must  be  taken  to  avoid  needling  the  tibial  nerve.  

Precautions  

The  patient  lies  in  the  prone  position,  with  the  knee  slightly  flexed  and  the  leg  supported  by  a  pillow.      Needle  away  from  midline  

Dry  Needling  

The  patient  lies  in  the  prone  position,  with  the  knee  slightly  flexed  and  the  leg  supported  by  a  pillow.      Needle  away  from  midline  

Dry  Needling  

The  patient  lies  in  the  prone  position,  with  the  knee  slightly  flexed  and  the  leg  supported  by  a  pillow.      Needle  away  from  midline  

Dry  Needling  


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