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Apple Experiment
Come down and get an apple and a slice of lemon.
When you get back to your seat:1. Take a big bite of your
delicious apple.2. Immediately squeeze lemon juice over the apple
flesh that is now exposed from the bite.3. IMPORTANT! Dont get
lemon juice all over the apple. Make sure that it is ONLY on the
area that you just bit!4. Set the lemon aside and wipe any lemon
juice off of your hands with a napkin.5. Take another bite from the
opposite side of your apple.6. Set your apple aside.
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What Are Enzymes?Enzymes are __________ (tertiary and quaternary
structures).
An enzyme is a _________ in cellular reactions.
A catalyst accelerates a reaction.
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EnzymesAre ________ for what they will catalyze
Are _________
Usually end in -_____-Sucrase-Lactase-Maltase
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How do enzymes work?Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape,
including a surface groove called an ______ _____.
The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant
(_________) to its active site, causing the substrate to become
unstable and react.
The resulting __________ is then released from the active
site.
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How do enzymes work?Enzymes work by _______ ______ which
________ activation energy.
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Enzyme-Substrate ComplexThe reactant an enzyme acts on is
specifically called the _________.SubstrateJoins
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______ _____A specific region of an enzyme molecule which binds
to the substrate.SubstrateActive Site
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Shape of a ProteinAn enzyme fits with its substrate like a ____
and ____.
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EnzymeAnimation : Gary E. Kaiser
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html
View :
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
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Enzymes are ____ ________ in the reactions they catalyze.
Think of them as tiny machines in manufacturing.
The more machines, the faster the accumulation of
_________.Image: Wine Bottling :
www.morrison-chs.com/timingscrews/index.htmlWine Vats:
www.lymebaywinery.co.uk/pages/about_us.htm
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Formats for writing a chemical reaction. ( ________ )_______ +
________ -----------> _________
( ________ )__________ -----------> ________ ________
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4 levels of Protein Structure
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How Do You Stop an Enzyme?Irreversible egg protein denaturation
caused by high temperature (while cooking it)._______________
Alteration of a protein shape through some form of external
stress
Denatured protein cant carry out its cellular function .
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Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityTemperature
pH
Cofactors & Coenzymes
Inhibitors
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Temperature & pHThink about what kind of cell or organism an
enzyme may work in
Temperatures far above the normal range _________ enzymes (This
is why very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the bodys
proteins)
Most enzymes work best near __________ pH (6 to 8).
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Coenzymes & CofactorsNon-protein substances (zinc, iron,
copper, vitamins) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic
activity.
Coenzyme versus Cofactor: Whats the dif?
_________ more general term. Includes inorganic and organic
molecules.
_________ type of Cofactor, But specifically organic
molecules.
Image: EnzymeCofactor : Public domain Wiki, Ribbon-diagram
showing carbonic anhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor
in the active site.
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Coenzyme : Vitamin B12
Example: Most _________ are coenzymes essential in helping move
atoms between molecules in the formation of carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins.
Exclusively synthesized by ___________ (found primarily in meat,
eggs and dairy products).Image: VitaminB12 : NIH, Public Domain
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/imagepages/19516.htm
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Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors1. ___________ ____________:
Chemicals that resemble an enzymes normal substrate and compete
with it for the active site.Substrate
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1. Competitive inhibitors: Resemble an enzymes normal substrate
and compete with it for the active site.Image: Competitive
Inhibition : www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/.../chapter3_2.html
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Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors_______________ ______________:Do
not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme
causing the enzyme to change its shape, altering the active
site.Substrate
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Enzyme InhibitorsBlocking an enzyme's activity can kill a
pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance.
Many _____ are enzyme inhibitors.
Enzyme inhibitors are also used as _________ and
__________.ImagesDead Bug :
www.kansas.gov/help_center/user_testing.htmlPrescription Drugs :
www.patentdocs.us/.../08/by-kevin-e-noon.html
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Featured Enzyme #1: CatecholaseCatecholase is present in most
______ and __________.
It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised
fruits and vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction:
(______________)_________ + _____ -----------------
_____________ colorless substrate brown product
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Featured Enzyme #1: Catecholase & Noncompetetive
Inhibition_________ juice and other acids are used to preserve
color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____ and
removing the copper site (cofactor)necessary for the enzyme to
function.
catecholasecatechol + O2 -------------------------- polyphenol
colorless substrate brown product
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Featured enzyme #2: BromelainPineapple contains enzyme
bromelain, which can _______ _________.
Jell-O is made of gelatin, a processed version of a structural
protein called _________ that is found in many animals, including
humans.
Collagen big, fibrous molecule makes skin, bones, and tendons
both strong and elastic.
Gelatin you eat in Jell-O comes from the collagen in cow or pig
bones, hooves, and connective tissues. (Yummie!)
Examine 2 containers:a. In one, canned pineapple was used to
make jello.
b. The other, fresh pineapple was used.
proteins
catalyst
specific
reusable
ase
Active site
Substrate
Product
Weakening bonds
Lowering
Substrate
Active site
Lock
Key
Not consumed
Product
Reactant, reactant, (enzyme) > product
Reactant, (enzyme) > product, product
One or more of the reactants in an enzymatic reaction is the
substrate, the reactant(s) that specifically interacts with the
enzyme.Denaturation
Denature
Neutral
Cofactor
CoenzymeVitamins
Bacteria
Competitive inhibitionNoncompetative inhibitionDrugs
Herbicides, pesticidesFruits, vegetables
Browning
Catechol + oxygen (catecholase) > polyphenol
Lemon
pH
Digest protein
collagen
