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6. The Abyssinian Center
-Durum wheatTriticum durum
-Barley(Cevada)Hordeum vulgare
-Chick pea(Grão-de-Bico)Cicer arietinum
-TeffEragrostis abyssinica
-Pea(Ervilha)Pisum sativum
-Poulard wheatTriticum turgidum
-Sesame(Gergilim)Sesamum indicum
-Castor bean(Mamona)Ricinus communis
-Coffe(Café)Coffea Arabica
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7. The South Mexican and Central American Center
-Corn(Milho)Zea mays
-Common beans(Vagem)Phaseolus vulgaris
-Pepper(Pimenta)Capsicum annum
-Upland cotton(Algodão)Gossypium hirsutum
-Sisal hempAgave sisalana
-Squash(Abóbora)Cucurbita spp.
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8. South American (Peruvian-Ecuadorean-Bolivian) Center
-Sweet Potato(Batata Doce)Ipomoea batatas
-Potato(Batata)Solanum tuberosum
-Lima bean(Feijão Fava)Phaseolus lunatus
-Tomato(Tomate)Lycopersicum esculentum
-Sea Island Cotton(Algodão)Gossypium barbadense
-Papaya(Mamão)Carica papaya
-Tobacco(Fumo)Nicotiana tabacum
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8a, 8b The Chiloe and the Brazilian-Paraguayan Center
-Potato(Batata)Solanum tubersum(The Chiloe Center)
-Manioc(Mandioca)Manihot esculenta
-Cacao(Cacau)Theobroma cacao
-Rubber tree(Seringueira)Hevea brasiliensis
-Pineapple(Abacaxi)Ananas comosa
-Purple granadilla(Maracujá)Passiflora edulis
-Peannut(Amendoim)Arachis hypogaea
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3.2 Vavilov Revised
Noncenters Concept (Harlan, 1971)
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3.3 Dynamic of diversity
3.3.1 Hybridazation
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3.3.2 Topography and Population Fragmentation
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3.3.3 Introgression
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3.3.4 Polyploidy
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Genetic Resources Conservation
1. Conservation in situ
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2. Conservation ex situ
2.1 Living Collection
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2.2 On-farm conservation
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2.3 Seed Bank
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2.4 Tissue culture
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Genetic Resources Manipulation
1. Gene Transference by InterspecificHybridization
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1.1 Breaking interspecific barriers
A- Reciprocal crosses Malus pumila and M. baccata
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Or Manihot esculenta x M. glaziovii
x
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B- Environmental conditions
x
Prunus dulcis
Prumus persica
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B- Environmental conditions
In cassava
x
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x
In cassava
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C- Mentor Effect
The case of manihot pohlii x cassava
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D- The use of male steril cultivars as maternal
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E- Gametic diversity
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F- Embryo Culture
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G- Bridge hybrid
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H- Chromosome Duplication
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Contin... Genetic Resources Manipulation
2. Interespecific Hybrids Polyploidization
a. Method
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b. polyploid production
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c. Chimera types
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d. Detection of polyploidy
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V- Origen of Agriculture
1. Domestication for religious reasons
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2. Domestication due to change of climate (Childe)
-Crowded (Multidão)
- Distúrbio de Solo
- Revolução Neolítica(Caçadores → plantadores)
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3. Agriculture as a discovery (Sauer theory)
(Teoria difusionista)
- falta de alimentos;
- diversificação;
- inundação;
- stoliniferos;
- sedentária;
- difusão e superioridade;
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4. Agriculture as an extension of gathering (Binford theory)
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VI- Classification of cultivated plants
a. Objectives and utilization of this type classification
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b. Pattern of variation in cultivated plants
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c.The Gene Pool system
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VII- The Dynamic of Domestication
a. What means domesticate
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b. Intermediate forms of domestication
- example of boabab, Adansonia spp.
- Acacia albida
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c. Modified characters by domesticationc.1. Dispersion
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c. 2. Apical Dormency
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c. 3. Sensibility to Fotoperiodism and Maturation Uniformity
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c. 4. Increase of seed size
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c. 5. Reduction of germination inhibitors
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c. 6. Protein and Carbohidrate Content
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d. Mechanisms of selection for domestication
d.1. Competition of seedlings
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d.2. Interaction crop - weed
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- Patterns of variation in cultivated plants
1. Causes of variation
a. Time
b. Topography
c. Tribes
d. Introgression
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a. Time and mutations
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b. Topographical Heterogenity
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c. Tribes diversity
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d. Introgression
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2. Geographic pattern
a. Endemic
b. Semi endemic
c. Monocentric
d. Oligocentric
e. Nonecentric
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a. Endemic: Brachiaria deflexa – Guine(Africa)
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b. Semi endemic: Eragrostis tef (India)
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c. Monocentric: Café, and rubber tree
(Não há secundário)
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d. Oligocentric – Aveia, trigo, lentilha, etc. (Há muitos centros secundários)
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e. Nonecentric: Sorgo, banana
