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Chapter 12 – Adler
Layout
Functions of supporting material Verbal support
Types Visual support
Types Media Computer-assisted design Rules for using
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
FUNCTIONS OF SUPPORTING MATERIAL
1. Clarity abstract or complicated ideas
2. Interest Enliven Make main point vivid, meaningful
3. Proof convincing E.g., survey
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
TYPES OF VERBAL SUPPORT (5)1. Examples
– Brief illustrations– most effective when several are given
together
2. Stories– Hypothetical or factual– Guidelines
• Should suit audience• Should support point• Be of right length
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
3. Statistics Probably the most common form of
support Specially strong proof
Firmly grounded in fact Shows that speaker is well informed
May make mistake of burying the audience Provide a few key numbers Simply information (64.3% vs. two-thirds)
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
4. Comparisons Figurative = analogies
Compare unfamiliar with familiar idea Literal Must have two characteristics
Well-known, be valid Must clearly establish similarity
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
5. Citations More authoritative/articulate source Clarity and impact Help build persuasive case Guidelines
Cite to add credibility to presentation Source must have credibility with
audience Paraphrase lengthy or confusing citations Restate point of long citations
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
VISUAL AIDS
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Benefits
A picture is often worth a thousand words
Easier to understand than words alone Easier to explain complicated statistics Easier for listeners to understand Make presentations more interesting Boost your image as speaker Make information more memorable
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Functions
Show how things look Show how things work Show how things relate to one
another Emphasize important points
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Types of Visual Aid (8)
1. Objects and Models Used in training, selling Hands-on experience/demonstration How to operate a piece of equipment
2. Photographs3. Diagrams
Two-dimensional Floor plan, maps… size, shape, structure
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
4. Lists and tables Key facts and figures, steps, features,
comparison, etc Guidelines
Keep it simple Use numbered or bulleted lists Use text sparingly Use large type Enhance readability through careful layout
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
5. Pie Charts– Percentages, resources, money, etc– Guidelines
• Segment to emphasize on takes top-center• Label each segment• List percentage for each segment
6. Bar and column charts– Guidelines
• Time on horizontal axis• Arrange bars in best-suited sequence• Represent numerical values clearly
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
7. Pictogram Artistic variations of bar, column, pie
charts More interesting (figure 12-11)
8. Graphs Correlation between quantities Represent large amount of data without
clutter
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Media for presenting VA(6)1. Flip charts and poster board
– Simple to prepare– Easy to use– Relatively portable– Easy to use
– May be too small– Large audience can’t see– Relatively fragile– Clumsy
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
2. Transparencies– Good for large audience– Produced quickly– Easy to create– Visible in a lighted room– Easy to store, don’t wear out
– Require a projector– Must position in special way
– Most effective when• Use only when discussing, turn off when not using,
cover parts not discussed, face audience while speaking
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
3. Slides– Actual photographic image– Inexpensive– Produced quickly– Easy to edit
– Need darkened room
– Guidelines• Keep show brief, use remote-control device,
talk to listeners and not the screen
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
4. Handouts Permanent record Recall features More detail Eliminate listeners’ need to take notes
Can be distracting Have to compete with them for attention
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
5. Computerized displays6. Videotape
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Computer-assisted VA design• Special effects• Many formats• Speakers’ notes• Variety of handouts• Run-time versions• Create charts, graphs, tables
• Take time to learn• Temptation to overuse
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations
Rules for using visual aids1. Selection
– Have a reason for using– Match sophistication of visual aid with audience
2. Design– Make sure it is large enough to see– Keep design simple– Use few words– Use horizontal printing– Label all items for clear identification
3. Presentation– Don’t display till ready– Remove after discussing– Make sure it works at presentation location– Practice using your visuals
Verbal and Visual Support in Presentations