6 x 10.Long - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805215/30019/index/9780521530019... · 2006-11-24 ·...

Author index

Aaronson, D. 168Abbot, D. 295Abdulla, M. 439Abrhamse, A. 133, 136Acland, T. 298Adams, T. 171Ahmad, F. 300, 456Akerlof, G. 597, 598Akiyama, Y. 89Alba, R. 132, 344, 346, 525Aldrich, H. 358, 432, 434Allison, P. D. 390Altonji, J. 165, 169–70Anderson, E. 127, 135, 138, 139, 303,

550, 598Anderson, M. 52Andrews, G. 113Anwar, M. 114, 241Appiah, K. A. 596Archer, A. 37Argys, L. M. 338Arnold, F. W. 367Arrow, K. J. 597Ashenfelter, O. 170, 561Ashford, D. E. 506Astone, N. M. 163

Bach, R. 1 110–11, 347, 359Bailey, T. 343Ball, W. 513Ballard, R. 179, 183, 194, 198, 301, 304Banfield, E. C. 476, 478, 491, 493Bank, J. 532Bankston, C. 141, 359Banton, M. 460Barett, G. 432–3Barker, M. 99Barrington, A. 105Bartlett, T. 31Basit, T. N. 297Becker, G. S. 210, 218Beckett, J. C. 24

Behrman, J. 163, 164, 165Beison, S. 223, 230, 233, 238, 243, 251,

505Bell, D. 3Beller, A. 163–4, 171Benin, M. 562Benn, S. I. 616Bensel, R. F. 501Ben-Tovim, G. 513Berends, M. 322Bernoth, A. 437Berrington, A. 106, 115, 196, 222Berry, J. M. 483, 485, 486–7, 493Berthoud, R. 103, 127–8, 222, 229–30,

239, 242, 243, 245, 248–50Beshers, J. M. 198Best, G. F. A. 31Bhachu, P. 439Biblarz, T. J. 529Blalock, H. 115Blanchflower, D. G. 526Blau, P. 522Bleich, E. 498, 510Blundell, R. 532Bobo, L. 114Bok, D. 263, 587, 588, 591, 595, 599Bonstead-Bruns, M. 133Boothman, C. 511, 512Boozer, M. A. 320Borjas, G. J. 205, 206, 208, 343, 371Bose, M. 437Bound, J. 169–70Bowen, W. G. 32, 263, 587, 588, 591, 595,

599Braddock, J. 322Brah, A. 45Brand, D. R. 489, 494Brewer, I. 338Brewer, M. 541–2, 563Bridges, A. 480, 489Brint, S. 272Britton, N. J. 562

618

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Author index 619

Brooks, D. 419, 421Brooks-Gunn, J. 163, 164, 171Brown, C. 179, 222, 289, 365, 422Brown, M. 166Bryk, A. S. 324Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration

Services 70, 113Bureau of Justice Statistics 546, 563, 564Burstin, H. 557Burton, J. 294Butler, J. S. 599Buxton, L. 366Byron, M. 187, 188, 417

CAG Consultants 435Cai, G. 149Canny, N. 24, 25, 28, 30Canon, D. T. 54, 61Card, D. 263, 280, 337Carmichael, S. 460, 482Carr-Hill, R. 115Carrion, J. 113Carter, B. 41Carter, S. C. 327Case, A. 164, 204, 208Cash, W. J. 79CDC 89Centers for Disease Control 554, 565Champion, A. 426Charles, K. K. 528Chavez, L. 132Cheng, L. 132Cheng, Y. 363, 368, 388Chinatown Today Publishing 156Chinese-American Planning Council 156Chiswick, B. R. 132Chiteji, N. S. 529Choudhury, T. 616Cigler, A. J. 489Clancy, A. 115Clarke, C. G. 198, 442Cleaver, E. 460Clogg, C. C. 562Clunis, A. 295Coard, C. 461Cochran, S. 556–7Cochrane, R. 241Cockcroft, W. R. 34Cohen, P. 29, 32, 370Cohen, R. 97, 115, 437Coleman, D. 114, 222Coleman, J. S. 140, 337Coles, C. 564Colley, L. 31, 498Collins, C. 553

Collins, K. S. 554, 556–7Collins, W. 217, 220Colman, A. M. 103Colpi, T. 415Commission on Multi-Ethnic Britain 468Condon, C. 165Conley, D. 525, 529, 531, 561, 562Connerly, W. 591, 594, 599Connolly, P. 294Connor, H. 299Cook, S. B. 28, 33Corcoran, M. 164, 165–6, 171Cordero-Guzman, H. 114Cornell, S. 597, 616Coser, L. A. 490Coussey, M. 616Crane, J. 164Crewe, I. 502–3Crick, B. 491, 494Cross, M. 302, 303Cruse, H. 482Cullen, J. 550Curtin, P. D. 69, 498Curtis, B. 35Cutler, D. 125, 126, 172, 204, 208, 217,

218, 219, 220, 597, 598

Dahrendorf, R. 489, 491Dale, A. 363Daly, M. 425Daniel, W. 222Danziger, S. 264Darling-Hammond, L. 320Datcher, L. 164, 165, 166Datcher-Loury, L. 163, 164Davenport, A. 529Davis, D. B. 78Davis, F. J. 113Davis, J. A. 265Day, T. 437Deane, S. 25Delaney, B. 338Dench, G. 232, 563Denton, M. 88Denton, N. A. 135, 189, 190, 191, 192,

204, 208, 531, 540Der-Martirosian, C. 348Dhondy, F. 463Dickens, W. T. 312Dillon, R. H. 144Dobbin, F. 387, 509Dodd, P. 32Dohan, D. P. 281Dominguez, V. 113Dorsey, J. 113






620 Author index

Douglas, R. M. 39–40Dreeben, R. 338Drew, D. 115, 289, 296Drilea, S. K. 553DSS 247Dubourdieu, E. 513Duncan, B. 189Duncan, G. 163, 165–6, 171, 318, 522Duncan, O. D. 189, 198, 265Dunn, T. 165, 169–70Durr, M. 369

Eade, J. 179Easterbrook, G. 489Economist 113Edley, C. Jr. 504Edwards, J. 513Edwards, R. 223, 232Eggebeen, D. J. 562Eggers, M. 172Eide, E. 165, 171Ellen, I. G. 208Ellis, P. 464Ellwood, D. T. 336, 541, 563Elshtain, J. B. 493Elster, J. 597Elton, G. R. 29Engerman, S. 76Epstein, R. 597Erie, S. E. 11, 478, 481, 486, 493Erikson, E. 141Erikson, R. 2, 268, 522Ermisch, J. 251Esping-Andersen, G. 366Etzioni, A. 62Eurobarometer 416Evans, P. 318, 423Evans, W. 167

Fainstein, N. 352Fainstein, S. 352Farley, R. 596Farrington, D. 547–8, 564Favell, A. 498Featherman, D. L. 169, 170, 267Ferguson, R. F. 127, 128, 318, 320, 321,

325, 337, 338Fernandez-Kelly, M. P. 139, 155Feuer, A. 64Fevre, R. 418–19Fieldhouse, E. A. 363Fielding, S. 37Finley 322Finnegan, F. 34Fiorina, M. P. 487

Fischer, C. S. 262, 266, 280Fisher, G. 105, 115, 364Fishkin, J. S. 597Fitzgerald, M. 100, 115Flynn, J. R. 312Foner, D. 78, 114Foner, N. 114, 371Foot, P. 502Forbes, I. 504, 511Fordham, S. 136, 338Franklin, J. H. 113Frazier, E. F. 113Frean, A. 302Freeman, G. P. 512Freeman, R. 548–9, 566Friedman, D. 554Frisbie, W. P. 366Fryer, P. 26, 417Frymer, P. 503, 508Fukuyama, F. 134Fund, J. H. 54

Galster, G. C. 218, 219Gamoran, A. 322, 338Gans, H. J. 133Ganz, M. 493Gardner, K. 370Garet, M. S. 338Gates, J. 469Gatewood, J. V. 141Gay, P. 365Geiger, K. 501Genovese, E. F. 79George, N. 333Ghai, D. P. 436, 438Ghaill, M. 295Gilbertson, G. 95, 114, 348Gillborn, D. 289, 294–5, 300, 305, 442Gilmour, J. B. 494Gilroy, P. 45, 115, 461, 463, 468Ginther, D. 168Gipps, C. 289, 294, 300, 442Girvan, N. 91Glaeser, E. L. 125, 126, 172, 204, 208,

217, 218, 219, 220, 597, 598Glass, R. 187Glazer, N. 3, 65, 476Glynn, S. 39Goffman, E. 583Gold, S. 360Golding, J. 555Goldscheider, C. 136Goldthorpe, J. 2, 268, 522Good, T. L. 323, 338Gordon, M. 132, 342, 346






Author index 621

Gorman, C. P. 103Gottschalk, P. 264Goulbourne, H. 28, 41, 43, 114, 465Graham, H. D. 504, 507–8, 516, 517Granovetter, M. 139, 360Grant, L. 173Gray, J. 289, 296Greeley, A. M. 132Green, A. 424Green, M. 41Greenstein, R. 562Greenwald, R. 320, 337Grieco, M. 360Griliches, Z. 169–70Grimshaw, W. C. 476, 480, 493Gross, A. B. 172, 531Grossman, J. R. 501Gurak, D. 348

Hack, M. 565Hagell, A. 296Hale, C. 115Hall, A. 554, 556Hall, B. 169–70Hall, C. 31, 33Hall, S. 115, 468, 469Haller, E. J. 338Hallinan, M. 338Halpern, R. 41Hamilton, C. V. 460, 482, 486, 493Hansen, R. 498, 501, 502, 510Hao, L. 133Hargreaves, M. 565Harris, A. 437Harris, C. 115Harris, M. 113Hartmann, D. 597, 616Haskey, J. 232Hauser, R. M. 163, 164, 169, 170, 267,

279, 310Haveman, R. 163, 164, 170Haycock, K. 327, 337Heath, A. 22, 115, 127, 363, 370, 502Heckman, J. 374Heclo, H. 484, 486, 490Hedges, L. V. 320, 337Helweg, A. 438Helweg, U. 438Henriques, F. 113Hepple, B. 616Herbert, C. E. 532Hernstein, R. J. 312Hess, B. 115Hickman, M. 8, 22, 31, 34, 35–6, 42, 178,

180, 365, 498, 499, 501

Hill, M. 163, 165–6, 171Hiro, D. 26, 28, 459Hirsch, A. 562Hirschman, A. O. 483, 487Hirschman, C. 132Hodge, R. W. 366, 561Hoetink, H. 113Hoffman, S. 167Hogan, D. P. 562Hoggart, R. 37Holdsworth, C. 363Holland, J. 91Holmes, C. 41, 416Home Office 546, 564Honeyford, R. 512Horowitz, D. 523Hout, M. 127, 281Huang, M. 310Huang, S. 327, 337Hudson, L. 320Hume, D. 25, 26Huntington, S. P. 478, 487, 493Hurst, E. 528Husband, C. 114Hylland, A. 597

Iacovou, M. 226–8, 244, 251Ihlandfeldt, K. R. 204Investment Company Institute 528Ireland, P. R. 504

Jacobson, M. F. 60, 498, 562James, D. R. 500James, W. 115Janowitz, M. 478Jargowsky, P. A. 88, 114Jasper, L. 295Jaynes, G. D. 131, 263Jefferson, O. 91Jeffery, P. 438Jencks, C. 114, 161, 166, 309Jensen 359Jerald, C. 327, 337Johnson, W. R. 309Johnston, M. F. 139Joint Center for Housing Studies 530–1,

532Jones, T. 104, 289, 432–3, 434Jones-Correa, M. 493Jowett, A. J. 389Judd, D. 28Juliani, R. 141

Kahn, K. 557Kain, J. F. 204






622 Author index

Kalmijn, M. 94, 163, 164Kalra, V. S. 183, 195Kane, T. 163, 171, 280–1Kaplan, D. 358Kapur, N. 31Karabel, J. 272Karageorgis, S. 349Karen, D. 280Kasinitz, P. 94, 493Kass, B. L. 556Katsnelson, I. 114Katz, L. 164, 204, 208, 219, 562, 566Katznelson, I. 477, 478, 479–80, 488, 493,

501, 502, 512, 513, 514Keith, M. 179Keith, V. M. 562Kelling, G. 564Key, V. O. Jr. 503Khan, Z. 204Kibria, N. 131Kiernan, K. 238Kiker, B. F. 165Kim, C. J. 494Kim, I. 359King, W. 74Kirschenman, J. 135Kleiman, M. 551Klein, N. K. 565Kling, J. R. 219, 562, 566Kohl, H. 136Kohn, H. 25Komesar, N. K. 483Kotkin, J. 440Krausz, E. 38Krein, S. 163–4, 171Krueger, A. 170, 263, 280, 319–20, 337Kryder, D. 501Kuepper, W. 436Kulik, J. A. 324, 338Kuo, C.-L. 142, 144, 145, 151Kuo, H. D. 163, 164, 169, 170Kureshi, H. 470Kurtz, K. 555Kwong, P. 148Kymlicka, W. 466

Lackey, G. 436Ladd, H. F. 219, 318, 321, 337Ladipo, D. 364Laine, R. D. 320, 337Land, H. 238, 243Landale, N. S. 133Lang, K. 166, 167Langan, P. 547–8, 564Lankford, H. 337

Lashmar, P. 437Laub, J. 544–5, 563Lawrence, B. 262Lazear, E. P. 319Lebow, N. 24Lee, E. S. 371Lee, T. R. 192Lee, V. E. 324LeGrand, J. 558–9Lemann, N. 481, 493, 501, 525Lennon, M. 37Leonard, M. 468Leslie, D. 363Levine, D. 168Levine, P. B. 526Levitt, P. 92, 114Levitt, S. 550Lewis, G. 22, 37Lewis, J. 238Lewis, O. 134Ley, D. 436Li, J. H. 166, 171Lichter, M. 360Lieberman, R. 9, 365, 455, 498, 499, 500,

513Lieberson, S. 56, 59, 198, 218, 345, 349,

366Liebman, J. B. 219, 562, 566Light, I. 345, 348, 349, 368, 370Lim, N. 352–3, 367Lin, J. 148Lipset, S. M. 365Lissenburgh, S. 300Loevy, R. D. 507Loewn, J. 78Logan, J. R. 346, 347, 369, 525Long, J. S. 284Looney, R. E. 91Loury, G. C. 5, 45, 140, 155, 326, 343,

575, 586, 596, 597, 598, 599, 616Loury, L. 127, 128, 129Lovejoy 69Loveless, T. 322, 324Lowenthal, D. 113Lowi, T. 478, 493Lubuele, L. S. 598Lucas, S. R. 280Ludwig, J. 219, 318Lundberg, S. J. 562Lustgarten, L. 513Luthra, M. 114Lyon, A. 512

Maan, B. 30MacEwen, M. 365, 511, 512, 513






Author index 623

Macey, J. R. 484MacFarlane, A. 555MacLeod, D. 133Maddala, G. S. 374Manning, P. 69, 113Manski, C. 166, 168Mare, R. D. 264Mare, R. G. 338Marett, V. 436Margo, R. A. 217, 218, 220Marsden, P. V. 265Marx, A. W. 498, 499Mason, D. 305Massey, D. S. 126, 135, 172, 189, 190,

191, 204, 208, 360, 478, 531, 540Massey, M. 88Mattoso, Q. 84Mayer, S. 161Mays, V. 556–7McAdam, M. 37McConnell, G. 513McCrudden, C. 513, 517McEvoy, D. 358, 432–3McFarland, A. S. 487, 493McGarry, K. 529McKay, S. 232McKinnon, J. 114McLanaham, S. 163, 164McMahon, D. 22, 115, 363, 370McNulty, T. L. 346McWilliams, W. C. 493Mead, G. 504, 511Mehta, U. S. 318, 337, 501Melnick, R. S. 484Menski, W. 616Messina, A. M. 503, 510, 512Metcalf, H. 434, 442Metz, M. H. 322Mickey, R. 456Miles, R. 24, 32, 40Miller, E. 114Miller, G. P. 484Mills, E. S. 598Mirza, H. 294, 305Model, S. 22, 94, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115,

364, 368, 371, 389Modood, T. 3, 127, 179, 185, 222, 223,

230, 233, 238, 239, 242, 243, 250, 251,289, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302,303, 304, 305, 306, 434, 442, 454, 455,461, 464, 465–6, 467–8, 473, 502, 513,533, 538–9, 545, 554–5, 563, 616

Moffitt, R. 166Mohammed, P. 114Mollenkopf, J. 110, 115

Monheit, A. C. 556Moore, R. 3, 179, 187, 416Morgan, E. 77Morgan, G. 32Morner, M. 113Mortimore, P. 294, 302Moser, C. 91Moskos, C. C. 599Moynihan, D. P. 3, 476, 564Murphy, J. 35Murphy, M. 115Murray, C. 312Muslim Parliament of Great Britain 467Myrdal, G. 317, 515

Nairn, T. 30National Journal 494Nazroo, J. Y. 558–9, 565Neal, D. 309Neckerman, K. M. 135Nee, V. 344, 347–8, 359, 370Neidert, L. 366Neuhaus, C. 554, 556Newburn, T. 295Nisbet, R. 494Nisbett, R. E. 312Noonan, J. 89Nossiter, A. 94Nownes, A. J. 489Nozick, R. 599

O Grada, C. 34O’Brien, J. 37O’Regan 172Oakes, J. 322, 324Oates, W. 167Observer 512Office of National Statistics 538, 539,

546Okazaki, S. 136Oliver, M. L. 526, 527–8, 529, 562Omi, M. 114, 500Oostindie, G. 113OPCS 290Orfield, G. 318Orloff, A. S. 499Oropesa, R. S. 133Orszag, P. 562Ousey, G. 550Owen, C. 294, 302Owen, D. 195, 297, 298, 424, 505

P. E. P. 179Pagden, A. 25, 28Page, M. 170






624 Author index

Painter, G. 168Pallas, A. M. 338Parekh, B. 129, 468, 616Parsons, L. 555Pathak, S. 298Patterson, O. 73, 74–5, 76, 87, 88, 92,

113, 114, 115, 127–8, 195, 200, 228,595, 598

Patterson, S. 420Paul, K. 40, 42, 44, 498, 502, 597Peach, C. 13, 71, 98, 104, 114, 125, 126,

179, 180–3, 187, 188, 190–2, 198, 201,228, 414, 418, 427, 442, 469, 538

Penn, R. 300Perkins, A. 114Perlmann, J. 133Peters, H. E. 171Peters, R. S. 616Petersen, W. 488Peterson, P. E. 513Philips, D. 34Phillips, B. 360Phillips, M. 309, 311–12, 470, 471Phillips, T. 295, 470, 471Philpott, T. L. 180Phizacklea, A. 368Phoenix, A. 294, 302Pilkington, A. 295Piore, M. J. 346, 478, 488Pitt, G. 616Plotnick, R. 167Polednak, A. 553Porter, E. 54Porter, K. 541Portes, A. 95, 133, 136, 140, 141, 343,

345, 346–8, 358, 359Portocarero, L.Powell, B. 163Powell, W. 360Premdas, R. 113Priestley, J. B. 37Prior, G. 250, 372, 375Putnam, R. D. 483

Quigley 172Qureshi, T. 297

Radbill, L. 390Raftery, A. E. 281, 529Ram, M. 368Ramchandani, R. 439Raspberry, W. 483Rattansi, P. 439Raudenbush, S. W. 166, 321Rees, D. I. 338

Reichmann, R. 85Rex, J. 3, 179, 187, 365, 416, 502Ribar, D. 164Rice, P. 424Richardson, R. 294, 304Ridge, J. M.Rischin, M. 344Roach, P. 114Robbins, K. 32Roberts, J. 363Robinson, C. 460Robinson, V. 181, 368, 381, 414, 416,

422, 426, 429, 430, 436, 438Rockman, B. A. 514Rodgers, J. 172Rodriguez, C. 52, 55–6, 61, 62, 114Roediger, D. 78Romich, J. 563Rong, X. L. 173Rose, D. L. 365Rose, E. J. B. 423, 498Rosenbaum 164Rouse, C. 170, 561Rowlingson, K. 232Rumbaut, R. G. 133, 141, 358Ryan, S. 113

Sacks, V. 616Saggar, S. 502Salt, J. 114, 222Sampson, R. 544–5, 563Sandberg, N. C. 132Sandefur, G. 163, 164Sandel, M. 597Sanders, J. 347–8, 359, 370Saxonhouse, A. W. 488Scarman 179Scattergood 300Schmidt, S. W. 493Schmitt, E. 54, 61, 62–3Schnur, D. 489Schoen, C. 560Schuck, P. H. 493Schumann, H. 262Schwab, R. 167Schwartz, F. 322Scott, J. C. 475–8, 481, 485, 493Scully, J. 22Semmel, B. 501Sen, A. 597, 616Sensenbrenner, J. 140, 343, 358Sewell, T. 134, 169, 295Shah, S. 187Shapiro, M. 493Shapiro, T. M. 526, 527–8, 529, 562






Author index 625

Shaw, C. 296Shaw, J. 616Shefter, B. M. 479, 485, 492, 493Shefter, M. 501Shibuya, K. 531Shihadeh, E. 550Shiner, M. 289, 298, 299, 306Shklar, J. 523Showalter, M. 165, 171Shukra, K. 460, 462Shukur, A. 370Sierra, C. M. 485Silberman, R. 364Sime, N. 289, 296Simpson, S. 372Singh, K. 421Sivanandan, A. 460, 463Sjoquist, D. L. 204Skellington, R. 114, 503Skerry, P. 14, 56, 57, 453, 454–5, 485,

493, 494Skocpol, T. 482, 491, 493, 499, 564Skrentny, J. D. 452, 491, 504, 508, 516Slavin, R. E. 322Smaje, C. 558–9Small, S. 365Smeeding, T. 542Smith, D. 115, 179, 222, 423, 544–6Smith, D. J. 289Smith, J. P. 365, 532Smith, M. G. 113Smith, P. 250, 372, 375Smith, R. M. 498, 515Smith, T. W. 265Smith-Doerr, L. 360Social Trends 424, 432Solomos, J. S. 513Solon, G. 165, 169–70, 210Song, M. 223, 232Soong, R. 84Sorensen, A. B. 338Sowell, T. 93, 370, 598Spaulding, J. 164Spenser, E. 25Squires, P. 34, 38Srinivasan, S. 433Stack, C. B. 562Stafford, F. P. 529Stanley, S. 136Starz, R. 562Statham, P. 467Steckel, R. H. 74Steeh, C. 262Steelman, L. C. 163Stein, J. 509

Steinberg, L. 133Steinberg, S. 136Steinmo, S. 500, 503, 512Stephens, E. H. 91Stephens, J. D. 91Stepick, A. 358Stevens, D. 360Stewart, M.Stone 114Stopes-Roe, M. 241Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Services Administration 546Sugrue, T. 562, 598Sullivan, J. G. 556–7Sullivan, T. 95, 114Sung, B. L. 144, 151Sutton, J. R. 509Swann, M. 289Swift, R. 34Swinerton, E. 436

Tabili, L. 501Taeuber, A. F. 218Taeuber, K. E. 218Tambs-Lyche, H. 437Taubman, P. 163, 164, 165Taylor, C. 462, 466, 597Taylor, H. G. 565Taylor, M. 294Taylor, P. 300Teachman, J. 163, 164Teles, S. 456, 493, 503, 505, 512, 551Telles, E. E. 84, 85Thelen, K. 500Thernstrom, A. 54, 598, 599Thernstrom, S. 132Thomas, W. 493Thurow, L. C. 366Tichenor, D. 8Tilly, C. 360, 597Times 512Tomes 210Tomlinson, S. 289, 365, 502Tonry, M. 599Troyna, B. 115Ture, K. 493Turner, M. A. 208Twaddle, M. 436

Ueda, R. 58UK Census 102UK Home Office 103UNAIDS 92UNDP 90United Nations 504






626 Author index

United States Office of the President 596US Bureau of the Census 263, 264US Census Bureau 114US Department of Commerce 563US Department of Education 263US Department of Justice 114, 551

Valeny, R. 436, 444Valenzuela, A. 140Vamplew, T. 179Vernez, G. 133, 136Vertovec, S. 442Vickerman, M. 95–6, 114Vigdor, J. 125, 126, 204, 217, 218, 219,

220Vigil, J. D. 151Virdee, S. 223, 230, 233, 238, 243, 251,

295, 434, 442Visram, R. 27, 28, 417

Wagley, C. 113Waldinger, R. 131, 135, 343, 349, 352,

358, 359, 360, 368, 369, 419, 434, 452,489, 493, 561, 598

Waler, B. 22Walker, J. L. 483Walvin, J. 418Walzer, M. 487, 489Ward, R. 434Warren, M. R. 493Warren, T. 562Waters, M. C. 59, 95, 114Weaver, R. K. 514Weigers, M. E. 553Weinick, R. M. 556Weisbrod, B. A. 483Weisner, T. 563Welch, F. R. 365Werbner, P. 434–5, 473Westergaard, J. 187Western, J. 417Whitmore, D. 319–20Widgren, J. 363

Wilison, J. Q. 476, 478, 491, 493Williams, D. 553Williams, F. 38Williams, R. 263Williamson, J. 113Wilson, J. Q. 484, 490, 493, 547, 550Wilson, K. 345Wilson, W. J. 134, 135, 136, 138, 204,

217, 235, 597, 598Winant, H. 114, 500Winship, C. 390, 564Wojtkeiwicz, R. 163, 164, 166, 171Wolfe, B. 163, 164, 170Wolff, E. N. 526, 528Wolfinger, R. E. 492Wolkon, S. 320Wong, B. P. 142Wong, M. G. 132Wood, A. 294, 304Wood, G. S. 491Woods 192Woodward, C. V. 500Wrench, J. 297Wyatt-Brown, B. 79Wytrwal, J. A. 132

Yancey, W. 141Yang, P. Q. 132Yelvington, K. 113Youdell, D. 295Young, I. M. 466Young, K. 502, 513Younge, G. 469Yun, S. 151

Zagorsky, J. 166, 167Zhou, M. 12, 125, 126, 128, 133, 136,

141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 156, 206,303, 347, 358, 359, 369, 388

Zimmerman, D. 165, 526Zipp, J. F. 369Znaniecki, F. 493Zuckerman, A. S. 136






Subject index

Abbot, Diane, MP 463ability grouping 322

impact on black–white achievement322–3

misplacement of black students 324with equal curriculum and teacher

quality 323–4Act of Union (1536) 29Act of Union (1707)

and religionand trade 30

Act of Union (1801) 21, 30, 31Addams, Jane 493affirmative action 365, 369, 499, 505,

508–9, 512, 614–15Californian campaign against 591controversy over 504, 615elite higher education 586, 595, 616race blindness or race egalitarianism 587Texas college admissions 589

African-American civil rights movement81

African-American exceptionalism 13, 65African-American population 69

anti-scholastic influences 303effect of US political machine 479–81movement from South to North 72, 501poverty 87preservation of one-drop rule 87segregation of 88terrorization of 76trends in education 269–72, 279urbanization of 72see also employment discrimination,

ethnic economy, schoolingAfrican-American segregation

contrast with British Caribbeans 189–93African ancestry, diaspora population 67–9African-Asians in Britain

broad description 126changes in educational attainment

288–90, 291–3

higher qualifications 293–4marriage rates 240mixed marriage 241–2modern individualism or old-fashioned

values 249three-generation households 244–5

African emigration 71African-American exceptionalism 13, 65Africans in Britain, educational

qualifications 291–3, 297Afro-Caribbean Creole, changing

reputation of 81Afro-Caribbean population

comparative performance in USA andBritain 93–4

comparison between earlier and laterwaves of migrants 95–6

mobility 71urbanization of 72

Afro-Caribbean system 79–82AIDS, see HIVAlexander, Clifford L. 517Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 360Aliens Act (1905) 38Aliens Order (1920) 38American census

ancestry 59distinction between white and black

52distinction by place of birth 58history of 51information on rate and ethnicity 50long form 53mixed race choices 62–3requirements of Congress 53segregation measurement 207short form and hispanicity 52–3

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 284Anglo-Irish Treaty 40Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland (1169)

23, 24Anonymity Axiom 574, 584, 586

627






628 Subject index

anti-apartheid movement, influence onBritain 459

Anti-Catholicismin British education system 36

anti-essentialism 575Anti-Nazi League 470anti-Semitism, in Britain 38Aristotle 606Asian and Pacific Islander category, in

US census 38, 57Asian hybridity 470Asian immigrants

advantages of 133comparison between USA and Britain

181educational attainment 136intergenerational mobility 173residential segregation 61in US census 56

Asian trajectory 302–3Asians, political blackness of 461–3asset accumulation 524, 561

educational attainment 525family structure 538group assets from abroad 540importance of 524–5non-African black decline 512, 537–9Pakistanis 538public policy 540–3self-employment rates 525, 530single-parent households 529stock ownership 528–9see also asset ownership, social mobility

asset ownership in USA 526–7of black middle class 527–8and family structure 529level of parents’ generation 529

assimilation theory 342associational identity, and ethnicity 469asylum seekers, see refugeesAttlee, C. 41

Bahamas, HIV infection 92BBC, poll on racial attitudes 108–9BBC series, Windrush 470Becker, Gary, labour market model

257–8Beer Act (1848) 34Bell Curve, the 312Bentham, Jeremy 603, 616Billboard Magazine 334binary mode 67, 76–9

change in 87Birmingham, Bishop of, and Irish

immigrants 39

black Americans, and geographicalconcentration 13

black identity 460–1and British identity 468and racial identity 461Asians 461–3

black youth culture, effect on USA testscores 332–5

blacks in USA 50, 126comparison with UKexploitation of labour 73external uniformities 110–11first minority group 55ingrained view of non-blacks 73intermarriage statistics 63internal uniformities 111opportunities for 111–12separation in census 51

blacks, in Latin America 112black–white achievement gap 336

and integration 318blanqueamiento 67, 82–6, 112Boateng, Paul, MP 463Brazil

population of African ancestry 68shades of skin colour 79, 115worst system 85

Brazilian Institute of Geography andStatistics 79, 115

brickmaking, immigrant labour 420Britain, population of African ancestry 69,

96assimilation and changing attitudes

109–10class distinction 97migration from Caribbean 70, 98multiethnic groups 99move to end immigration 100new racism 99political involvement 100positive trends 103–4, 108segregation 104separation of identity 100ungendered nature of racism 98and “whiteness” 97–8see also intermarriage

Britain, terminological definition 21British Empire, and immigration policy 8British Hotels and Restaurants

Association, immigrant labour 419British Household Panel Survey 562British identity 468, 471

and war with France 31British Rail, employers of immigrant

labour 183, 421






Subject index 629

British Raj 28Brixton riots 462Bronx High School of Science 150Brown v. Board of Education, US

Supreme Court ruling 317, 579Burton, Philip 516bus companies, immigrant labour 418,

421, 424business development, of Chinese

immigrants 143business networks, merchant ideology 438bussing, of schoolchildren 318

Califano, Joe 516Campaign Against Racial Discrimination

(CARD) 459, 460car industry, immigrant labour 418, 420,

421Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, President of

Brazil 86Caribbean, economies of 90Caribbeans

bicultural aspiration 81cultural bias towards Britain 107–8independence 86migration to America 69–70, 86migration to Europe 70, 86nonwhite elites 80–1population of African ancestry 69,

79Caribbeans in Britain

British economic indicators 181–3British-born 181, 183broad description 126, 178, 179changing values 249color identity 465contrast with USA 180, 200–1, 228

residential segregation 189–93, 228employment 183–5, 260family relationships of young men 234

and employment 235, 239family structure 185geographical concentration 13new trends in ethnic identity 469–70nonresident fathers 233–4, 238pattern of education attainment 288–90

higher qualifications 293–4, 297from new universities 298–9young males 294–6, 305

single mothers 230–3size and composition of population 180,

181socioeconomic change 192–3, 199see also intermarriage, social class

Castro, Fidel 56

categorical inequality 597catering, Italian immigrants 415Catholic Church

denationalization of Irish 35subjection in England 29

Catholic Emancipation Act 31Catholic Emancipation campaignCatholics, universal suffrage 30cease-and-desist orders 508, 516Census Integrated Public Use Microdata

Samples (IPUMS) 207, 208, 218occupation scores 212

centralization, of British state 32chain migration 416, 417Chicago political machine 476

and blacks 479–80Children of the National Longitudinal

Survey of Youth 311Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) 482Chinatown (New York)

career training 144civic institutions 144–7density and diversity of

community-based institutions143–4

ethnic interaction 148–54group orientation 141–3, 303religious institutions 146social mobility 154–5

Chinatown History Museum 145Chinese Consolidated Benevolent

Association (CCBA) 144–5Chinese Exclusion Act 142Chinese immigrants in Britain 179, 181

educational attainment 289–90higher qualifications 293–4, 297,

298–9and intergenerational changes 291–3politics 472

employment 183intermarriage 194politics 472

Chinese immigrants in USAadvantages of 133broad description 127census 57, 144–6community values 152–3

in education 153comparison with UK 364see also Chinatown, educational

attainmentChinese-American Planning Council

(CAPC) 145choice, based on perceived group averages

4–5






630 Subject index

Church of England, and anti-Catholicism31, 35, 39

citizenship, and immigration 40, 41–3Civil Rights Act (1964) 53, 317, 336, 365,

499, 505, 506, 508, 511, 579opposition to 597

civil rights movement in USA 86, 262,454–5

black collective agency 460–1challenge to political machine 481disadvantages for minorities 482–4failure to eradicate effects of past

discrimination 583–4influence on Britain 459, 460platform for political influence for

African-Americans 501civilization

and exploitation 28–9and race 26strategy in Britain

civilization project, Ireland 24Clark, Ramsey 516class attendance, and black youth culture

332class size, and educational achievement

319–20class status, importance in enclaves 138,

150see also social capital

class system, in Britain 32clothing and footwear industry, immigrant

labour 421Cold War, and political machine 476collective action, capacity to organize for

2–3collective socialization models 161Colombia, population of African ancestry

69Colonial Office 501colonialism

and British attitudes 21–3, 416India 27–9Ireland 23–5, 30West Indies 25–7

Colonization Society 71color blindness

and compelling interest 594and racial inequality 577–8, 584–5,

592color prejudice

in Caribbean 80, 81in Southern Caribbean 82see also blanqueamiento, racism

Commission for Racial Equality (CRE)505, 510–11, 512–13

Common Cause 483, 493Commonwealth, and immigration policy 8Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1968)

42Commonwealth Immigration Act (1962)

42, 43Community Relations Councils 511community relations policies 502community service, immigration provision

415competition models 161conformity models 161Congress, transformation post-civil rights

movement 484Conservative government

immigration controls 458Conservative Party

anti-Catholicism 35English dominance 30political consensus 502white voters 503

construction industry, and Office ofFederal Contract Compliance508

Conyers, John, Jr. 516corporatism 488–9crime 524, 530, 561

African-Americansimprisonment 546victims of crime 89, 546

Afro-Caribbeans 544effect of family structure 545imprisonment 546unemployment 545victims of crime 546

effect on social mobility 542–4effect on surburbanization 550labour market 548

and punishment 549prison population 544, 547South Asians 544US and British rates 547, see also

drug-related crimecrime rates

Britain 103homicide 103

Jamaica 91see also drug use, drug-related crime,

street gangscriminal justice system, impact on ethnic

minorities 550–1USA and Britain compared 547–8

Cromwell, Oliver, invasion of Ireland, andJamaica 25

Cuban immigrant enclaves 345–6






Subject index 631

Cuban immigrants to USA 56culture

and community organizations 147and poverty 134and structural factors 136see also ethnic effect

Current Population Survey 265, 360

Daley, Mayor Richard J. 476, 480, 481,493

death rates, of American blacks 553decentralization

in Britain 11of US politics 9, 10

Democratic Partyelectoral coalition 501representatation of African-Americans

503Dependent Care Tax Credit 542deportation, of immigrants 43Depression, and political machine 476Deptford campaign march 470developmental models 160Diggs, Charles C. 516DINKYs 226discrimination

against black firm owners 526attitude of organizations 613concept of 579contract or contact 579–81effect on employment 257laws against 365, 387, 612in “old” British universities 299–300racial justice 591selective 366

by British and American employers364, 382, 387

see also affirmative actiondiscrimination paradigm 4dispersion, and upward mobility 343disruptive behaviour, in schools 319district boundaries, and race statistics

53–4diversity, value of 237drug use

in black population 89in Britain 103in Jamaica 91

drug-related crimein Britain 544disproportionate imprisonment in USA

and Britain 546–7, 599

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 311,312, 313, 314, 315, 319

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 540–3,561, 563

earnings inequality, backgroundcharacteristics 161

earnings, of ethnic minorities, comparisonof USA and Britain 378, 385–6

East India Company 27–8economic attainment of ethnic minorities,

USA and Britain 363, 378–81,386–7

cultural differences of settlers 370changing values 370data on 372–4, 388–9

opportunity in USA 365and demographic composition 367selectivity of migration 371–2

social class background 370–1see also discrimination, earnings, ethnic

economy employment, queuingtheory, occupational status,unemployment

economic developmentChinatown 143, 147effect on ethno-somatic systems 86

economic migrants 8economic restructuring, of ethnic group

135economic transformation in Britain,

immigrant labour 418Economist, The 109Edelman, Marion Wright 482education policy in 19th-century Britain,

Irish immigrants 36education production function studies

337Education Reform Act (1988) 37Education Trust 337educational attainment

African-American gender gap 88British ethnic minorities 102, 260,

288–90changing situation of women 243Chinese belief in 143

bicultural conflicts 151–2commitment to 296–7high expectations 146–7, 150, 153and effect of family income 277

as indicator of social mobility 523Ordered Logit Model 281–4and parents 266–7partnerships in Britain 235polarities 304–5social class 300–2teacher test scores 320–1trends in 269–74






632 Subject index

educational attainment (cont.)see also African-Asians in Britain, Asian

immigrants, Chinese immigrants inBritain, Hispanics in USA, Indians,Irish immigrants in Britain, Jewishimmigrants, Pakistanis andBangladeshis in Britain, SouthAsians, test score disparity

educational mobility, interaction ofancestry and class 265, 273–6,277–8, 279–81

see also educational attainment, socialorigins

educational opportunityaffirmative action 586African-American exclusion 263–4focus of civil rights movement 262methods of improvement 281postwar trends in America 264

educational qualificationsin Britain and America 374of British ethnic minoritiesand British labour marketgained abroad

Educational Testing Service 329electoral college 502Elizabethan settlers, in Ireland 24emancipation 27, 336Empire Windrush, the 180, 471employers, and discrimination 257, 258–9employment, in Britain

females 184–5sectoral shifts and immigrant labour

423–5socioeconomic position of immigrants

183employment discrimination policy

comparison of USA and Britain 499,504, 514–16

enforcement of 504–5government authority 503historical effects

on African-Americans 500–1on colonial subjects abroad 501–2on minority groups and political

institutions 500institutional dimensions 506, 514

Britain 509–14USA 506–9

see also affirmative actionenforcement, and political machine 476engineering, immigrant labour 418, 420,

421Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission 507–9, 511–12, 516

equalityof access 607

individual variations 607–8creation of community 606–7principle of impartiality or moral

consistency 603–4of status 602–3uniqueness of human beings 604–5

commonalities 606intrinsic worth 605–6

Erikson-Goldthorpe class model 268ethnic and religious identity 464–8ethnic capital, intergenerational

transmission measurement ofparents 212–13

and segregation 206–7, 209–11, 213–15of blacks 215–16

endogeneity problem 211ethnic economy employment 368–9

of Chinese 381, 388ethnic differentiation, in Britain 179ethnic effect 133, 153–4

cultural interpretation 133–4structural interpretation 134–7

ethnic enclave hypothesis 345ethnic enclaves 12

comparison with ghettos 137–40or economies/niches 344–5enterprise 345self-supporting economies 346spatial concentration 346see also Chinatown

ethnic entrepreneurs 259ethnic groups

responses to structural disadvantage 137segregation measurement 206

ethnic minorities in Britain, surveys of 363ethnic minorities, compared with

“immigrants” 37definitions of 22

ethnic niches 348–9, 357–8in high-technology 355–7and politics 452

ethnicityconceptual change in 468–9, 470debate on cultural and structural

perspective 131–2definitions of 141

European Community Household Panel227, 251

European immigrants to USA, racism 77European Union

anti-discrimination policies 504Directive on discrimination 613effect on immigration 7






Subject index 633

European Volunteer Workers 40, 418exclusion, in education 281exposure index 208

faith schools 306Families and Children Survey 234family, importance of 127–9

see also Chinatownfamily income

effects on children 161, 162, 163, 171on daughters 165

and mother’s education 165on sons 165

family of origin, effects on children 160Family Resources Survey 239, 247, 251family stress models 160family structure

of Afro-Americans 162of British ethnic minorities 222–4changes in Britain 224–6changes in Europe 226changes in USA 227–8comparison amongst South Asians

246–7economic prosperity 247effects on children 161and family relationships

and employment 235young men 234

famine, in Ireland 34female employment in Britain 424Fenians, the

rebellion (1867) 33fertility rates, comparison of white and

South Asian women 243–4filibuster, use in Senate 453, 507Filipinos

population in Britain and USA 181in US census 57

Financial Resources Survey 562Ford Foundation 490formal qualifications 259foundries, immigrant labour 183, 420Fourth National Survey of Ethnic

Minorities (PSI) 223, 229, 239,240, 241–3, 247, 250, 252, 291,305, 372–3, 468, 558

Fowler, Henry 517France, population of African ancestry

69migration from Caribbean 71

freed slaves, migration from Americas toSierra Leone and Liberia 71

fundamentalist religion, and racism 77fuzzy frontiers of identity 437

Gaither, James 516gangsta culture 295ganja culture 91Gantreaux program 164Gardner, John 483garment industry, experience of immigrant

women 148–9GCSE 252gender relations, African-Americans 88,

114gender, and labor marketgeneral ethnic capital 210General Household Survey 225, 251

health 558General Motors 359General Social Survey 265–9, 270, 280,

367geographic concentration of immigrants

in Britain 183, 421changes in 426reasons for 125, 420

German Marshall Fund of the UnitedStates 516

ghettos 12–13, 127, 135, 218contrast with ethnic enclaves 137–40and ethnic capital transmission

213–15neighborhood effects 210parent-generation characteristics 210see also geographic concentration,

segregationgovernment, in West Indies 26Grant, Bernie, MP 463Grant, Charles 28Griggs v. Duke Power 509group orientation, see ChinatownGutman, Herbert 75

Hackler, Lloyd 517Haiti 90

and HIV infection 92Hart–Celler Act (1965) 142Head Start program, Mississippi

482health of ethnic minorities

in Britain 554–5comparison of blacks and Hispanics

553–4healthcare 524

black/Hispanic lack of insurance556–7

comparison of USA and Britain 552,555, 559–60

lower quality care 557, 558NHS 556, 558–9






634 Subject index

High School and beyond 324higher education

British ethnic minorities 297–300in new universities 298–9in old universities 299–300

and immigrationsee also university graduate rates

Higher Education Funding Councils288

Higher Education Statistics Agency 298high-school graduation rates

of African-Americans and Hispanics269–72

effect of ancestry and race 273, 279Hindus

attitudes to arranged marriage 241British politics 475mixed marriage 242in US census 57

hip-hop music, see rap musichiring and firing costs 366Hispanics in USA

binary system 78changing status in US census 55–6educational attainment 136, 269–72,

279educational opportunity 264increase in population 62, 264intergenerational mobility 173residential segregation 61see also asset accumulation,

discrimination, ethnic economicemployment historical relationship,Britain and areas supplying migrantworkers 33

HIV infection among African-Americans89

in Caribbean 91, 92Holcomb, Luther 517home-learning activities

cultural differences 315–16effect on kindergarten children 164,

312–15mother’s education 315

homeownership 524, 530, 531acceleration of social mobility 524–5in Britain 532

Bangladeshis and Pakistanis 512,533–9

black Africans 533–7Caribbeans 533–7Chinese 533Indians 533, 539

intergenerational wealth transfer527–8

rates of 530–1see also rental costs, residential

segregationhometown associations 142household structure, of British ethnic

minorities 222–4Households Below Average Income Survey

562households, ethnic composition of

185–7housing tenure, among British Caribbean

population 187–9Howe, Darcus 469Huguenot immigrants 7human capital

concept of 218and culture 134investment in 160

Humphrey, Hubert H. 516Hunter College High School 150hyper-segregation 126hyphenated identity 470

illegal immigration 62and MALDEF 485

immigrant entrepreneurs, employment ofco-ethnics 345, 347–8

Immigration Act (1923) 70, 78Immigration Act (1971) 43immigration policy

comparison of USA and Britain 6,363

controls in Britain 38, 458community relations 44Irish immigrants 39

immigration, form ofto Britain and USA 7–9ongoing in USA 50restriction on 9, 502

incarceration ratesof African-Americans 89, 590of black Caribbeans in Britain 103effects on offending 551USA and Britain 547

incomeas measure of social mobility 1, 456spending on education 304

Income Support 239, 252Index of Dissimilarity 189–90India

colonization of 27–9labor source 40–1military recruitment 39

Indian National Uprising (1857) 28,33






Subject index 635

Indianschanges in educational attainment

288–90higher qualifications 293–4, 297intergenerational 291–3new universities 298–9

economic success 200, 247employment 183employment niches 421fertility rates 243–4marriage rates 240

arrangements 241mixed marriage 241–2modernism vs. old-fashioned family

values 249population in Britain 126, 179, 181, 201status conscious 438–9three-generation households 244–5see also discrimination, ethnic economic

employment, South AsiansIndians (native Americans) in US census

51changes in status 55

Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) 490,493

inequalityjustification of 607–8limits in society 608

infant mortality rates 554infrangibility, principle of 595Institute of Race Relations 460institutional models 161institutions bounded by race and ethnicity

and British slave trade 26strength of 5see also political institutions

intergenerational mobility, backgroundstatistics

omitted context variables 166racial and ethnic differences 170

ethnic differences 172–3income 171–2schooling 170–1

selection problem 167simultaneity problem 166

intergenerational wealth transfer, see assetaccumulation

intermarriage 63in Britain 97–8, 104, 109, 128, 200,

229–30, 236comparison with USA 105, 180,

193–9, 228cultural bias from West Indians

107–8South Asians 179, 241–2

laws against 79in the Netherlands 110

internal enemies/aliensinternal migration, of ethnic groups 426–7International Sociological Association

Research Committee onStratification 284

inverse Mills ratio 374Ireland

and British citizenship 41–2, 43, 58colonization 23–5, 30economy 31establishment of Irish Free State 38export of labor 40–1, 418home rulelegislature 30neutrality in World War II 39partition 21race relations 41relationship with Britain 23, 29uprising 30

Ireland Act (1949) 41Irish immigrants in Britain

British nationalism 33educational attainment 290institutional response 34–7state-sponsored pauperization 39

Irish immigrants in USA 7, 8political centralization 9political control 11racial acceptance 78

Irish model of immigration 126, 178isolation, of ethnic and racial groups

208see also ethnic capital

isolation index 208Italian immigrants

to Britain 415and racial acceptance 78

Jackson, Jesse 481Jamaica, growth and development 90–1Japanese, in US census 57Jenkins, Roy 510, 511Jewish immigrants 114

assimilation in USA 58and British nationalism 33, 38clustering 344educational attainment 136racial acceptance in US 78in US census 59

Jewish model of immigration 126, 178Jim Crow laws 79, 500job discrimination, see employment

discrimination






636 Subject index

Johnson, President Lyndon Baines 336,507, 508, 510, 516

and EEOC 507

Katzenbach, Nicholas deB. 516Kay, Dr., Board of Health, ManchesterKellogg Foundation 16Kennedy, Robert, Presidential Campaign

493Kerner Commission 481Khalistani movement 467King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr. 459, 471,

482kinship

in Chinatown 142emphasis in black population 75

Koreansentrepreneurship 348in US census 57

Labour Force Survey 222, 223, 226, 231,233, 235, 236, 243, 244, 250, 252,288, 289, 298, 363

labour market and social mobilityBritain’s postwar reconstruction 40–1,

418changing composition in USA 309changing opportunity structure 420,

423labor market position, and social mobility

522–3Labour Party

Black Sections 463, 503British identity 468legislation against discrimination 458

enforcement of 512National Executive Council 463nonwhite voters 502, 506

labor shortage, postwar UK 418landsmannschaft economy 344language school, Chinatown 144Latin America, blanqueamiento

82–5Latino, see HispanicLeadership Conference on Civil Rights

491legislation

and Irish immigrants 35protection for racial minorities

502and racial discrimination in USA

57leveling, see trackingLiberal Welfare Reforms, and nationality

38

Lincoln, President Abraham, andEmancipation Proclamation 336

Lindsay, Mayor John 485Liverpool riots 462Livingstone, Ken 462Lodging House Act (1851) 34London airports, immigrant labor 421London Research Centre 193London Transport, and immigrant labor

183, 419lone parents, see single-parent familiesLongitudinal Study 25, 179, 188–9, 192,

194, 195, 200, 429, 430, 443luck, and inequality 607lump sum payment of benefits, and saving

542–4Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation

516Lyon, Alexander

Machiavelli 490, 606Madisonian system 485Malcolm X 460Manchester, regeneration of 434–5manufacturing, decline in 424marginal utility 603marriage rates

of African-Americans 228of Caribbeans in Britain 229

mixed partnerships 229–30Marx, K. 488mass immigration

postwar UK 417–20US policy 8

Matsui, Congressman Robert 57mature students 298McDonald’s 359McPherson, Harry 516media, and reform 484Medicaid 541, 560Medicare 557, 560Mexican American Legal Defense and

Educational Fund (MALDEF) 483,485, 488, 491

Texas 490Mexican American war 55Mexican immigrants to US 55middleman minority pattern 348–9Millennium Cohort Survey 237, 251mixed ability classrooms, treatment by

teachers 323mixed parentage, children of 237modern individualism 238

compared with old-fashioned values248–50






Subject index 637

Monitoring the Future, MichiganUniversity 332

Morant Bay rebellion 33Morrison, Herbert 42Mount Royal Elementary Middle School,

Baltimore 327Moving to Opportunity

demonstration 165program 219, 562

Mughal Empire 27multinational state

English hegemony 32formation of 29

multinationals, mobility of employees 7municipal public transport, immigrant

labor 421Muslims

attitudes to arranged marriage 241changing situation of women 242–3changing values 249mixed marriage 242political identity 465, 466, 467–8, 472

NAACP 483, 509National Assessment of Educational

Progressand black youth culture 332Trend Assessment 310, 327–9, 335

and birth cohorts 329Trial State Assessment in Mathematics

321national community

changing boundaries 37–45construction of 594race-blindness 595

National Education Longitudinal Study324

National Health Service, immigrant labour183, 418, 419, 421

National Insurance Act (1911)National Longitudinal Survey of Youth311National Survey of Ethnic Minorities,

Essex University 363, 368, 374,375, 377, 379–81, 382–3, 384, 385,386, 389

National Survey of Family and Households529

Nationality Act (1948) 41, 501(1981) 7, 44

nationalization strategy, Britainneighborhoods

effect on children’s outcomes 161, 162,164, 167–8, 171, 172, 173

occupation and earnings 166segregation 172

separation from positive role models 204sibling correlations 168–9

earnings and income 169–70years of schooling 169

see also background effectsneo-Weberian approachNetherlands

migration from Caribbean 71population of African ancestry 69

network hiring 258, 349, 350balance of power 351social networks 352, 421

networking, see social relationsNew Commonwealth minorities in USA

372affirmative action 365, 369discrimination 364queuing theory 366, 367see also occupational status,

unemploymentNew Deal, and political machine 476New International Division of Labour 423new migration, theNew York City political machine, effect on

blacks 479–80New York Times 54

employment practices 509Nixon administration, pressure from

Mexican-Americans 56Nixon, President Richard 508NORC 383, 385normative social values, in multi-cultural

society 223Notting Hill Riots (1958) 41

occupational attainment of British ethnicminorities 421–3

occupational prestigecomparison of USA and Britain 378,

383–5by birthplace 389

Office of Federal Contract Compliance(OFCC) 507–8

Office of Management and Budget 62Office of Population Censuses and Surveys

(now Office of National Statistics)oil shock, and Caribbean immigrants 181old girl network 489old-fashioned characteristics of family life

246and poverty 248–50

one-drop rule 76, 195, 200Operation Bootstrap 91overqualification

and unemployment rate 260






638 Subject index

Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in Britainbroad description 126, 179, 200economic prosperity 247–8educational attainment patterns 291–3

higher qualifications 293–4employment 183, 260fertility rates 243–4marriage rates 240

arranged marriage 241mixed marriage 241–2modern individualism vs. old-fashioned

values 249political action 472population numbers 181, 201three-generation households 245war on terrorism 305see also discrimination, ethnic economy

employment, intermarriage, socialclass, unemployment, South Asians

Panel Survey of Income Dynamics 251paper industry, immigrant labour 420parental attitudes, effect on children, 162,

164, 302, 303,see alsohome-learning activities

parents’ education, effects on children 161,162, 164

African-Americans 162, 171parliamentary system

government sponsored legislation510

party discipline 502pauperization of Irish 39Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised

311Pensions Act (1908) 38People’s National Party 91perception

of habits of racial group 4self-fulfilling prediction 4

Philadelphia Plan 508physical capital, import ofplantation policy, Irelandplantation systems, and slavery 73Plessy v. Ferguson, US Supreme Court

317, 337pluralistic underdevelopment 67police harassment, Britain 103policing patterns 550policy implementation 594Policy Studies Institute 222, 250, 288,

372Polish workers in Britain 418political blackness 461–3

criticism of 463internal problems of identity 464

political demandsand acceptability 466–7transnational influences 467

political institutionscomparison of Britain and USA 6, 452,

455, 502effect of racial diversity 9–10

political liberalismcontract or contact discrimination

579–81objections to 577–8relevance of affirmative action

controversy 590political machines in USA 475, 492

bridge between immigrants and state478, 481

comparison with Britain 479corruption 475effect on immigrant workers 476electoral politics 478local participation 480maintenance of order 477popularity among immigrants 481–2public purpose on race 481pursuit of power 476

political participation, trade-off withrepresentation 486–7

political representation of ethnic minorities463

political school, studies of social mobility2–3

politicsaction of ethno-racial minorities 453effect on ethnic minorities 451–2,

453ethnic and religious identity 464–8mobilization in Britain 455

character of 457–8, 471–3patterns of social outcomes 452of recognition 462Stephen Lawrence campaign 470timing of entry to polity 453–4

Pollak, Steve 516Poor Law (1834) 35Portugal, population of African origin 69positive action 499, 512, 513positive discrimination 512

see also affirmative actionpoverty, African-American families 263Powell, Enoch 43, 503Powell, General Colin 94Poyning’s Law (1494)pre-market forces, on education and

ancestry 257pre-political consensus 502






Subject index 639

procedural and egalitarian moral interests,conceptual distinction 588

Progressives, attitude to immigrants 478–9project housing 187proletarian incorporation, Northern

Europe 67, 96–110Protestant Ascendancy, in Ireland 24

see also anti-catholicismProtestant Association 35PSI Survey of Ethnic Minorities 538public action, evaluation of consequences

594public ideals, in terms of race

moral legitimacy 591struggle for priority 591

public interest organizationsbias against disadvantaged 487corruption 489disadvantage for minorities 482–4electoral participation 486long-term horizon 485

and accountability 485media communication 489need for conflict 490–1

racial minorities 491weakening of political parties 487

public order, impact of Irish immigration35

public policy, and inequality 129public sector employment of

African-Americans 352impact of immigration 353–5urban regions 352–3

Public Use Microdata Sample 372, 377,380, 384, 385, 386, 389

Punchpupil-to-teacher ratios, American schools

320

queuing theory 366, 383, 385

race, definition of 596–7race blindness

historic reasons for 591policy implementation 594, 614and race neutrality 588–90, 595and rights of individuals 587

race consciousness 592–3, 614race egalitarianism

and group status 587violation of race blindness 588

race policyBritish judicial system 513centralization of British policy 513definitions in USA and Britain 498–9

historical differences 499–500, 503, 504African-Americans 500–1in Britain 501–2

localization of 502, 508, 510Race Relations Act 437, 499, 505, 510,

511, 512–13arguments over anti-discrimination

agency 510–11local authorities 513political parties 44

Race Relations Board 511race relations in Britain

anti-police riots 99black population 96immigrant workers 41

Irish 42racial and ethnic identity

group construction 63–5group insistence 56meaning embedded in

racial democracy, myth of 85, 86, 112racial disadvantage

affirmative action 614–15race-neutral policies 614reduction of 613

racial diversity, comparison of Britain andUS 498, 505

racial equality 609–10and cultural identity 611definition of race 608–9distinct from other forms of equality 612limits to role of state 611necessity for critique of dominant

culture 616self-esteem 611, 615

racial history problem 598–9racial inequality

collective dimension 610definition of 610

for different groups 610need for cultural change 611reward bias 575

discrimination in contract or contact579–81

in USA 573development bias 576historical disadvantage 584–5: persists

indefinitely 586and political liberalism 573skills gap 581

racial justice 573racial minorities in USA

assimilation 58, 61in census 54

and colour 60–2






640 Subject index

racial solidarity, between whites 77racial stigma 576–7

and inequality 578, 583problems for liberal individualism 370

racismBBC poll 108blanqueamiento 82–6in Brazil 85in Britain 179, 458

housing policy 187pre-conceptions of immigrants 416by pupils 295–6self-employment 432–3by teachers 294

decline in USA 86institutionalized by slavery 73North American binary mode 76–9participation in economy 135terrorization 76and white women 78–9see also race relations

railways, immigrant labor 418, 421, 424Rampton, Anthony 289rap music, and black educational

achievement 333Rastafarianism 81, 115Rawl, John 607reactive identity 465Reagan, President Ronald 57rebranding Britain 468recognition, of social position 2Reconstruction, after Civil War 500reconstruction programme, postwar

Britain, sources of labor 40–1Reformation, the 29relational structures, central place of race

575relative deprivation models 161relative functionalism 136religious identity, British ethnic minorities

464–8rental costs 532residential segregation 135

African-Americans 204–5, 217, 531–2changing significance of 217

and health 553and homeownership in Britain 540impact on intermarriage 198

Right to Buy legislation 188rights, change in meaning 484Rommel, W. H. 516Roosevelt, President 476Rousseau, J.-J. 606Roybal, Edward R. 516Rushdie, Salman 466, 470, 472

Russell Sage Foundation 516Ryan, William F. 516

SAGE class-size study 319San Antonio Independent School District

v. Rodriguez 490Scholastic Achievement Test 310, 338schooling inequalities

adjustment problems 151and background characteristics 161black–white gap in kindergarten 311

and family background measures311–12

environmental differences 312–15closure of black–white gap 335comparisons of progress in Britain 294cultivating potential 327desegregation in North 317desegregation in South 317

financial remedies 318, 337teaching quality and black disadvantage

316see also ability grouping, class size,

teacher qualitySchuller, Rev. Dr. Robert 327Scotland

and colonial trade 30union with England and Wales 29

search costs, of employers 258segregation

cross-generational study 211group characteristics 216–17and political institutions 9see also ethnic capital, residential

segregationselective migration 215self-employment amongst ethnic

minorities 259, 425, 432and culture 433–4entry mechanisms 415sectoral impacts 434

seniority rules, in House of Representatives453

September 11th 458, 467service sector employment 424Sesame Street 337sibling numbers, effects of 161, 163, 166Sikhs

attitude to arranged marriage 241and mixed marriage 242

Silicon Valley 355, 357single-parent families

African-Americans 88, 228black Britons 102British Caribbeans 185






Subject index 641

changing conventions 237–8and Caribbean views

effect on crime 545effects on earnings 166effects on schooling 162, 163–4, 168financial position 238–9, 538

sink estates 187Sinn Feinskill gap in Britain

Caribbean and white women 230–2and educational qualifications

232–3skill gap in USA 88, 581skin color, and culture 44

see also American census, Brazilslavery 8

and Bentham 603common experience of diaspora peoples

73denial of parenting 74, 598female-headed families 74, 232female independence 74and IrelandJim Crow system 309, 598and political institutions 9, 499, 500post-emancipation disadvantage 73, 75,

84, 309primary migration phase 69Thomas CarlyleUS census 51US Civil War 55, 76West Indies 25–7see also freed slaves, underground

railroadslum conditions, and Irish immigrantsSmethwick by-election 41, 503Smith, Judge, and Hopwood opinion

593Social and Community Planning research

250social capital

of Chinatown 154–5definitions 14, 582effects of past discrimination 583import ofimportance of 140and mobility 343of pre-existing communities 141

social citizenship, measure of socialmobility 2

social classand economic attainment 370–1and mobility 427–33

social formations 4social justice, procedural rules 585–6

social mobility 1–3, 257, 427–33, 442–3biographical approach 435–6, 441central role of state 524distribution of income through

institutions 523labor market position 522priorities of different groups 523of professional class 2regime effect 522, 561and self-employment 432, 438, 442see also asset accumulation, crime,

healthcare, homeownership,Ugandan Asians

social networks, and opportunity 582social organization

of ethnic enclaves 138, 140of ghettos 139, 140social costs 148

social origins 265, 269education 265

of family 266–7family income 267–8family occupation 268family structure 268–9

social policy in Britain, and racialization38

social relationsin ethnic enclaves 139, 343

reinforce ethnicity 149–50, 343in ghettos 139

social remittances 92socialization models 160Society of United Irishmen 30socioeconomic standing of ethnic group

135and mobility 139–40

South America, African-ancestry diaspora68

South Asiansarranged marriages 241change in concept of ethnicity 469changes in educational attainment

288–90, 442changing situation of women 242–3fertility rates 243–4geographical concentration 13higher education 297importance of ethnic and religious

identity 464–6intermarriage 194, 198, 241–2marriage rates 240mass migration to UK 420racial harassment at school 295–6success in industry 180, 200three-generation households 244–5






642 Subject index

South Asians (cont.)see also ethnic economy, employment

discrimination, Indians, internalmigration, Pakistanis andBangladeshis, self-employment,Ugandan Asians

Spanish-American war (1895) 55spatial mismatch hypothesis 204, 210Special Irish Branch (SIB) 38state employment, reliance of blacks on

527Stephen Lawrence campaign 470street gangs, Chinatown 151, 153strike breaking, and racism 78structural assimilation 342

and time 132–3see also ethnic effect

Stuyvesant High School 150suburbanization, of British Caribbean

population 187–9, 192Swann, Lord 289

Taeuber, Conrad, US Census Bureau 56TANF 252Taylor, William L. 516teacher and teaching quality 320–2, 324

and parental education 321teacher salaries, in US South 317teachers’ expectations

neutrality and past performance 326neutrality and potential 326–7unconditional neutrality 325–6

technology, and employment 424ten percent rule 589, 595Tennessee STAR Class-Size Experiment

319terrorization, of US black population 76test score disparity in American schools

309economic importance 309fluctuation in gains for blacks 329–32progress in 310see also class size, National Assessment of

Educational Progress, schoolingtextile mills, and immigrant labor 183, 421Thatcher, Margaret 99, 503

anti-discrimination enforcement 512Right to Buy legislation 188

timingof entry into economy 260–1and exclusion 261

Tocqueville 58Tongs 142, 144Tory Party, see Conservative Party

tracking, and ability grouping, impacts ofblack–white achievement 322–3

trade unions, and immigrants 479transnationalism, in Caribbean 92–3Triangular Trade 26Trinidad, HIV infection 92Truth and Reconciliation Commission 599Twice migrants 439

Ugandan Asianscultural resources 437education 439Gujurati merchant ideology 437–8Indian status consciousness 438–9previous experience of free-market

economy 439–40rapid social mobility 436–7reaction to racial exclusionism 441refugee experience 440–1twice migrants 439

UK census 180, 288, 289, 298, 363demographic analysis 222Sample of Anonymised Records 185,

193, 372, 374, 375, 377, 379–81,382–3, 384, 386, 389

Special Migration Statistics Dataset 426underachievement in school 289Underground Railroad 69unemployed, and social class

categorizationunemployment among British ethnic

minorities 100recent trends in 423of youth 296–7

unemployment measurement, comparisonof USA and Britain 374, 375,381–2

United States Constitution, Representativeapportionment 51

Universities Central Admissions Survey(UCAS) 288

universities, old and new in Britain, intakeof ethnic minorities 298–300

university graduation ratesAfrican-Americans and Hispanics 272effects of ancestry and race 273–6,

279US census 379

white population 59–60US Civil War, effect on black population

76US Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission 505Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 25






Subject index 643

Vaz, Keith, MP 463Venezuela, population of African ancestry

69violence, and immigrant communities 477visiting partner relationships 233Voting Rights Acts 53

Wales, Act of Union (1536) 29incorporation into UK

War Brides Act 142War on Poverty 336WASP 58West Atlantic system, in Caribbean 92West Indies

and Irish immigrantsmigration to Africa 71military recruitment 39pre-migration expectations 417slave trade 25–7source of labor in Britain 40–1, 419,

458source of labor in America 69–70

Western Europe, population of Africanancestry 69

and environment 113migration from Caribbean 70urbanization of 72

white ethnic groups, segregation of 206,216

whiteness, binary conception of 78Wolfe Tone, Theobald, Irish uprising 30wool and cotton industries, immigrant

labour 419, 421World War II, and political machine 476

xenophobia, in Britain 416

Yom Kippur War 181Youth Cohort Survey 288youth programs, Chinatown 145, 146–7youth street culture in Britain

popularity of 469and school discipline 295US influence 470






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