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COMPARISON

Istana Bandar Selangor Is a historical palace located in Jugra near Banting, Selangor. It was owned by the fifth sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah. There are similarities that can be found from the historical, architectural style and building materials aspect of Istana Bandar with Kedah Royal Museum. Therefore, a comparison was set up between Kedah Royal Museum and Istana Bandar Selangor to further understand these buildings.

LOCATIONKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMLocated at the heart of Alor Setar, Kedah. Balai Besar was located in front of the museum and there is a river behind the museum. A 15-20 minutes walking distance from our hotel, The Regency Hotel.

ISTANA BANDARLocated in Jugra, Selangor, inside Bandar Banting which was used as the Kampung Bandar. The Royal Jetty is located near the building. Maahad Integrasi Tahfiz Sains Dan Teknologi Istana Bandar is located beside it and government school is located opposite the building.

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MEASURED DRAWING 2017 (ARC60305) | KEDAH ROYAL MUSEUM

Figure 6.1 Location of Kedah Royal Museum (Google Maps)

Figure 6.2 Location of Istana Bandar(Google Maps)

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BUILDING DETAILS

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RailingsThere are three different types of railings in Kedah Royal Museum which are located at the staircase and windows. The yellow ornamented balusters railing is greatly used on timber staircase and railings on windows located in Rumah Pelamin. The balusters are made of cast iron finishing in yellow paint, carved in an aesthetic Malay architecture design. The other two railing are made of concrete with oval-structure moldings and hexagon- structure moldings. The oval structure molding railings are located at the Sultan entrance staircase. The hexagon-structure railing is located at the veranda beside the Sultan entrance. Both of the railings were designed under the influence of British architecture.

Figure 5.51 Oval structure moulding railing(Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.52 Hexagon structure moulding railing(Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.53 Cast iron railing(How, 2017)

Figure 5.48 North East Elevation Drawing (TRM, 2017)

Figure 5.49 North West Elevation Drawing(TRM, 2017)

Figure 5.50 South East Elevation Drawing (TRM, 2017)

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HISTORYKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMThe Kedah Royal Museum was formerly a palace and was known at different times as the Kota Setar Palace, Mak Wan Besar Palace and Pelamin Palace. Built in 1736, it was also the mausoleum of Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Abidin II. Most of the building renovations were conducted after several foreign invasions including the Bugis (1771), the Siamese (1821-1842) and the Japanese (1941). During the ruling period of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah, the palace was called the Pelamin Palace because it was the venue of several royal weddings. According to the museum’s supervisor, Ms Rahimah Mat Wan, after the building was abandoned for several years and used by various voluntary organisations which are the Sekolah Latihan Gadis (The Women’s Institute), the St. John Ambulance, the Scouting Movement and the Kedah Ex-Soldiers Movement. In 1983, the palace was converted into the Kedah Royal Museum.

ISTANA BANDARAlaeddin Palace was a place owned by the fifth Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah. The palace also known as Bandar Palace and Temasya Palace. One of the unique part of this palace is Alaeddin Palace was personally designed and financed by the Sultan himself. The palace was built in 1903, during the family crisis between his first wife who was a royal lineage and second wife, who was a common born. The palace was a gift from the Sultan for his second wife. After the sultan died in 1938, his family moved to Klang and the palace was abandoned. In 1980, the building was restored and was used as Tahfiz school for nine years. In 2008, the palace was once again restored to the original architecture of Istana Bandar and converted to Istana Bandar Museum which exhibits the original condition of Istana Bandar in the past with complete furniture and royal equipments.

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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND INFLUENCESKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMThe architecture style of the palace was influenced by British architecture. It is a combination of both British colonial and Malay architecture.

White fringe ornamentation was adorned on many parts of the palace.

A concept of symmetrical balance expressed on the façade of the museum’s main entrance.

ISTANA BANDARThe palace was influenced by several different architectural styles, which are the Greek, Mughal, Moorish and Chinese architecture, a fusion with Malay architecture.

Moorish architecture: The use of stars, crescent, hexagons and octagons in geometrical manner.

Mughal Architecture: A combination of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture which pinnacles are frequently used on façade of the palace.

Chinese architecture: Display a few traits of Chinese style carvings which influenced by Chinese workers while working on the palace design.

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BUILDING MATERIALSKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMMaterials used to build Royal Museum Kedah:- Chengal Wood- Meranti Wood - Clay brick - Cement - Marble

ISTANA BANDARMaterials used to build Istana Bandar Museum:- Concrete - Clay brick- Chengal timber - Ceramic tiles- Marble- Terracotta tiles

Figure 6.4 Terracotta roof tiles(Pak Clay Industry, 2010)

Figure 6.3 Marble staircase tiles(AmericanGraniteOnline)

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ROOF SYSTEMKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMA combination of cross gable roof and pyramid hip roof bring out the roof structure of the museum. Underneath the roof, mansard roof structured ceiling can be seen clearly from the interior.

ISTANA BANDARAcheh influenced roof structure, the Bumbung Limas, which is a type of pyramid-shaped roofs with five ridges. The interior ceiling is constructed in coffered square structure.

Figure 6.5 Roof overview(How, 2017)

Figure 6.6 Ceiling overview(Chong, 2017)

Figure 6.7 Roof overview(Jian Jun, 2015)

Figure 6.8 Ceiling overview(Jian Jun, 2015)

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ORNAMENTATIONKEDAH ROYAL MUSEUMCompared to Istana Bandar, Kedah Royal Museum has less and minimal design in its ornamentation. The ornamentation shows a fusion of colonial and malay architecture.

ISTANA BANDARAs compared to the Kedah Royal Museum, Istana Bandar’s ornamentation has a combination of various architectural styles which creates an affluent image of styles to the building.

Figure 6.9 Colonial style Door(Lim Shen, 2017)

Figure 6.11 Mughal style Door(Istana Bandar Members, 2015)

Figure 6.10 Louvered Window(Lim Shen, 2017)

Figure 6.12 Moorish style Window(Istana Bandar Members, 2015)

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KEDAH ROYAL MUSEUM ISTANA BANDAR

Figure 6.13 Fusion Gate Frame(Lim, 2017)

Figure 6.14 Colonial style Column(Pe, 2017)

Figure 6.15 Mughal style gate frame(Jian Jun, 2015)

Figure 6.16 Moorish style column(Jian Jun, 2015)

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CONCLUSION OF COMPARISON

The Kedah Royal Museum and the Istana Bandar Selangor have similarities in their history, architectural style, building materials and construction details. Kedah Royal Museum was once a palace used by royal families but it was abandoned after a period time. Then, it was reconstructed to provide for the use of organizations and finally it was reconducted into a museum. Similar to the Kedah Royal Museum, Istana Bandar Selangor has the same experience of history and was reconducted to a museum finally. Apart from this, both architectural style are considered to be influenced by Greek architecture. Based on the architectural history, British was influenced by the ideology of Greek and started to adopt the Greek architecture. Hence, Kedah Royal Museum’s architectural style can also be considered as British fusion of Greek architectural as they have a common ground in terms of architectural style. Both of the building were constructed in Malaya and local construction methods and technology were used at both of the palaces, including the building materials. Under these conditions, a comparison was made between Kedah Royal Museum and Istana Bandar Selangor.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS5.1

Structural building components are specialized structural building products designed, engineered and manufactured under controlled conditions for a specific application. They are incorporated into the overall building structural system by a building designer. Examples are wood or steel roof trusses, floor trusses, floor panels, I-joists, or engineered beams and headers.

GATEWAYThe entrance gateway which was closed down by the museum was once the Sultan’s main entrance. The whole structure is mainly built with brickworks except for the two timber door panels. There is a small door built in the original timber door. This makes it difficult to be detected.

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Figure 5.1 The Sultan gate entrance (Chin, 2017)

Figure 5.2 Gate door entrance for Sultan (Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.3 A small built in the gate door

(Lim, 2017)

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The side gate has a similar design with the main gate and is located at both sides of the Rumah Pelamin. Side gate is smaller than the main gate with less ornamentation. In the royal tradition, side gates are usually used by female royalties or servants, as well as the ministers.

DOORA large broad door consisting of 4 pieces of timber door panels. The folding door panels work by pushing them two by two respectively to each side. The spacious entrance allows high traffic of people to pass through smoothly. It acts as front door and the second entrance of the Rumah Pelamin.

Figure 5.4 The side gate (Chia, 2017)

Figure 5.5 The side gate door opened (Chia, 2017)

Figure 5.6 Door type 1(Chong, 2017)


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Each door is ornamented with two rectangular carvings on the panels respectively and a square carving on the middle panel. The four corners of rectangle and square carvings are trimmed with a quarter corner. This type of door mainly functions as bedroom doors of the royalties. The user has to push or pull the both side of door at the same time to open it.

A tall swing door with a row of shutters and rectangular carvings decorated on each door panels. The doors are located at the side of Pelamin hall, connecting to the female dorm.

Figure 5.8 Door type 2(Sii, 2017)

Figure 5.10 Door type 3(Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.11 Door type 3 with green paint finishing

(Chin, 2017)

Figure 5.9 South West Section Drawing(TRM, 2017) Figure 5.12 North East Section Drawing

(TRM, 2017)

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Similar design with the bedroom doors but the two rectangular and square carvings have regular pointy corners. This door functions to connect the exterior and interior spaces. The user needs to push or pull the both sides of door at the same time to open it.

A continuous stretch of eight-piece timber door panels opens up to the Sultan’s main entrance. Each panel is ornamented with shutters and rectangle carvings below. In order to open the door, one has to push four foldable door panels to each respective sides. The size of the door reflects the royalty of his highness.

Figure 5.13 Door type 4 (Chin, 2017)

Figure 5.14 Door type 4 finishing with green paint(Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.15 Door type 5 (Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.16 North East Elevation Drawing(TRM, 2017)

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WindowsSimilar design with the door located at the side of Rumah Pelamin yet it functions as a window. A railing with five yellow balustrades are embedded on the interior window frame.

A single panel shutter window that is found only in the Rumah Pelamin area. There is an arc with a middle divider above the window. There are only two of this window in whole museum. The user has push to open the window.

Figure 5.17 Window type 1 with glass case

(Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.18 Window type 1 exterior view

(Sii, 2017)

Figure 5.19 Window type 1 interior view

(Sii, 2017)

Figure 5.20 Window type 2 (Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.21 Window type 2 with glass case

(Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.22 South West Elevation Drawing(TRM, 2017)

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Fixed shutter window with two timber panels. Each row of shutter consists of eighteen louvers with a dividing rail in the middle on each window panel. The window works by swinging outwards.

Similar design and type with the window located in Rumah Pelamin but without the arched ornament above it.

Figure 5.23 Window type 3 (Chin, 2017)

Figure 5.24 Window type 3 exterior view (Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.26 Window type 4 (Chin, 2017)



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A double swing window without any ornamentation located at exterior of the building. The bare surface of the window shows the original form of the window.

A square double swing window located at the exterior of the building. Each window panel is ornamented with a square carving and a rectangular carving below.

Figure 5.28 Window type 5 (Lim, 2017) Figure 5.29 Window type 6

(Lim, 2017)

Figure 5.30 South East Elevation Drawing(TRM, 2017)

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ColumnsThere are two types of columns in Kedah Royal Museum: Octagonal structural column and regular column. The arrangement of the columns in Kedah Royal Museum are placed in a grid system whereby columns are adjacent to one another.

Octagonal column These octagonal columns are located in the bedroom area. The top and bottom of the column are ornamented with white moldings, forming a continuous flow with the wall. The octagonal designed column are rarely found in traditional Malay palaces. According to Ms. Rahimah, the person in charged of Kedah Royal Museum, the previous Sultan was obsessed in “Feng Shui” and believed in “Ba Gua” which is arranged octagonally around a symbol denoting the balance of yin and yang. His highness believed that the octagonal column can help to get rid of bad luck and bring prosperity into the family. Hence, there are octagonal columns in the palace.

Figure 5.32 Octagonal column at the Sultan entrance staircase

(Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.34 View from bottom to top of octagonal column (Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.33 Bottom of octagonal column

(Chong, 2017)


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Regular ColumnsThese cubical columns are located in the Rumah Pelamin area. The top and bottom of the column are ornamented with white moldings, blending in with the wall. The columns are placed in a grid arrangement as well.

WallsTimber wallThere are lesser timber walls at the Kedah Royal Museum due to the deterioration and damage of timber after more than a century. The destroyed wall parts were replaced with other sustainable materials. The timber walls were constructed using post and beam construction, where beams and post form an even number of grid and lumbers are fixed in between the frames.

Figure 5.35 Bottom of common column (Pe, 2017)

Figure 5.36 Top of common column (Pe, 2017)

Figure 5.38 Timber wall strcuture(Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.37 A part of building was built in timber wall

(Tan, 2017)


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Clay brick wallMost of the timber walls in the Kedah Royal Museum were replaced with clay brick walls. Clay brick is considered as a modern building material. The most well-known characteristic of clay brick is its high durability. Hence, it is reasonable to replace timber with clay brick.

CeilingThe ceiling in Kedah Royal Museum are not covered where it exhibits the bare timber structure. The mansard roof structure of the ceiling can be seen clearly. Without beams, the ceiling was constructed with lumbers arranged in rows. The centre of the ceiling was decorated with few ornaments to adorn the bare ceiling.

Figure 5.40 Some part of brickwork was exposed on the wall surface near the timber staircase

(Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.42 Ceiling on the museum’s main entrance (Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.43 Mansard structured ceiling (Chong, 2017)

Figure 5.41 North East Elevation Drawing (TRM, 2017)

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Staircases There are two types of staircases in Kedah Royal Museum which are timber staircase and marble staircase.

Timber staircaseTimber staircase is greatly used in the royal museum with a higher riser and narrow passage. Kedah Royal Museum is a traditional Malay palace built on a high base. To accommodate the height of the building, the staircase is improved to better suit the height. Higher risers are used to reduce the amount of steps while the narrow passage ensures the stability of the staircase.

Concrete + marble staircaseThe museum entrance staircase is made of marble and it is the only marble staircase in the building. The spacious passage with polished marble tiles gives a sense of luxury. The marble staircase was built under the demand of Sultan Halim who wanted to conduct a grand wedding ceremony for his highness’ sons and daughters. Instead of having timber staircase, a marble staircase is more capable to embody the king’s thoughts. Hence, the one and only marble staircase is located in front of the Rumah Pelamin.

Figure 5.44 Timber staircase (Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.46 Concrete staircase (Sii, 2017)


Figure 5.45 South East Elevation Drawing(TRM, 2017)

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RoofThe roof of Kedah Royal Museum is constructed using clay roof tiles to provide insulation and protect the interior spaces from the natural weather and also some harsh weather condition. There are two types of roof structure in the building which are the cross gable roof and pyramid hip roof. Both of the roof surfaces are inclined due to the huge amount of precipitation in Kedah. The structure of the roof helps to reduce the impulsive force of the precipitates thereby protecting the wall or architectural elements from contacting directly with damp.

Figure 5.55 A close look of roof details (Chin, 2017)

Figure 5.54 Roof overview(How, 2017)

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ARCHESArches are the most common architectural element can be seen in traditional Malay architecture. Three round arches located at the museum’s entrance have ornamented white fringes above the arches. Hexagonal ornaments embellish the top wall of the arches. The hexagonal ornaments are arranged in balance. Besides having aesthetical purposes, they also serve as load bearing structures of the front roof. The arches are made of clay brick.

The pointed arch located at the sultan’s main entrance shows the characteristic of Islamic architectural element. The top part of the arch is a row of timber shutter connecting to the arch. The central structure is a pointed arch with quarter arches on both sides. If the arc line is connected, the shape of a halved flower emerges. The shape of the flower is believed to be the ‘bunga kangkung’ which is the state flower of Kedah.

Figure 5.57 Arch with ornamentation (Sii, 2017)

Figure 5.58 Arches on the front entrance façade(How, 2017)

Figure 5.59 Pointed arch on the Sultan’s entrance staircase (Sii, 2017)


Date post:	12-Apr-2017
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