1
60% of the World without Internet Access
8%
80%
About 60% of the World population do not have access to the Internet, wired or wireless
Over 4 Billion people Worldwide without Internet Access
?
http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
2
World Map Scaled According To Population Size
Source: http://www.iflscience.com/environment/world-map-scaled-population-size http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
Africa: 27.5%
Asia: 34.8%
52.4%
87%
70%
72%
48.1%
3
Rural and Small town America
Source: https://www.fcc.gov/reports/2015-broadband-progress-report http://mobilefuture.org/resources/the-truth-about-spectrum-deployment-in-rural-america/
FCC 2015 Broadband Progress Report
17% of all Americans (55 million) & 53% of rural Americans (22 million) lack access to Broadband.
Only 8 percent of urban Americans lack access to broadband.
Wireless Revenue Potential/ mile2
Major urban center: $248,000
Least densely populated: $262
Broadband: 25 Mbps/3 Mbps
4
Connectivity Omnification
Omnify: Order of magnitude increase every five years
1,000X in 15 years
Exabyte Zetabyte (1,000X)
2013 2028
1 Zetabyte = 200 GB/month for 5 Billion
5G and Wi-Fi to carry similar traffic
1Tb/s peak data rate Wi-Fi: 2027
Cellular: 2030
5
REEFS Approach to Zetabyte Network Design
R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller
6
Trillion times improvement in the Last 60 years
1956, 5MB hard drive 1946, ENIAC, 30Tons, 167,000,000mm2, 150,000W, 5K ops/s
Samsung Exynos 7420 processor
Octacore (2.1GHz & 1.5 GHz cores) 78 mm2, ~1W
Samsung 16TB SSD (2.5in)
7
REEFS Limits
𝑓𝑃 =𝐶5
ℎ𝐺= 1.855 ×1034GHz
=18,550000000,000000000000,000000000000 GHz =18.55 Billion Trillion Trillion GHz
𝑙𝑃 =ℎ𝐺
𝐶3= 1.616 ×10−35m =
1.616
100,000000000000,000000000000nm
𝐸1−𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 𝑘𝑇 ln 2=2.87× 10−21 Joule
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =2.87
1,000000,000000nJ/bit
R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller
8
Millimeter waves – path to REEFS Wireless Systems
XS Antennas
XL
Ban
dw
idth
Millimeter waves (3-300 GHz)
Fast
er
Smaller < 3
>3GHz 300GHz f
Bandw
idth
D
ata
Rate
s
Capaci
ty
9
Millimeter Waves for 5G
Samsung
presents
Millimeter
wave mobile
system
concept at
IEEE WCNC
Samsung
demos Gb/s
system at
28GHz with
2Km range
Samsung
demos
7.5Gb/s peak
data rate &
1.2 Gb/s at
100 Km/h
FCC NOI to
examine use
of bands
above 24GHz
for mobile
broadband
3GPP 5G
Workshop
Over 20
companies
support
Millimeter
waves
FCC NPRM
on Millimeter
wave
spectrum for
5G
Oct 17 Sep 17 Oct 23 Mar 28
2011 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015
Oct 14 May 13
http://wcnc2011.ieee-wcnc.org/tut/t1.pdf
10
(Myth)2 #1: Higher path loss (even in Free space)
Ω𝐴 =𝜆2
𝐴𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑃𝑡
=𝐴𝑡𝐴𝑟𝑟 2
X times higher frequency propagates X times longer in free space For the same transmit and receive antenna aperture sizes
11
(Myth)2 #2: Low Probability of Line-of-Sight (LoS)
𝑟𝑛 =𝑛𝑑1𝑑2𝑑1 +𝑑2
Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones Not bothered by objects around the Line-of-Sight
12
(Myth)2 #3: Suitable for Small Cells only
The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves Ground reflection not an issue
=2
=2ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑑
13
Myths about Millimeter Waves
Myth Reality
Higher path loss (even in Free space)
𝑃𝑟𝑃𝑡
=𝐴𝑡𝐴𝑟𝑟22
Millimeter waves propagate longer for the same antenna area
Low probability of LoS
𝑟𝑛 =𝑛𝑑1𝑑2𝑑1 +𝑑2
Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones
Suitable for small cells only
=2
=2ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑑
The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves
Have higher Noise 𝑓 =
ℎ𝑓𝑘𝑇
𝑒ℎ𝑓
𝑘𝑇
−1
Noise reduces with frequency, effect is small though at frequencies of interest
Loss (do not bend) around corners 𝐼 = 𝐼0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐
2𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛
Millimeter waves comes out of an opening with more focused energy
Absorption (by Foliage, Rain) and Diffused Reflections…
14
Going smaller for Bigger Gains
Big Gains in coverage, capacity and energy efficiency via mmWave Beamforming Coalescence of access and back-haul
Antenna Aperture
𝐴𝑒 =𝐷𝜆2
4𝜋→ 𝐷 =
4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝜆2
Galaxy S6: 101 cm2
Ae
A4 paper: 623.7 cm2
Conventional sector antenna,
17dB gain
1m2
Ω𝐴 =𝜆2
𝐴𝑒
15
Achieving Zetabyte with Terabit/s shared links
Parameter Value Comments
Transmit Power 20 dBm Possibly multiple PAs
Transmit Antenna Gain 32 dBi Element + array gain
Carrier Frequency 100 GHz Ref. for calculations
Distance 200 meters Propagation Loss 118.42 dB Other path losses 10 dB Some NLOS
Tx front end loss 3 dB Non-ideal RF
Receive Antenna Gain 23 dB Element + array gain
Received Power -56.42 dBm Bandwidth (BW) 1 GHz BW / comm-core
Thermal Noise PSD -174 dBm/Hz Receiver Noise Figure 5.00 dB
Thermal Noise -79 dBm SNR 22.58 dB
Implementation loss 5 dB Non-ideal baseband
Spectram Efficiency (SE) 5.86 b/s/Hz Data rate / comm-core 5.86 Gb/s SE × BW
Number of comm-cores 256 BW and MIMO cores
Aggregate data rate 1.5 Terabit/s 256×5.86 Gb/s
WAP
Tb/s shared
Example: 256 cores
16 BW cores [16GHz],
Each BW core having 16 Spatial Cores
16
'Green' buildings form a Faraday Cage effectively shielding all electrical fields from passing through
In order to provide larger overall capacity in urban areas, Indoor and outdoor use parallel radio access sharing the same spectrum
Indoor & Outdoor share the same spectrum
17
Expanding Mobile broadband to Rural and Small towns
Millimeter waves provide tremendous bandwidth to cover least densely populated areas with ultra-fast data rates
Installing external antennas combined with radio repeaters inside the building can expand coverage to indoors
18
Millimeter
waves enable
Faster, Smaller
and Energy-
Efficient
wireless
systems
Low-cost Tb/s
shared links
provide
Zetabyte access
each for cellular
& Wi-Fi.
Dream of
ubiquitous
access to &
universal
capture of
information
comes true
Every Being & Everything Connected!
Connect the Rest