60 Things to Know for the World History I SOL
Key
1. Where homo sapiens emerged and went
“homo sapiens” = US (newest stage in human evolution)
Emerged from East AFRICA and spread around the world
2. Differences: Paleolithic vs. Neolithic
Paleolithic: Neolithic:
• “Old Stone” Age• Hunter/gatherers• Nomadic• Clans• Fire• Simple Tools
• “New Stone” Age• Domesticated crops
& animals (agriculture)
• Permanent settlements
• Advanced tools
3. Jobs of archaeologists and anthropologists
Anthropologist: Studies CULTURES (modern or ancient)
Archaeologist: Type of anthropologist who studies ANCIENT CULTURES through ARTIFACTS
4. Locations of early river valley civilizations
Nile River (Egypt)
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia /Fertile Crescent /Sumer)
Indus River (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, (India)
Huang He River (China)
5. Monotheistic vs. polytheistic (religions)
Monotheistic: Polytheistic:
• ONE God• Ex: Judaism,
Christianity, Islam
• MANY Gods• Ex: Greek/Roman
mythology, Mayan, Aztec, and Incan religions
6. Basics of Judaism
• *First major MONOTHEISTIC religion• Holy text: The Torah• Founder: Abraham• Early followers: Hebrews• 10 Commandments• Moses (led Hebrews out of Egypt, received 10
Commandments from God)
THE 10 COMMANDMENTS THE TORAH STAR OF DAVID
(SYMBOL OF JUDAISIM)
ISRAEL
7. Languages (groups)
Pictograms
Hieroglyphics (Egypt)
Cuneiform (Sumer – Mesopotamia)
Alphabet (Phoenicians)
HIEROGLYPHICS (EGYPT) CUNEIFORM
(SUMER/MESOPOTAMIA)
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
8. The Persian Empire
R.I.T.Z.
Roads (the Royal Road)
Imperial Bureaucracy (government system)
Tolerance (attitude to conquered peoples)
Zoroastrianism (Persian religion)
Known for excellent roads:• Persia• Rome• Incan Empire
9. India (Asoka, Gupta, and Caste System)
Asoka: Indian ruler who spread Buddhism to East Asia
Gupta Empire: “Golden Age” of India (developed zero, decimal system)
Caste System: Rigid social structure; determines job, marriage, etc.
THE CASTE SYSTEM
10. Basics of Hinduism
• No single founder• Many forms of one god• Sacred texts: Vedas + Upanishads• “Karma”: actions, thoughts impact your
future• Cycle of reincarnation
11. Basic of Buddhism
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)• Four Noble Truths• Follow the Eightfold Path• Began in India; spread to E. Asia by Asoka
EIGHTFOLD PATH
12. The Silk Road (goods transported)
• Trade routes from China to the Mediterranean
• Spread goods (porcelain, silk, paper), ideas (civil service system), technologies to the West
13. Great Wall of China
• Built by Qin Shi Huangdi (1st Chinese Emp.)
• Meant to keep invaders out
EMP. QIN SHI HUANGDI
14. Confucianism and Taoism (Yin/Yang)
• Key relationships• “filial piety” (respect
elders)• Ancestor worship• Politeness• Education
• Inner peace• Simple life• Harmony w/ nature
Confucianism: Taoism:
15. Geography of Greece (cities)
• Cities isolated by mountains and water (developed unique character)
• Limited farmable land; forced to colonize and trade
• Cities designed to promote commerce and government
16. Differences between Athens and Sparta
• (Direct) Democracy• Focus on arts,
education• Gov’t transition:
1. Monarchy2. Aristocracy3. Tyranny4. Democracy
• Oligarchy (rule by a few)
• Militaristic
Athens: Sparta:
ATHENS: EDUCATION, DEMOCRACY SPARTA: MILITARISM
17. The Persian Wars (Battles of Marathon, Salamis)
• Persia tried to invade Greece• Greeks defended together• Key Athenian victories at Marathon,
Salamis• Greeks won, kept control of Aegean Sea
18. Peloponnesian War (why was it fought?)
• Struggle for control of Greece• Athens vs. Sparta• Sparta wins• Ends “golden age” of Athens; Greece
weakened overall
19. Golden Age of Pericles
• (Athens)• Between Persian & Peloponnesian Wars• Rebuilt Athens after Persian Wars• Achievements in arts, philosophy, science• Expanded democracy
PERICLES
THE PARTHENON (ATHENS)
20. Contributions of the Ancient Greeks
• Drama Aeschylus, Sophocles• Poetry Homer (Illiad & Odyssey)• History Herodotus, Thucydides• Sculpture Phidias• Architecture Columns• Science Archimedes, Hippocrates• Math Euclid, Pythagoras• Philosophy Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
21. Alexander the Great (areas conquered and “Hellenistic” culture)
• Empire: Greece to Egypt to edge of India• “Hellenistic”: blend of Greek, other cultures• Spread H. culture through empire via trade
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
22. Greek gods vs. Roman gods
Greek Gods: Roman Gods:
• Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Aphrodite
• Jupiter, Apollo, Minerva, Venus
• Both explained natural events, human qualities• Symbols in Western art, architecture, lit.
23. Democracy in Greece vs. Rome
• Greece: Direct Democracy
• Rome: Representative Democracy (Republic)
24. Social classes in Rome
Patricians(rich elites)
Plebeians(lower class – most
people))
Slaves (captured in war – not racial)
25. The Punic Wars (who fought?)
• Rome vs. Carthage• Fought for control of Med. Sea• Hannibal (Carth. general invaded Italy w/
elephants)• Rome wins; dominates region
HANNIBAL
26. The Roman Republic
• Representative democracy• The Senate• Consuls• Codified laws (the 12 Tables)
THE 12 TABLES
ROMAN SENATE
27. The Roman Empire
• 1st Emperor: Augustus Caesar (Octavian)• Strong military• Good roads throughout emp.• Common currency
AUGUSTUS CAESAR
28. Pax Romana
• “Peace of Rome”• 200 years of peace + prosperity• Empire expanded• Civil service system• Uniform laws• Social stability
29. Basics of Christianity
• Monotheistic• Founder: Jesus (son of God; God on earth;
“messiah”)• Holy text: The Bible (new testament)• Life after death• Spread by the “apostles,” esp. Paul
JESUS TAUGHT FOR 3 YEARS THE DEATH (CRUCIFIXION) OF JESUS
HOLY TEXT = NEW TESTAMENT OF BIBLE PAUL HELPED IT SPREAD
30. Contributions of Ancient Romans
• Art/Architecture Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum• Technology arches, roads, aqueducts• Science Ptolemy• Medicine public health (i.e. baths, water, sanitation)
• Language Latin• Literature Virgil’s Aeneid• Religion Roman mythology, later adoption of Christianity
• Law 12 tables, innocent until proven guilty
THE COLOSSEUM THE ROMAN FORUM THE PANTHEON
AQUEDUCT A ROMAN ROAD
31. The fall of Rome (why did it happen?)
• Size (too big)
• Economics (expensive to defend, inflation)
• Military (loss of discipline)
• Moral decay
32. The Great Schism (West vs. East – key differences?)
• Division in Christian Church
Western Church Eastern Church
• Roman Catholic Church• Centered in Rome• Leader: Pope• Language: Latin
• Eastern/Greek Orthodox Church
• Centered in Constantinople
• Leader: Patriarch• Language: Greek
ROMECONSTANTINOPLEWestern Church
(Roman Catholic)
Eastern Church(Eastern/Greek
Orthodox)
The Pope The Patriarch
33. Constantinople (location and importance)
• Constantine moved Roman capital to Constantinople
• Location:• Crossroads of trade• Far from Germanic invaders• Easily defended
34. Emperor Justinian (Roman law & reconquest)
• Ruled w/ wife Theodora
• Codified old Roman laws
• Reconquered areas once under Roman control
Emperor Justinian & wife Theodora
“Justinian’s Code”
35. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) works
• Art: Icons, Mosaics
• Architecture: Hagia Sophia (church)
• Preserved old Greek + Roman knowledge
Religious “Icon”
Mosaic
The Hagia Sophia (now a mosque)
36. Russian Orthodox Church (Cyrillic alphabet)
• Offshoot of Eastern/Greek Orthodox Church
• Byzantine influence
• Cyrillic alphabet developed to spread Christianity to Slavic people
Byzantine missionaries St. Cyril and Methodius
St. Basil’s Cathedral (Russian Orthodox) (Moscow, Russia)
The Cyrillic Alphabet
37. Basics of Islam
• Founder: Muhammad (prophet)• Followers: “Muslims”• Began on Arabian Peninsula• Cities: Mecca, Medina• Holy text: Qur’an• Key beliefs: 5 Pillars• Split: Shia vs. Sunni
Mecca
Medina
The Kaaba in Mecca
The Qur’an “God” (Allah) in Arabic Script
38. Role of the Church in the Middle Ages
• (Christian Church)• Most powerful institution• Central to people’s lives• Uniting force• Involved in politics (ex: Pope crowned
Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor”)
Churches/Cathedrals were at the center of most Medieval towns & cities
The Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800AD
39. Feudalism (feudal obligations system)
• Lord grants “fief” (land) to a vassal (person) in exchange for loyalty/protection
• Serfs (peasants) work on manor (feudal obligation) in exchange for protection
40. Age of Charlemagne
• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope
• Reinterpretation of Roman culture
• Church become powerful in politics
41. Anglo-Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings (location of each)
• Anglo-Saxons: Cont. Europe England
• Magyars: Cent. Asia Hungary
• Vikings: Scandinavia Russia
42. Major trade routes
• Silk Road: China to Mediterranean• Products, Ideas/Technologies
• Spread of religions:• Buddhism: India China Korea/Japan• Hinduism: India SE Asia• Islam: Arabian Pen. W. Africa, Cent./SE Asia
• Trans-Saharan routes: West Africa• Gold & Salt
43. Japan (location and the influence of China)
• Archipelago (island chain)• Close to China• Mountainous• Influenced by Chinese writing, arch.,
and Buddhism
44. Basics of Shinto
• Unique religion in Japan
• Focus on nature & ancestors
• Coexists w/ Buddhism
45. Axum and Zimbabwe
• Ethiopian highlands• Nile River• Christianity
• Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers
• Indian Ocean coast• Capital city: Great
Zimbabwe
Axum Zimbabwe
AXUM
ZIMBABWE
(EGYPT)
46. West African Kingdoms
• Ghana, Mali, Songhai• Niger River, Sahara Desert• Religions: Islam & Animism• Trans-Saharan gold/salt trade• City of Timbuktu
47. Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas (location and lifestyle)
• Rainforest
• Cent. America
• City: Chichen Itza
• Many city-states
• Pyramids
• Dry Cent. Mexico
• City: Tenochtitlan
• Pyramids
• Andes Mts.
• South America
• City: Machu Picchu
• Good roads
Mayans Aztecs Incas
Mayans
Aztecs
Incas
48. Hundred Years’ War
• England vs. France
• Joan of Arc• French leader• Young girl• United France
Joan of Arc
49. England (common law, Magna Carta, and Parliament)
• Common law: Henry II
• Magna Carta: signed by King John, limited king’s power
• Parliament: Representative body in English gov’t
50. Hugh Capet (Paris) / Ivan the Great (Moscow)
• Hugh Capet: • Est. French ruling dynasty• Moved capital to Paris
• Ivan the Great: • Overthrew Mongols in Russia• Moved capital to Moscow
51. Key events of the Crusades
• (Christian attempts to take back Holy Land from Muslims)
• Pope Urban’s speech: started Crusades• Capture of Jerusalem by Christians• Founding of Christian Crusader States• Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (Muslim general)• Takeover of Constantinople by Crusaders
52. Effects of the Crusades
• Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened kings & queens
• Stimulated trade around the Mediterranean Sea and with the Middle East
• Left bitterness between Christians, Muslims, and Jews
• Weakened Byzantine Empire
53. The “Black Death”
• (Bubonic/Black Plague)• Killed large portion of population• Few workers left• Weakened feudalism• Church influence declined• Disrupted trade
54. Humanism
• Renaissance philosophy
• Focus on goodness and potential of humans, rather than on need for God
55. Machiavelli (The Prince)
• Renaissance book on gaining political power
• Supports absolute power of rulers• The end justifies means (do what you
need to do)• Do good when possible, but evil when
necessary
56. da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch works
• da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
• Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel, The David
• Petrarch (father of Humanism): sonnets (poems)
57. Northern vs. Italian Renaissance
• Ren. spread from Italy to Northern Europe
• Northern Ren. merged Humanism with Christian ideas more than Italian Ren.
58. Artists of Northern & Italian Renaissance
• da Vinci (painter)
• Michelangelo (painter/sculptor)
• Petrarch (sonnets)
• Erasmus (writer)
• Thomas More (writer)
Italian Ren. Northern Ren.
59. Banking and trade during the Renaissance
• Growth of banking
• Church opposed charging interest on loans (“usury”) – source of conflict
• Letters of credit (buy now, pay later)
• Accounting and bookkeeping
60. Importance of the printing press
• Invented by Gutenberg
• Revolutionized communications
• Spread ideas far and wide
• Bible: 1st book published