Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Jacob Leachman, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, co-Founder Protium Innovations LLC
School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering
[email protected] (509)335-7711
http://hydrogen.wsu.edu
H
Y
P
E
R
drogen
roperties fornergyesearch
H
60 years after project Suntan:
The future of liquid hydrogen flight is bright!
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
The liquid hydrogen fueled CL-400 “Suntan”
2http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm
“Familiar with hydrogen from conducting airplane design studies for Rae and Garrett, (Kelly)
Johnson was impressed with its potential. Early in 1956, armed with a proposal for a hydrogen
fueled supersonic airplane as a follow-on to the U-2, he visited the Pentagon…”
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Pratt & Whitney Model 304 Liquid Hydrogen Engine
3http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm
Liquid H2 Pump
12-stage high-P turbine LH2 Heat Exchanger
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Model 304 Test Performance
4
25.5 test hours “all indications were that the
development was proceeding satisfactorily.”http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Problems with Suntan
5http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/ch8-9.htm
". . . we have crammed the maximum amount of
hydrogen in the fuselage that it can hold. You do not
carry hydrogen in the flat surfaces of the wing,“
~Kelly Johnson 1957
"How do you justify hauling enough LH2 around
the world to exploit a short range airplane?"
~Ben Rich
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage
6
Type IV/V carbon fiber
pressure vessel
Vacuum jacketed MLI
Spray-on Foam
Vapor-cooled Shielded
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Liquid Hydrogen Fueled ScanEagle
7
• Identify cryo-compatible 3-D printed materials
• Design vapor-shielded tank
• Demonstrate prototype
Goals:
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Cryogenic tensile testing
8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Ult
im
ate Tensile Strength (M
Pa)
Elongation at Break (%)
SLS Duraform PA (XY) SLS Duraform HST (XY)
SLS Duraform HST (Z) SLS Duraform EX (XY)
FDM Nylon 12 (XY) FDM Nylon 12 (Z)
SLS G/C Reinforced Nylon 12 (XY) SLS G/C Reinforced Nylon 11 (XY)
FDM ULTEM (XY) FDM ULTEM (Z)
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
World’s 1st 3-D Printed Cryogenic Tank
9
inner duct
inner insulation
outer duct
outer insulation
pressure load
distribution pins
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
World’s 1st 3D printed cryogen tank
10
• 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
The need for Low-cost liquefaction
11
1) Technology Transition Corporation (TTC), H2 & Fuel Cells Market Report (2010)
2) Elgowainy, A., Tecnoeconomic Analysis of H2 Transmission & Distribution, DOE Workshop (2014)
• 80-90% of non-pipeline H2 delivered via
liquid tanker truck.1
• LH2 will propel the early H2 economy.2
• Only 8 LH2 plants in North America-Only 1 is carbon free (Niagara)
-Smallest is 30 tonne/day (>50 MW)
-Can only ramp 30%/day
• Production cost: $5-5.60/kgLH2
• Delivery cost: $4-12/kgLH2
Efficient, small (<1 MW), modular H2 liquefiers will
increase renewable value and enable H2 economy.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Foundations: The Physics of Nuclear-Spin Isomers
In 1932, Werner Heisenberg won the Nobel Prize:
“for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has,
inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.”1
1Nobelprize.org accessed 2010
12
Orthohydrogen Parahydrogen
Normal
Hydrogen
3:1
/2 1 vJE kTn
n vJ
v J
Z i J E e
,0
,0
ortho
op
para
ZK
Z
2
20 2 1
0 0
5
2P B
Z ZC R k T
Z Z
2 2
2,2 ,1 ,2 ,10
,
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
5
2
para para ortho ortho
P mix para ortho B
para para ortho ortho
Z Z Z ZC R y y k T
Z Z Z Z
Partition function:
Equilibrium ratio: Equilibrium Cp0:
All other ortho-para composition Cp0:
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Foundations: Ortho-para effects on properties
13
Latent heat of
vaporization
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Foundations: Significance of ortho-para manipulation
14
“Because of the entropy difference between ortho- and parahydrogen, it is tempting
to think of some external force which could change the equilibrium concentration at
some temperature. Practical levels of electric field gradients or magnetic fields would
have only a minor effect on the equilibrium concentration, though further studies may
be useful.” ~ Ray Radebaugh 1982
“Partial ortho-para conversion.. Offers the greatest opportunity for reduced
liquefaction power consumption.” ~C. Baker 1979
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Kinetic para-ortho manipulation via vortex tube
• Vortex tubes separate faster (higher T) from slower due to flow geometry
• Enables para-ortho conversion to drive bulk cooling
• $2.2 million project with NREL begins in October to develop cycle.
15
A.
Hydrogen inlet from LN2 bath
77 K & 50 psi
50-50 o-p
E.
Hydrogen outlet
~120 K & 14 psi
~75-25 o-p
Ortho
recycled
B.
As hydrogen flows
along tube, faster
molecules migrate
to outside
C. Catalyst along tube wall causes
endothermic conversion of hot
parahydrogen to orthohydrogen
F.
Hydrogen outlet
~30 K & 14 psi
~25-75 o-p
To 2nd vortex tube
or J-T valve
D.
Insulation on tube wall
forces endothermic
reaction to cause bulk
cooling
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R16
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPE
R
Thank you!
17
http://hydrogen.wsu.edu
