6.1 – A – The Digestive System
Skills
S1: Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Digestive System
Alimentary canal
The Digestive System
Breaks down food into small
particles, which can be
absorbed by the body.
Structures form a ‘tube’ called
the alimentary canal.
2
https://www.britannica.com/science/alimentary-canal
Skills
S1: Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Digestive System
Alimentary canal
The Digestive System
Major structures include:
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Gall Bladder
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Large Intestine
3
https://www.britannica.com/science/alimentary-canal
Skills
S1: Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Structures of the Digestive System
• Mouth - chewing mechanical
digests food, which increases
surface area
• Esophagus – transports food
to stomach via peristalsis
• Stomach – churns food and
has acidic environment that
kills pathogens and activates
enzymes.
4
http://www.roshdypharmacies.com/images/healthcare/
Skills
S1: Production of an annotated diagram of the digestive system.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Large Intestine
• Small Intestine – has
enzymes that chemically
digest biomolecules. Wall
absorbs small molecules.
• Liver – secretes bile
• Gall Bladder – stores and
regulates bile
• Pancreas – secretes lipase,
amylase and protease
• Large Intestine - absorbs
water and compacts waste to
form feces
5
http://blogs.egusd.net/eettalfonso/files/2014/04/
Structures of the Digestive System
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1 6
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/48XO9iyZevs/maxresdefault.jpg
Identify and
state the
function
6.1 – B – Small Intestine & Enzymes
Understandings
U1: The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Peristalsis
Peristalsis
Peristalsis is a wave of muscle
contractions that pushes food
through the gut and mixes it with
enzymes.
8
http://www.bodecology.com/images/Body411/small-intestine.jpg
http://gireviewers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/
Circular muscles contract to prevent food from moving backwards.
Longitudinal muscles contract to push food forward down the small
intestine tract
Understandings
U1: The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Peristalsis
9
http://pathwayofasandwich.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/0/6/15062092/6093572_orig.jpg
Understandings
U1: The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Digestive System
Alimentary canal
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujr0UAbyPS4
In the digestive system, accessory organs are those that are not
part of the alimentary canal, but that aid in digestion. They
include:
• Liver
• Gall Bladder
• Pancreas
In this section,
we will be focusing
on the role
that the pancreas
plays.
Understandings
U2: The pancreas secretes enzyme into the lumen of the small intestine.
Guidance
G1: Student should know that amylase, lipase and an endopeptidase are secreted by the pancreas.
IB BIO – 6.1 11
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pancreas_CRUK_356.svg/
Understandings
U2: The pancreas secretes enzyme into the lumen of the small intestine.
Guidance
G1: Student should know that amylase, lipase and an endopeptidase are secreted by the pancreas.
IB BIO – 6.1 The pancreas is an accessory organ that secretes enzyme ‘juice’
into the small intestine. These digestive enzymes include:
- amylase
- lipase
- endopeptidase
These enzymes
are released into
a small section of
the intestine called
the duodenum.
12
www.londonbridgehospital.com/userfiles/pancreas-text.jpg
Understandings
U3: Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.
Key Terms
Hydrolysis
IB BIO – 6.1 Recall that, enzymes break
macromolecules into
monomers that can be
absorbed by the intestinal
wall. This is done via
hydrolysis.
The left shows how
sucrase breaks sucros
down into its subunits.
13
http://sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/digestion-chemistry/
Understandings
U3: Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.
Key Terms
Hydrolysis
IB BIO – 6.1 14
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/902/flashcards/2815902/
Monomers resulting from enzyme digestion are used to synthesize
molecules throughout our body. Some example are shown below.
Enzymes used in
digestion include:
• Protease/peptidase
• Amylase
• Nuclease
• Lipase
Understandings
U3: Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.
Guidance
G2: Students should know that starch, glycogen and nucleic acids are digested into monomers and that cellulose remains undigested.
IB BIO – 6.1 Enzymes
• Protease/peptidase digest
proteins into amino acids
• Amylase digests starches
& glycogens into simple
sugars
• Nuclease digests nucleic
acids into nucleotides
• Lipase digests lipids into
fatty acids
15
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/902/flashcards/2815902/
Understandings
U3: Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine.
Guidance
G2: Students should know that starch, glycogen and nucleic acids are digested into monomers and that cellulose remains undigested.
IB BIO – 6.1 However, cellulose polymers remain undigested and are passed
through the digestive tract. This has the result of pushing
substances through the intestine and so is a primary component of
dietary fiber supplments.
16
http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i18_image001.gif
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1
http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Metabolism/graphics/digestive-system-5f781.png
Small Intestine & Enzymes
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1
1. State the function of the small intestine.
2. Outline the role of peristalsis in digestion.
3. Outline the role of enzymes in digestion.
4. List the types of enzymes produced by the
pancreas.
5. Identify the molecule not absorbed by the
epithelium cells.
18
6.1 – C – Villi & Absorption
Understandings
U4: Villi increase the surface area of the epithelium over which absorption is carried out.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Absorption
Absorption is the process of
taking substances into cells
and mainly occurrs in the
small intestine. The rate of
absorption depends on the
surface area available.
20
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs/revision/6/
Understandings
U4: Villi increase the surface area of the epithelium over which absorption is carried out.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Villi
Villi are finger-like projections of the mucosa that the inner
intestine wall. They increase the surface area by a factor of 10.
21
http://www.thepatientceliac.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/villi.jpg
Understandings
U4: Villi increase the surface area of the epithelium over which absorption is carried out.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Villi
Epithelium
22
https://image.winudf.com/68/56e215ffa302e2/screen-3.jpg
Villi are well-adapated to facilitate absorption as a result of of
their thin epithelium and network of capillaries.
Understandings
U4: Villi increase the surface area of the epithelium over which absorption is carried out.
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Villi
Epithelium
23
http://biology-
igcse.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/0/7/15070316/7856072_orig.p
ng
Villi are well-adapated to facilitate absorption as a result of of
their thin epithelium and network of capillaries.
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
IB BIO – 6.1 As digestion takes place, villi
absorb the monomers that result
as well as mineral ions and
vitamins. These include:
• Monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose, etc.)
• Amino Acids
• Fatty Acids
• Nitrogenous bases
• Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Vitamins like ascorbic acid
24
https://www.britannica.com/science/alimentary-canal
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
IB BIO – 6.1 25
http://www.slideshare.net/roszelan/bio-f4-absorption
Villi Absorption
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
U6: Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.
IB BIO – 6.1 26
http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/0/7/15070316/3669884_orig.png
Since villi are responsible for absorbing a variety of nutrients, a variety of transport methods are needed, including both active and passive:
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Exocytosis
• Protein pumps
• Co-transportation
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
U6: Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.
IB BIO – 6.1
http://bio100.class.uic.edu/lectures/glucose-transport01.jpg
27Molecules
pass through:
• Lumen
• Epithelium
• Cell interior
• Interstitial
space
• Capillary
wall
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
U6: Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.
IB BIO – 6.1 28
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Carbsmallintesttine.jpg
Glucose Transport
Glucose is transported from the lumen to the capillaries through a
combination of Na+/K+ pumps (active) and Na+/glucose co-
transporter proteins (passive).
Understandings
U5: Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.
U6: Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients.
IB BIO – 6.1 29
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/142/2016/03/2431_Lipid_Absorption.jpg
Fatty Acid Transport
• Triglycerides are broken
down into fatty acids, which
diffuse into cells
• Inside, they combine with
cholesterol and proteins to
form lipoproteins
• The lipoproteins are
excreted via exocytosis
• They then enter the lacteal
and are carried away from
the intestines
Skills
S2: Identify tissue layers in transverse sections of the small intestine viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph
Guidance
G3: Tissue layers should include longitudinal and circular mucosa and epithelium
IB BIO – 6.1 Intestine Micrograph
When observing intestine tissue through a micrograph, four distinct
layers are visible:
• Mucosa
• Sub-mucosa
• Muscle Layers
- longtiudinal
- circular
• Serosa
30
http://anatomy.kmu.edu.tw/BlockHis/Block10-1/block10-1_23.jpg
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1
http://sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/digestion-chemistry/sci-media/images/
Villi & Absorption
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1
1. Describe the structure of villi and how it
relates to their function.
2. Identify the types of molecules absorbed by
villi.
3. Outline different methods of transport used
to absorb nutrients.
4. Outline the four primary tissue layers that
can be seen in a longitudinal intestine
micrograph.
32
6.1 – D – Starch Digestion
Applications
A1: Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of products of digestion to the liver
IB BIO – 6.1 Starch Digestion
Starch is a macromolecule that is made in plants by joining α-
glucose molecules. Because it is large, it must be digested by
enzymes in the intestine in order to be absorbed.
34
http://www.nutrientsreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Starch.jpg
Applications
A1: Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of products of digestion to the liver
IB BIO – 6.1
A series of enzymes
break down starch into
glucose monomers,
which can be absorbed
be epithelium cells.
These enzymes
include:
• Amylase
• Maltase
• Dextrinase
• Glucosidase
35
http://csidcares.org/assets/D.O.S.png
Starch Digestion
Applications
A1: Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of products of digestion to the liver
IB BIO – 6.1 Glucose Transport 36
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Carbsmallintesttine.jpg
1. Na+/K+ pumps decrease internal concentration of Na+
2. Na/glucose co-transporters
transport glucose into the
cells along with Na+
3. Channel proteins allow
glucose to diffuse out
of the other side
of the cell
4. Glucose then
diffuses into
capillaries
through small
pores
Applications
A1: Processes occurring in the small intestine that result in the digestion of starch and transport of products of digestion to the liver
IB BIO – 6.1 Storage in Liver
Glucose absorbed in the capillaries travels to the liver through the
hepatic vein. In the liver, cells convert extra glucose into glycogen
37
http://humanphysiology2011.wikispaces.com/file/view/liver.jpg/222203358/403x357/liver.jpg
which can be stored for later
use.
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1 Outline the digestion of starch molecules and the
transport of products to the liver.
http://archive.cnx.org/resources/9596c1774a9b3f3dc39a42f30079e8223d370244/2427_Carbon_Digestion1.jpg
38
6.1 – E – Dialysis Tubing Experiments
Applications
A2: Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Dialysis Tubing
Semi-permeable
Dialysis Tubing
Semi-permeable membrane
that can be used to model the
absorption of molecules in the
intestine.
The membrane contains small
pores that starch molecules are
able to pass through.
By filling the tubing with a
solution, indicators can show
whether molecules are able to
be absorbed.
40
http://www.carolina.com/images/product/large/684202.jpg
http://mequi.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/8/0/5380621/dialysis_tubing_experiment.pdf
Applications
A2: Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Dialysis Tubing
Iodine Indicator
When iodine is the in the
presence of starch, it turns a
dark blue/purple. When it is in
the presence of glucose, no
change is seen.
Iodine is able to pass through
the dialysis tubing and so is
able to react (or not react) with
the contents.
41
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3aSkuTf9aoM/UF2_hNOHuvI/AAAAAAAADbA/XE3Kzb1udFc/s1600/
Applications
A2: Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Dialysis Tubing Experimental Setup
The setup in the diagram shown below can be used to determine the
effects of an enzyme on a substrate. If iodine was added to both
beakers, what would you expect to see?
42
http://bio662.dyndns.info/s3b/b3n/b3n01FoodNutrition/images/EffectOfSalivaOnStarch_e.png
Applications
A2: Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Explanation of results 43
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3aSkuTf9aoM/UF2_hNOHuvI/AAAAAAAADbA/XE3Kzb1udFc/s1600/
starch starch
Starch alone
Applications
A2: Use of dialysis tubing to model absorption of digested food in the intestine
IB BIO – 6.1
Key Terms
Explanation of results 44
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3aSkuTf9aoM/UF2_hNOHuvI/AAAAAAAADbA/XE3Kzb1udFc/s1600/
starch+
saliva
starch +
saliva
Starch + Saliva (contains amylase)
REVIE
WIB BIO – 6.1
Design an experiment that would determine
the effect of amylase concentration on the rate
of diffusion in dialysis tubing filled with a starch
solution.
45