6.5 x 10.5 long title - Cambridge University...

Index

absolutismpolitics threatened by, 295–304presidential powers and, 151–2,

152n49sovereignty and, 142, 164

Abu Ghraib, 275, 314torture practices at, 2–3

Abuse of Evil, The (Bernstein), 295Ackerman, Bruce, 160–1action. See also agency

Arendt’s concept of, 5–6beginning and, 66–7, 67n26, 69–70,

76–7, 78–82civil disobedience as, 279–80in concert, politics and, 251–2, 258democratic theory andequality and, 30–2equality linked to, 19labor-work-action triad and, 67paradox of rule and, 62–4, 71–8,

79n56participatory democracy and, 316–20resistance to evil and, 356–66

Adams, John, 286–8Adams, John Quincy, 287n33Adorno, Theodor, 7, 114–15, 261–2, 306Africa

Arendt’s discussion of, 133–4, 354British imperialism in, 98, 103n54cultural biases concerning, 113–16European imperialism in, 106–7,

113–16

German atrocities in, 89–90Hegel’s view of, 124–5racist ideology and imperialism in,

105–11African diaspora, critiques of imperialism

and colonialism by, 114–15African Studies, Arendt’s philosophy and,

134“Afterword to the Japanese Reader”

(Lowith), 122–3agency. See also action

Arendt’s concept of, 51–2Arendt’s “latent self” and, 73–5speech and, 31–2

Agranat, Simon, 205, 207n29Ali, Ryan Hirsi, 259–60Alien and Sedition laws, 287–8al-Qaeda, 273–6al-Sadr, Moktada, 302American Crisis, The (Paine), 285–6American Revolution. See also United

Statesas barrier to totalitarianism, 263external sovereignty and, 152n50,

152–3, 157political rethinking of, 284–8

Anders, Gunther, 248annihilation

ancient and modern forms of, 256–8and nuclear weapons, Arendt’s

discussion of, 249politics and, 254–6

375

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376 Index

anthropological universalism, Arendt’sconcept of, 37n63

antifoundationalism, Arendt’s concept ofequality and, 18

antisemitism. See also HolocaustArendt’s discussion of, 107–11,

132Arendt’s early research on, 219Lemkin’s discussion of, 223–4,

227–8Lowith’s cultural theory and absence

of, 122nation-state and rise of, 223, 225–6,

226n15, 228totalitarianism and, 6Voegelin’s discussion of, 128

Apology of Socrates, 358–9Arato, Andrew, 8, 137–71arche

Arendt’s definition and translation of,63–4n17

“beginning” linked to, 65–71paradox of rule and democratic theory

and, 60, 63–6princeps, Dante’s concept compared

with, 72archein

“beginning” linked to, 65–71paradox of rule and, 64–6princeps, Dante’s concept compared

with, 72Arendt, Hannah

centenary conferences of birthanniversary of, 2

contemporary assessments of, 113–16,132–4

cultural theory and, 125–7early life of, 219independent thinking of, 294, 302–4legacy of, 1–2Lemkin and, 219–43unfinished works of, 250–1Voegelin and, 127–32

Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of thePolitical (Villa), 372–3

“Arendt on the Foundation of Equality”(Waldron), 4–5

AristotleArendt’s concept of equality and, 33

Dante’s De Monarchia and, 72–3, 77on politics, 30

Articles of Confederation, 286n30Asia, European cultural biases

concerning, 123–7assimilation. See also denaturalization;

rightlessness; statelessnessdeassimilation/denaturalization

paradox and, 182–6imperialism as refusal of, 95, 96–8,

98n41Athenian democracy, Arendt’s concept of

equality and, 17–18atrocity, jurisdiction of, 200n11

territorial jurisdiction and, 204–6attunement, to events, Arendt’s concept

of “beginning” and, 70–1Auden, W. H., 250Augustine, St.

Arendt’s discussion of, 39–57on creation, Arendt’s natality concept

and, 69in Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin

(Arendt), 5, 40influence on Origins of Totalitarianism

(Arendt) of, 45–50Markell’s discussion of, 6on mortality, 55–6neighbor’s relevance concept in, 42–5

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (Lemkin),220, 220n2, 227–8, 232–9, 242–3

Baehr, Peter, 372–3banality of evil. See also evil

Arendt’s thesis concerning, 12–14contemporary reinterpretations of,

302–4, 305–15Jewish complicity in Holocaust and,

267–76Kant’s moral theory and, 327–8misinterpretations of, 294

Barber, Benjamin, 11–12, 259–76Barth, Karl, 29n41Bass, Gary J., 213n47Beard, Charles, 286n30“beginning”

action and, 66–7, 67n26, 69–70, 76–7birth and, 70n34critique of rule and role of, 65–71






Index 377

democratic theory and, 78–80, 80n58,82

Beinart, Peter, 269, 289n35Beiner, Ronald, 318n6Being and Time (Heidegger), 41Benedict, Pope, 270Benhabib, Seyla, 9, 206n28, 333

on anthropological universalism,37n63

on Arendt’s concept of equality, 18on imperialism, 113, 114n2

Benito Cereno (Melville), 264Benjamin, Walter, 191n65Bentham, Jeremy, 23Berlin, Isaiah, 125Berlin Wall, Arendt’s discussion of

revolution and fall of, 277–90Berman, Paul, 259–60, 271, 274Bernstein, Richard, 12, 259, 265, 268,

293–304, 319–20, 372–3Between Past and Future (Arendt), 84,

251, 281–3, 283n23, 284Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche),

326–8Bickford, Susan, 81Billy Budd (Melville), 294–5, 368Bilsky, Leora, 9, 198–218biological racism, Voegelin’s discussion

of, 129, 129n67, 130Blackburn, Samuel, 21, 23black intellectuals, Arendt’s

totalitarianism theory and, 85n9Black Power, Arendt’s discussion of,

133–4Blackwater military contractors, torture

practices by, 3Bluecher, Heinrich, 9Blumenfeld, Kurt, 219body, Voegelin on role in politics of,

131n74Boer settlers, Arendt’s discussion of,

105Bolshevism, 89–90, 266. See also

communismboomerang effect (Arendt), 87–92,

92n25, 93Cesaire’s discussion of colonialism and,

100–5contemporary assessments of, 113–16

global politics and, 99impact on Western civilization, 100–5internal and external sovereignty and,

156bourgeoisie, imperialism and role of,

87–93Brecht, Bertolt, 307–8Brezhnev Doctrine, 279–80Briand, Aristide, 179British imperialism

Arendt’s critique of, 89, 92–3, 96–8in India, 95–6Nazi admiration for, 99

Brooks, Cleanth, 128Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky),

307–8Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 272–3bureaucracy, British imperialism and, 98Burke, Edmund, 95–6, 96n35Bush, George W., 288–90, 313

on evil, 302imposition of democracy by, 277“Islamofascism” references of, 269–76torture practices condoned by, 2–3,

276Butler, Elizabeth, 118

Calhoun, John C., 160Canovan, Margaret, 34capitalism, imperialism, and Arendt’s

discussion of, 93–100capital punishment, Arendt’s support for,

241, 241n48Carre de Malberg, 141–2, 142n16, 143,

147–8Cassesse, Antonio, 215n52Cavell, Stanley, 68n31Cesaire, Aime, 7, 83, 100–5Cesarani, David, 302–3Chamberlain, Austen (Sir), 179Cheney, Dick, 270–6, 313Christianity

egalitarianism and, 29, 29n41morality in, 347neighbor’s relevance in, Augustine’s

concept of, 42–5postwar philosophical avoidance of,

118–23racism and, 130, 130n73






378 Index

Church, Augustine’s discussion of, 44Churchill, Winston, 111Cicero, Arendt and, 4citizenship

cultural theory and, 133n81nonparticipation as component of,

316–20paradox of deassimilation/

denaturalization and, 182–6paradox of human rights and,

195–7paradox of rightlessness and, 188–92universal jurisdiction doctrine and,

201–4, 206n28City of God, The (Augustine)

Arendt’s natality concept influencedby, 41, 50–1

creation discussed in, 39, 49, 52–3civil disobedience

absence of, in contemporary U.S.politics, 288–90

democratic transitions and, 278n1human rights demands and, 279–80politics of, 280–4resistance to evil and, 356–66

“Civil Disobedience” (Arendt), 145–6,155–7, 362–6

human rights discussed in, 279–80politics of dissent discussed in, 280–4

civilization, xenophobia and, 46–7civil rights movement, Arendt’s

discussion of, 133–4, 144–7Civil War

separation of powers and, 160–1states’ rights and, 160U.S. constitutional powers and, 156,

158classical literature, evil in, 307–8Cohen, Jean, 8, 137–71Cold War politics

decline of Soviet system and, 249democracy and collapse of, 277nuclear weapons and, 256–8totalitarianism and, 85–7, 267, 271

“Collective Responsibility” (Arendt),343

colonialismabsence of Western critiques on,

114–15

American Revolution and, 284–8Arendt’s critique of, 7, 87–93Cesaire’s discussion of, 100–5German experience of, 89, 89n14, 90imperialism vs. empire building and,

93–100racist ideology and African

exploitation and, 105–11Commager, Henry Steel, 260Common Sense (Paine), 285, 285n28,

286communism

ethical legacy of, 313totalitarianism and, 85–7, 267, 272

community of humanitycriminal law and, 213–18nuclear weapons proliferation and,

247–8subjectivity and intersubjectivity

concerning, 328–33compartmentalization, morality and, 355complementarity, international

jurisdiction and, 215, 215n51, 218Concept of Law (Hart), 141–2Concept of the Political (Schmitt), 141–2Confessions (Augustine), 44Congo, Belgian genocide in, 105Conrad, Joseph, 89–90, 106–7n59conscience, Arendt’s discussion of,

333–6, 363–6conservative political theory in U.S.,

Voegelin’s influence on, 128Constitutional Dictatorship (Rossiter),

149, 149n39constitutional powers

Arendt’s discussion of, 144–7civil disobedience and threats to,

280–4critique of Arendt’s interpretations of,

147–52imperialism and, 157, 157n68, 162morality and, 342n1nation-states linked to, 175, 175n16paradox of rightlessness and, 188police power and corruption of,

190–2Constitution of the United States

democratic theory and creation of,286, 286n30, 288






Index 379

imperialism and provisions of, 157,157n68, 162

inherent powers doctrine and, 158–60moral philosophy and, 342n1, 369parodox of rule and democratic

principles in, 62separation of powers and, 160–1,

190–1, 286–8state theory and, 154, 154n57, 155

continental nationalism, imperialism and,86

Convention on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime ofGenocide, 220

Arendt’s acceptance of, 221–4, 242–3establishment of, 232–9

cosmopolitanism, sovereignty and, 167–8council-state, Arendt’s concept of, 281–4creation

natality and, 39, 52–3racism and myths of, 48–50

crime of barbarity, Lemkin’s concept of,235

crime of vandalism, Lemkin’s concept of,235

crimes against humanityArendt’s criticism of prosecution for,

204–6characteristics of, 206–7community of humanity and, 213–18jurisdictional issues in, 208n31, 207–8,

210national court adjudication of,

198–218subjectivity and intersubjectivity

concerning, 328–33universal jurisdiction principle and,

202, 202n16, 204criminal law

community of humanity and, 213–18crimes against humanity and, 203–4,

206–7criminality of presidential government

and, 144–7democratic foundations of,

212–13domestic jurisdiction and, 206–7imagined political community and,

210

politics and, 204–6war crimes tribunals and, 201–4

Crises of the Republic (Arendt),251

“Crisis in Culture, The” (Arendt), 327–8,334–5, 337–8

Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, The(Schmitt), 143–4, 191

Critique of Judgment (Kant), 319–26Nietzsche’s discussion of, 327–8

Critique of Practical Reason (Kant),319–26

Crito (Plato), 347, 358–9Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Earl of Cromer,

89, 97, 97n37, 98cultural relativism

contemporary critiques of, 120Herder’s legacy in, 125–6

cultural theoryof Arendt’s contemporaries, 114–15biases in Arendt’s work on, 7, 113–14,

114n2, 116entertainment and, 337–8of Herder, 125–7ontology of the group and, 236–7post–World War I crisis in, 116–18pro–Western European biases in,

113–16, 118–23racism and, 113–16, 133–4synchronic concepts in, 114, 114n5,

115cycle of revenge, origins of politics and,

257Czechoslovakia, Prague Spring in,

279–80

Dante Alighieri, 71–8deassimilation, nation-state and paradox

of, 182–6Declaration of Independence, 152–7,

285n28“Decline of the Nation-State and the End

of the Rights of Man” (Arendt),298–9

degradation of evil, 351democratic theory

activity and, 79–82Arendt’s discussion of, 58–82beginning concept and, 78–82






380 Index

democratic theory (cont.)discourses on evil as threat to,

295–304judging-spectatorship and

representative government, 336–9paradox of rule and, 58–9, 59n6, 66revolution and civil disobedience and,

277–90rule of law and, 211–12, 212n43, 213triumph of as threat, 277–90

democratic transitions, Arendt’s theory ofrevolution and, 278, 278n1, 279

De Monarchia (Dante), 71–8denaturalizaion

Minority Treaties and, 229–30nation-state and paradox of, 182–6

deportationparadox of deassimilation/

denaturalization and, 186rightlessness of refugees and,

186–92Der Huter der Verfassung (Schmitt),

192Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin (Arendt).

See also Love and Saint Augustine(Arendt)

Arendt’s later work and, 41–5, 47Augustine’s creation concept in, 40,

49, 52–3Heidegger’s influence on, 41–2Tsao’s discussion of, 5

Deutsch, Karl, 272Dicey, Albert Venn, 151, 160–1

state theory of, 153, 153–4n55,154n57

Dickinson, John, 285–6dictatorship. See totalitarianismDietz, Mary, 372–3differentiated power, Arendt’s discussion

of, 144–7Dinesen, Isak, 71–2direct democracy, American Revolution

and, 286, 286n29Discourse on Colonialism (Cesaire), 7,

100–5disinterestedness, Arendt’s discussion of,

334–5domination, sovereignty and, 139–47Douglas, Lawrence, 213n46

Dreyfus affair, 6, 226–7droit administratif, state theory and, 153,

154n59duality, Aristotle’s concept of, 72–3Du Bois, W. E. B., 129n67Duns Scotus, 324

East India Company, 95–6egalitarianism

Arendt’s concept of, 4–7shallow versions of racism and, 23–4Western critiques of, 114–15

Eichmann, Adolf, trial of, 12–13, 167–9Arendt’s interest in judgment and, 317,

317n5, 319Arendt’s reflections on, 204–6, 221–4,

231–2, 267–76, 303–4jurisdictional legacy of, 198–218subjectivity and intersubjecitivity

concerning, 328–33testimony on Kant in, 321n13, 323–6,

339–41universal jurisdiction doctrine and,

201–4Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 262n11

Brecht epigraph to, 262–3condemnation of genocide in, 221–4critical reaction to, 305–15disinclination to judgment in, 336evil and personal responsibility in, 1intentionality discussed in, 308–15loneliness of judgment in, 333Nieman’s analysis of, 12–13political community in, 215politicization of trial in, 204–6reorientation of Arendt’s philosophy

in, 9–10theodicy of evil in, 307–8universal jurisdiction principle and,

242–3Eisenhower, Dwight D., 144–7electoral politics, constitutional powers

and, 158–9, 159n76, 160emergency regimes, presidential powers

and, 148–52empire building, imperialism vs.,

93–100England, state theory in, 153, 153–4n55,

154n57






Index 381

EnlightenmentEuropean vs. American impact of,

262n11Post–World War I decline of,

116–18Western cultural biases in, 114–15

entertainment vs. culture, Arendt’sdiscussion of, 337–8

eroticism of evil, 307–8eternal life, Arendt on immortality vs.,

248ethnic identities. See also minority

groups; Minority Treatiesnation-states and paradox of

self-determination and, 176–7,177n24, 182

European culture, Western belief insuperiority of, 118–23

“Europe and the Bomb” (Arendt),249–50

European nation-statesAfrican imperialism and, 106–7,

113–16antisemitism and collapse of, 223,

225–6, 226n15, 228Cesaire’s commentary on Nazism and,

100–5deassimilation/denaturalization

paradox and, 182–6evolution of, 230–2imperialism of, 84–7Jewish role in, 225–8republican political theory and, 8rightlessness paradox and, 186–92self-determination paradox and,

176–82totalitarianism and, 260–1, 261n8,

276United States compared with, 260–76

European nihilism, 119, 121–3“European Nihilism: Reflections on the

European War” (Lowith), 119European-U.S. relations, 249–50

Arendt’s work and current trends in,259–76

evil. See also banality of evilAmerican view of Islamic

fundamentalism as, 270–6Arendt’s reflections on, 12–14

Arendt’s revisions to analysis of,267–76

contemporary relevance of Arendt’sreflections on, 293–304

degradation of, 351in Eichmann in Jerusalem, 305–8erotic in, 307–8existential values in Arendt’s discussion

of, 342–73intentionality of, 308–15morality and, 345–9moral skepticism and, 348–9resistance to, 356–66in totalitarianism, 345, 350–6violent resistance to, 342n1

exceptionalism in American culture,terrorism as threat to, 270–6

existential valuesArendt’s treatment of evil and morality

and, 342–73secondary sources on, 372–3

existere, Arendt’s misinterpretation of,73–4, 74n47, 78

expansion ideologyconquest and, 95–6imperialism and, 87–8

explicare, Arendt on Dante’s concept of,73–4

external sovereignty, 141, 141n12,142

Arendt’s omissions concerning, 162–9post-Arendt constructions of, 169–71powers under, 152–7

extraterritorial jurisdiction, protectiveprinciple and, 202, 202n15, 204

Fanon, Frantz, on imperialism, 104n55fascism

cultural particularism of, 121eroticism of, 307–8imperialism and, 85, 85n9, 87, 100–5nation-states and, 175n15racism and, 130–1totalitarianism and, 272

federalism, Arendt’s advocacy of, 144–7Federalist Papers, The, 138, 138n4, 147,

149–50, 150n41, 151constitutional theory and role of,

286–7, 287n31, 288






382 Index

Fischer, Joschka, 259–60Fletcher, George, 25, 27forgiveness

morality and, 371–2natality and, 53–6

fragmentary historiography, Arendt’sconcept of, 175–6

FranceArendt’s critique of imperialism in,

92–3, 96–7, 97n37, 98police powers in, 190state theory in, 153

Franco–Prussian War, 226–7Frank, Hans, 229Frankfurt School, 116–17Franklin, Benjamin, 281–4, 290freedom

Arendt’s concept of, 4–7concept of rule and, 61–6equality and, 32humanity and inherentness of, 253–4human rights paradox and, 192–7liberation and, 78–9meaning of politics as, 251–2nuclear annihilation and, 254–6phenomenon of promising and, 62from politics, 316–41politics of civil disobedience and,

281–4sovereignty and, 139–47

French intellectuals, critiques ofimperialism and colonialism by,114–15

French Revolutionantisemitism and, 226–7European nihilism and role of, 122human rights and, 192Kant’s discussion of, 326, 337nation-states and model of, 230n23political legacy of, 278popular sovereignty and, 140, 140n9self-determination and legacy of, 176totalitarianism and, 263

Friedrich, Carl, 272Fung, Archon, 81n59Future of Mankind, The (Jaspers),

248

Garsten, Bryan, 13, 316–41

Genealogy of Morals, The (Nietzsche),327–8

Geneva Convention (1949), 276genocide. See also Holocaust

Arendt’s discussion of, 9, 165, 168–9,221–4

Cesaire’s discussion of colonialism and,100–5

international jurisdiction in trials for,198–218

Lemkin’s theory and definition of,232–3, 232n29, 239

nuclear annihilation and, 254–6plurality and, 239–42racist ideology and, 105–11,

227–8slavery as, 223n10universal jurisdiction principle and,

203Genocide Convention. See Convention on

the Prevention and Punishment ofthe Crime of Genocide

Gorgias (Plato), 347“German Nihilism” (Lowith), 122–3German philosophy

postwar ascendancy of Greekphilosophy in, 118–23

view of Africa in, 124–5n47, 126n58German Reformation, European nihilism

and role of, 122Germany

African imperialism of, 89–90, 105imperialism and political culture of,

89–90, 105, 105n57intentionality of citizens in, 308–15state theory in, 153

globalizationimperialism as origin of, 111–12sovereignty and, 167

“Global War on Terror,” constitutionalcrisis in U.S. over, 3

Glucksman, Andrei, 259–60gnosticism, 307–8Gobineau, Count Henri de, 131Goethe, J. W., 307–8Goldberg, Jonah, 259–60Gonzales, Alberto, 2–3Gorgias, 347, 358–9Gottlieb, Susannah, 71–4






Index 383

“Grand Inquisitor, The” (Dostoevsky),294–5

Gray, J. Glenn, 368–9Greek philosophy

Hegel’s discussion of, 124–5Lowith’s discussion of, 123origins of politics and, 256–8postwar European cultural crisis and

return to, 116–18Groundwork in the Metaphysics of

Morals (Kant), 320–6“Growth of the Race Idea, The”

(Voegelin), 128Guantanamo Bay Prison, Supreme Court

ruling on, 2–3

Habermas, Jurgen, 317n4, 319–20,331–3

Hague Convention, 235, 242–3Haitian Revolution, 132, 132–3n79Hamilton, Alexander, 138n4, 147

on presidential powers, 148–50,150n43, 158–9

Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question(Bernstein), 299–302, 372–3

Hardt, Michael, 60, 60–1n10Hare, R. M., 23Hausner, Gideon, 303–4Havel, Vaclav, 259–60Hayek, Frederick, 272–3Heart of Altruism: Preceptions of a

Common Humanity, The (Monroe),372–3

Heart of Darkness, Arendt’s discussionof, 6

Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 89–90Hegel, G. F. W., 114–15, 123, 272–3

European cultural superiority in workof, 124–5

intentionality discussed by, 309philosophy of history of, 283n23on theodicy, 306

Heidegger, MartinAfrica in work of, 124–5n47Arendt’s comments on, 13biological racism rejected by,

129–30cultural theory of, 114–18German primordiality concept of, 121

Greek philosophy and, 118–19influence on Arendt of, 41–2ontology of the group and, 236separate but equal principle and work

of, 126n58Heine, Heinrich, 226n15Held, David, 58–9Heller, Hermann, 8, 191–2Helsinki Accords, 279–80Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 125,

125n50, 127, 222n7, 224, 237herrschen/herrschaft, Arendt’s definition

and translation of, 63, 63–4n17Herzl, Theodor, 226–7Hilferding, Rudolf, 94historical-functional dimension of human

rights, 194n77, 193–4, 197historical-political dimension of human

rights, 196–7Historikerstreit movement, 312–13history

alleged absence in Africa of, 124–5n47,126n58

Arendt’s characterization of, 67–70,132–4

European nihilism and role of,121–3

Hegel’s view of, 124–5of ideas, cultural theory and, 121n30,

121, 123origins of racial ideology and, 107–9,

130–1paradox of nation-states and, 175–6politics of civil disobedience and,

281–3, 283n23, 284race theory and, 127–32terrorism in context of, 274–6totalitarianism in context of, 90–3Voegelin’s discussion of, 130–1

History of the Race Idea (Voegelin),128–32

Hobbes, Thomas, 142Hobson, J. A., 92–5, 95n31Holocaust

Arendt’s discussion of, 9, 165, 168–9,221–4, 267–76


intentionality in, 308–15






384 Index

Holocaust (cont.)international jurisdiction in trials for,

198–218Jewish complicity in, Arendt’s

discussion of, 267–76Lemkin’s theory and definition of, 232,

232n29, 233, 239modern terrorism compared with,

274–6moral degradation of, 353–6nuclear annihilation and, 254–6plurality and, 239–42racist ideology and, 105–11, 227–8slavery as, 223n10universal jurisdiction principle and,

203Homer, 256–8“Home to Roost” (Arendt), 144–7,

281–4Horkhheimer, Max, 261–2Howard, Richard, 12hubris, intentionality and, 310Human Condition, The (Arendt)

agency discussed in, 51–2, 251American reception of, 261–2Arendt’s translation of, 63–4n17Augustine’s influence on, 40, 50–7“beginning” concept discussed in,

66–7, 76–7civil disobedience in, 281–4critical reappraisal of, 84Dinesen and Dante epigraphs in, 71–2existential values in, 342, 371–2forgiveness and natality in, 53–6Greek tradition discussed in, 118Heidegger’s influence on, 41–2Markell’s discussion of, 5–6modernity discussed in, 248moral resistance in, 364natality in, 5, 39–40, 42, 50–7paradox of rule in, 61–6politics and morality in, 371publication of, 1sovereignty discussed in,

143–4human dignity and human stature,

existential values and, 342, 352humanity

evil and superfluity of, 295–304

subjectivity and intersubjectivityconcerning, 328–33

human natureArendt’s concept of equality and, 26,

30crimes against humanity and, 206–7

human rights“American ideals” and, 279–80Arendt’s skepticism concerning, 165,

221crimes against humanity and paradox

of, 203–4evil and superfluity of, 295–304existential value of, 352–3moral skepticism and, 348–9nation-state and paradox of, 192–4,

194n77, 197sovereignty and, 163–4

Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 11Arendt’s discussion of, 249, 253–4,

278–9Huntington, Samuel, 259–60Husserl, Edmund, 114–18, 120–1

identity, Arendt’s latent self and, 75“Ideology and Terror” (Arendt), natality

in, 50Iliad (Homer), 256–8illegality, paradox of rightlessness and,

186–92immigration laws and policies,

rightlessness of refugees and,186–92

immortality, Arendt on “eternal life” vs.,248

imperialismabsence of Western critiques on,

114–15Arendt’s analysis of, 6–7, 112boomerang effect in, 87–92, 92n25, 93Cesaire’s discussion of, 100–5critical assessment, of Arendt’s theories

on, 84, 84n7, 87, 113–16cultural theory and, 113–16empire building vs., 93–100external sovereignty andglobalization’s origins in, 111–12impact on Western civilization of,

100–5






Index 385

Pan-Germanism and, 99–100racist ideology and, 105–11self-determination and postwar

collapse of, 177–80sovereignty and, 141–2, 157–62terminology of, 103n52totalitarianism and, 6, 91–3in United States, 157, 157n68, 162Western civilization and, 100–5

Imperialism: A Study (Hobson), 92–3,94–5

India, British imperialism in, 6, 95–6, 98inherent powers doctrine, 158n73,

158–9, 160intentionality, evil and, 308–15internal sovereignty, 141, 141n12, 142

constitutional powers and, 147–52paradox of rightlessness and, 188post-Arendt constructions of, 169–71powers under, 152–7

international asylum, paradox ofdeassimilation/denaturalization and,182–6

international crimes, universaljurisdiction principle and, 207–8,208n33, 210

International Criminal Court (ICC), 215,215n52, 216n53, 216n54, 218

sovereignty and, 243international institutions, postwar

creation of, 231–2international law

Arendt’s critique of, 7–10, 221–4,231–2

civil disobedience and, 279–80Eichmann trial legacy in,

198–218genocide provisions in, 235human plurality and totalitarianism

and, 219–43jurisdiction in, 210–11paradox of deassimilation/

denaturalization and, 184–6post-Holocaust jurisprudence and,

215n52sovereignty and, 137–71universal jurisdiction doctrine and,

198–208, 208n33, 210, 218war crimes tribunals and, 201–4

international military tribunal,jurisdiction of, 209–10n35

international relations, Arendt’s workand current trends in, 259–76

intersubjectivityArendt’s concept of, 319–20judgment and, 327–8subjectivity of Arendt’s concept of,

328–33Into the Dark: Hannah Arendt and

Totalitarianism (Whitfield), 84n7“Introduction into Politics, An”

(unfinished Arendt fragment),10–11, 251–6

Introduction to Philosophy (Jaspers),250–1

Iraq War, Vietnam comparisons with,281–4

Islamic fundamentalismas evil, 270–6as totalitarianism, 85, 85n10, 259–60,

269–76“Islamists and the Naıve” (Jesperson),

270“Islamofascism” thesis, 267, 269–76Israeli court, Arendt’s criticism of,

204–6

Jackson, Andrew, 287n33Jackson, Robert, 242–3Japan, Lowith’s cultural theory

concerning, 122–3Jarrell, Randall, 262, 262n12Jaspers, Gertrude, 127n60Jaspers, Karl, 41, 114–15, 121, 127,

133–4Arendt’s discussion of evil with,

296–7Arendt’s essay on, 167–8Eichmann in Jerusalem dedication to,

306on existential values, 372–3on nuclear weapons proliferation,

248philosophical legacy of, 250–1

Jefferson, Thomas, 131n75American Revolution and, 284–5,

285n27, 285n28Arendt and, 4, 81–2






386 Index

Jefferson, Thomas (cont.)political theory of, 281–4as president, 287–8on presidential powers, 148–9n37,

149–50n40, 151n45, 151n46,154–5

Jellinek, Georg, 153Jesperson, Karen, 270Jesus, Arendt’s discussion of, 54–5Jewish Councils, alleged complicity in

Holocaust of, 267–76, 308–15“Jewish Question,” Arendt’s discussion

of, 225–8Judaism

Arendt’s identification with, 239n42Greek philosophy and, 119Herder on, 125–7, 222n7, 239n43Lowith’s discussion of, 123morality in, 347postwar philosophical avoidance of,

118–23statelessness of, 180Voegelin’s discussion of, 131–2

judging-spectatorshiprepresentative government and,

336–9representative thinking and, 334–6

judgmentArendt’s discussion of, 316–41Eichmann’s misinterpretation of Kant

and role of, 320–1, 321n13, 326Eichmann trial and Arendt’s interest in,

317n5, 317, 319intentionality and, 312–14loneliness of, 333Nietzsche’s discussion of, 326–8persuasion and, 336subjectivity and intersubjectivity and,

328–33jurisdiction

Arendt’s critique of, 207–10Eichmann trial and legacy of, 198–218international law and, 9international law concerning, 210–11nature of crime linked to, 214n49

justice, morality and, 346–7

Kant, Immanuel, 165, 305Arendt’s “banality of evil” and, 13

categorical imperative of, 23disinterestedness in work of, 334–5on dual citizenship, 206n28Eichmann’s testimony as

misinterpretation of, 320–1,321n13, 326, 339–41

on equality, 17n2, 27–8, 28n36,28–9n39

Herder and, 222n7, 237n41intentionality discussed by, 309on judgment, 312–14, 319–20on morality, 27, 358, 365–6Nietzsche’s discussion of, 327–8paradox of human rights and, 196–7on racism, 125on representative government, 337subjectivity of intersubjectivity and,

328–33theodicy and writings of, 306on war and peace, 168on world political plurality, 166

“Karl Jaspers: Citizen of the World”(Arendt), 167

Kateb, George, 13–14, 91, 110, 317n4,333, 338n64, 342–73

Kautsky, John, 272–3Kautsky, Karl, 94Keenan, Alan, 61–2Keller, Herman, 174Kelsen, Hans, 8, 137, 137n2, 138–9,

139n6, 141, 141n15, 142on constitutional powers, 155on legal order as state subjectivism,

177on legal rule as embodiment of state

sovereignty, 187n52, 188on political order, 174

Khrushchev, Nikita, 266King, Richard H., 7, 91, 91n23, 93Kipling, Rudyard, “white man’s burden”

concept of, 98Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 289n35Kirschheimer, Otto, 198Kogon, Eugen, 175n16Kohn, Jerome, 250–1, 256, 319–20,

343

labor-work-action triad, 67Laclau, Ernesto, 60, 60–1n10






Index 387

Lagarde, Paul, 122language

culture and, 125–6politics and role of, 64–6, 133, 133n81

latent self, Arendt’s concept of,73–5, 78

Lawrence, T. E., 89Lazare, Bernard, 226n15League of Nations, Minority Treaties

and, 229Lectures on Ethics (Kant), 325Lefort, Claude, 60, 81–2, 140, 140n10,

141, 286n30legal theory, sovereignty and, 141–2Leibniz, Karl, 306Lemkin, Raphael, 9, 12–13, 219–43

on antisemitism, 223–4, 227–8,228–32n18

early life of, 219genocide research of, 220, 220n2,

222–3Herder and, 222n7on Minority Treaties, 229on “ontology of the group,”

235–9political activism of, 219–20scarcity of information about, 221n5universal jurisdiction principle and,

242–3Lenin, V. I., 94Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,

285–6Levi, Primo, 297–8Levy, David, 127–8, 129n67Lewis, Bernard, 259–60Liberal Fascism (Goldberg), 259–60liberal hawk in American politics, 288–90liberal intellectuals

defense of imperialism by, 114–15life

as infinite improbability, 253–4sacredness and sacrifice of, nuclear

weapons and, 249–50Life of the Mind, The (Arendt), 324

critical reappraisal of, 84n6natality in, 39

Lincoln, Abraham, 154, 154n58, 158–9“Living Issues of German Postwar

Philosophy” (Strauss), 117

Lobel, J., 151–2Locke, John, 148, 148n37, 149, 152,

281–4Jefferson and, 150–1

London Charter, war crimes tribunalsand, 201–4

love, Arendt on Augustine’s concept of,42–5, 47

Love and Saint Augustine (Arendt),translation idiosyncracies in, 40–1,41n5

Lowith, Karl, 7, 114–19, 121–3Lukacs, Georg, 116–17Luxembourg, Rosa, 94“Lying in Politics” (Arendt),

145–6

Macdonald, Margaret, 22–3Machiavelli, Niccolo, 346Madison, James, 138n4, 144–7

on presidential powers, 148–50,158–9, 159n76, 160–1

Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 119n21Malraux, Andre, 372–3Man, concept of, paradox of human

rights and, 193–7Mann, Thomas, 119n21Mantena, Karuna, 6–7, 112Marbury v. Madison, 147, 287–8Markell, Patchen, 5–6, 58–82Marrus, Michael, 172–3Marx, Karl, 114–15, 149, 272–3Marxism

cultural theory and, 116–17imperialism and ideology of, 94totalitarianism and, 250–1, 267

mass movements, racial ideology and,108n61

Mayflower Compact, 284McCarthy, Mary, 267, 306–7, 363McDowell, John, 25–6n24Meaning of Politics, The (Arendt), 254,

254n8Meinecke, Friedrich, 178Melville, Herman, 264, 294–5,

307–8Men in Dark Times (Arendt), 262,

262n12Mertens, Thomas, 205–6n27






388 Index

Metaphysics (Aristotle), 72–3, 77Mexican–American War, 157n68Michnik, Adam, 259–60Middle Ages, origins of racism in, 108militarism, imperialism and, 157,

157n68, 162Mill, John Stuart, 114–15, 352Milosevic, Slobodan, 198, 211–12minority groups

international law on genocide and,224

nationalization efforts as violation of,180–2

nation-states and paradox ofself-determination and, 176–7,177n24, 182

paradox of nation-states and,172–97

rightlessness of, 186–92Minority Treaties

Lemkin’s discussion of, 235–6statelessness and “right to have rights”

and, 228–32modernity

American democracy and, 261–2Arendt’s characterization of, 132–4,

248Greek philosophy as antidote to,

118–23Lowith’s discussion of, 121–3totalitarianism as phenomenon of,

261–2monarchy

Dante’s discussion of, 72sovereignty and, 140

Monroe, James, 287n33Monroe, Kristen Renwick, 372–3Monroe Doctrine, 157n68Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,

Baron de, 4, 286, 290moral philosophy. See also Socratic

moralityArendt’s concept of, 13Arendt’s moral skepticism and, 348–9equality and, 21–3evil and, 345–9existential values in Arendt’s discussion

of, 342–73human rights and, 193–7

of Kant, 320–6mores and, 346–7politics and, 342n1religion and, 347Socratic morality and, 13–14, 347supervenience thesis and, 25violent resistance and, 342n1, 347–8

mores and morality, 346–7Morris, Gouverneur, 159, 160n77mortality, natality and, 55–6murder, Arendt’s discussion of, 350–1Muslim Brotherhood, 270Mussolini, Benito, 130–1, 178Muthu, Sankar, 114My Life in Germany (Lowith), 123

natality, Arendt’s concept of, 5“beginning” concept linked to, 66–7forgiveness and, 53–6historical origins of Arendt’s thought

concerning, 41human condition and, 68–9in Human Condition (Arendt), 50–7influence of Augustine’s work on,

39–42misconceptions in English translations

of, 40–1, 41n5in Origins of Totalitarianism, 5, 37, 40political equality and, 36–7

national courtsInternational Criminal Court and,

216n53international jurisdiction established

by Eichmann trial, 198–218national emancipation,

self-determination, and, 176–82national group, Lemkin’s concept of,

235–9nationalism

imperialism and, 86, 96–7imperial racist ideology and,

107–11nation-states and paradox of

self-determination and, 178–80racism and, 131, 131n77, 132

national justice, universal justice vs.,212–13, 213n47

national minorities, Minority Treaties,and, 228–32






Index 389

nation-stateantisemitism and, 223, 225–8Arendt on imperialism and, 7–10,

85–93, 96–7cultural rights and, 125–7deassimilation/denaturalization

paradox in, 182–6external sovereignty and, 169–71human rights paradox and,

192–7Minority Treaties and, 228–32paradoxes of, 172–97rightlessness paradox of, 186–92self-determination paradox and,

176–82sovereignty and, 141–3, 147–8

naturalization, paradox ofdeassimilation/denaturalization and,182–6

Natural Right and History (Strauss), 117,120

Naumann, Bernd, 354Nazism

Arendt’s experiences with, 219biological race theory and, 129–30Cesaire’s commentary on, 100–5cultural particularism of, 121impact on Voegelin’s race theory of,

128, 128n63intentionality in, 308–15justification for nuclear weapons and,

254–6Kant’s legacy and, 320–6Lemkin’s analysis of race policies of,

227–8, 232n29, 232–3, 239Lowith’s view of, 123modern terrorism and, 269–76nation-states and, 175n15Nietzsche’s influence on, 122as outlaw state, 207–10Pan-Germanism and, 99–100terrorism’s differences from, 274–6totalitarianism and, 85–90

Negri, Antonio, 60, 60–1n10neighbor’s relevance, Augustine’s concept

of, 42–4, 45, 49Neiman, Susan, 12–13, 305–15Neoplatonic philosophy, Augustine

influenced by, 43

Neumann, Franz, 272–3New Science of Politics (Voegelin),

127New Yorker Magazine, The, 262,

262n11, 305Nicene Creed, Augustine’s reference to,

43Nietzsche, Friedrich

Arendt’s banality of evil and, 13disinterestedness in work of, 334–5on Greek philosophy, 118on judgment, 319–20, 323–4, 326–8,

332–3on Kant, 327–8Lowith’s discussion of, 122on morality, 354–5, 365

Nixon, Richard M., 144–7Noiriel, Gerard, 172–3, 184normality, moralty and, 355Notes on Virginia (Jefferson), 149n40,

149–50, 151, 154–5nuclear weapons proliferation

Arendt’s work in context of, 10–11omission of discussion in Arendt’s

work of, 247–58politics and, 251–6totalitarianism and, 254–6

Nuremburg trials, 242–3legacy of, 201–4territorial sovereignty and, 209–10n35universal jurisdiction principle and,

203

obedienceKant’s acceptance of, 320–6sovereignty and, 139–47

objectivity, subjectivity and, 330–1O’Conner, Flannery, 128On Revolution (Arendt)

American democracy discussed in, 262,317

civil disobedience in, 281–4concept of rule in, 61–6critical reappraisal of, 84democratic theory in, 81–2, 342n1earlier writing incorporated in, 251evil discussed in, 294–5fall of Berlin Wall in context of,

277–90






390 Index

On Revolution (Arendt) (cont.)federalism and sovereignty in, 164–5nuclear warfare discussed in, 249old world/new world dualism in, 263political freedom and equality in,

33–4political order in, 173, 173n8, 174,

174n8post-totalitarian politics and, 12publication of, 1violent resistance in, 368

On the Margins of Hannah Arendt(Baehr), 372–3

On the Three Types of Juristic Thought(Schmitt), 191

ontology of the groupArendt’s philosophy and, 239, 239n42international law on genocide and,

224Lemkin’s discussion of, 235–9plurality, 236–7

On Violence (Arendt), 362–6nuclear weapons discussed in, 249

“Organized Guilt and UniversalResponsibility” (Arendt), 115

Orientalism, in Hegel’s philosophy,124–5

Orientalism (Said), 123–4Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt)

agency discussed in, 51–2antisemitism in, 225–8Arendt’s dissatisfaction with title of,

90n21Augustine’s influence on, 40, 45–50,

52–3collapse of nation-state in, 197contemporary assessments of, 113–16critical reappraisal of, 83–4, 84n4,

84n5, 87egalitarianism in, 7evil discussed in, 264–76, 293–304,

350–6forgiveness and natality and, 53–4freedom discussed in, 41Genocide Convention and, 232–9Heidegger’s influence on, 41–2history discussed in, 51Holocaust discussed in, 265–7human rights discussed in, 221

imperialism discussed in, 84, 84n7, 87,278–9

moral skepticism in, 348–9natality concept in, 5, 37, 40publication of, 1state sovereignty in, 143structure of, 6territorial vs. universal jurisdiction

and, 8Voegelin’s influence on, 130–2

otherness, morality and, 355Outdatedness of Humankind (Anders),

248Owens, Patricia, 240

Paine, Tom, 285, 285n28, 286pan-Germanism, 99–100pan-Slavism, 131n77paradox of rule, Arendt and, 58–66pariah, cultural model of, 226n15participatory democracy, Arendt’s

democratic theory and, 81n59,316–20

passive personality doctrinecommunity of humanity and, 213–18Eichmann trial and, 201–4universal jurisdictional principle and,

207–10passivity, politics and, 316–20patiens

Arendt’s latent self and, 73–5Dante’s concept of, 73–4

Patterson, Orlando, 288–90Pearson, Raymond, 181Percy, Walker, 128Perpetual Peace (Kant), 196–7, 320–6“Personal Responsibility under

Dictatorship” (Arendt), 343–5persuasion, judgment and, 336Peters, Carl, 89–90Philosophical Investigations

(Wittgenstein), 65n22philosophy, postwar European crisis in,

116–18“Philosophy and the Crisis of European

Man” (Husserl), 116–17Philosophy of History (Hegel), 124–5Pinochet, Augusto, 198, 211–12, 216n55Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 80n58, 335






Index 391

Plato, 272–3, 333pleonaxia (overreaching), threat to

democracy of, 277–90plurality

Arendt’s discussion of, 239–42equality and, 30genocide and destruction of, 221–4international law and totalitarianism

and, 219–43ontology of groups and, 224paradox of human rights and, 193–7in United States, 264

poiesis, concept of rule and, 61police powers, rightlessness and

ascendancy of, 190–1, 191n65Polish Minority Treaty, 228–9political-legal dimension of human rights,

193–7political order

deassimilation/denaturalization and,182–6

human rights paradox and, 192–7paradox of nation-states and, 172–3,

173n8, 174, 197rightlessness and, 186–92

political question doctrine, 155–7Political Religions, The (Voegelin),

127Political Theology (Schmitt), 151political trials

jurisdictional legacy of, 198–205,205n26, 206, 218

universal jurisdiction and dangers of,211–13

politicsannihilation and, 254–6Arendt’s definition of, 254artificiality of equality and, 18, 19n8,

33–4of civil disobedience, 280–4, 362–6crimes against humanity trials and,

204–6culture and, 133, 133n81discourses on evil as threat to,

295–304of entertainment, 337–8equality and participation in, 30–2freedom as meaning of, 251–2human rights paradox and, 193–7

imperialism vs. empire building and,93–100

judgment and, 316–41“miracle” of humanity and, 253–4moral philosophy and, 342n1nation-states paradox and,

172–97nonmonarchical politics, Arendt’s plea

for, 71–8nuclear weapons proliferation and,

250–1, 256paradox of rule and, 62sovereignty and, 139–47spiritual aspects of, 281–2n14totalitarianism and, 251–2, 254–6violent resistance and, 342n1, 369Voegelin on race and, 127–32

Popper, Karl, 261–2, 272–3popular sovereignty, Arendt’s discussion

of, 139–52position, equality and role of, 30–2Post, Robert, 141n12potentiality, Aristotle’s concept of, 72–3power. See also constitutional powers;

presidential powers; separation ofpowers

terrorists’ view of, 274violence and, Arendt’s discussion of,

249Power, Samantha, 85n10, 295–6prattein, Arendt’s concept of action and,

63presidential powers

Arendt’s discussion of, 144–52ascendancy of, 161historical perspectives on, 287n33imperialism and, 157, 157n69, 162International Criminal Court and,

216n53Kelsen’s opposition to, 139n6sovereignty and, 145, 145n25, 169–71

Prince, The (Machiavelli), 346princeps, Dante’s concept of, 72Princeton Principles on Universal

Jurisdiction, 217n57“Productivity of Life and Work, The”

(Arendt), 70n34Promise of Politics, The (Arendt), 250–1,

256–8






392 Index

promising, phenomenon of, freedom and,62

protective principle, crimes againsthumanity and, 202, 202n15, 204

“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 110proxy justice, International Criminal

Court and, 217, 217n58, 218public action, beginning and, 76Putney Debates, 24

race, Lemkin’s genocide research andomission of, 223n10

Race and State (Voegelin), 127–23“Race-Thinking before Racism”

(Arendt), 127, 130–2racism

absence of, in Lowith’s cultural theory,122

Africa, imperialism and ideology of,105–11

Augustine’s influence on discussion of,48–50


contemporary assessments of Arendt’sviews on, 113, 113n1, 116

cultural difference and, 113–16, 133–4and equality, 23–4Eurocentric concepts of, 106n59,

106–7, 107n60imperialism and, 86, 88–99, 91–2,

97n37Kant’s discussion of, 125mass movements and, 108n61politicization of, 115–16theory and history of, Arendt’s work

on, 127–32Voegelin’s theory on, 127–32Western critiques of, 114–15

Radical Evil: A PhilosophicalInterrogation (Bernstein), 372–3

Ranciere, Jacques, 60, 60–1n10range properties, Rawls’s concept of,

24n20Rauschning, Hermann, 116–18Rawls, John, 24n20, 358–9Reagan, Ronald, 275reason, Greek philosophy as origin of,

116–18

refugeesdeassimilation/denaturalization

paradox and, 182–6human rights paradox and, 196–7Minority Treaties and, 229–30nation-states paradox and, 172–97,

298–9rightlessness of, 186–92statelessness and, 182–3, 183n39, 186,

229–30religion. See also theodicy

Arendt’s discussion of, 132–4morality and, 347racism and, 130, 130n73theodicy of evil and, 307–8violent resistance and, 342n1

“Religion and Politics” (Arendt), 127Renan, Ernest, 176representation

embodiment model of, 335sovereignty and, 139–47

representative government, 336–9representative thinking, Arendt’s concept

of, 319–20judging-spectatorship and, 334–6subjectivity and intersubjectivity and,

328–33Republic (Plato), 347, 358–9republican political thought

American Revolution and,284–8

Arendt’s theories on, 4–7civil disobedience and, 280–4European nation-states and, 8external sovereignty and, 152–7imperialism and, 88–9, 92–3, 157,

157n68, 162international law and, 8organ sovereignty and, 141–3political order and, 174–6

resistance to evil, 356responsibility, Arendt’s concept of,

4–7Responsibility and Judgment, 343,

350–6“res publica,” Arendt’s concept of, 4revolution, war and, 277–90“revolutionary universalism,” political

order and, 173, 173n8, 174, 174n8






Index 393

“revolution of 1800” (United States),285n28, 287–8

Rhodes, Cecil, 89rightlessness

nation-state and paradox of,186–92

paradox of deassimilation/denaturalization and, 182–6

“right to have rights"Minority Treaties and, 228–32statelessness and, 228–32territorial vs. universal jurisdiction

and, 8, 169Robeson, Paul, 223n10Robinson, Jacob, 200n11Roman Empire

Hegel’s discussion of, 124–5Lowith’s discussion of, 123origins of politics and, 256–8postwar European cultural crisis and,

116–18Rome Statute, 215n52, 216n54, 243Roosevelt, Eleanor, 221Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 151–2Roosevelt, Theodore, 158, 158n73,

159–60Rorty, Richard, 313Rossiter, Clinton, 149, 149n39, 156Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 307

Arendt and, 4Rousset, David, 354rule, concept of

activity and, 62–4, 71–8, 79n56Arendt’s critique of, 5–6, 61–6“beginning” and, role of in Arendt’s

critique of, 65–71in Dante’s work, 72, 77–8Kant’s acceptance of, 320–6language and, 64–6paradox of, in democratic theory,

58–9, 59n6, 66politics as separate from, 62sovereignty and, 139–47Wittgenstein’s critique of, 65n22

rule of lawcommunity and, 212–13, 213n46cultural-psychological dimension of,

189–90n58jurisdiction and, 210–11

Lemkin’s defense of, 223–4nation-states and, 8paradox of rightlessness and, 186–92political order and, 174–6political trials and, 198–213, 218sovereignty and, 166–9universal jurisdiction principle and,

199–200, 200n8, 201Rumsfeld, Donald, 314Russian Revolution, statelessness as

result of, 182

Said, Edward, 120, 123–4“Saints and Heroes” (Urmson), 360–1Sartre, Jean-Paul, 372–3Scheler, Max, 128Schell, Jonathan, 3, 247–58, 278, 278n1,

279on civil disobedience and human

rights, 279–80on nuclear weapons and Arendt’s

writing, 10–11Scheuerman, William E., 230n23Schlesinger, Arthur, 151–2Schmidt, Anton, 307Schmitt, Carl, 8, 143–5, 149, 151

on political order, 174, 191–2on sovereignty, 141–2, 157n68state theory of, 153

Scholem, Gershom, 205, 239n42,299–302

school integration, Arendt’s discussionof, 133–4

Scott, David, 132–3n79secularism

Augustine and, 56–7European cultural crisis and, 116–18paradox of human rights and, 193–7

self-determination, nation-state andparadox of, 176–82

self-selection, political equality and,35–6

separation of powersconstitutional theory concerning,

286–8rightlessness and corruption of, 190–1sovereignty and, 160–1

September 11 attacks (2001), 267Holocaust comparisons with, 274–6






394 Index

Shakespeare, William, 25, 307–8Sharon, Ariel, 198, 211–13Shklar, Judith N., 198, 261n8Sieyes, Emmanuel-Joseph, 140, 143–4,

147on self-determination, 176

Skran, Claudena, 172–3Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 212–13n45slavery

in America, Arendt’s comments on,264

as genocide, 223n10Sloan, Robert, 215n51, 217n58Smend, Rudolf, 174social contract theory, 358–9Social Research, 84n7, 316, 342Socratic morality

Arendt’s discussion of, 13–14, 347,350

conscience in, 333–6resistance to evil and, 356–66violent resistance and, 342n1

Soellner, Alfons, 117–18Solidarnosc movement, 278–9“Some Questions of Moral Philosophy”

(Arendt), 323, 327–8, 330, 343–5,356–66

South Africa, Arendt’s discussion of, 106,133–4

sovereigntyAmerican differentiation of power and,

144–7Arendt’s critique of, 7–10, 137–71imperialism and, 141, 141n12, 142,

157, 157n68, 162international criminal court and, 243nation-state and, 226–7, 230–2paradox of deassimilation/

denaturalization and, 182–6paradox of nation-states and, 172–97rightlessness and, 186–92rule of law and, 166–9state vs. organ sovereignty, 141–2,

142n16territorial sovereignty, universal

jurisdiction doctrine and, 202,202n19, 203

tyranny and, 139–47, 284–8

universal jurisdiction principle and,199–200, 200n8, 201

war crimes tribunals and, 201–4Soviet Union

Brezhnev Doctrine in, 279–80collapse of, 249, 258labor camps in, 266

Spanish court jurisdiction, in Pinochettrial, 216n55

speech, agency through, 31–2Spinoza, Benedict, 60spiritual aspects of politics, Arendt on,

281–2n14Stalinism, 266

Arendt’s theories on totalitarianismand, 85–7

Historikerstreit concept and, 312–13imperialism and, 89–90

statelessnesshuman rights paradox and, 192–7Minority Treaties and “right to have

rights” and, 228–32paradox of deassimilation/

denaturalization and, 182–6paradox of rightlessness and,

188–92paradox of self-determination and,

176–82totalitarianism and, 7–10, 85, 298–9

states’ rights in United States, 144–7,160

Steinweis, Alan, 129–30Stoic philosophy, Augustine influenced

by, 43Stone, Dan, 232, 232n29, 233, 239Strauss, Leo, 7, 114–16, 133

on culture and theology, 239n42history of ideas theory and, 121,

121n30on Western cultural superiority, 120

supervenience thesisArendt’s concept of equality and, 21,

21n13, 23egalitarian commitments and,

29–30moral judgments and, 25noncognitivism and, 23properties of, 27






Index 395

supranational entitiesabolition of sovereignty and, 165–9external sovereignty and, 163, 163n84

Supreme Court (U.S.)Arendt’s discussion of, 155–7, 281Guantanamo Bay Prison ruling of,

2–3presidential powers rulings of, 145,

145n25, 152–5, 157“System of Weimar,” 8

Taliban, 273–6Geneva Convention and War Crimes

Act protections for, 3, 276Talmon, J. L., 261–2, 272–3Taylor, Telford, 205n26, 208n31territorial sovereignty

Arendt’s concept of, 9, 207–10,209n35, 210n35

community of humanity and criminallaw and, 213–18

Eichmann trial and principle of, 204–5,205n26, 206

universal jurisdiction doctrine and,202, 202n19, 203–4

Terror and Liberalism (Berman), 259–60terrorism

contemporary discussions of, 274,274n32, 276

discourses on evil as distortion of,295–304

totalitarianism and, 269–76theodicy, Eichmann in Jerusalem as

revival of, 305–8theology, equality and, 29, 29n41, 30Theory and Practice (Kant), 320–6“Thinking and Moral Consideration”

(Arendt), 333“Third Basket” (Helsinki Accords),

279–80Thoreau, Henry David, 355, 359“Thoughts on Politics and Revolution”

(Arendt), 164, 281–2n14,362–6

time, beginning and concept of, 69Tocqueville, Alexis de, 114–15, 149,

261–2, 281, 284Todorov, Tzvetan, 312–13

tortureHolocaust comparisons with,

274–6United States’ practice of, 2–3, 303–4

totalitarianismantisemitism and imperialism and, 6Cold War politics and Arendt’s

theories on, 85–7conflicting definitions of, 272–3,

273n31contemporary views of, 259decline of Western civilization and,

100European experience of, 260–1, 261n8,

276evil in, 345, 350–6historical origins of, 107–9international law and human plurality

and, 219–43Islamic fundamentalism as, 259–60Jihadi movement vs. liberal democracy

and, 2, 259–60judgment and, 318, 318n6Lowith’s cultural theory concerning,

121–3Marxism and, 250–1nation-states and, 175n15nuclear weapons and, 254–6police cooperation with, 190–1politics and, 251–2, 254–6sovereignty as, 139–47terrorism and, 269–76Western complicity in, 104, 104n56,

105Tractates (Augustine), 47Transformative Justice: Israeli Identity on

Trial (Bilsky), 198Treaty of Rome, 215n52, 216n54, 243Troeltsch, Ernst, 116–18Trojan War, origins of politics and,

256–8“Truth and Politics” (Arendt), 331–5Tsao, Roy, 5, 39–57Tucholsky, Kurt, 181, 313Tully, James, 66Turning Operations: Feminism, Arendt,

and Politics (Dietz), 372–3tyranny, sovereignty as, 139–47, 284–8






396 Index

UN Charter on Human Rights, 163–4“Understanding and Politics” (Arendt),

action and beginning in, 67–70unforgivable sin, evil and, 350–1United States

Arendt’s view of, 11, 260–76imperialist power of, 157, 157n68,

162internal threats to democracy in,

277–90as republic, 175n15sovereignty, Arendt’s discussion of,

144–5, 145n24, 147threats to constitutional government

in, 2–3unity of principle, democratic theory and,

287–8Universal Declaration on Human Rights,

221universal jurisdiction principle, 9

Arendt’s rejection of, 207–10community of humanity and, 213–18comparisons of Arendt and Lemkin on,

242–3conditions for imposition of, 213n48crimes against humanity and, 206–7,

207n29Eichmann trial and establishment of,

199–200, 200n8, 201, 202n16,202–3n19

internal and external aspects of,212–13n45

in Pinochet trial, 216n55piracy and, 207–8, 208n33, 210political trials and, 211–13Princeton Principles on Universal

Jurisdiction, 217n57UN convention’s rejection of, 208n32

Urmson, J. O., 360–1U.S. v. Curtiss Wright, 152, 152n50,

153, 157–8

values. See also existential valuesequality and, 20–1moral judgment and language of,

25–6n24Vichy France, capitulation to Germans

of, 6Vietnam War

Arendt’s opposition to, 279–80constitutionality of, 155–6Iraq War compared with, 281–4

Villa, Dana, 372–3violence

moral resistance and, 342n1, 347–8and power, Arendt’s discussion of, 249terrorism and, 274

Vita Activa (life of action or active life).See Human Condition, The (Arendt)

Voegelin, Eric, 7, 108, 109n66Arendt and, 127–32cultural theory of, 114–15history of ideas theory and, 121,

121n30Volk, German concept of, 129, 129n67,

130Volk, Christian, 8, 172–97voluntary associations, civil disobedience

and, 280–4

Waldron, Jeremy, 4–5, 17–38war crimes

international law concerning, 201–4Kant’s moral philosophy and,

320–6Warriors, The (Gray), 368–9Weaver, Richard, 128Weber, Max, 8

cultural theory of, 116–18on political order, 174Voegelin and, 128on Western modernity, 120

Wellmer, Albrecht, 173–4“What Is Enlightenment?” (Kant), 322,

325–6“What Is Freedom?” (Arendt), 36–7

action discussed in, 67–8“beginning” discussed in, 66

“What Remains? The LanguageRemains” (Arendt), 133n81

“white man’s burden,” imperialism and,98, 100

Whitfield, Stephen, 84n7will

Holocaust and role of, 267–76Kant’s concept of, 323–6sovereignty and role of,

139–47






Index 397

Willing (Arendt), 251Wilson, James, 155, 155n62Wilson, Woodrow, 151–2, 162, 224,

228–9Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 65n22Wolfowitz, Paul, 313Wolin, Sheldon, 59–60, 60–1n10world citizenship, Arendt’s reflections on,

167, 168n96

xenophobia, civilization and, 46–7

Yeats, W. B., 250Yoo, John, 158–60Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth, 85n10, 306–7,

326n30, 333n48

Zionism, 231Zolberg, Aristide, 172–3, 180






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