PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Part B
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Development
• Osteogenesis (ossification)—bone tissue formation
• Stages• Bone formation—begins in the 2nd month of
development
• Postnatal bone growth—until early adulthood
• Bone remodeling and repair—lifelong
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two Types of Ossification
1. Intramembranous ossification• Membrane bone develops from fibrous
membrane• Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial
bones
2. Endochondral ossification• Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by
replacing hyaline cartilage• Forms most of the rest of the skeleton
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8, (1 of 4)
MesenchymalcellCollagenfiberOssificationcenterOsteoid
Osteoblast Ossification centers appear in the fibrousconnective tissue membrane.• Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster
and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming anossification center.
1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8, (2 of 4)
Osteoid
Osteocyte
Newly calcifiedbone matrix
Osteoblast
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within thefibrous membrane and calcifies.• Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified
within a few days.• Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8, (3 of 4)
Mesenchymecondensingto form theperiosteum
Blood vessel
Trabeculae ofwoven bone
Woven bone and periosteum form.• Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic
blood vessels in a random manner. The result is a network(instead of lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.
• Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external faceof the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
3
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8, (4 of 4)
FibrousperiosteumOsteoblast
Plate ofcompact boneDiploë (spongybone) cavitiescontain redmarrow
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep tothe periosteum. Red marrow appears.• Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later
replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact boneplates.
• Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, per-sists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Endochondral Ossification
• Uses hyaline cartilage models
• Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9
Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 1
Bone collar forms aroundhyaline cartilage model.1
Hyaline cartilageWeek 9
Bone collar
Primaryossificationcenter
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 2
Cartilage in the centerof the diaphysis calcifiesand then develops cavities.
2
Area of deterioratingcartilage matrix
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 3
The periosteal bud inavadesthe internal cavities andspongy bone begins to form.
3
Spongyboneformation
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Month 3
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 4
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity formsas ossification continues. Secondary ossification centersappear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
4
Epiphysealblood vessel Secondary
ossificationcenter
Medullarycavity
Birth
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 5
The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilageremains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.5
Epiphyseal platecartilage
Articular cartilage
Childhood to adolescence
Spongy bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9
Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Postnatal Bone Growth
• Interstitial growth: • length of long bones
• Appositional growth: • thickness and remodeling of all bones by
osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Growth in Length of Long Bones
• Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones: • Proliferation (growth)
• Hypertrophic
• Calcification
• Ossification (osteogenic)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10
Calcified cartilagespicule
Osseous tissue(bone) coveringcartilage spicules
Resting zone
Osteoblast depositingbone matrix
Proliferation zoneCartilage cells undergo mitosis.
Hypertrophic zoneOlder cartilage cells enlarge.
Ossification zoneNew bone formation is occurring.
Calcification zoneMatrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.
1
2
3
4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth
• Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
• Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
• Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty)• Promote adolescent growth spurts
• End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11
Bone growth Bone remodeling
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilagegrows here.
Cartilageis replacedby bone here.Cartilagegrows here.
Bone isresorbed here.
Bone isresorbed here.
Bone is addedby appositionalgrowth here. Cartilage
is replacedby bone here.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Deposit
• Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
• Requires a diet rich in protein; vitamins C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; and manganese
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Deposit
• Sites of new matrix deposit are revealedby the• Osteoid seam
• Unmineralized band of matrix
• Calcification front
• The abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Resorption
• Osteoclasts secrete• Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix)
• Acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms)
• Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Control of Remodeling
•What controls continual remodeling of bone?• Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium
homeostasis in the blood
• Mechanical and gravitational forces
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+
• Calcium is necessary for• Transmission of nerve impulses
• Muscle contraction
• Blood coagulation
• Secretion by glands and nerve cells
• Cell division
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+
• Primarily controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid glands release PTH
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+
Blood Ca2+ levels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12
Osteoclastsdegrade bonematrix and release Ca2+
into blood.
Parathyroidglands
Thyroidgland
Parathyroidglands releaseparathyroidhormone (PTH).
StimulusFalling bloodCa2+ levels
PTH
Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 mlBALANCEBALANCE
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+
• May be affected to a lesser extent by calcitonin Blood Ca2+ levels
Parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin
Osteoblasts deposit calcium salts
Blood Ca2+ levels• Leptin has also been shown to influence bone
density by inhibiting osteoblasts
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Developmental Aspects of Bones
• Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25
• Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade
• Rate of loss determined by genetics and environmental factors
• In old age, bone resorption predominates