1SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTWHAT IS SOLID WASTE?Solid or semi-solid material (including gases and liquids in containers !"ic" are non solu#le in nature are solid !aste$ It ma% #e "a&ardous or not and includes agricultural re'use( demolition !aste( industrial !aste( mining residues( munici)al gar#age( and se!age sludge$SOURCES OF WASTESHO*SEHOLDS+*SI,ESS A,D I,D*ST-IESA.-I/*LT*-EHOTELST01ES O2 SOLID WASTE Solid !aste can #e classi'ied into di''erent t%)es de)ending on t"eir source3House"old !aste or munici)al !aste3 includes 'ood( )a)er( card#oard( )lastic( te4tiles( leat"er( glass( metal( as"es( electronics !aste etc$Industrial !aste3 includes to4ic c"emicals( oil( de#ris 'rom construction site( )ac5aging !aste( as"es etc$+iomedical !aste or "os)ital !aste3 medicine #ottles( e4)ired medicines( s%ringes( medical instruments suc" as scissors( #lades etc$Agriculture !aste3 includes )esticides( cro)s( !ater coming 'rom t"e 'ields also consists o' small amount o' to4ic c"emicals$,uclear !aste3 includes radioacti6e su#stances coming 'rom reactors( 'uel (uranium( t"orium( )lutonium etc$ Its "ig"l% dangerous and requires )ro)er dis)osal$Ha&ardous !aste3 includes to4ic c"emical( acids( corrosi6e( ignita#le and reacti6e materials( gases etc$/LASSI2I/ATIO, O2 WASTES A//O-DI,. TO THEI- 1-O1E-TIES+io-degrada#le can #e degraded ()a)er( !ood( 'ruits and ot"ers,on-#iodegrada#lecannot #e degraded ()lastics( #ottles( old mac"ines( cans( containers and ot"ersSOLID WASTE /O71OSITIO,18E22E/TS O2 WASTE I2 ,OT 7A,A.ED 1-O1E-L0A''ects our "ealt"A''ects our socio-economic conditionsA''ects our coastal and marine en6ironmentA''ects our climateE22E/TS O2 HA9A-DO*S WASTEW"en "a&ardous !astes are released in t"e air( !ater( or on t"e land( t"e% can s)read orcontaminate our en6ironment$ W"en rain 'alls on soil at a !aste site( it can carr% "a&ardous !aste dee)er into t"e ground and t"e can )ollute ground!ater$E6er% %ear( ma:or "ealt" )ro#lems result 'rom "a&ardous !aste li5e cancer( re)ertor% condition( "eart diseases etc( so it required )ro)er dis)osal$1;1C o' t"e initial 6alue$,o ris5 o' )olluting local streams and ground !aters as in land'ills$Incineration )lants can #e located close to residential areas$.ases are used to generate )o!er$ DISAD?A,TA.ESE4)ensi6e -equired s5illed la#our$T"e c"emicals t"at !ould #e released into t"e air could #e strong )ollutants and ma% destro% o&one la%er (ma:or disad6antage$ "ig" energ% requirement I,/I,E-ATIO, 1LA,T O+E-HA*SE,( .E-7A,0 O/EA, D*71I,. Ocean dum)ing is t"e dum)ing or )lacing o' materials in t"e ocean( o'ten on t"e continental s"el'$A !ide range o' materials is in6ol6ed( including gar#age( construction and demolition de#ris( se!age sludge( dredge material( !aste c"emicals( and nuclear !aste$Sometime "a&ardous and nuclear !aste are also dis)osed #ut t"ese are "ig"l% dangerous 'or aquatic li'e and "uman li'e also$ AD?A,TA.ES/on6enient Ine4)ensi6e Source o' nutrients 'or 'is"es and marine mammals$ ?ast amount o' s)ace is a6aila#le$All t%)e o' !astes are dis)osed$DISAD?A,TA.EST"ere are t"ree main direct )u#lic "ealt" ris5s 'rom ocean dum)ing3 (1 occu)ational accidents( in:uries( and e4)osures (; e4)osure o' t"e )u#lic to "a&ardous or to4ic materials !as"ed u) on #eac" sand$ (< "uman consum)tion o' marine organisms t"at "a6e #een contaminated #% ocean dis)osal$Hig"l% dangerous 'or aquatic li'e$+IOLO.I/AL -E1-O/ESSI,.7aterials suc" as )lants( 'ood scra)s( and )a)er )roducts can #e decom)osed into t"e organic matter$ T"e organic matter t"at is )roduced 'rom t"is t%)e o' rec%cling can t"en #e used 'or suc" t"ings as landsca)ing )ur)ose or agricultural uses$ *suall% t"is met"od o' rec%cling is done #% )utting t"e materials in a container and let to sta% t"ere until it decom)oses$-E/0/LI,.It is #asicall% )rocessing or con6ersion o' a !aste item into usa#le 'orms$ -ec%cla#le materials include man% 5inds o' glass( )a)er( metal( )lastic( te4tiles( and electronics$+ut rec%cling is not a solution to managing e6er% 5ind o' !aste material$ 2or man% items li5e )lastic #ags( )lastic !ra)( %ogurt cu)s( margarine container etc$ rec%cling tec"nologies are una6aila#le or unsa'e$AD?A,TA.ES-eduction o' air and !ater )ollution$-eduction in t"e release o' "arm'ul c"emicals and green"ouse gases 'rom ru##is"$Sa6es s)ace required as Waste Dis)osal Land'ill$-educe 'inancial e4)enditure in t"e econom%$it "el)s in conser6ing a lot o' energ% resources li5e )etroleum and coal de)osits$SA?I,. TH-O*.H -E/0/LI,.W"en aluminum is rec%cled - considera#le sa6ing in cost$7a5ing )a)er 'rom !aste sa6es >8C energ%$E6er% tone o' rec%cled glass sa6es energ% equi6alent to 188 liters o' oil$-ec%cling a#out >= 5g o' ne!s)a)er !ill sa6e one tree$ MATERIAL ENERGY SAVINGALL*7I,I*7 D>C/A-D+OA-D ;=C.LASS >-8C1LASTI/ E8CSTEEL F8C1-O/ESS O2 -E/0/LI,./OLLE/TIO,3 T"e 'irst ste) required 'or rec%cling is collecting rec%cla#le materials 'rom communities$ Toda% man% ma:or cities and larger communities o''er a cur#side )ic5 u) ser6ice 'or rec%cla#le materials$SO-TI,.3 T"e second ste) in6ol6es )rocessing t"e rec%cla#le materials$ T"is includes sorting t"e materials into grou)s( cleaning t"em and getting t"em read% to #e sold to manu'acturers !"o !ill turn t"e materials into ne! )roducts$7A,*2A/T*-I,.3 It is t"e t"ird ste) in t"e rec%cling )rocess$ T"e collected material is sent to industries t"ose con6ert t"em into ne! )roducts$1*-/HASI,.3 T"e last ste) in6ol6es t"e )urc"asing o' rec%cled )roducts$ W"en consumers )urc"ase )roducts t"at "a6e #een made !it" )ost consumer material t"e rec%cling )rocess "as #een com)leted and t"en can #e re)eated$-E/0/LI,. ,OT A SOL*TIO, TO ALL 1-O+LE7SG-ec%cling is not a solution to managing e6er% 5ind o' !aste material2or man% items rec%cling tec"nologies are una6aila#le or unsa'eIn some cases( cost o' rec%cling is too "ig"$=;WHAT SHO*LD +E DO,E?1LAS7A .ASSI2I/ATIO,1lasma gasi'ication is a ne! gar#age dis)osal solution using )lasma tec"nolog%$*ses electrical energ% and t"e "ig" tem)eratures (=888H/ to o6er E888H/ created #% an )lasma torc"es$Almost com)letel% #rea5s do!n t"e !aste into s%ngas !"ic" are used to generate electricit%$T"e remaining material (slag is used to )roduced material 'or #uilding )ro:ects$WHAT IS 1LAS7A? 2ourt" state o' matter$ It is an ioni&ed gas at "ig" tem)erature( ca)a#le o'conducting current due to'ree electrons$ /reated #% a))l%ing anelectric arc to a lo!- )ressure gas$ Lig"tning is an e4am)le 'rom nature$1LAS7A TO-/HES/onsists o' a tungsten rod (cat"ode and a !ater-cooled co))er (anode$S"a)ed in t"e 'orm o' a no&&le$.as is introduced in t"eelectrode ga) and a dc arcis esta#lis"ed #et!een t"eelectrodes to create )lasma$HOW PLASMA GASSIFIRE WORKS?/O,?E0E- S0STE73 .ar#age is loaded on t"e con6e%er #elt$1us"es into t"e )retreatment s%stem #% means o' )lunger$1-ET-EAT7E,T 7E/HA,IS73*se to ma5e t"e entire s%stem more e''icient$use grinders or crus"ers to reduce t"e si&e o' t"e )ieces o' !aste$)lasma torc" can #rea5 do!n t"e smaller )ieces 'aster$ 2*-,A/E2urnaces "a6e an airloc5 s%stem to allo! gar#age to come in !"ile )re6enting t"e "ot gases 'rom esca)ing into t"e atmos)"ere$Ha6e multi)le torc"es to #rea5 do!n all t"e matter into gases and slug$ Also 'eatures a drainage s%stem to ta) o'' t"e slag and a 6ent s%stem to 6ent out t"e gases$ to !it"stand t"e intense "eat( 'urnaces are lined !it" re'ractor% material and o'ten "a6e a !ater-cooling s%stem as !ell$ SL*. D-AI,A.E7olten slag at t"e #ottom o' t"e 'urnace and "el)s in maintaining t"e "ig" tem)erature inside t"e c"am#er$Occasionall% slag must #e drained 'rom t"e 'urnace$slag drains a!a% 'rom t"e 'urnace and cools in a se)arate c"am#er$ Slug is also used to )roduce some #uilding materials$ MOLTEN SLAG DRAINING FROM A PLASMA FURNACEA2TE- +*-,I,..ases can )ass t"roug" a secondar% c"am#er !"ere natural gas 'lames com#ust an% remaining organic material in t"e gases$ T"ese e4tremel% "ot gases t"en )ass t"roug" a Heat -eco6er% Steam .enerator (H-S. s%stem$ !"ere t"e% "eat !ater to 'orm steam$ T"is steam t"en turns a steam tur#ine to create electricit%$ +01-OD*/TS O2 THE 1-O/ESS S0,.AS3 A mi4ture o' se6eral gases #ut mainl% com)rises "%drogen and car#on mono4ide$ /an #e used as a 'uel source$SL*.3 Solid #%)roduct 'rom t"e gasi'ication )rocess. T"e !eig"t o' t"e slag is a#out ;8 )ercent o' t"e !eig"t o' t"e original !aste$ T"e 6olume o' t"e slag is a#out > )ercent t"at o' t"e original !aste 6olume S*77E-0Solid waste is hazardous to health so it has to be handled carefully and disposed properly in order to protect our health and to maintain good environment.PREPARED BY:ASHISH KAMALBTECH CIVILNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURAT.