Static Stresses in Machine Elements Symbols Simple Stress and Strain Stresses Pure Shear Biaxial Stresses Biaxial Stresses Combined with Shear Mohr's Circle Triaxial Stress Mohr's Circle Stress-Strain Relations Statistically Indeterminate Members Thermal Stress and Strain Compound Bars Equivalent or Combined Modulus of
Elasticity of Compound Bars Power Torsion Bending Eccentric Loading Column Formulas Hertz Contact Stress Design of Machine Elements and Structures Made of Composite Filament Reinforced Structures Filament Binder Composite Filament-Overlay Composite Formulas and Data for Various Cross Sections of
Dynamic Stresses in Machine Elements Symbols Inertia Force Energy Method Impact Stresses Bending Stress in Beams due to Impact Torsion of Beam/Bar due to Impact Longitudinal Stress-Wave in Elastic Media Longitudinal Impact on a Long Bar Torsional Impact on a Bar Inertia in Collision of Elastic Bodies Resilience References Bibliography
Stress Concentration and Stress Intensity in Machine Members
Symbols Reduction or Mitigation of Stress Concentrations Stress Intensity Factor or Fracture Toughness Factor References
Design of Machine Elements for Strength Symbols Static Loads Index of Sensitivity Surface Condition Safety Factor Theories of Failure Cyclic Loads Stress-Stress and Stress-Load Relations The Combined Stresses Combined Stresses in Terms of Loads Creep Reliability References
C a m s Symbols Radius of Curvature of Disk Cam with Roller Follower Radius of Curvature of Disk Cam with Flat-Faced Follower Pressure Angle Radial Cam-Translating Roller-Follower-Force Analysis Side Thrust Basic Spiral Contour Cam Basic Spiral Contour Cam Constants Hertz Contact Stresses References
3.1 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8
3.10 3.12 3.12 3.16 3.16
4.1 4.1
4.19 4.25 4.33
5.1 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5
5.10 5.10 5.12 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.25
6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8
6.15
Contents v
10
Pipes, Tubes, and Cylinders Symbols Long Thin Tubes with Internal Pressure Engines and Pressure Cylinders Openings in Cylindrical Drums Thin Tubes with External Pressure Short Tubes with External Pressures Lam6's Equations for Thick Cylinders Deformation of a Thick Cylinder Compound Cylinders Thermal Stresses in Long Hollow Cylinders Clavarino's Equation for Closed Cylinders Birnie's Equations for Open Cylinders Barlow's Equation References
Design of Pressure Vessels, Plates, and Shells Symbols Plates Shells (Unfired Pressure Vessel) Formed Heads under Pressure on Concave Side Formed Heads under Pressure on Convex Side Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers Stayed Flat and Braced Plates or Surfaces Openings and Reinforcement Ligaments Bolted Flange Connections Integral-Type Flanges and Loose-Type Flanges with a Hub Loose-Type Flanges without Hub and Loose-Type Flanges
with Hub Which the Designer Chooses to Calculate References
Design of Power Boilers Symbols Boiler Tubes and Pipes Dished Heads Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers Combustion Chamber and Furnaces The Maximum Allowable Pressure for Special Furnaces Having
Walls Reinforced by Ribs, Rings, and Corrugations Final Ratios References
Rotating Disks and Cylinders Symbols Disk of Uniform Strength Rotating at ~v rad/s Solid Disk Rotating at ov rad/s Hollow Disk Rotating at ~v rad/s Solid Cylinder Rotating at ~v rad/s
7.1 7.1 7.2 7.9 7.9
7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.14 7.16 7.16 7.17 7.20
8.1 8.1 8.7
8.11 8.23 8.27 8.31 8.35 8.37 8.60 8.61 8.67
8.67 8.71
9.1 9.1 9.2 9.7 9.8 9.9
9.14 9.19 9.26
10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3
vi Contents
11
12
13
Hollow Cylinder Rotating at co rad/s Solid Thin Uniform Disk Rotating at co rad/s under
External Pressure Po Hollow Cylinder of Uniform Thickness Rotating at co rad/s.
Subject to Internal (Pi) and External (po) Pressures Rotating Thick Disk and Cylinder with Uniform Thickness
Subject to Thermal Stresses Rotating Long Hollow Cylinder with Uniform Thickness Rotating
at co rad/s Subject to Thermal Stress Deflection of a Rotating Disk of Uniform Thickness in Radial Direction
with a Central Circular Cutout References
Metal Fits, Tolerances, and Surface Texture Symbols Suffixes Press and Shrink Fits Interference Fits Tolerances and Allowances References
Design of Welded Joints Symbols Fillet Weld Butt Weld Transverse Fillet Weld Parallel Fillet Weld Length of Weld Eccentricity in a Fillet Weld Eccentric Loads Stresses Fatigue Strength Design Stress of Welds The Strength Analysis of a Typical Weld Joint Subjected
to Eccentric Loading Combined Force Due to Px, P~, and ~ at Point Q General References Bibliography
Riveted Joints Symbols Pressure Vessels Pitches Margin Cover Plates Strength Analysis of Typical Riveted Joint Efficiency of the Riveted Joint The Length of the Shank of Rivet
Design of Shafts Symbols Suffixes Solid Shafts Hollow Shafts Comparison Between Diameters of Solid and Hollow Shafts of Same Length Stiffness Rigidity Effect of Keyways The Buckling Factor Shafts Subjected to Various Stresses General References Bibliography
Flywheels Symbols Kinetic Energy Flywheel Effect or Polar Moment of Inertia Stresses in Rim Stresses in Arms Rim Dimensions Arms References
Packings and Seals Symbols Elastic Packing Friction Metallic Gaskets Self-Sealing Packing Packingless Seals Straight-Cut Sea!ings V-Ring Packing Bolt Loads in Gasket Joint According to A S M E Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code Flange Design Bolt Load W References
Keys, Pins, Cotters, and Joints Symbols ~ Suffixes Round or Pin Keys
13.10 13.10 13.11 13.11
14.1 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.5 14.9
14.10 14.10 14,10 14.10 14.10 14.16 14.17 14.17
15.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.5
16.1 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.5
16.6 16.7
16.34
!7.1 17.1 17.2 17.2
viii Contents
Strength of Keys Taper Key Friction of Feather Keys Splines Indian Standard Pins Cotter References
17.2 17.4 17.7
17.10 17.16 17.20 17.24 17.26
18 Threaded Fasteners and Screws for Power Transmission Symbols Suffixes Screws Tension Bolted Joint under External Load Preloaded Bolt Gasket Joints Preloaded Bolts under Dynamic Loading Loading General References
18.1 18.1 18.3 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.7
18.13 18.20 18.76
19 Couplings, Clutches, and Brakes Symbols Suffixes 19.1 Couplings Common Flange Coupling Marine Type of Flange Coupling Pulley Flange Coupling Pin or Bush Type Flexible Coupling Oldham Coupling Muff or Sleeve Coupling Fairbairn's Lap-Box Coupling Split Muff Coupling Slip Coupling Sellers' Cone Coupling Hydraulic Couplings 19.2 Clutches Positive Clutches Friction Clutches Disk Clutches Dimensions of Disks Design of a Typical Clutch Operating Lever Expanding-Ring Clutches Rim Clutches Centrifugal Clutch Overrunning Clutches 19.3 Brakes Energy Equations Brake Formulas
Cone Brakes Considering the Lever Disk Brakes Internal Expanding-Rim Brake External Contracting-Rim Brake Heating of Brakes References
Springs Symbols Suffixes Leaf Springs Laminated Spring Laminated Springs with Initial Curvature Disk Springs (Belleville Springs) Helical Springs Spring Scale Resilience Rectangular Section Springs Square Section Spring Selection of Materials and Stresses for Springs Design of Helical Compression Springs Stability of Helical Springs Repeated Loading Concentric Springs Vibration of Helical Springs Stress Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Springs under impact Load Helical Extension Springs Conical Springs Nonmetallic Springs Torsion Springs References Bibliography
Flexible Machine Elements Symbols Suffixes Belts Belt Lengths and Contact Angles for Open and Crossed Belts Pulleys Indian Standard Specification V-Belt Minimum Allowances for Adjustment of Centers for
Two Transmission Pulleys Initial Tension Synchronous Belt Drive Analysis Conveyor Short Center Drive Ropes
Hoisting Tackle Drums Holding Capacity of Wire Rope Reels Wire Rope Construction Chains Check for Actual Safety Factor References
Mechanical Vibrations Symbols Simple Harmonic Motion Energy Logarithmic Decrement Equivalent Spring Constants Unbalance due to Rotating Mass Whipping of Rotating Shaft Excitation of a System by Motion of Support Instrument for Vibration Measuring Isolation of Vibration Undamped Two-Degree-of-Freedom System without External Force Dynamic Vibration Absorber Torsional Vibrating Systems References
Design of Bearings and Tribology 23.1 Sliding Contact Bearings Symbols Shear Stress Viscosity Hagen-Poiseuille Law Vertical Shaft Rotating in a Guide Bearing Bearing Pressure Idealized Journal Bearing Influence of Misalignment of Shaft in Bearing Power Loss Partial Journal Bearing Influence of End Leakage Friction in a Full Journal Bearing with End Leakage from Bearing Oil Flow through Journal Bearing Thermal Equilibrium of Journal Bearing Bearing Cap External Pressurized Bearing or Hydrostatic Bearing: Journal Bearing Idealized Slider Bearing Design of Vertical, Pivot, and Collar Bearing Plain Thrust Bearing Oil Film Thickness Coefficient of Friction Hydrostatic Bearing: Step-Bearing Spherical Bearings Lift
23.2 Rolling Contact Bearings Symbols Rolling Elements Bearings Speed Gear-Tooth Load Static Loading Basic Static Load Rating as per Indian Standards Thrust Bearings Catalogue Information from FAG for the Selection of Bearing Dynamic Load Rating of Bearings Life Basic Dynamic Load Rating as per FAG Catalogue Life Adjustment Factors Basic Dynamic Load Rating of Bearings as per Indian Standards Thrust Bearings The Equivalent Dynamic Load for Angular Contact Ball Bearings The Equivalnet Dynamic Load for Tapered Roller Boaring's Dimensions, Basic Load Rating Capacity, Fatigue Load Limit,
and Maximum Permissible Speed of Rolling Contact Bearings Needle Bearing Load Capacity Pressure Hertz-Contact Pressure Selection of Fit for Bearings 23.3 Friction and Wear Symbols Friction Wear and Abrasion General References Bibliography
Miscellaneous Machine Elements 24.1 Crankshafts Symbols Suffixes Force Analysis Side Crank Hollow Crankpin Dimension of Crankshaft Main Bearing Proportions of Crankshafts Center Crank Equivalent Shafts Empirical Proportions 24.2 Curved Beam Symbols Suffixes General Approximate Empirical Equation for Curved Beams Stresses in Rings Deflection
Link Crane Hook of Circular Section 24.3 Connecting and Coupling Rod Symbols Design of Connecting Rod Design of Small and Big Ends Design of Bolts for Big-End Cap Design of Coupling Rod 24.4 Piston and Piston Rings Symbols Steam Engine Pistons Proportions for Preliminary Layout for Plate Pistons Stresses Pistons for Internal-Combustion Engines Commonly Used Empirical Formulas in the Design of
Trunk Pistons for Automotive-Type Engines 24.5 Design of Speed Reduction Gears and Variable-Speed Drives Symbols Planetary Reduction Gears Conditions of Proper Assembly of Planetary Gear Transmission Wave-Type Reduction Gears Variable-Speed Drives Dissipation of Heat in Reduction Gear Drives Minimum and Total Weight Equation for Gear Systems 24.6 Friction Gearing Symbols Spur Friction Gears Bevel Friction Gears Disk Friction Gears Bearing Loads of Friction Gearing 24.7 Mechanics of Vehicles Symbols Suffixes Calculation of Power Transmission Gearbox Hydraulic Coupling Hydrodynamic Torque Converter Tractive Effort Curves for Cars, Trucks, and City Buses 24.8 Intermittent-Motion Mechanisms Symbols Pawl and Ratchet 24.9 Geneva Mechanism Symbols External Geneva Wheel Displacement Velocity Acceleration Shock or Jerk Torque Acting on Shafts of Geneva Wheel and Driver Instantaneous Power
Forces at the Point of Contact Internal Geneva Wheel 24.10 Universal Joint Symbols Single Universal Joint Double Universal Joint 24.11 Unsymmetrical Bending and Torsion of Noncircular
Cross-Section Machine Elements Symbols Shear Center Unsymmetrical Bending Torsion Narrow Rectangular Cross Sections Composite Sections Hollow Thin-Walled Tubes Bending Stresses Caused by Torsion . . . . Transverse Load on Beam of Channel Section not through
Shear Center References
Elements of Machine Tool Design Symbols 25.1 Metal Cutting Tool Design Forces on a Single-Point Metal Cutting Tool Merchant's Circle for Cutting Forces
for a Single-Point Metal Cutting Tool Power Specific Power or Unit Power Consumption Tool Design Tool Signatures Tool Life 25.2 Machine Tools Lathe Turning Drilling Machine Taps and Tapping Broaching Machine Milling Machines References
Retaining Rings and Circlips Symbols Retaining Rings and Circlips: References
Applied Elasticity Symbols Stress at a Point Equations of Equilibrium Transformation of Stress
24.89 24.89 24.91 24.91 24.91 24.92
24.97 24.97 24.98 24.98 24.98 24.99
24.103 24.104 24.105
24.106 24.116
25.1 25.1 25.4 25.4
25.5 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.9
25.10 25.15 25.17 25.19 25.25 25.28 25.31
25.103
26.1 26.1 26.2
26.13
27.1 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.6
xiv Contents
Principal Stresses Strain Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain System Biaxial Stress-Strain System Shear Strains Strain and Displacement Boundary Conditions Compatibility General Hooke's Law Airy's Stress Function Cylindrical Coordinates System Strain Components Airy's Stress Function in Polar Coordinates Solution of Elasticity Problems Using Airy's Stress Function Application of Stress Function Stress Distribution in a Flat Plate with Holes or Cutouts under
Different Types of Loads Rotating Solid Disk with Uniform Thickness Rotating Disk with a Central Circular Hole of Uniform
Thickness Rotating Disk of Variable Thickness Neutral Holes (Mansfield Theory) Complex Variable Method Applied to Elasticity Strain Combinations Plane Strain Boundary Conditions Force and Couple Resultants around the Boundary Generalized Plane Stress Conditions along a Stress-free Boundary Solution Involving Circular Boundaries Application of Conformal Transformation Muskhelishvili's Direct Method Torsion Torsion of Circular Shaft of Variable Diameter Plates
