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Paper Reference(s)
6736/01
Edexcel GCEPhysics
Advanced LevelUnit Test PHY6
Tuesday 16 June 2009 Afternoon
Time: 2 hours
Materials required for examination Items included with question papers
Nil Insert
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your signature, your surname andinitial(s).AnswerALL questions in the spaces provided in this question paper.In calculations you should show all the steps in your working, giving your answer at each stage.Calculators may be used.Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
Information for Candidates
This question paper is designed to give you the opportunity to make connections between differentareas of physics and to use skills and ideas developed throughout the course in new contexts.You should include in your answers relevant information from the whole of your course, whereappropriate.You should have an insert that is the passage for use with Section I.The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets.There are four questions in this paper. The total mark for this paper is 80.
The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet.
Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions andarguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Examiners use only
Team Leaders use only
Question Leave
Number Blank
1
2
3
4
Total
Surname Initial(s)
Signature
Centre
No.
*H31180A0124*Turn over
Candidate
No.
Paper Reference
6 7 3 6 0 1
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.2009 Edexcel Limited.
Printers Log. No.
H31180AW850/R6736/57570 6/5/6/4/
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SECTION I
Read the passage on the separate insert and then answer the Section I questions.
1. (a) Use paragraph 1 of the passage to write two nuclear equations showing the two stages
by which 210Po is produced from 83Bi.
Equation 1:
Equation 2:
(4)
(b) On the grid below sketch a graph to show how the activity of a sample of polonium-210,
with an initial activity of 100 GBq, would vary over one year of 365 days.
(3)
A / G B q
1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0
t / d a y s
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(c) (i) Use the equation given in the passage to calculate the activity of this 100 GBq
sample of polonium-210 after one year of 365 days.
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(ii) Show how the equation given in the passage can be deduced from the two basic
relationships
A = A0et and t = ln 2
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(4)
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(d) Describe how, in principle and assuming safe conditions, you could experimentally
compare the energy of the -particles from polonium-210 with those from a radium
source.
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(3)
(e) A single gram of polonium-210 contains 2.86 1021 atoms.
Show that such a radioactive source generates about 140 W of power.
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(4)
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(f) Suggest and explain one reason why polonium-210 is a suitable choice for use in
artificial satellite RTGs and one reason that limits its use there.
Suitable for use: ............................................................................................................
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Limits its use: .......................................................................... .....................................
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(4)
(g) One such RTG uses 12 thermocouples, each of 4.0mV, connected in an array of three
parallel groups of four thermocouples in series. This produces an e.m.f. of 16.0mV.
(i) Draw this arrangement, representing each thermocouple by the symbol for an
electric cell.
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(ii) If each thermocouple (cell) in this arrangement has an internal resistance
of 0.30, what is the resistance of your arrangement between the 16.0 mV
terminals?
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(iii) Suggest an advantage of such an arrangement for producing a 16.0 mV source.
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(4)
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(h) (i) Describe how a thermocouple operates as a heat engine when it produces a
current. You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.
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(ii) What is the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine acting between
temperatures of +80 C and 20 C?
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(6)
TOTAL FOR SECTION I: 32 MARKS
Q1
(Total 32 marks)
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SECTION II
(Answer ALL questions)
2. (a) Describe the principle of operation ofeither the cloud chamberor the bubble chamber
in detecting the tracks of charged particles.
You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.
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(5)
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(b) This famous photograph was produced in a cloud chamber in 1933 by Carl Anderson.
It shows the path of a charged particle that penetrates a lead plate in the middle of
the chamber. There is a 1.5 T magnetic field which acts down into the plane of the
photograph.
(i) State the direction in which the charged particle is moving explaining your
answer.
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(ii) Hence explain how the sign of the charge on the particle can be deduced. State
the sign of this particles charge.
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(iii) In the upper part of the photograph the charged particle is moving in a circle of
radius 50 mm (the photograph is reduced). The magnitude of its momentum as
it moves in this circle is 1.2 1020Ns.
Deduce, showing your working, the size of the particles charge.
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(7)
(c) The large magnetic field used by Anderson could have been expressed as
1 .5V sm2.
Show that the unit V s m2 is equivalent to the tesla.
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(3) Q2
(Total 15 marks)
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3. (a) The graph below shows how the length of a spring varies with the force Fthat is
stretching it.
(i) Show that the energy stored in the spring when stretched by opposite forces of
16 N is about 3 J.
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(ii) Use the information in the graph to make a table showing how the energy E
stored in the spring varies with the extensionx of the spring.
F / N
2 0
1 6
1 2
8
4
0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
/ c m
1 0 3 0 5 0 7 0
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(iii) Sketch a graph showing the general shape ofEagainstx for this spring. (Do not
attempt to produce an accurate graph.)
(7)
(b) The following statement describes the mechanical behaviour of a spring: When
opposite forces are applied to the ends of a spring they displace the ends of the spring,
i.e. they make it longer.
Write an analogous statement to describe the electrical behaviour of a capacitor.
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(3)
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(c) Figure 1 shows three identical springs stretched between two fixed bars and Figure 2
shows three identical capacitors connected in series.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Explain as fully as possible the analogy between these two arrangements. You may
wish to label the diagrams to help your explanation.
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(4)
(d) Describe one other way in which a capacitor is used as part of a different analogy.
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(2) Q3
(Total 16 marks)
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4. (a) Communications satellites move in geosynchronous Earth orbits.
(i) What is meant by a geosynchronous Earth orbit?
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(ii) Show that for a satellite moving at a speed in a circle of radius raround the
Earth
2 EGm
r=
where mE is the mass of the Earth and G is the universal gravitational constant.
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(iii) Hence derive an expression relating the radius of a satellites orbit to the product
GmE and the orbital period T.
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(6)
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(b) Communications satellites in geosynchronous orbits are 3.6 107 m above the Earths
surface. They broadcast to Earth on frequencies in the range 19.7 GHz to 21.2 GHz.
Diffraction effects occur at the aperture of the satellites transmitting dish. This
means that the transmitted beam spreads out forming a footprint on the Earth as
shown below.
(i) Show that the wavelength of a signal broadcast at 20.5 GHz is approximately
15 mm.
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(ii) For a signal with a beam width of 1.6, estimate the diameter of the footprint on
the Earth produced by such a communications satellite.
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(3)
sunlight
solar
panel
beam width
N footprint
Earth
S
NOT TO SCALE
geosynchronous
satellite
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(c) How would you demonstrate the diffraction of waves having a wavelength of
approximately 15 mm in the laboratory?
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(4)
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(d) Communications satellites use solar panels to supply electrical power. The intensity
of sunlight at a satellites orbit is 1.4 kW m2.
State and explain two reasons why 2.5m2 of solar panel will not produce the 3.5 kW
needed for the continuous operation of a communications satellite.
Reason 1 ........................................................................................................................
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Reason 2 ........................................................................................................................
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(4)
TOTAL FOR SECTION II: 48 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 80 MARKS
END
Q4
(Total 17 marks)
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List of data, formulae and relationships
Data
Speed of light in vacuum
Gravitational constant
Acceleration of free fall (close to the Earth)
Gravitational field strength (close to the Earth)
Elementary (proton) charge
Electronic mass
Electronvolt
Unified atomic mass unit
Molar gas constant
Permittivity of free space
Coulomb law constant
Permeability of free space
Rectilinear motion
For uniformly accelerated motion:
Forces and moments
Sum of clockwise moments Sum of anticlockwise moments=
about any point in a plane about that point
Dynamics
Force
Impulse
Mechanical energy
Power
Radioactive decay and the nuclear atom
Activity (Decay constant )
Half-life 12
0.69t
A N
P F v
F t p
pF m
t t
v
Moment ofF about O = F (Perpendicular distance from F to O)
2 2 2u ax v
212
x ut at
u at v
7 20 4 10 NA
9 2 28.99 10 N m C
01/ 4k
12 10 8.85 10 Fm
1 18.31J K molR
27u 1.66 10 kg
191eV 1.60 10 J
31e 9.11 10 kgm
191.60 10 Ce
19.81 N kgg
29.81m sg
11 2 26.67 10 Nm kgG
8 13.00 10 m sc
Planck constant 346.63 10 Jsh
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Electrical current and potential difference
Electric current
Electric power
Electrical circuits
Terminal potential difference (E.m.f. Internal resistance r)
Circuit e.m.f.
Resistors in series
Resistors in parallel
Heating matter
Change of state: energy transfer (Specific latent heat or specific enthalpy change l)
Heating and cooling: energy transfer (Specific heat capacity c; Temperature change )
Celsius temperature
Kinetic theory of matter
Temperature and energy
Kinetic theory
Conservation of energy
Change of internal energy (Energy transferred thermally Q;
Work done on body W)
Efficiency of energy transfer
Heat engine maximum efficiency
Circular motion and oscillations
Angular speed (Radius of circular path r)
Centripetal acceleration
Period (Frequency f)
Simple harmonic motion:
displacement
maximum speed
acceleration
For a simple pendulum
For a mass on a spring (Spring constant k)2m
Tk
2l
Tg
2(2 )a f x
02 fx
0 cos2 x x ft
1 2T
f
2
ar
v
t r
v
1 2
1
T TT
Useful output
Input
U Q W
213
p c
Average kinetic energy of moleculesT
/ C /K 273T
mc T
l m
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
R R R R
1 2 3 R R R R
IR
V Ir
2P I R
I nAQ v
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Waves
Intensity (Distance from point source r;
Power of source P)
Superposition of waves
Two slit interference (Wavelength ; Slit separation s;
Fringe width x; Slits to screen distance D)
Quantum phenomena
Photon model (Planck constant h)
Maximum energy of photoelectrons (Work function
Energy levels
de Broglie wavelength
Observing the Universe
Doppler shift
Hubble law (Hubble constant H)
Gravitational fields
Gravitational field strength
for radial field (Gravitational constant G)
Electric fields
Electric field strength
for radial field (Coulomb law constant k)
for uniform field
For an electron in a vacuum tube
Capacitance
Energy stored
Capacitors in parallel
Capacitors in series
Time constant for capacitor
discharge RC
1 2 3
1 1 1 1C C C C
1 2 3C C C C
212
W CV
21e2
( )e V m v
/E V d
2/ E kQ r
/ E F Q
2
/ , numerically g Gm r
/ g F m
Hdv
f
f c
v
h
p
1 2hf E E hf
E hf
xs
D
24
PI
r
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Magnetic fields
Force on a wire
Magnetic flux density (Magnetic field strength)
in a long solenoid (Permeability of free space 0)
near a long wire
Magnetic flux
E.m.f. induced in a coil (Number of turns N)
Accelerators
Mass-energyForce on a moving charge
Analogies in physics
Capacitor discharge
Radioactive decay N = N0et
Experimental physics
Mathematics
Equation of a straight line
Surface area
Volume
For small angles: (in radians)
cos 1
sin tan
343
sphere r
2cylinder r h
2sphere 4 r
2cylinder 2 2rh r
y mx c
ln(e )kx
kx
ln( ) lnn
x n x
sin(90 ) cos
Estimated uncertainty 100%Percentage uncertainty =
Average value
12
ln 2t
12 ln 2
t
RC
/0e
t RCQ Q
F BQ v
2
E c m
N
t
BA
0 /2 B I r
0 B nI
F BIl
