Introduction to Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

N

N N

N

N

N1

2

3

4

56 7

8

9 1

2

34

5

6

Purine Pyrimidine

O

OHHO

CH2HOBase

1´

2´3´

4´

5´

Nucleoside

1´

2´3´

4´

5´

NucleotideMonophosphate

1´

2´3´

4´

5´

2´-DeoxyribonucleotideMonophosphate

P

O

O

O O O

HO

CH2Base

P

O

O

O O O

OHHO

CH2Base

N

N NH

N

NH2

HN

N NH

N

O

H2N

NH

N

O

NH2

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

Base Nucleotide

Purines Pyrimidines

Base Nucleotide

Adenosine

Guanosine

Cytidine

Uridine

Thymidine

NH

NH

O

O

NH

NH

O

O

H3C

N

N NH

N

O

HN

NH

NH

N

O

O

HN

NH

NH

HN

O

O

OHN NH

O

O

N

N N

N

O

O

CH3H3C

CH3Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Pseudouracil 1,3,7-Trimethyl

xanthine

Base-pairing

P

O

O

O O P

O

OO

OHHO

CH2O

N

N N

N

NH2

P

O

O

O

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

O

OHHO

CH2O

N

N N

N

NH2

P

O

O

O

N

NN

N

NH2

O

OHHO

CH2OP

O

O

O

syn anti

NN

NH2

CH3

O

Ribose

5-methylcytidine

N

N N

N

NHH

Ribose

N

N N

N

NCH3H

RiboseN6-methyladenosine

N N

O

H

CH3

O

Ribose

NN

N

O

Ribose

H

H

N

N N

N

O

Ribose

H

NH

H

Thymidine

Adenosine

Cytidine

Guanosine

Stereoview of A-Form DNA (from pdb ID 3V9D)

Stereoview of B-Form DNA (from pdb ID 1A36)

Detecting Sequence Information in Double-stranded DNA

Stereoview of estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA (from pdb ID 1HCQ)

N

N N

N

NHH

Ribose

N N

O

H

CH3

O

RiboseNN

N

O

Ribose

H

H

N

N N

N

O

Ribose

H

NH

H

Thymidine

Adenosine

Cytidine

Guanosine

Major grooveMajor groove

Minor grooveMinor groove

Major groove Minor groove

DNA Synthesis

O O

O

CH2G

P OO

O

O OCH2T

P O

O

O

O OCH2C

P O

O

O

O

OO H2CTPO

O

O

OO

O

H2CG

PO O

O

OO H2CA

PO

O

O

OO H2CC

PO O

AdditionalDNA

P

O

O

O O P

O

OO

HO

CH2OA

P

O

O

O

5´

3´

DirectionofDNAsynthesis

Mg2+Mg2+

AdditionalDNA

AdditionalDNA

Stereoview of Thermus thermophilus 30 S ribosome subunit (pdb ID 2wdk)

Stereoview of Thermus thermophilus 50 S ribosome subunit (pdb ID 2wdl), with mRNA and tRNA from pdb ID 2wdk

A site

P site

E site

mRNA

E site

P site

A sitemRNA

5S rRNA

23S rRNA

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