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7.7.22Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
• COMPARE TRADITIONAL FILE COMPARE TRADITIONAL FILE ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
• DESCRIBE HOW DATABASE DESCRIBE HOW DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ORGANIZES ORGANIZES INFORMATIONINFORMATION
**
© 2008 by Prentice Hall
7.7.33Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
• IDENTIFY TYPES OF DATABASE, IDENTIFY TYPES OF DATABASE, PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE DESIGNPRINCIPLES OF DATABASE DESIGN
• DISCUSS DATABASE TRENDSDISCUSS DATABASE TRENDS
**
© 2008 by Prentice Hall
7.7.44Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• TRADITIONAL DATA FILE TRADITIONAL DATA FILE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
• CREATING DATABASE CREATING DATABASE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS**
• TRADITIONAL DATA FILE TRADITIONAL DATA FILE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
• CREATING DATABASE CREATING DATABASE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
• DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS**
7.7.55Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
1. ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES: 1. ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES: Challenges existing power structure, Challenges existing power structure, requires organizational restructurerequires organizational restructure
2. COST / BENEFIT CONSIDERATIONS: 2. COST / BENEFIT CONSIDERATIONS: Large initial costs, delayed benefits, Large initial costs, delayed benefits, tangible, intangibletangible, intangible
**
7.7.66Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
FILE ORGANIZATIONFILE ORGANIZATION
• BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off)BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off)• BYTE: Combination of BITS which BYTE: Combination of BITS which
represent a CHARACTERrepresent a CHARACTER• FIELD: Collection of BYTES which FIELD: Collection of BYTES which
represent a DATUM or Factrepresent a DATUM or Fact• RECORD: Collection of FIELDS RECORD: Collection of FIELDS
which reflect a TRANSACTIONwhich reflect a TRANSACTION**
7.7.77Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
FILE ORGANIZATIONFILE ORGANIZATION
• FILE: A Collection of similar FILE: A Collection of similar RECORDSRECORDS
• DATABASE: An OrganizationDATABASE: An Organization’’s s Electronic Library of FILES Electronic Library of FILES organized to serve business organized to serve business applicationsapplications
**
7.7.88Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
FILE ORGANIZATIONFILE ORGANIZATION
• ENTITY: Person, place, thing, event ENTITY: Person, place, thing, event about which data must be keptabout which data must be kept
• ATTRIBUTE: Description of a ATTRIBUTE: Description of a particular ENTITYparticular ENTITY
• KEY FIELD: Field used to retrieve, KEY FIELD: Field used to retrieve, update, sort RECORDupdate, sort RECORD
**
7.7.99Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
KEY FIELDKEY FIELD
Field in Each RecordField in Each Record
Uniquely Identifies THIS RecordUniquely Identifies THIS Record
For RETRIEVALFor RETRIEVAL
UPDATINGUPDATING
SORTINGSORTING
**
7.7.1010Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
• DATA REDUNDANCYDATA REDUNDANCY• PROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCYPROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCY• LACK OF FLEXIBILITYLACK OF FLEXIBILITY• POOR SECURITYPOOR SECURITY• LACK OF DATA LACK OF DATA
SHARING & SHARING & AVAILABILITYAVAILABILITY
**
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL FILE PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Flat FileFlat File
7.7.1111Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
SEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECTSEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECTFILE ORGANIZATIONFILE ORGANIZATION
• SEQUENTIAL: Tape oriented; one file SEQUENTIAL: Tape oriented; one file follows another; follows physical follows another; follows physical sequencesequence
• DIRECT: Disk oriented; can be DIRECT: Disk oriented; can be accessed without regard to physical accessed without regard to physical sequencesequence
**
7.7.1212Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
FILING METHODSFILING METHODS
• INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :– EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEYEACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY
– GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERSGROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS
– KEYS IN INDEXKEYS IN INDEX
• VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :– MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALSMEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS
– DYNAMIC FILE SPACE DYNAMIC FILE SPACE
VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASESDATABASES
• DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHODDIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD
**
7.7.1313Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHODDIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD
• EACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELDEACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELD
• KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM ALGORITHMALGORITHM
• ALGORITHM GENERATES ALGORITHM GENERATES PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)
**
7.7.1414Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN DATA DATA
ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS TO EXTRACT DATA TO EXTRACT DATA
INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS COMPUTER PROGRAMS
**
DBMS
7.7.1515Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
COMPONENTS OF DBMS:COMPONENTS OF DBMS:
• DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:– Defines data elements in databaseDefines data elements in database
• DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:– Manipulates data for applicationsManipulates data for applications
• DATA DICTIONARY:DATA DICTIONARY:– Formal definitions of all variables in database, Formal definitions of all variables in database,
controls variety of database contents, data controls variety of database contents, data elementselements
**DBM
S
7.7.1616Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
EMERGING STANDARD EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGEDATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
FOR RELATIONAL DATABASESFOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
**
DBMS
7.7.1717Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
ELEMENTS OF SQLELEMENTS OF SQL
• SELECT: List of columns from tables SELECT: List of columns from tables desireddesired
• FROM: Identifies tables from which FROM: Identifies tables from which columns will be selectedcolumns will be selected
• WHERE: Includes conditions for WHERE: Includes conditions for selecting specific rows, conditions selecting specific rows, conditions for joining multiple tablesfor joining multiple tables
**
DBMS
7.7.1818Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
TWO VIEWS OF TWO VIEWS OF DATADATA
BIT
BYTE
FIELD
RECORD
FILE
DATABASE
• PHYSICAL VIEW: Where is data physically?PHYSICAL VIEW: Where is data physically?
– DRIVE, DISK, SURFACE, TRACK, SECTOR DRIVE, DISK, SURFACE, TRACK, SECTOR (BLOCK), RECORD(BLOCK), RECORD
– TAPE, BLOCK, RECORD NUMBER (KEY)TAPE, BLOCK, RECORD NUMBER (KEY)
• LOGICAL VIEW: What data is needed by LOGICAL VIEW: What data is needed by application?application?
– SUCCESSION OF FACTS NEEDED BY SUCCESSION OF FACTS NEEDED BY APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
– NAME, TYPE, LENGTH OF FIELDNAME, TYPE, LENGTH OF FIELD
**DBM
S
7.7.1919Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
RELATIONAL DATA MODELRELATIONAL DATA MODEL
• DATA IN TABLE FORMATDATA IN TABLE FORMAT
• RELATION: TABLERELATION: TABLE
• TUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLETUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLE
• FIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLEFIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLE
**HOURS RATE TOTAL
ABLE 40.50$ 10.35$ 419.18$ BAXTER 38.00$ 8.75$ 332.50$
CHEN 42.70$ 9.25$ 394.98$ DENVER 35.90$ 9.50$ 341.05$
7.7.2020Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
TYPES OR TYPES OR RELATIONSRELATIONS
ONE-TO-ONE: ONE-TO-ONE: STUDENT ID
ONE-TO-MANY:ONE-TO-MANY:CLASS
STUDENTA
STUDENTB
STUDENTC
MANY-TO-MANY:MANY-TO-MANY:
STUDENTA
STUDENTB
STUDENTC
CLASS1
CLASS2
7.7.2121Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
ROOT
FIRST CHILD
2nd CHILD
RatingsRatings SalarySalary
CompensationCompensation JobJobAssignmentsAssignments
PensionPension InsuranceInsurance HealthHealth
BenefitsBenefits
EmployerEmployer
HIERARCHICAL DATA MODELHIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL
7.7.2222Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
NETWORK DATA MODELNETWORK DATA MODEL
• VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL MODELMODEL
• USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS
**
NETWORKA
NETWORKB
NETWORKC
NETWORK1
NETWORK2
7.7.2323Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
OTHER SYSTEMSOTHER SYSTEMS
• LEGACY SYSTEM: older systemLEGACY SYSTEM: older system
• OBJECT - ORIENTED DBMS: stores OBJECT - ORIENTED DBMS: stores data & procedures as objectsdata & procedures as objects
• OBJECT - RELATIONAL DBMS: OBJECT - RELATIONAL DBMS: hybridhybrid
**
7.7.2424Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
CREATING A DATABASECREATING A DATABASE
• CONCEPTUAL DESIGNCONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• PHYSICAL DESIGNPHYSICAL DESIGN
**
7.7.2525Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
CREATING A DATABASECREATING A DATABASECONCEPTUAL DESIGN:CONCEPTUAL DESIGN:
• ABSTRACT MODEL, BUSINESS ABSTRACT MODEL, BUSINESS PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
• HOW WILL DATA BE GROUPED?HOW WILL DATA BE GROUPED?• RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
ELEMENTSELEMENTS• ESTABLISH END-USER ESTABLISH END-USER
NEEDSNEEDS**
7.7.2626Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
• DETAILED MODEL BY DATABASE DETAILED MODEL BY DATABASE SPECIALISTS SPECIALISTS
• ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
• NORMALIZATIONNORMALIZATION
• HARDWARE / SOFTWAREHARDWARE / SOFTWARESPECIFICSPECIFIC
**
CREATING A DATABASECREATING A DATABASEPHYSICAL DESIGN:PHYSICAL DESIGN:
7.7.2727Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
ELEMENTS OF DATABASE ELEMENTS OF DATABASE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
DATA
ADMINISTRATION DATABASETECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
USERS
DATA PLANNING & MODELING
METHODOLOGY
7.7.2828Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMENTITY- RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
1
1
M
1
ORDER
CAN HAVE
PART
SUPPLIER
CAN HAVE
ORDER: #, DATE, PART #, QUANTITY
PART: #, DESCRIPTION, UNIT PRICE, SUPPLIER #
SUPPLIER: #, NAME, ADDRESS
7.7.2929Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
NORMALIZATIONNORMALIZATION
PROCESS OF CREATING SMALL PROCESS OF CREATING SMALL DATA STRUCTURES FROM DATA STRUCTURES FROM COMPLEX GROUPS OF DATACOMPLEX GROUPS OF DATA
EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE• PERSONNEL RECORDSPERSONNEL RECORDS• PAYROLLPAYROLL
**
7.7.3030Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DISTRIBUTED DATABASESDISTRIBUTED DATABASES
• PARTITIONED: remote CPUs (connected PARTITIONED: remote CPUs (connected to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., records on local customersrecords on local customers
• DUPLICATE: each remote CPU has copies DUPLICATE: each remote CPU has copies of common files, of common files, e.g., e.g., layouts for standard layouts for standard reports and reports and formsforms
**
7.7.3131Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE ADMINISTRATIONDATABASE ADMINISTRATION
• DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE STRUCTURE AND CONTENTSTRUCTURE AND CONTENT
• DEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURESDEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURES• DEVELOPS DATABASE DOCUMENTATIONDEVELOPS DATABASE DOCUMENTATION• MAINTAINS DBMSMAINTAINS DBMS
**
7.7.3232Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
• MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA ANALYSIS: MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA ANALYSIS: 3D (or higher) groupings to 3D (or higher) groupings to store store complex datacomplex data
• HYPERMEDIA: Nodes contain text, HYPERMEDIA: Nodes contain text, graphics, sound, video, graphics, sound, video, programs. programs. organizes organizes data as nodes.data as nodes.
**
7.7.3333Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
• DATA WAREHOUSE: OrganizationDATA WAREHOUSE: Organization’’s s electronic library stores consolidated electronic library stores consolidated current & historic data for current & historic data for management reporting & analysismanagement reporting & analysis
• ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP): Tools for multi-(OLAP): Tools for multi-dimensional data analysisdimensional data analysis
**
7.7.3434Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSECOMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE
INFORMATIONDIRECTORY
INTERNALDATASOURCES
EXTERNALDATASOURCES
OPERATIONAL,HISTORICAL DATA
DATA WAREHOUSE
EXTRACT,TRANSFORM
DATAACCESS &ANALYSIS
QUERIES &REPORTS
OLAP
DATA MINING
7.7.3535Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
• DATA MART: Small data warehouse DATA MART: Small data warehouse for special function, e.g., for special function, e.g., Focused marketing based Focused marketing based
on customer infoon customer info• DATAMINING: Tools for finding DATAMINING: Tools for finding
hidden patterns, relation-hidden patterns, relation-ships, for predicting trendsships, for predicting trends
**
7.7.3636Prof Jess Role @ UEAB 2010
DATABASE TRENDSDATABASE TRENDS
LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:• WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR
DATABASEDATABASE• SPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS HTML SPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS HTML
TO SQLTO SQL• SQL FINDS DATA, SERVER CONVERTS SQL FINDS DATA, SERVER CONVERTS
RESULT TO RESULT TO HTMLHTML
**