DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 423 560 CS 509 904
TITLE Competent Communicators: K-12 Speaking, Listening, and MediaLiteracy Standards and Competency Statements.
INSTITUTION National Communication Association, Annandale, VA.ISBN ISBN-0-944811-26-4PUB DATE 1998-00-00NOTE 71p.
PUB TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom (055)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Academic Standards; Audience Awareness; *Communication
Skills; Elementary Secondary Education; *Listening Skills;Mass Media Use; *Speech Communication
IDENTIFIERS Communication Behavior; *Media Literacy
ABSTRACTIn response to the need for intentional, organized education
in speaking, listening, and media literacy, the National CommunicationAssociation provides the Standards and Competency Statements in thisdocument. The Standards and Competency Statements are not designed to be usedas a curriculum; rather, they are designed to enhance and support curriculum.The Competency Statements under each of the 20 Standards are categorizedaccording to three dimensions of communication competence: knowledge,behaviors, and attitudes. Within each of those three dimensions, theCompetency Statements are grouped according to content and, when appropriate,increasing levels of difficulty. Some of the 20 Standards are: competentcommunicators demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the relationshipsamong the components of the communication process and the influence of theindividual, relationship, and situation on communication; competentcommunicators demonstrate the ability to demonstrate sensitivity to diversitywhen communicating; competent speakers demonstrate knowledge andunderstanding of the speaking process, and the ability to adapt communicationstrategies appropriately and effectively according to the needs of thesituation and setting; competent listeners demonstrate knowledge andunderstanding of the listening process, and the ability to use appropriateand effective listening skills for a given communication situation andsetting; and media literate communicators demonstrate knowledge andunderstanding of the ways people use media in their personal and publiclives, and the ability to use media to communicate to specific audiences.Supplemental information includes the process for developing the standardsand competency statements. (RS)
********************************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
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U.S
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Com
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BE
ST C
OPY
AV
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ri tffiiL
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L C
OM
MU
NIC
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ION
ASS
OC
IAT
ION
CO
MPE
TE
NT
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TO
RS:
K-1
2 Sp
eaki
ng, L
iste
ning
, and
Med
ia L
itera
cySt
anda
rds
and
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts
"Exc
elle
nce
exte
nds
from
lear
ning
, and
lear
ning
is b
orne
of
com
mun
icat
ion.
"
AP
ublis
hed
By
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
45
TH
E S
PEA
KIN
G, L
IST
EN
ING
,A
ND
ME
DIA
LIT
ER
AC
YST
AN
DA
RD
S A
ND
CO
MPE
TE
NC
YST
AT
EM
EN
TS
FOR
K-1
2 E
DU
CA
TIO
N
Intr
oduc
tion
1-2
The
20
Stan
dard
s3
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n, S
tand
ards
and
Com
pete
ncie
s1-8
4-11
Spea
king
Sta
ndar
ds a
nd C
ompe
tenc
ies9-12
12-15
Lis
teni
ng S
tand
ards
and
Com
pete
ncie
s13-15
16-18
Med
ia L
itera
cy S
tand
ards
and
Com
pete
ncie
s16-20
19-23
Supp
lem
enta
l Inf
orm
atio
n24-30
Cop
yrig
ht ©
199
8 by
the
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion;
all
righ
ts r
eser
ved.
Port
ions
of
mat
eria
l in
this
pub
licat
ion
may
be
copi
ed a
nd q
uote
dw
ithou
t fur
ther
per
mis
sion
with
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at a
n
appr
opri
ate
cita
tion
of th
e so
urce
of
the
exce
rpt w
ill b
e in
clud
ed in
suc
hco
pyin
g. A
lim
ited
num
ber
of c
opie
s of
por
tions
of
mat
eria
l in
this
pub
licat
ion
may
be
mad
e fo
r sc
hola
rly
or c
lass
room
use
. A c
opy
of th
is s
tate
men
t ser
ves
as th
e N
atio
nal C
omm
unic
atio
n
Ass
ocia
tion'
s of
fici
al p
erm
issi
on f
or u
sing
mat
eria
l for
sch
olar
ly o
red
ucat
iona
l pur
pose
s un
der
the
abov
e co
nditi
ons.
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
5105
Bac
k lic
k R
d B
ldg
#EA
nnan
dale
VA
220
03
703-
750-
0533
7
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
Stan
dard
s an
d C
ompe
tenc
ies
Proj
ect
Proj
ect C
hair
Pam
ela
Coo
per
NC
A S
taff
Sher
wyn
Mor
real
e, P
roje
ct D
irec
tor
Car
olyn
Per
ry, P
roje
ct A
ssis
tant
On-
Site
Mee
ting
Faci
litat
orSh
aron
Rat
liffe
On-
Site
Com
pete
ncie
s R
evis
ion
Com
mitt
eeR
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sSt
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rds
Rev
isio
n T
eani
K-1
2 T
each
ers
Mel
issa
Bea
llJo
hn H
eine
man
Rob
ert B
ostr
omM
elis
sa B
eall
Cel
ia B
lotk
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Mar
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Shir
lee
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Car
ter
Mar
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bie
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Car
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ldey
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Kat
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alvi
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Mel
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Judy
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e-O
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Cla
rk
Thi
s pr
ojec
t was
dev
elop
ed u
nder
the
dire
ctio
n of
mem
bers
of
NC
A's
Edu
catio
nal P
olic
y B
oard
: Jim
App
lega
te, M
ary
Boz
ik, D
ebor
ah H
effe
rin,
Jud
yPe
arso
n, M
orri
s Sn
ivel
y, R
icha
rd W
est,
And
rew
Wol
vin.
The
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
and
the
deve
lope
rs o
f ih
is p
roje
ctar
e in
debt
ed to
: '(1
) R
oy B
erko
and
the
deve
lope
rs o
f N
CA
's o
rigi
nal K
-12
stan
dard
s do
cum
ent,
who
se p
rior
wor
k w
as u
sed
in th
e cr
eatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t, an
d (2
) ot
her
asso
ciat
ions
, suc
has
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Lis
teni
ng A
ssoc
iatio
n,w
hose
res
ourc
es in
form
ed th
is p
rese
nt w
ork.
Cov
er q
uote
by
Bri
an S
pitz
berg
., Ph
.D.,
Uni
vers
ity o
f So
uthe
rn C
alif
orni
a.
89
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
CO
MPE
TE
NT
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TO
RS:
K-1
2 Sp
eaki
ng, L
iste
ning
, and
Med
ia L
itera
cy S
tand
ards
and
Com
pete
ncie
s
WH
AT
IS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N?
The
fie
ld o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n fo
cuse
s on
how
peo
ple
use
mes
sage
s to
gen
erat
e m
eani
ng w
ithin
and
acr
oss
vari
ous
cont
exts
, cul
ture
s, c
hann
els,
and
med
ia. T
he s
ubje
ct m
atte
rof
com
mun
icat
ion
stud
ies
is d
raw
n fr
om b
oth
clas
sica
l tra
ditio
ns
and
cont
empo
rary
rese
arch
.T
each
ers
inth
efi
eld
ofco
mm
unic
atio
n pr
omot
e th
e ef
fect
ive
and
ethi
cal p
ract
ice
ofhu
man
com
mun
icat
ion.
WH
AT
AR
E S
PEA
KIN
G, L
IST
EN
ING
, AN
D M
ED
IA L
ITE
RA
CY
?
Spea
king
, lis
teni
ng, a
nd m
edia
lite
racy
are
thre
e of
the
elem
ents
of
com
mun
icat
ion.
Eac
h of
thes
e el
emen
ts h
asdi
stin
guis
hing
cha
ract
eris
tics.
Spea
king
:Sp
eaki
ng is
the
uniq
uely
hum
an a
ct o
r pr
oces
s of
tran
smitt
ing
and
exch
angi
ng in
form
atio
n, id
eas,
and
em
otio
nsus
ing
oral
lang
uage
. Whe
ther
in d
aily
info
rmal
inte
ract
ions
or
in m
ore
form
alse
tting
s, c
omm
unic
ator
s ar
e re
quir
edto
orga
nize
coh
eren
t mes
sage
s, d
eliv
er th
em c
lear
ly, a
nd a
dapt
toth
eir
liste
ners
.
Lis
teni
ng:
Lis
teni
ng is
the
proc
ess
of r
ecei
ving
, con
stru
ctin
gm
eani
ng f
rom
, and
res
pond
ing
to s
poke
n an
d/or
non
verb
al
10
mes
sage
s.Pe
ople
cal
l on
diff
eren
t lis
teni
ng s
kills
dep
endi
ngon
whe
ther
thei
r go
al is
to c
ompr
ehen
din
form
atio
n, c
ritiq
uean
d ev
alua
te a
mes
sage
, sho
w e
mpa
thy
for
the
feel
ings
expr
esse
d by
oth
ers,
or
appr
ecia
te a
per
form
ance
.
Med
ia li
tera
cy: M
edia
lite
racy
is r
ecog
nize
d as
a f
unda
men
tal
com
pete
ncy
for
liter
ate
citiz
ens.
A m
edia
lite
rate
per
son
unde
rsta
nds
how
wor
ds, i
mag
es, a
nd s
ound
s in
flue
nce
the
way
mea
ning
s ar
e cr
eate
d an
d sh
ared
in c
onte
mpo
rary
soc
iety
inw
ays
that
are
bot
h su
btle
and
prof
ound
.A
med
ia li
tera
tepe
rson
is e
quip
ped
to a
ssig
n va
lue,
wor
th, a
nd m
eani
ng to
med
ia u
se a
nd m
edia
mes
sage
s.
ii
12
WH
Y S
TU
DY
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N?
Und
erst
andi
ng a
nd s
kill
in c
onm
iuni
catio
n m
ust b
e a
vita
l par
tof
K th
ough
12
educ
atio
n. T
here
is g
row
ing
awar
enes
s of
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
stud
ent s
ucce
ss in
gra
des
K th
roug
h 12
and
com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
atio
n sk
ills.
Com
mun
icat
ion
shap
esou
r se
nse
of s
elf
and
the
way
we
inte
ract
with
our
env
iron
men
t,fr
om g
athe
ring
and
pre
sent
ing
info
rmat
ion
tom
anag
ing
conf
lict.
Tal
king
, hea
ring
, and
see
ing
are,
for
mos
t peo
ple,
natu
ral
phys
iolo
gica
lpr
oces
ses.
By
cont
rast
,sp
eaki
ng,
liste
ning
, and
med
ia li
tera
cy a
re le
arne
d.It
is a
mis
takc
to
2
assu
me
that
bec
ause
stu
dent
s ca
n ta
lk a
nd h
ear
and
see
whe
nth
ey e
nter
sch
ool,
they
req
uire
no
syst
emat
ic in
stru
ctio
n in
unde
rsta
ndin
g an
d us
ing
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
s.St
uden
tssh
ould
no
mor
e be
dep
rive
d of
inte
ntio
nal,
orga
nize
d ed
ucat
ion
in s
peak
ing,
list
enin
g, a
nd m
edia
lite
racy
than
they
are
dep
rive
dof
inst
ruct
ion
in r
eadi
ng, w
ritin
g, m
athe
mat
ics,
or
scie
nce.
Inre
spon
se to
that
nee
d fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
n in
stru
ctio
n, th
eN
atio
nal C
omm
unic
atio
n A
ssoc
iatio
n (N
CA
) pr
ovid
es th
eSt
anda
rds
and
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts in
this
doc
umen
t.
PUR
POSE
OF
TH
E N
CA
K-1
2 ST
AN
DA
RD
S A
ND
CO
MPE
TE
NC
IES
DO
CU
ME
NT
The
Sta
ndar
ds a
nd C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
are
not
des
igne
d to
be u
sed
as a
cur
ricu
lum
: rat
her,
they
are
des
igne
d to
enh
ance
and
supp
ort c
urri
culu
m. I
tis
not
the
inte
ntio
n of
NC
A to
dict
ate
wha
t sho
uld
be ta
ught
inan
y cl
assr
oom
. The
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts a
re in
tend
ed to
pro
vide
dir
ectio
n fo
rth
ose
teac
hing
com
mun
icat
ion
inK
-12
educ
atio
n.A
fort
hcom
ing
NC
A p
ublic
atio
n of
cur
ricu
lar
teac
hing
act
iviti
esw
ill b
e in
crea
se th
e us
eful
ness
of
this
doc
umen
t to
K-1
2te
ache
rs.
Dis
cuss
ion
of th
e pr
oces
s us
ed to
crea
te th
edo
cum
ent a
nd o
ther
issu
es a
ppea
rs in
a s
uppl
emen
t at t
he e
ndof
the
docu
men
t.
TH
E C
ON
CE
PTU
AL
ST
RU
CT
UR
E O
F T
HE
CO
MPE
TE
NC
Y S
TA
TE
ME
NT
S
The
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
tsun
der
each
Stan
dard
are
cate
gori
zed
acco
rdin
g to
thre
e di
men
sion
s of
com
mun
icat
ion
com
pete
nce;
that
is, k
now
ledg
e, b
ehav
iors
, and
atti
tude
s (s
eedi
scus
sion
on
page
28)
. With
in e
ach
of th
ose
thre
e di
men
sion
s,th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
are
gro
uped
acc
ordi
ng to
cont
ent a
nd, w
hen
appr
opri
ate,
inin
crea
sing
leve
ls o
f
diff
icul
ty a
s in
dica
ted
from
the
verb
s dr
awn
from
Blo
om's
taxo
nom
y (s
ee p
age
27).
Whe
neve
r po
ssib
le, t
he C
ompe
tenc
ySt
atem
ents
are
conc
eptu
ally
linke
dac
ross
know
ledg
e,at
titud
es, a
nd b
ehav
iors
. How
ever
, the
link
ing
acro
ssco
mpe
tenc
ies
shou
ld n
ot b
e in
terp
rete
d as
an
abso
lute
one
on o
ne r
elat
ions
hip,
all
of th
e tim
e.13
STA
ND
AR
DS
FOR
SPE
AK
ING
, LIS
TE
NIN
G,A
ND
ME
DIA
LIT
ER
AC
Y I
N K
-12
ED
UC
AT
ION
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
onun
unic
atio
n
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
dun
ders
tand
ing
of.
..
1.th
e re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
the
com
mun
icat
ion
proc
ess.
2.th
e in
flue
nce
of th
e in
divi
dual
, rel
atio
nshi
p, a
ndsi
tuat
ion
on c
omm
unic
atio
n.3.
the
role
of
com
mun
icat
ion
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
mai
nten
ance
of
pers
onal
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
4.th
e ro
le o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n in
cre
atin
g m
eani
ng,
infl
uenc
ing
thou
ght,
and
mak
ing
deci
sion
s.C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
..
.
5.de
mon
stra
te s
ensi
tivity
to d
iver
sity
whe
n co
mm
unic
atin
g.6.
enha
nce
rela
tions
hips
and
res
olve
con
flic
t usi
ngap
prop
riat
e an
d ef
fect
ive
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es.
7.ev
alua
te c
omm
unic
atio
n st
yles
, str
ateg
ies,
and
con
tent
base
d on
thei
r ae
sthe
tic a
nd f
unct
iona
l wor
th.
8.sh
ow s
ensi
tivity
to th
e et
hica
l iss
ues
asso
ciat
ed w
ithco
mm
unic
atio
n in
a d
emoc
ratic
soc
iety
.
Spea
king
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
dem
onst
rate
..
.
9.kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
spea
king
pro
cess
.10
.th
e ab
ility
to a
dapt
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es a
ppro
pria
tely
and
effe
ctiv
ely
acco
rdin
g to
the
need
s of
the
situ
atio
n an
d se
tting
.11
.th
e ab
ility
to u
se la
ngua
ge th
at c
lari
fies
, per
suad
es, a
nd/o
rin
spir
es w
hile
res
pect
ing
diff
eren
ces
in li
sten
ers'
bac
kgro
unds
.12
.th
e ab
ility
to m
anag
e or
ove
rcom
e co
mm
unic
atio
n an
xiet
y.
14
Lis
teni
ng
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
dem
onst
rate
..
.
13.
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
elis
teni
ng p
roce
ss.
14.
the
abili
ty to
use
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
elis
teni
ng s
kills
for
a g
iven
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
n an
d se
tting
.15
.th
e ab
ility
to id
entif
y an
d m
anag
e ba
rrie
rs to
liste
ning
. Med
ia L
itera
cy
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te .
..
16.
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e w
ays
peop
leus
e m
edia
in th
eir
pers
onal
and
pub
lic li
ves.
17.
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e co
mpl
exre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g au
dien
ces
and
med
ia c
onte
nt.
18.
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
that
med
iaco
nten
t is
prod
uced
with
in s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
lco
ntex
ts.
19.
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
eco
mm
erci
al n
atur
e of
med
ia.
20.
the
abili
ty to
use
med
ia to
com
mun
icat
e to
spec
ific
aud
ienc
es.
15
3
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
1C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
rela
tions
hips
am
ong
the
com
pone
nts
of th
e co
mm
unic
atio
npr
oces
s.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de1-
1
1-2
iden
tify
and
desc
ribe
the
com
pone
nts
of th
eco
mm
unic
atio
n pr
oces
s (s
peak
er, l
iste
ner,
mes
sage
, med
ium
, fee
dbac
k, a
nd n
oise
).ex
plai
n ho
w th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
a c
omm
unic
atio
nm
odel
aff
ect t
he c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
oces
s.
1-3
iden
tify
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
nonv
erba
l and
ver
bal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
1-4
iden
tify
sour
ces
of in
terf
eren
ces.
1-5
iden
tify
situ
atio
nal a
nd s
ocia
l fac
tors
that
infl
uenc
e co
mm
unic
atio
n.1-
6ex
plai
n ho
w c
omm
unic
atio
n is
a s
hare
dpr
oces
s be
twee
n sp
eake
r an
d lis
tene
r.1-
7ex
plai
n th
e ro
le o
f fe
edba
ck.
1-8
expl
ain
the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
oral
and
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion
proc
ess.
1-9
iden
tify
diff
eren
t pur
pose
s fo
r co
mm
unic
atin
g.1-
10di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n di
ffer
ent p
urpo
ses
for
com
mun
icat
ing.
16
use
voca
l qua
litie
s (p
itch,
rat
e, to
ne,
volu
me,
etc
.), w
ords
, and
non
verb
alcu
es to
cre
ate
and
inte
rpre
t mea
ning
.
1-12
appr
ecia
te th
e dy
nam
ic a
ndco
mpl
ex n
atur
e of
the
com
mun
icat
ion
proc
ess.
4
5
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
2C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
infl
uenc
e of
the
indi
vidu
al, r
elat
ions
hip,
and
situ
atio
n on
com
mun
icat
ion
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s ...
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
2-1
desc
ribe
thei
r sh
iftin
g ro
les
in a
var
iety
of
com
mun
icat
ion
inte
ract
ions
.2-
2de
scri
be th
e in
flue
nce
of th
e in
divi
dual
on
com
mun
icat
ion.
2-3
desc
ribe
the
infl
uenc
e of
rel
atio
nshi
ps o
nco
mm
unic
atio
n.2-
4de
scri
be th
e in
flue
nce
of c
onte
xt o
nco
mm
unic
atio
n.
2-5
anal
yze
fact
ors
that
infl
uenc
e co
mm
unic
atio
nch
oice
s.2-
6se
lect
str
ateg
ies
appr
opri
ate
to a
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
n.
2-7
use
thei
r ex
peri
ence
s an
d kn
owle
dge
to2-
14re
spec
t the
div
ersi
ty o
fin
terp
ret m
essa
ges.
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es u
sed
by in
divi
dual
s.
2-8
use
cont
extu
al f
acto
rs to
mod
ify
com
mun
icat
ion.
2-9
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to c
onst
ruct
dif
fere
ntm
essa
ges
that
com
mun
icat
e th
e "s
ame"
mea
ning
to d
iffe
rent
peo
ple.
2-10
mon
itor
the
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
of s
elf
and
othe
rs.
2-11
appl
y ap
prop
riat
e an
d ef
fect
ive
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es a
ppro
pria
te f
orth
e si
tuat
ion.
2-12
adap
t com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
to c
hang
ing
situ
atio
ns.
2-13
use
appr
opri
ate
and
effe
ctiv
eco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
for
a g
iven
con
text
.2-15
acce
pt r
espo
nsib
ility
to c
hang
eco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
whe
nco
mm
unic
atio
n is
not
app
ropr
iate
or e
ffec
tive.
1819
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
3C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
role
of
com
mun
icat
ion
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
mai
nten
ance
of
pers
onal
rela
tions
hips
.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de3-
1de
scri
be th
e ro
le o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n in
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
3-2
desc
ribe
the
fact
ors
infl
uenc
ing
soci
al in
tera
ctio
ns.
3-9
3-3
desc
ribe
the
role
of
self
-con
cept
in r
elat
ions
hips
.3-
4de
scri
be th
e ro
le o
f se
lf-d
iscl
osur
e in
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
3-5
reco
gniz
e th
e im
port
ance
of
dive
rse
indi
vidu
alpe
rcep
tions
in in
terp
erso
nal r
elat
ions
hips
.3-
6de
scri
be th
e ro
le o
f tr
ust i
n re
latio
nshi
ps.
3-7
desc
ribe
the
role
of
conf
lict i
n re
latio
nshi
ps.
3-8
desc
ribe
the
role
of
cons
truc
tive
criti
cism
inin
terp
erso
nal r
elat
ions
hips
.
20
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
use
soci
al c
onve
ntio
ns to
mai
ntai
n a
conv
ersa
tion.
use
lang
uage
that
con
trib
utes
to p
ositi
vere
latio
nshi
ps.
use
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es th
at a
void
crea
ting
defe
nsiv
enes
s.us
e co
mm
unic
atio
n to
enh
ance
rela
tions
hips
.us
e co
nflic
t man
agem
ent s
trat
egie
s in
rela
tions
hips
.3-
14of
fer
cons
truc
tive
criti
cism
.3-
15re
spon
d to
con
stru
ctiv
e cr
itici
sm a
s a
posi
tive
aspe
ct o
f in
terp
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.3-16
3-17
3-18
6
appr
ecia
te th
e im
port
ance
of
com
mun
icat
ion
in th
e de
velo
pmen
tan
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f re
latio
nshi
ps.
show
will
ingn
ess
to le
arn
the
soci
al c
usto
ms
of o
ther
gro
ups.
appr
ecia
te th
e po
ssib
le p
ositi
veim
pact
of
conf
lict o
n re
latio
nshi
ps.
21
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
4C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
role
of
com
mun
icat
ion
in c
reat
ing
mea
ning
, inf
luen
cing
thou
ght,
and
mak
ing
deci
sion
s.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s . .
.K
now
ledg
eB
ehav
iors
Atti
tude
4-1
reco
gniz
e th
e po
wer
of
lang
uage
.4-
16us
e cu
ltura
lly s
ensi
tive
lang
uage
.4-
17us
e la
ngua
ge th
at is
sen
sitiv
e to
indi
vidu
al d
iffe
renc
es.
4-2
expl
ain
the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
deno
tatio
n an
dco
nnot
atio
n.4-
3ex
plai
n th
e co
nten
t and
rel
atio
nal m
eani
ngs
of m
essa
ges.
4-4
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
fact
s an
d op
inio
ns.
4-5
reco
gniz
e th
at in
fere
nces
and
ass
umpt
ions
are
base
d on
lim
ited
info
rmat
ion.
4-6
inte
rpre
t the
em
otio
nal m
eani
ng o
f a
mes
sage
.4-
18
4-7
reco
gniz
e co
ntra
dict
ions
bet
wee
n ve
rbal
and
4-19
nonv
erba
l mes
sage
s.
4-8
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
stat
ed a
nd im
plie
dm
eani
ngs
of a
mes
sage
.4-
9di
stin
guis
h am
ong
diff
eren
t pur
pose
s of
mes
sage
s.4-
10di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n lit
eral
and
fig
urat
ive
mea
ning
s of
mes
sage
s.4-
11ex
plai
n ho
w c
omm
unic
atio
n ca
n le
ad to
shar
ed m
eani
ng.
4-12
expl
ain
how
indi
vidu
al a
nd s
ocia
l exp
erie
nces
affe
ct th
e cr
eatio
n an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of m
essa
ges.
4-13
expl
ain
how
com
mun
icat
ion
infl
uenc
es p
erce
ptio
ns.
4-14
expl
ain
how
con
vers
atio
ns a
ffec
t a c
omm
unic
ator
'svi
ews
on s
peci
fic
issu
es.
4-15
reco
gniz
e th
e ro
le o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n in
life
situ
atio
ns(e
.g.,
polit
ics,
adv
ertis
ing,
and
fam
ily).
22
resp
ond
appr
opri
atel
y an
d ef
fect
ivel
yto
the
emot
iona
l mea
ning
s of
mes
sage
s.us
e al
tern
ativ
e st
rate
gies
whe
nco
mm
unic
atio
n is
inap
prop
riat
e or
inef
fect
ive.
4-20
show
will
ingn
ess
to e
ngag
ein
com
mun
icat
ion
to g
ener
ate
idea
s.4-
21ap
prec
iate
how
the
sam
e m
essa
gem
ay b
e in
terp
rete
d di
ffer
ently
by
othe
rs.
23
7
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
5C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
sen
sitiv
ity to
div
ersi
ty w
hen
com
mun
icat
ing.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s..
.K
now
ledg
eB
ehav
iors
Atti
tude
5-1
expl
ain
the
conc
epts
of
indi
vidu
al, s
ocia
l, an
dcu
ltura
l div
ersi
ty.
5-2
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
div
ersi
ty o
nco
mm
unic
atio
n.5-
3id
entif
y st
rate
gies
for
ana
lyzi
ng a
udie
nces
.
5-4
iden
tify
stra
tegi
es a
ppro
pria
te f
or c
omm
unic
atin
gw
ith v
ario
us a
udie
nces
.
5-5
reco
gniz
e di
verg
ent p
ersp
ectiv
es.
5-6
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
supp
ortiv
e an
d un
supp
ortiv
eau
dien
ces.
5-7
sele
ct th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
med
ium
for
com
mun
icat
ing.
5-8
orga
nize
mes
sage
s so
that
mos
t lis
tene
rs c
anun
ders
tand
.5-
9as
sess
div
erge
nt p
ersp
ectiv
es.
24
5-10
use
and
crea
te m
essa
ges
that
are
cul
tura
llyin
clus
ive.
5-11
use
info
rmat
ion
abou
t aud
ienc
e m
embe
rsto
cre
ate
and
deliv
er m
essa
ges.
5-12
use
iden
tifie
d st
rate
gies
to c
omm
unic
ate
in a
n ap
prop
riat
e an
d ef
fect
ive
man
ner
with
an a
udie
nce.
5-13
reco
gniz
e an
d re
spon
d to
cul
tura
l and
soci
al d
iffe
renc
es w
ithin
an
audi
ence
.
5-14
mak
e ad
just
men
ts d
urin
g a
pres
enta
tion
to p
rom
ote
unde
rsta
ndin
g.
5-15
appr
ecia
te d
iver
sity
in s
ocie
tyan
d its
eff
ects
on
com
mun
icat
ion.
5-16
show
will
ingn
ess
to c
omm
unic
ate
with
oth
ers
who
hav
e di
verg
ent
opin
ions
.5-
17re
spec
t the
div
ersi
ty o
f op
inio
nshe
ld b
y au
dien
ce m
embe
rs.
5-18
acce
pt r
espo
nsib
ility
for
str
ateg
ies
used
to c
omm
unic
ate
with
an
unsu
ppor
tive
audi
ence
.
8
2 5
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
6C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
enh
ance
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
nd r
esol
ve c
onfl
ict u
sing
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
eco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s . .
.K
now
ledg
eB
ehav
iors
Atti
tude
6-1
dete
rmin
e w
hen
othe
rs d
o no
t und
erst
and.
6-2
iden
tify
lang
uage
that
may
enh
ance
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
6-3
iden
tify
lang
uage
that
may
lead
to c
onfl
ict.
6-4
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
desc
ript
ive
and
eval
uativ
ela
ngua
ge.
6-5
ackn
owle
dge
effe
cts
of s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
ldi
vers
ity o
n co
nflic
t.
6-6
reco
gniz
e so
cial
ly a
ccep
tabl
e st
anda
rds
for
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
.
6-7
desc
ribe
var
ious
pro
blem
-sol
ving
str
ateg
ies.
6-8
sele
ct r
elev
ant a
nd a
dequ
ate
evid
ence
tosu
ppor
t arg
umen
ts.
26
6-9
seek
, off
er, a
nd r
espo
nd to
info
rmat
ion
to p
rom
ote
unde
rsta
ndin
g.6-
10us
e ap
prop
riat
e la
ngua
ge to
exp
ress
conf
licts
in w
ays
that
enh
ance
rela
tions
hips
.6-
11us
e ap
prop
riat
e la
ngua
ge to
res
pond
toot
hers
' fee
lings
.6-
12de
mon
stra
te a
bilit
y to
com
mun
icat
e to
unde
rsta
nd s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l dif
fere
nces
.
6-13
colla
bora
te to
sol
ve c
onfl
icts
.6-
14de
mon
stra
te u
se o
f ap
prop
riat
e an
def
fect
ive
conf
lict m
anag
emen
t ski
lls.
6-15
dem
onst
rate
ope
n-m
inde
d an
dem
path
ic li
sten
ing
beha
vior
s.6-
16us
e a
prob
lem
-sol
ving
seq
uenc
e to
mak
e de
cisi
ons.
6-17
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to b
uild
and
mai
ntai
nco
nstr
uctiv
e re
latio
nshi
ps.
6-18
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to c
ontr
ol th
eir
emot
ions
whe
n fa
ced
with
neg
ativ
ecr
itici
sm.
6-19
dem
onst
rate
ass
ertiv
enes
s w
hen
appr
opri
ate.
6-20
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to u
se a
ppro
pria
tese
lf-d
iscl
osur
e to
enh
ance
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
6-21
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to e
ncou
rage
oth
ers
whe
n ap
prop
riat
e to
dis
clos
e in
form
atio
n.6-
22de
mon
stra
te u
se o
f ap
prop
riat
e an
def
fect
ive
nego
tiatio
n sk
ills.
9
6-23
appr
ecia
te th
e w
ays
in w
hich
conf
lict c
an e
nhan
ce r
elat
ions
hips
.6-
24sh
ow w
illin
gnes
s to
sol
ve c
onfl
icts
in w
ays
that
enh
ance
rel
atio
nshi
ps.
6-25
show
will
ingn
ess
to f
ind
stra
tegi
esto
ove
rcom
e so
cial
and
cul
tura
lba
rrie
rs.
6-26
appr
ecia
te th
e ro
le o
f co
nflic
tre
solu
tion
in m
aint
aini
ngre
latio
nshi
ps.
6-27
show
will
ingn
ess
to e
ngag
ein
pro
blem
-sol
ving
str
ateg
ies.
6-28
resp
ect t
he d
iver
gent
opi
nion
s of
othe
rs.
27
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
10
Stan
dard
7C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
eva
luat
e co
mm
unic
atio
n st
yles
, str
ateg
ies,
and
cont
ent b
ased
on
thei
r ae
sthe
tic a
nd f
unct
iona
l wor
th.
Com
pete
nt c
onun
unic
ator
sK
now
ledg
eB
ehav
iors
Atti
tude
7-1
defi
ne a
esth
etic
s.7-
2de
fine
fun
ctio
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n (i
nfor
min
g,in
flue
ncin
g, r
elat
ing,
imag
inin
g, a
ppre
ciat
ing,
ritu
aliz
ing)
.7-
3de
scri
be c
onve
rsat
iona
l sty
les.
7-4
iden
tify
crite
ria
for
sele
ctin
g m
ater
ials
and
text
s fo
r a
give
n co
mm
unic
atio
n si
tuat
ion.
7-5
iden
tify
crite
ria
( e.
g., t
opic
, con
text
, goa
ls)
for
eval
uatin
g th
e fu
nctio
n an
d ae
sthe
tics
ofco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
.
7-6
sele
ct s
trat
egie
s to
use
in a
giv
en c
omm
unic
atio
nsi
tuat
ion
acco
rdin
g to
thei
r fu
nctio
nal a
nd a
esth
etic
wor
th.
7-7
eval
uate
the
shor
t- a
nd lo
ng-t
erm
eff
ects
of
vari
ous
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es.
28
7-8
appl
y cr
iteri
a to
eva
luat
e ev
ents
bas
edon
fun
ctio
n.
7-9
adap
t con
vers
atio
nal s
tyle
s to
var
ious
cont
exts
.
7-10
show
will
ingn
ess
to a
pply
ava
riet
y of
cri
teri
a in
eva
luat
ing
an a
esth
etic
eve
nt.
7-11
appr
ecia
te v
ario
us c
onve
rsat
iona
lst
yles
.
7-12
resp
ect t
he c
reat
ive
expr
essi
onof
oth
ers.
7-13
resp
ect t
he r
ight
of
othe
rs to
dif
fer
in th
eir
eval
uatio
n of
an
aest
hetic
even
t.
2 9
Fund
amen
tals
of
Eff
ectiv
e C
omm
unic
atio
n
Stan
dard
8C
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
sho
w s
ensi
tivity
to th
e et
hica
l iss
ues
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
omm
unic
atio
n in
a d
emoc
ratic
soc
iety
.
Com
pete
nt c
omm
unic
ator
s ...
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
8-1
expl
ain
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f fr
eedo
m o
f sp
eech
ina
dem
ocra
tic s
ocie
ty.
8-2
defi
ne e
thic
al c
omm
unic
atio
n.8-
11ap
ply
ethi
cal s
tand
ards
in a
ll8-
3ex
plai
n th
e im
port
ance
of
ethi
cal
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns.
com
mun
icat
ion.
8-4
reco
gniz
e th
e ro
le o
f et
hics
in c
omm
unic
atio
n.8-
5se
lect
lang
uage
that
is r
espe
ctfu
l of
othe
rs.
8-6
sele
ct in
clus
ive
lang
uage
in a
ddre
ssin
g ot
hers
.8-
7se
lect
lang
uage
that
cla
rifi
es r
athe
r th
an o
bscu
res.
8-12
8-13
8-14
8-8
reco
gniz
e th
eir
ethi
cal r
espo
nsib
ility
to c
halle
nge
8-15
harm
ful s
tere
otyp
ical
or
prej
udic
ial c
omm
unic
atio
n.
8-9
sele
ct o
nly
info
rmat
ion
belie
ved
to b
e ac
cura
te.
8-10
anal
yze
the
effe
cts
of th
eir
com
mun
icat
ion
choi
ces
on o
ther
s.
30
mod
ify
thei
r ow
n m
essa
ges
to r
emov
est
ereo
typi
cal a
nd p
reju
dici
al la
ngua
ge.
com
pose
mes
sage
s th
at a
ccur
atel
y re
flec
tth
e or
igin
al in
tent
and
con
tent
of
the
mes
sage
.in
terp
ret m
essa
ges
to a
ccur
atel
y re
flec
tth
e in
tent
and
con
tent
of
the
mes
sage
.in
terp
ret t
he b
ehav
iors
of
othe
rs w
ithou
tm
akin
g st
ereo
typi
cal o
r pr
ejud
icia
lju
dgm
ents
.
11
8-20
appr
ecia
te th
e fr
eedo
m to
exp
ress
dive
rse
view
s in
a d
emoc
ratic
soci
ety.
8-21
show
will
ingn
ess
to d
efen
d th
efr
eedo
m o
f sp
eech
of
self
and
othe
rs.
8-22
acce
pt r
espo
nsib
ility
for
thei
r ow
nco
mm
unic
atio
n be
havi
ors.
8-23
appr
ecia
te th
e im
port
ance
of
bein
gop
en to
the
dive
rgen
t vie
ws
ofot
hers
.
8-24
show
will
ingn
ess
to s
ee b
eyon
dst
ereo
type
s to
see
k in
divi
dual
wor
th.
8-25
appr
ecia
te th
e in
tegr
ity a
ndun
ique
ness
of
com
mun
icat
ion
amon
g di
vers
e so
cial
and
cultu
ral g
roup
s.8-
26ad
voca
te r
espo
nsib
leco
mm
unic
atio
n.sh
ow w
illin
gnes
s to
take
a p
ublic
stan
d on
issu
es.
8-16
inte
rpre
t the
acc
urac
y an
d re
leva
nce
of8-
27m
ater
ial t
o be
quo
ted.
8-17
cite
sou
rces
of
evid
ence
.8-
18us
e qu
alif
iers
to in
dica
te a
lack
of
accu
racy
.8-
19co
mm
unic
ate
in a
man
ner
that
res
pect
s8-
28th
e ri
ghts
of
othe
rs.
show
will
ingn
ess
to c
halle
nge
the
unet
hica
l com
mun
icat
ion
choi
ces
of o
ther
s. 31
Spea
king
Stan
dard
9C
ompe
tent
spe
aker
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e sp
eaki
ngpr
oces
s.
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers...
Kno
wle
dge
9-1
desc
ribe
the
com
pone
nts
of th
e sp
eaki
ng p
roce
ss.
9-2
desc
ribe
fac
tors
to c
onsi
der
whe
n an
alyz
ing
anau
dien
ce (
e.g.
, int
eres
ts, a
ge, e
tc.)
.9-
3id
entif
y th
e cr
iteri
a us
ed to
eva
luat
e th
e qu
aliti
esof
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
e co
mm
unic
atio
n in
a va
riet
y of
con
text
s.9-
4id
entif
y ho
w c
omm
unic
atio
n co
ntex
t inf
luen
ces
choi
ce o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
.9-
5as
sess
how
fee
dbac
k af
fect
s th
e sp
eake
r an
d th
em
essa
ge.
32
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
9-6
use
audi
ence
ana
lysi
s to
ada
pt a
mes
sage
and
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
s.9-
7ap
ply
crite
ria
to e
valu
ate
inte
rper
sona
l,sm
all g
roup
, and
pub
lic c
omm
unic
atio
n.
9-8
use
feed
back
to c
hang
e co
mm
unic
atio
nan
d en
hanc
e in
tera
ctio
ns.
9-9
use
feed
back
to a
lter
com
mun
icat
ion
goal
s.
33
12
Spea
king
Stan
dard
10
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
ada
pt c
omm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
app
ropr
iate
lyan
d ef
fect
ivel
y ac
cord
ing
to th
e ne
eds
of th
e si
tuat
ion
and
setti
ng.
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
.. .
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
10-1
iden
tify
stra
tegi
es f
or a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion.
10-2
iden
tify
pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
goal
s.10
-3ex
plai
n th
e im
port
ance
of
adap
ting
com
mun
icat
ion
to th
e si
tuat
ion
and
setti
ng.
10-4
expl
ain
the
role
of
self
-dis
clos
ure
in in
terp
erso
nal
rela
tions
hips
.10
-5id
entif
y su
cces
sful
inte
rvie
win
g te
chni
ques
.
10-6
iden
tify
stra
tegi
es f
or a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
smal
l gro
up c
omm
unic
atio
n.10
-7id
entif
y pr
oble
m-s
olvi
ng s
trat
egie
s.10
-8id
entif
y gr
oup
role
s.10
-9id
entif
y gr
oup
norm
s
10-1
0id
entif
y st
rate
gies
for
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
epu
blic
com
mun
icat
ion.
10-1
1or
gani
ze a
mes
sage
app
ropr
iate
ly a
nd e
ffec
tivel
y.10
-12
deve
lop
an a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
intr
oduc
tion,
bod
y, a
nd c
oncl
usio
n fo
r a
spee
ch.
10-1
3ch
oose
and
nar
row
a s
peec
h to
pic
for
asp
ecif
ic o
ccas
ion.
10-1
4se
lect
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
e su
ppor
ting
mat
eria
l bas
ed o
n to
pic,
aud
ienc
e, o
ccas
ion,
and
purp
ose.
10-1
5m
odif
y a
mes
sage
to f
it th
e au
dien
ce.
34
10-1
6us
e ve
rbal
and
non
verb
al te
chni
ques
toen
hanc
e a
mes
sage
.
10-1
7ad
apt l
angu
age
to s
peci
fic
audi
ence
s an
d10
-27
appr
ecia
te la
ngua
ge a
nd c
ultu
ral
setti
ngs.
dive
rsity
.
10-1
8de
mon
stra
te s
ucce
ssfu
l int
ervi
ewin
g
tech
niqu
es.
10-1
9us
e co
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
to a
chie
veth
e m
ajor
fun
ctio
ns o
f a
grou
p.10
-20
dem
onst
rate
bot
h ta
sk a
nd s
ocia
lco
mm
unic
ativ
e be
havi
ors
in a
sm
all
grou
p.10
-21
part
icip
ate
appr
opri
atel
y an
d ef
fect
ivel
yin
a p
robl
em-s
olvi
ng g
roup
dis
cuss
ion.
10-2
2co
mm
unic
ate
and
defe
nd a
poi
nt o
f vi
ew.
10-2
3de
mon
stra
te a
bilit
y to
pre
sent
an
appr
opri
ate
and
effe
ctiv
e in
trod
uctio
n, b
ody,
and
conc
lusi
on in
a s
peec
h.
10-2
4us
e cr
edib
le s
ourc
es f
or s
uppo
rt.
10-2
5us
e a
met
hod
of d
eliv
ery
appr
opri
ate
to th
e si
tuat
ion.
10-2
6us
e fe
edba
ck to
impr
ove
futu
re s
peec
hes.
10-2
8ap
prec
iate
rec
eivi
ng f
eedb
ack
from
oth
ers.
35
13
14
Spea
king
Stan
dard
11
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
use
lang
uage
that
cla
rifi
es, p
ersu
ades
, and
/or
insp
ires
whi
le r
espe
ctin
gdi
ffer
ence
s in
list
ener
s' b
ackg
roun
ds (
race
,et
hnic
ity, a
ge, e
tc.)
.
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
...
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rs11
-1
11-2
reco
gniz
e th
at la
ngua
ge u
se s
houl
d be
sen
sitiv
eto
list
ener
s' b
ackg
roun
ds.
sele
ct la
ngua
ge a
ppro
pria
te to
the
occa
sion
,pu
rpos
e, a
udie
nce,
and
con
text
.
11-3
desc
ribe
how
lang
uage
cla
rifi
es m
eani
ng a
ndor
gani
zatio
n.11
-4ev
alua
te th
e ef
fect
of
artic
ulat
ion,
pro
nunc
iatio
n,an
d gr
amm
ar o
n an
aud
ienc
e.
36
11-5
use
lang
uage
that
dem
onst
rate
s se
nsiti
vity
to c
ultu
ral a
nd in
divi
dual
dif
fere
nces
.11
-6ad
apt l
angu
age
use
to th
e au
dien
ce.
11-7
use
hum
or a
nd p
layf
ul la
ngua
geap
prop
riat
ely.
11-8
com
mun
icat
e id
eas
clea
rly
and
conc
isel
y.11
-9us
e vi
vid
lang
uage
that
app
eals
to th
e se
nses
.11
-10
use
feed
back
to m
odif
y la
ngua
ge c
hoic
es.
Atti
tude
11-1
1ap
prec
iate
the
impo
rtan
ce o
fre
spec
ting
indi
vidu
al d
iffe
renc
es.
11-1
2ap
prec
iate
the
pow
er o
f la
ngua
ge.
Spea
king
Stan
dard
12
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
dem
onst
rate
the
abili
ty to
man
age
or o
verc
ome
com
mun
icat
ion
anxi
ety.
Com
pete
nt s
peak
ers
...K
now
ledg
eB
ehav
iors
Atti
tude
12-1
reco
gniz
e th
at a
nxie
ty is
a n
orm
al r
espo
nse
tom
any
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns.
12-2
desc
ribe
phy
siol
ogic
al a
nd p
sych
olog
ical
reac
tions
to a
nxie
ty.
12-3
desc
ribe
the
indi
vidu
al a
nd s
ocia
l fac
tors
that
may
lead
to c
omm
unic
atio
n an
xiet
y.12
-4de
scri
be s
trat
egie
s to
hel
p m
inim
ize
and/
orm
anag
e co
mm
unic
atio
n an
xiet
y.
38
12-5
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to a
ppea
r co
nfid
ent
whi
le s
peak
ing.
12-6
use
stra
tegi
es th
at c
an h
elp
alle
viat
eco
mm
unic
atio
n an
xiet
y.12
-7pa
rtic
ipat
e in
var
ious
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns p
revi
ousl
y av
oide
d.
12-8
show
tole
ranc
e fo
r sp
eake
rsw
ho a
ppea
r ne
rvou
s.12
-9sh
ow w
illin
gnes
s to
fin
d w
ays
toco
ntro
l com
mun
icat
ion
anxi
ety.
15
Lis
teni
ng
Stan
dard
13
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
liste
ning
proc
ess.
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers...
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rs13
-1id
entif
y th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
the
liste
ning
pro
cess
.13
-2ex
plai
n th
e re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
e co
mpo
nent
sof
rec
eivi
ng, i
nter
pret
ing,
and
res
pond
ing.
13-3
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
see
ing
and
hear
ing
onlis
teni
ng.
13-4
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
hear
ing
and
liste
ning
.13
-5re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of a
ttent
ion
on li
sten
ing.
13-6
desc
ribe
the
proc
ess
of d
ecod
ing
mes
sage
s.13
-7re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of s
eman
tic v
aria
bles
on li
sten
ing.
13-8
desc
ribe
res
pons
e st
yles
.13
-9ex
plai
n th
e ro
le o
f fe
edba
ck in
com
mun
icat
ion.
13-1
0re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of c
onte
xt o
n lis
teni
ng.
13-1
1re
cogn
ize
the
effe
ct o
f m
emor
y on
list
enin
g.13
-12
reco
gniz
e th
e in
flue
nce
of p
ersp
ectiv
e on
list
enin
g.13
-13
dist
ingu
ish
amon
g co
mm
unic
ator
s' p
ersp
ectiv
es.
13-1
4re
cogn
ize
the
shar
ed r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s of
spe
aker
san
d lis
tene
rs.
13-1
5di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n pa
ssiv
e an
d ac
tive
liste
ning
.13
-16
iden
tify
liste
ning
pur
pose
s.13
-17
asse
ss v
aria
tions
in s
peak
ers'
and
list
ener
s'pu
rpos
es f
or c
omm
unic
atin
g.13
-18
asse
ss d
iffe
renc
es in
spe
aker
s' a
ndlis
tene
rs' m
eani
ngs
for
wor
ds.
13-1
9pr
edic
t pro
blem
s re
sulti
ng f
rom
var
iatio
ns in
spea
kers
' and
list
ener
s' p
urpo
ses
for
com
mun
icat
ing.
4 0
13-2
0de
mon
stra
te a
bilit
y to
foc
us a
ttent
ion
on a
spe
aker
's m
essa
ge.
13-2
1of
fer
appr
opri
ate
and
effe
ctiv
efe
edba
ck.
13-2
2ad
apt l
iste
ning
beh
avio
rs to
acco
mm
odat
e th
e lis
teni
ng s
ituat
ion.
13-2
3pr
actic
e ap
prop
riat
e an
d ef
fect
ive
mem
ory
stor
age
and
retr
ieva
l str
ateg
ies.
13-2
4pr
actic
e ac
tive
liste
ning
.
16
Atti
tude
13-2
5ap
prec
iate
the
impo
rtan
ce o
flis
teni
ng.
13-2
6sh
ow w
illin
gnes
s to
list
en.
13-2
7ac
cept
res
pons
ibili
ty f
orhe
arin
g a
mes
sage
and
look
ing
at th
e sp
eake
r.13
-28
acce
pt r
espo
nsib
ility
for
foc
usin
gat
tent
ion
on a
mes
sage
.
13-2
9ad
voca
te c
onte
xts
cond
uciv
e to
appr
opri
ate
and
effe
ctiv
e lis
teni
ng.
13-3
0ac
cept
sha
red
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
rsu
cces
sful
com
mun
icat
ion.
13-3
1ac
cept
res
pons
ibili
ty f
orac
tivel
y lis
teni
ng to
a m
essa
ge.
Lis
teni
ng
Stan
dard
14
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to u
se a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
liste
ning
ski
lls f
or a
giv
en c
omm
unic
atio
n si
tuat
ion
and
setti
ng.
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
. . .
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de14
-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
reco
gniz
e th
e se
quen
ces
of c
ompo
nent
s in
volv
edin
the
liste
ning
pro
cess
.re
cogn
ize
vari
ous
type
s an
d pu
rpos
es o
f lis
teni
ng.
reco
gniz
e sk
ills
uniq
ue to
eac
h lis
teni
ng ty
pe a
ndpu
rpos
e.re
cogn
ize
the
liste
ner's
rol
e an
d re
spon
sibi
lity
in a
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
n.se
lect
app
ropr
iate
and
eff
ectiv
e lis
teni
ng r
espo
nses
acro
ss a
var
iety
of
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns.
reco
gniz
e re
spon
ses
to m
essa
ges
as e
vide
nce
ofen
gagi
ng o
r ha
ving
eng
aged
in th
e lis
teni
ng p
roce
ss.
14-7
reco
gniz
e si
lenc
e as
a f
orm
of
com
mun
icat
ion.
14-8
dist
ingu
ish
amon
g va
riou
s re
ason
s fo
r a
spea
ker's
sile
nce.
14-9
reco
gniz
e th
at li
sten
ing
for
appr
ecia
tion
is h
ighl
ype
rson
al.
14-1
0ev
alua
te th
eir
own
liste
ning
beh
avio
r.
14-1
1ad
apt p
urpo
ses
for
liste
ning
with
the
spea
ker's
pur
pose
for
spe
akin
g.14
-12
appl
y sk
ills
appr
opri
ate
to e
ach
type
and
purp
ose
for
liste
ning
.14
-13
use
and
resp
ond
to tu
rn-t
akin
g si
gnal
sdu
ring
a c
omm
unic
atio
n in
tera
ctio
n.14
-14
dem
onst
rate
atte
ntiv
enes
s th
ough
ver
bal
and
nonv
erba
l beh
avio
rs.
14-1
5se
ek u
nder
stan
ding
of
a m
essa
ge b
yen
gagi
ng in
que
stio
ning
, per
cept
ion-
chec
king
, sum
mar
izin
g, a
nd p
arap
hras
ing.
14-1
6pr
actic
e em
path
ic li
sten
ing
skill
s.
14-1
7m
onito
r th
eir
own
liste
ning
beh
avio
r.
17
14-1
8ac
cept
res
pons
ibili
ty to
impr
ove
com
preh
ensi
ve, c
ritic
al, e
mpa
thic
,an
d ap
prec
iativ
e lis
teni
ng s
kills
.
14-1
9sh
ow w
illin
gnes
s to
acc
ept
liste
ning
rol
es a
nd r
espo
nsib
ilitie
sin
var
ious
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns.
14-2
0re
spec
t a s
peak
er's
rig
ht to
cho
ose
to b
e si
lent
.
14-2
1re
spec
t the
rig
ht o
f ot
hers
to h
ave
oppo
sing
vie
wpo
ints
.
Lis
teni
ng
Stan
dard
15
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
dem
onst
rate
abi
lity
to id
entif
y an
d m
anag
e ba
rrie
rs to
list
enin
g.
Com
pete
nt li
sten
ers
. ..
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de15
-1re
cogn
ize
liste
ning
bar
rier
s in
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
ns.
15-2
reco
gniz
e th
e re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n lis
teni
ngbe
havi
ors
and
self
-est
eem
.15
-3re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of b
iase
s on
list
enin
g.15
-4re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of c
lose
-min
dedn
ess
on li
sten
ing.
15-5
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
pre
conc
eive
d at
titud
eson
list
enin
g.15
-6re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of in
diff
eren
ce o
n lis
teni
ng.
15-7
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
em
otio
nal i
nvol
vem
ent
on li
sten
ing.
15-8
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
sel
f-ab
sorp
tion
onlis
teni
ng.
15-9
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
impa
tienc
e on
list
enin
g.15
-10
reco
gniz
e th
e ef
fect
s of
phy
sica
l con
ditio
ns o
nlis
teni
ng.
15-1
1re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of m
enta
l sta
te o
n lis
teni
ng.
15-1
2re
cogn
ize
the
effe
cts
of r
ecei
ver
appr
ehen
sion
on
liste
ning
.
44
15-1
3de
mon
stra
te a
bilit
y to
man
age
inte
rnal
and
exte
rnal
dis
trac
tions
.
18
15-1
4ac
cept
res
pons
ibili
ty f
or m
anag
ing
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
l bar
rier
s to
liste
ning
.15
-15
show
will
ingn
ess
to v
alid
ate
othe
rsby
list
enin
g to
them
.
45
Med
ia L
itera
cy
Stan
dard
16
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e w
ays
peop
le u
se m
edia
in th
eir
pers
onal
and
pub
lic li
ves.
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de16
-1re
cogn
ize
the
cent
ralit
y of
com
mun
icat
ion
inhu
man
end
eavo
rs.
16-2
reco
gniz
e th
e im
port
ance
of
com
mun
icat
ion
for
educ
atio
nal p
ract
ices
.16
-3re
cogn
ize
the
role
s of
cul
ture
and
lang
uage
inm
edia
pra
ctic
es.
16-4
iden
tify
pers
onal
and
pub
lic m
edia
pra
ctic
es.
16-5
iden
tify
pers
onal
and
pub
lic m
edia
con
tent
,fo
rms,
and
pro
duct
s.16
-6an
alyz
e th
e hi
stor
ical
and
cur
rent
way
s in
whi
chm
edia
aff
ect p
eopl
e's
pers
onal
and
pub
lic li
ves.
16-7
anal
yze
med
ia e
thic
al is
sues
.
46
16-8
acce
ss in
form
atio
n in
a v
arie
tyof
med
ia f
orm
s.
16-9
illus
trat
e ho
w p
eopl
e us
e m
edia
in th
eir
pers
onal
and
pub
lic li
ves.
19
16-1
0ar
e m
otiv
ated
to e
valu
ate
med
iaan
d co
mm
unic
atio
n pr
actic
es in
term
s of
bas
ic s
ocia
l val
ues
such
as f
reed
om, r
espo
nsib
ility
, pri
vacy
and
publ
ic s
tand
ards
of
dece
ncy.
47
Med
ia L
itera
cy
20
Stan
dard
17
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e co
mpl
ex r
elat
ions
hips
am
ong
audi
ence
s an
d m
edia
con
tent
.
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dge
17-1
iden
tify
med
ia f
orm
s, c
onte
nt, a
nd p
rodu
cts.
17-2
reco
gniz
e th
at m
edia
are
ope
n to
mul
tiple
inte
rpre
tatio
ns.
17-3
expl
ain
how
aud
ienc
e m
embe
rs in
terp
ret
mea
ning
s.
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
17-4
desc
ribe
how
med
ia p
ract
ition
ers
dete
rmin
eth
e na
ture
of
audi
ence
s.17
-5ex
plai
n ho
w m
edia
soc
ializ
e pe
ople
.17
-6ev
alua
te id
eas
and
imag
es in
med
ia w
ith p
ossi
ble
indi
vidu
al, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l con
sequ
ence
s.
4 8
17-7
crea
te s
tand
ards
to e
valu
ate
med
iaco
nten
t, fo
rms,
and
pro
duct
s.
17-8
illus
trat
e ho
w m
edia
con
tent
, for
ms,
and
audi
ence
inte
rpre
tatio
ns a
relin
ked
to v
iew
ing
prac
tices
.
17-9
are
mot
ivat
ed to
rec
ogni
ze th
eco
mpl
ex r
elat
ions
hips
am
ong
med
ia c
onte
nt, f
orm
s, a
ndau
dien
ce p
ract
ices
.
4 z3
Med
ia L
itera
cy
Stan
dard
18
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
that
med
ia c
onte
nt is
pro
duce
d w
ithin
soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral c
onte
xts.
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de
18-1
iden
tify
the
prod
uctio
n co
ntex
ts o
f m
edia
con
tent
and
prod
ucts
.18
-2id
entif
y th
e so
cial
and
cul
tura
l con
stra
ints
on
the
prod
uctio
n of
med
ia.
18-3
iden
tify
the
soci
al a
nd c
ultu
ral a
genc
ies
that
regu
late
med
ia c
onte
nt a
nd p
rodu
cts.
18-4
eval
uate
the
idea
s an
d ae
sthe
tics
in m
edia
cont
ent a
nd p
rodu
cts.
50
18-5
dem
onst
rate
how
med
ia c
onte
nt a
ndpr
oduc
ts a
re p
rodu
ced
with
in s
ocia
lan
d cu
ltura
l con
text
s.18
-6de
mon
stra
te h
ow s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
lre
gula
tions
aff
ect m
edia
con
tent
and
prod
ucts
.
21
18-7
are
mot
ivat
ed to
exa
min
eth
e re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g m
edia
cont
ent a
nd p
rodu
cts
and
the
larg
er s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l con
text
sof
thei
r pr
oduc
tion.
51
Med
ia L
itera
cy
Stan
dard
19
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e co
mm
erci
al n
atur
e of
med
ia.
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s...
Kno
wle
dRe
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de19
-1ex
plai
n ho
w m
edia
org
aniz
atio
ns o
pera
te.
19-2
iden
tify
the
soci
al a
nd c
ultu
ral a
genc
ies
that
regu
late
med
ia o
rgan
izat
ions
.19
-3co
mpa
re m
edia
org
aniz
atio
ns to
oth
er s
ocia
l and
cultu
ral o
rgan
izat
ions
.
52
19-4
dem
onst
rate
the
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
nm
edia
org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd m
edia
dist
ribu
tion
prac
tices
.
19-5
are
mot
ivat
ed to
ana
lyze
the
hist
oric
al a
nd c
urre
nt w
ays
inw
hich
med
ia o
rgan
izat
ions
oper
ate
in r
elat
ions
hip
tode
moc
ratic
pro
cess
es.
22 53
Med
ia L
itera
cy
Stan
dard
20
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s de
mon
stra
te a
bilit
y to
use
med
ia to
com
mun
icat
e to
spe
cifi
c au
dien
ces.
Med
ia li
tera
te c
omm
unic
ator
s ...
Kno
wle
dge
Beh
avio
rsA
ttitu
de20
-1id
entif
y su
itabl
e m
edia
to c
omm
unic
ate
for
spec
ific
purp
oses
and
out
com
es.
20-2
iden
tify
the
role
s an
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s of
med
iapr
oduc
tion
team
s.20
-3an
alyz
e th
eir
med
ia w
ork
for
tech
nica
l and
aes
thet
icst
reng
ths
and
wea
knes
ses.
20-4
reco
gniz
e th
at th
eir
med
ia w
ork
has
indi
vidu
al,
soci
al, a
nd e
thic
al c
onse
quen
ces.
20-5
refl
ect u
pon
how
thei
r m
edia
lite
racy
wor
k re
late
sto
eve
nts
outs
ide
of s
choo
l lea
rnin
g.
54
20-6
prac
tice
mul
tiple
app
roac
hes
tode
velo
ping
and
pre
sent
ing
idea
s.20
-7st
ruct
ure
med
ia m
essa
ges
to b
epr
esen
ted
in v
ario
us m
edia
for
ms.
20-8
assu
me
acco
unta
bilit
y fo
r th
e in
divi
dual
,so
cial
, and
eth
ical
out
com
es o
f th
eir
wor
k.
23
20-9
are
mot
ivat
ed to
app
reci
ate
how
thei
r m
edia
lite
racy
wor
ken
hanc
es s
elf-
expr
essi
on,
educ
atio
n, a
nd c
aree
r op
port
uniti
es.
55
24
SUPP
LE
ME
NT
AL
IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Man
y us
ers
of th
is d
ocum
ent m
ay f
ind
it he
lpfu
l to
read
the
supp
lem
enta
l inf
orm
atio
n pr
ovid
ed in
this
sec
tion.
Thi
s se
ctio
n in
clud
es:
A b
ackg
roun
d de
scri
ptio
n of
the
circ
umst
ance
s un
der
whi
ch th
e st
anda
rds
proj
ect b
egan
.A
sum
mar
y of
the
proc
esse
s us
ed to
dev
elop
the
Stan
dard
s an
d C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
.C
rite
ria
used
to d
evel
op a
nd e
valu
ate
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts.
Ver
bs f
rom
Blo
om's
Tax
onom
y us
ed in
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts.
A d
iscu
ssio
n of
issu
es th
at e
mer
ged
as im
port
ant w
hile
dev
elop
ing
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts.
Bac
kgro
und
In 1
983,
the
Nat
iona
l Com
mis
sion
on
Exc
elle
nce
in E
duca
tion
publ
ishe
d A
Nat
ion
at R
isk,
cri
ticiz
ing
educ
ator
s fo
r th
e qu
ality
of th
eir
wor
k. P
resi
dent
Geo
rge
Bus
h m
et w
ith th
e na
tion'
sgo
vern
ors
at a
n E
duca
tion
Sum
mit
and
com
mis
sion
ed th
eN
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Goa
ls P
anel
. The
pan
el s
et f
orth
six
bro
adta
rget
s fo
r ed
ucat
iona
l im
prov
emen
ts th
at b
ecam
e kn
own
asG
oals
200
0. T
he n
atio
nal e
duca
tion
refo
rm le
gisl
atio
n, G
oals
2000
: Edu
cate
Am
eric
a A
ct, p
ropo
sed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
fst
anda
rds
ina
num
ber
ofsu
bjec
tar
eas,
incl
udin
gco
mm
unic
atio
n (U
S D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, 1
991)
. As
a re
sult,
com
mun
icat
ion
has
a ve
ry r
eal p
rese
nce
in e
duca
tion
refo
rm
effo
rts,
as
illus
trat
ed in
Obj
ectiv
e 5
of th
e or
igin
al G
oal 5
of
the
Goa
ls 2
000
prog
ram
:G
oal 5
: By
the
year
200
0, e
very
adu
lt A
mer
ican
will
be
liter
ate
and
will
pos
sess
the
know
ledg
e an
d sk
illne
cess
ary
to c
ompe
te in
a g
loba
l eco
nom
y an
d ex
erci
seth
e ri
ghts
and
res
pons
ibili
ties
of c
itize
nshi
p.O
bjec
tive
5: T
he p
ropo
rtio
n of
col
lege
gra
duat
es w
hode
mon
stra
te a
n ad
vanc
ed a
bilit
y to
thin
k cr
itica
lly,
com
mun
icat
eef
fect
ivel
y,an
d so
lve
prob
lem
sw
illin
crea
se s
ubst
antia
lly. (
Nat
iona
l Edu
catio
n G
oals
Pan
el,
1992
, p. 1
6)
The
Pro
cess
for
Dev
elop
ing
the
Stan
dard
s
The
dev
elop
men
t of
stan
dard
s in
the
lang
uage
art
s be
gan
in th
esu
mm
er o
f 19
92 w
hen
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Rea
ding
Ass
ocia
tion
(IR
A),
the
Nat
iona
l Cou
ncil
of T
each
ers
of E
nglis
h (N
CT
E),
and
the
Cen
ter
for
the
Stud
y of
Rea
ding
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Illin
ois
initi
ated
the
Stan
dard
s Pr
ojec
t for
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e
Art
s. I
n 19
96, N
CA
, its
man
agem
ent s
taff
and
mem
bers
,de
velo
ped
and
publ
ishe
d Sp
eaki
ng, L
iste
ning
, and
Med
iaL
itera
cy S
tand
ards
for
K-1
2 E
duca
tion.
The
Sta
ndar
ds w
ere
dist
ribu
ted
by m
ail t
o st
ate
and
loca
l sch
ool d
istr
icts
and
teac
her
educ
atio
n in
stitu
tions
acr
oss
the
coun
try.
As
a re
sult,
5 7
man
y sc
hool
dis
tric
ts n
ow h
ad m
ater
ials
to s
uppo
rt m
anda
tes
for
the
incl
usio
n of
com
mun
icat
ion
educ
atio
n in
reg
iona
l and
stat
e st
anda
rds
prog
ram
s. M
any
scho
ol s
yste
ms
bega
n a
revi
ew
25
of th
e co
mm
unic
atio
nsk
ills
alre
ady
addr
esse
din
thei
rpr
ogra
ms.
The
Pro
cess
for
Dev
elop
ing
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts
The
dev
elop
men
t of
the
Stan
dard
s co
mpl
eted
the
firs
t ste
p of
the
prop
osed
pro
ject
. Onc
e th
e St
anda
rds
wer
e co
mpl
eted
, the
seco
nd p
hase
deve
lopm
ent o
f C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
for
the
Stan
dard
swas
und
erta
ken.
NC
A h
ad tw
o go
als
for
the
new
com
pete
ncy
stat
emen
ts:
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts m
ust b
eus
eful
to K
-12
teac
hers
, and
they
mus
t be
grou
nded
in th
elit
erat
ure
of th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n di
scip
line.
The
refo
re, i
nclu
ded
on th
e ta
sk f
orce
wer
e co
mm
unic
atio
n su
bjec
t mat
ter
expe
rts
asw
ell a
s K
-12
lang
uage
art
s an
d E
nglis
h te
ache
rs w
hose
pur
pose
was
to g
ive
feed
back
fro
m a
teac
her's
per
spec
tive.
Exi
stin
gN
CA
publ
icat
ions
that
addr
esse
dK
-12
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
s an
d kn
owle
dge
wer
e us
ed to
com
pile
apr
elim
inar
y lis
t of
Stan
dard
s-ba
sed
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts.
The
ses
publ
icat
ions
wer
e N
CA
Gui
delin
es: E
ssen
tial S
peak
ing
and
Lis
teni
ng S
kills
for
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool S
tude
nts
(6th
Gra
deL
evel
)(1
982)
, NC
A G
uide
lines
: Spe
akin
g an
d L
iste
ning
Com
pete
ncie
s fo
r H
igh
Scho
ol G
radu
ates
(19
87),
Gui
delin
esfo
rD
evel
opin
gO
ral
Com
mun
icat
ion
Cur
ricu
lain
Kin
derg
arte
n th
roug
h T
wel
fth
Gra
de (
1991
), K
-12
Ora
lC
omm
unic
atio
nT
each
erT
rain
ing
Wor
ksho
pM
anua
l,(V
olum
es 1
-5)
(199
2), K
-12
Cur
ricu
lum
Gui
delin
es (
1994
), a
ndSp
eaki
ng a
nd L
iste
ning
Com
pete
ncie
s(1
994)
.In
divi
dual
cont
ribu
tions
from
NC
A m
embe
rs w
ho h
adge
nera
ted
benc
hmar
ks o
r co
mpe
tenc
y st
atem
ents
for
one
or
mor
e of
the
58
Stan
dard
s w
ere
adde
d to
the
list,
and
a m
atri
x of
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts w
as d
evel
oped
to li
nk e
ach
stat
emen
tto
one
or
mor
e of
the
K-1
2 St
anda
rds.
Whi
le th
e m
atri
x w
as b
eing
com
pile
d, a
dev
elop
men
t tas
kfo
rce
was
for
med
and
cha
rged
with
the
goal
of
deve
lopi
ng a
fina
l doc
umen
t con
tain
ing
com
pete
ncy
stat
emen
ts to
enh
ance
the
valu
e of
the
stan
dard
s fo
r te
ache
rs. T
he f
irst
task
con
fron
ted
by th
e de
velo
pmen
t tas
k fo
rce
was
to a
rtic
ulat
e a
set a
cri
teri
a(s
ee p
age
26)
for
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
tsw
hat w
ould
ago
od c
ompe
tenc
y lo
ok li
ke a
nd b
e lik
e?"
The
cri
teri
a an
d m
atri
x of
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts w
ere
dist
ribu
ted
to th
e ta
sk f
orce
. Tw
o re
view
s of
the
draf
t doc
umen
toc
curr
ed b
efor
e a
grou
p of
sub
ject
mat
ter
spec
ialis
ts, K
-12
teac
hers
, and
com
mun
icat
ion
educ
atio
n ex
pert
s w
as a
ssem
bled
to w
ork
as a
fac
e-to
-fac
e te
am. T
hat t
eam
fin
aliz
ed th
e se
t of
Stan
dard
s-ba
sed
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts. N
CA
's L
egis
lativ
eC
ounc
il an
d E
duca
tion
Polic
ies
Boa
rd a
ppro
ved
the
docu
men
tan
d a
requ
est f
rom
the
on-s
ite te
am to
rev
ise
the
1996
Stan
dard
s an
d re
-alig
n th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
in th
eap
prov
ed d
ocum
ent w
ith th
e ne
w S
tand
ards
.T
he S
tand
ards
wer
e re
vise
d, th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
re-
alig
ned
and
inso
me
case
s re
vise
d, a
nd th
e la
test
ver
sion
, with
the
appr
oval
of
the
NC
A E
duca
tiona
l Pol
icie
s B
oard
, app
ears
in th
is d
ocum
ent.
59
26
Cri
teri
a U
sed
to D
evel
op th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
The
cri
teri
a us
ed to
dev
elop
and
ref
ine
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts s
tate
that
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts w
ill:
be g
roun
ded
in th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n di
scip
line;
focu
s on
aca
dem
ic p
erfo
rman
ce b
ut a
lso
exte
nd to
and
be
rele
vant
to c
omm
unic
atio
n in
the
hom
e, a
t wor
k, a
nd in
soc
ial
inte
ract
ions
;
com
bine
per
tinen
t kno
wle
dge,
app
ropr
iate
ski
lls, a
nd a
ttitu
des
with
out p
ursu
ing
one
at th
e ex
pens
e of
the
othe
r;
be s
peci
fic
enou
gh to
allo
w f
or th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
a co
re c
urri
culu
m;
not d
icta
te h
ow m
ater
ial i
s ta
ught
, but
be
usef
ul in
gui
ding
the
inst
ruct
iona
l pro
cess
;
be te
acha
ble,
obs
erva
ble,
and
ass
essa
ble,
allo
win
g fo
r th
e fa
ct th
at th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
may
hav
e di
ffer
ing
leve
ls o
fac
cess
ibili
ty, s
ome
mor
e ea
sily
ass
esse
d th
an o
ther
s;
be m
anag
eabl
e gi
ven
time
cons
trai
nts
inhe
rent
in p
ublic
edu
catio
n, w
hile
equ
itabl
y re
pres
entin
g ea
ch a
spec
t of
com
mun
icat
ion
in th
e K
-12
Stan
dard
s: f
unda
men
tals
, spe
akin
g, li
sten
ing,
and
med
ia li
tera
cy;
be p
rese
nted
in a
sta
ndar
d an
d co
nsis
tent
for
mat
, usi
ng la
ngua
ge th
at is
cle
ar a
nd u
nder
stan
dabl
e to
teac
hers
, par
ents
, and
stud
ents
;
be r
igor
ous
and
chal
leng
ing
to a
ll st
uden
ts' c
apab
ilitie
s;
refl
ect t
he b
elie
f th
at th
e ac
quis
ition
of
know
ledg
e, m
aste
ry o
f sk
ills,
and
cul
tivat
ion
of a
ttitu
des
are
deve
lopm
enta
l pro
cess
esin
whi
ch s
tude
nts
show
gro
wth
in le
arni
ng f
rom
gra
des
K-1
2.
61_
6 0
27
Blo
om's
Tax
onom
y
The
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts w
ere
alig
ned
with
Blo
om's
Tax
onom
y so
that
they
wou
ld in
corp
orat
e m
easu
rabl
e ve
rbs
fam
iliar
to K
-12
teac
hers
. Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts th
at b
egin
with
ver
bs lo
cate
d un
der
the
head
ings
of
know
ledg
e, c
ompr
ehen
sion
, ana
lysi
s, s
ynth
esis
,an
d ev
alua
tion
are
alig
ned
with
the
know
ledg
e co
mpo
nent
of
the
com
pete
ncy
mod
el. C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
that
beg
in w
ith v
erbs
loca
ted
unde
r th
e ap
plic
atio
n he
adin
g co
rres
pond
with
the
beha
vior
com
pone
nt.
1) K
now
ledg
e: T
he s
tude
nt r
ecal
ls o
r re
cogn
izes
info
rmat
ion.
defi
nelis
tna
me
repe
atla
bel
mem
oriz
ere
call
rela
te
2) C
ompr
ehen
sion
: The
stu
dent
cha
nges
info
rmat
ion
into
a d
iffe
rent
sym
bolic
for
m o
f la
ngua
ge.
desc
ribe
expl
ain
iden
tify
reco
gniz
ere
stat
edi
scus
slo
cate
repo
rt
3) A
pplic
atio
n: T
he s
tude
nt s
olve
s a
prob
lem
usi
ng th
e kn
owle
dge
and
appr
opri
ate
gene
raliz
atio
n.ap
ply
dram
atiz
eof
fer
inte
rpre
till
ustr
ate
dem
onst
rate
prac
tice
tran
slat
eci
tecr
eate
mod
ify
use
seek
com
mun
icat
e m
onito
rad
apt
resp
ond
topa
rtic
ipat
ead
just
4) A
naly
sis:
The
stu
dent
sep
arat
es in
form
atio
n in
to c
ompo
nent
par
ts.
com
pare
deba
tedi
ffer
entia
tequ
estio
ncr
itici
zedi
agra
mdi
stin
guis
han
alyz
e
5) S
ynth
esis
: The
stu
dent
sol
ves
a pr
oble
m b
y pu
tting
info
rmat
ion
toge
ther
that
req
uire
s or
igin
al, c
reat
ive
thou
ght.
arra
nge
com
pose
desi
gnor
gani
zepr
opos
eco
nstr
uct
form
ulat
epr
epar
e
6) E
valu
atio
n: T
he s
tude
nt m
akes
qua
litat
ive
judg
men
ts a
ccor
ding
to s
et s
tand
ards
.as
sess
estim
ate
judg
epr
edic
tse
lect
choo
seev
alua
tera
te
Blo
om's
Tax
onom
y do
es n
ot r
ecog
nize
the
attit
ude
dim
ensi
on o
f co
mpe
tenc
e; th
eref
ore,
on-
site
team
mem
bers
and
sch
olar
s fa
mili
arw
ith th
e co
mpe
tenc
y m
odel
gen
erat
ed th
e fo
llow
ing
verb
s us
ed u
nder
the
attit
ude
head
ing.
7) A
ttitu
de: T
he s
tude
nt r
ecog
nize
s th
e w
orth
of
som
e kn
owle
dge
or o
f a
beha
vior
and
ther
efor
e ch
oose
s to
act
acc
ordi
ngly
.ap
prec
iate
valu
ere
spec
tad
voca
teis
mot
ivat
edac
cept
res
pons
ibili
tysh
ow w
illin
gnes
s
6263
Issu
es
Whi
le d
evel
opin
g th
e C
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
, sev
eral
issu
esem
erge
d re
late
d to
div
ersi
ty, c
lari
fica
tion
of te
rms
used
in th
eC
ompe
tenc
y St
atem
ents
, con
cept
ual s
truc
ture
use
d fo
r th
edo
cum
ent,
and
the
purp
ose
of th
e do
cum
ent.
Dis
cuss
ion
ofth
ese
issu
es f
ollo
ws.
The
Nat
ure
of C
ompe
tenc
e.C
omm
unic
atio
n co
mpe
tenc
etr
aditi
onal
ly h
as e
ncom
pass
ed k
now
ledg
e, b
ehav
iors
, and
attit
udes
, or
wha
t a s
tude
nt s
houl
d kn
ow a
nd u
nder
stan
d, w
hat
a st
uden
t sho
uld
be a
ble
to d
o, a
nd th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
ast
uden
t sho
uld
be m
otiv
ated
or
favo
rabl
y di
spos
ed to
use
thei
rkn
owle
dge
and
beha
vior
s to
com
mun
icat
e w
ith o
ther
s. M
ost
teac
hers
and
adm
inis
trat
ors
are
com
fort
able
with
the
incl
usio
nof
kno
wle
dge
and
beha
vior
s in
a c
ompi
latio
n of
com
pete
ncie
sor
exp
ecta
tions
for
stu
dent
lear
ning
. How
ever
, the
re is
som
ede
bate
abo
ut th
e in
clus
ion
of a
ttitu
des.
Dis
cuss
ion
surr
ound
ing
that
deba
tere
late
sto
whe
ther
inst
ruct
ion
can
impa
ct a
stu
dent
's a
ttitu
des,
whe
ther
itis
appr
opri
ate
to tr
y to
impa
ct a
ttitu
des,
and
fur
ther
, whe
ther
any
impa
ct o
n at
titud
es c
an b
e m
easu
red.
Tha
t deb
ate
asid
e,be
caus
e co
mm
unic
atio
n sc
hola
rs ty
pica
lly in
clud
e at
titud
es in
mod
els
of c
omm
unic
atio
n co
mpe
tenc
e, a
ttitu
des
are
incl
uded
in th
is d
ocum
ent.
Tho
se a
ttitu
des
are
pres
ente
d as
goa
ls to
whi
ch a
stu
dent
mig
ht a
spir
e. I
f an
inst
ruct
or o
r ad
min
istr
ator
choo
ses
to m
easu
re o
r ev
alua
te a
ttitu
des,
that
mea
sure
men
t and
eval
uatio
n sh
ould
mak
e us
e of
sta
ndar
dize
d an
d fu
lly te
sted
64
28
self
-rep
ort a
sses
smen
t ins
trum
ents
. The
res
ults
sho
uld
not b
eus
ed a
s th
e so
le s
ourc
e fo
r de
term
inin
g pl
acem
ent,
exem
ptio
n,or
aca
dem
ic a
chie
vem
ent o
f a
stud
ent.
Div
ersi
ty. R
ecog
nitio
n of
and
res
pect
for
div
ersi
ty in
reg
ard
toin
divi
dual
s as
wel
l as
cultu
ral g
roup
s ar
e fu
ndam
enta
l to
the
effe
ctiv
e ed
ucat
ion
and
prep
arat
ion
for
life
of e
very
hum
anbe
ing.
The
unp
rece
dent
ed m
obili
ty a
nd in
crea
sed
cont
act o
fpe
rson
s fr
om d
iver
se e
thni
c, c
ultu
ral,
natio
nal,
and
expe
rien
tial
back
grou
nds
have
cre
ated
the
need
for
gre
ater
und
erst
andi
ng o
fan
d se
nsiti
vity
to th
e ex
iste
nce
and
rich
ness
of
such
div
ersi
ty.
Ext
ensi
ve r
esea
rch
has
conf
irm
ed th
at la
ck o
f su
ffic
ient
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of s
ocia
l div
ersi
ty c
ontr
ibut
es to
the
spre
ad a
nd m
aint
enan
ce o
f th
ough
ts, b
elie
fs, a
ttitu
des,
and
beha
vior
sw
hich
fost
eran
unhe
alth
yen
viro
nmen
tfo
rin
terp
erso
nal a
ndin
terc
ultu
ral
rela
tions
. As
anes
sent
ial
com
pone
nt to
thei
r st
ruct
ured
edu
catio
n an
d pr
epar
atio
n fo
rlif
e, A
mer
ican
chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uth
need
to r
ecei
ve a
ccur
ate
know
ledg
e of
div
ersi
ty a
nd n
eed
to d
evel
op th
e as
soci
ated
attit
udes
and
beh
avio
rs d
urin
g th
e sc
hool
yea
rs, u
nder
the
guid
ance
of
an a
ppro
pria
tely
trai
ned
teac
her.
The
refo
re, i
t is
esse
ntia
lth
atSt
anda
rds
and
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
tsin
com
mun
icat
ion
for
K-1
2 ed
ucat
ion
incl
ude
spec
ific
con
tent
that
addr
esse
sth
eis
sue
ofdi
vers
ity.
The
com
pete
ncy
stat
emen
ts in
this
doc
umen
t wer
e de
velo
ped
with
that
fac
t in
min
d.
65
29
Cla
rifi
catio
n of
Ter
ms.
As
with
any
edu
catio
nal d
ocum
ent,
it is
nec
essa
ry f
or th
ose
who
use
it to
be
able
to u
nder
stan
d it.
Thu
s, w
hat
follo
ws
is a
list
ing
and
desc
ript
ion
of c
erta
in te
rms
and
phra
ses
that
mig
ht h
ave
diff
eren
t mea
ning
s fo
r di
ffer
ent r
eade
rs.
The
term
div
ersi
ty s
ubsu
mes
the
follo
win
g de
scri
ptor
s:cu
ltura
let
hnic
soci
also
cio-
econ
omic
educ
atio
nal
sexu
al p
refe
renc
eag
eex
peri
entia
lge
nder
The
term
non
verb
al s
ubsu
mes
the
follo
win
g de
scri
ptor
s:vo
calic
sbo
dy la
ngua
geco
mm
unic
atio
n m
essa
ges
othe
r th
an s
poke
n m
essa
ges
The
term
s ap
prop
riat
e, e
ffec
tive,
and
eth
ical
are
use
d th
roug
hout
the
docu
men
t. C
omm
unic
atio
n sc
hola
rs h
ave
disc
usse
d th
ese
thre
eco
ncep
ts e
xten
sive
ly, a
s th
ey r
elat
e to
com
mun
icat
ion.
Wha
t fol
low
s is
a d
iscu
ssio
n of
how
thes
e te
rms
are
used
in th
is a
nd r
elat
edpu
blic
atio
ns.
App
ropr
iate
indi
cate
s th
at a
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
is p
erfo
rmed
with
in th
e co
nfin
es o
f a
set o
f ex
pect
atio
ns, g
uide
lines
, or
rule
s,co
mm
only
agr
eed
to b
y m
ost p
eopl
e fo
r th
e gi
ven
com
mun
icat
ion
situ
atio
n. T
he c
omm
unic
atio
n be
havi
or m
ay o
r m
ay n
ot h
ave
been
succ
essf
ul in
acc
ompl
ishi
ng it
s go
al.
Eff
ectiv
e in
dica
tes
that
a c
omm
unic
atio
n be
havi
or is
suc
cess
ful i
n ac
com
plis
hing
the
goal
s of
the
com
mun
icat
or, b
ut it
may
not
hav
ebe
en p
erfo
rmed
acc
ordi
ng to
app
ropr
iate
gui
delin
es.
Eth
ical
indi
cate
s th
at a
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
is b
oth
appr
opri
ate
(res
pect
s gu
idel
ines
) an
d ef
fect
ive
(acc
ompl
ishe
s go
als
ofco
mm
unic
ator
), a
nd th
at it
is p
erfo
rmed
with
a c
once
rn f
or th
e ef
fect
of
the
beha
vior
on
ever
yone
invo
lved
. Whi
le it
may
be
diff
icul
t to
dete
rmin
e if
suc
h co
ncer
n is
taki
ng p
lace
, som
e in
fere
nces
can
be
mad
e ba
sed
on o
bser
ving
com
mun
icat
ion
beha
vior
s.
6667
30
The
term
s va
lue,
res
pect
, and
app
reci
ate
(as
wel
l as
othe
rs)
are
freq
uent
ly u
sed
in th
e at
titud
es s
ectio
n of
the
Com
pete
ncy
Stat
emen
ts,
to in
dica
te a
stu
dent
's w
illin
gnes
s to
exh
ibit
a pa
rtic
ular
beh
avio
r. I
n no
way
is N
CA
or
this
doc
umen
t sug
gest
ing
that
it is
the
orga
niza
tion'
s pl
ace
to d
icta
te w
hat p
erso
nal v
alue
s st
uden
ts, t
each
ers,
or
adm
inis
trat
ors
shou
ld h
old.
Ins
tead
, the
se te
rms
are
used
tosu
gges
t tha
t kno
wle
dge
can
be im
part
ed a
nd b
ehav
iors
can
be
taug
ht, b
ut o
nly
stud
ents
who
val
ue a
nd a
re m
otiv
ated
to u
se th
ekn
owle
dge
and
exhi
bit t
he b
ehav
iors
can
be
cons
ider
ed c
ompe
tent
com
mun
icat
ors.
6 8
6 9
Pub
lishe
d by
the
Nat
iona
l Com
mun
icat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
7 0
BE
ST C
OPY
ML
Are
LE
ISB
N: 0
-944
811-
26-4 71
CS _Co f
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