7231393-SDHPart1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1

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© Trend Communications

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

- I part -

by JM Caballero

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2/63© Trend Communications

PDH limitations

•• the multiplexing is bit ori-ented (second, third and

fourth hierarchy)•• it is not possible to exe-

cute direct add&drop oflow speed tributaries

•• poor monitoring capacitybecause computers arebyte oriented

•• lack of management stan-dards and short space toimplement them (S bits)

•• lack of standardizationbetween Japan, USA andrest of the world

•• lack of optic standards just proprietary solutions

•• no mechanisms to man-age the quality, just for2Mbit/s with CRC4

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Causes to define SDH

•• The Antitrust law at US fol-lowed by Bell break into

small companies.•• Was necessary to intercon-

nect new PTT´s: SONETdefinition

•• B-ISDN specification to in-tegrate any traffic: SDHand ATM standardization

•• Advanced managementneeds: computers and tele-com must work together

•• Requirement for havingnew infrastructures to fitany traffic: data, voice,multimedia

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bytes vs. bits

Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations

•• SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing

•• STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125µs

•• An important consequence is that in SDH 1 byte represents a 64 Kbit/s channel

125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate = 8 bits125·10-6seg.

= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µsframe 1 frame 2

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SDH objectives (i)

•• direct internetworking between equipments

•• scalability in transmis-sion speeds until 0 Gbit/s

•• direct add&drop for lowspeed tributaries

•• capabilities for new con-trol channels supervi-sion, maintenance &

service

•• support to fit any applica-tion: audio, video, voice

•• remote and centralizedmanagement

•• easy migration from PDHnetworks

•• fault tolerance

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SDH is a flexible architecture

•• SDH has a reference model

•• It is an standard universally accepted

•• SDH is highly compatible with SONET

••

very efficient to manage circuits•• fast circuit definition from a centralized point

•• advanced facilities for quality monitoring

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Circuit provisioning

SDH provides an efficient, reliable and flexible transport for circuits

multiplexing, transport, routing, management, reliability

Internetservices Frame Relay ATM GSMRTB

transport network

SDH

transmission media cable/fiber/radio

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Section

SDH architecture

client

server

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SDH architecture 9/63© Trend Communications

The network is a function of the connectivity

The model considers the network as a connectivity function

•• it has a set of input/output interfaces

•• there are function to match requirement with capacities

The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfacesand overheads

outputsinputsFunction of

connectivity

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Topologic partitioning

The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between

points on the network

•• the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks inter-connected through links

•• the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmissionmedia are visible (the last layer)

•• nodes are the network elements: switches, multiplexers, and regenerators

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Functional partitioning

The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a

network which can be divided in sublayers

In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been

divided in two layers:

••

one to connect terminal points (paths)•• one to connect routes (sections)

The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility

because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.

Client layer

Server layer

network connection

Layer Adaptation: unifies the information format using

Layer Termination: adds/drops overheads in order to allow

path

digitalizationcodification

add/dropoverheads a service monitoring and supervision

techniques like mapping, justification, multiplexion, overheads

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Reference points

•• AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing, justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edgepoints which can interchange client information

••

CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. TheCP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. Thesepoints are monitored in order to know the network status

•• TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. ANetwork Connection is the association of two TCP

CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP

Layer Termination Network connection

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Connectivity

•• A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) areTCP

•• Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.

•• The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipointto multipoint

•• The connection monitors the client information integrity

CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP

SubnetworkConnection


Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP

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Transport stratification

There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI

layered model used to explain protocols

VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media

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Transference integrity: trails

•• The source delivers information which is adapted: digitalization, codification,...

•• The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality ofthe information interchanged between AP

••

These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, andMaintenance)

•• The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units

CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection

overheads management overheads management

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Network Node Interface (NNI) location

NNI (Network Node Interface) are the connection between subnetworks:

•• NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames

•• NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units

••

NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the worldnetwork interconnections

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

TributariesTributariesTributaries

TributariesTributaries

CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

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Reference model

physical interface

sección de regeneración

sección de multiplexión

low order VC-12

FrameRelayISDNRTB ATM

IP

SDH frame physical interface

regeneration section

multiplexing section

high order VC-4

low order VC-12



optical/electrical/radio

paths

FrameRelay ISDN RTBATM

IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

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Section

Network elements and topologies

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Regenerators (REG)

It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay

•• attenuation: reduction of strength of the signal per distance. Amplification

•• delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol inter-ference. Signal needs equalization

•• noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is al-ways present. The signal must be digitally filtered

STM-NSTM-NREG

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Line Termination Multiplexors (LTMUX)

Mux/Demux of plesiochronous circuits to/from STM-N frames

•• The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths

•• Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks

•• Overhead management

S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

H O - P T EL O - P T E

45M

8M

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Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)

Mux/Demux of STM-N signals in/from STM-M

•• Does not modify the contents of transported information

•• Multiplexion of four SDH signals:

4 x STM-1 = STM44 x STM-4 = STM164 x STM-16 = STM64

SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

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Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

Switchs STM signals as well as add&drop funcionalities.

•• implements all the network element capacities

•• absolutly flexible for subnetwork interconnections

•• allows SDH networks interconnection

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

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Point to point topology

•• Simples but scalable to complex topologies

•• Transport STM signal between two points

•• Allows an smooth migration from legacy PDH networks to SDH

LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

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Ring topology

••

flexible and scalable•• provide a native way for reservation circuits

•• allow circuits add&drop at any node

A

D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary

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Star and hub configurations

•• Both configurations allow an smooth migration from PDH infrastructures

Star PDH network physical topology with star configurationand logical topology with ring configuration

SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

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Transport design

The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring

and a few inter rings or inter layer

National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH

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Low Order Paths & High Order Paths

The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where

the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:

•• The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The contentcan be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s

•• The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The contentcan be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s

•• The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

LTMUXREG REGREGMUX DXC ADMHOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

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Multiplexing Section (MS)

A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There

are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)

The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc

overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :

•• quality monitoring with alarms/errors detection between Multiplexers

•• provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers

•• facilities for synchonization and automatic protection (APS)

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING MULTIPLEXING

SECTION SECTIONSECTION

MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

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Regeneration Section (RS)

The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.

(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)

Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:

••

quality monitoring with alarms/errors detection between Regenerators•• provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators

•• framing and contents information

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

LTMUXREG REGREGMUX DXC ADM

HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

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Regeneration process

•• The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise dur-ing the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.

•• the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it isconverted back to its original nature

•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a lightthat excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons outthan photons in: the signal has been amplified

Original signal Regenerated signal

Regenerator

noiseattenuation distortion

Regeneration SectionRegeneration Section

Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

T t S i

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Transport Services

SDH provides circuit to public switched and routed networks

ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s STM-1 STM-1

2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

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Section

Security

A B

A B

S it i

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Security services

When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest

characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following

strategies:

diversification

•• all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes downthe rest of the circuits continue working on

restoration

••

the routing is a task of the client network (IP, ATM)•• when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switch-

es the traffic to the alternate path

protection

•• the routing is a task of the transport network (SDH)

•• alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer

switched the traffic to the back up resource

Diversification

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Diversification

The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a

transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.

•• It has been used for PDH voice traffic

•• It is an acceptable strategy for no critical circuits

•• In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits

•• But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each ofthe network circuits

A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

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Restoration

There is not a previous assignation of the circuits.

•• If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide analternative route

•• The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that areused by the active circuits

•• Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using arelation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough

•• Usually the relation goes from 40% to 80%

A

B

C

D

(5,2)

(active circuits, protection circuits)

(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

Protection (i)

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Protection (i)

The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of

circuits before the fault appears

SDH path protection

•• multiplexing section protection for line topologies

•• multiplexing section protection for ring topologies

•• multiplexing section shared protection for line topologies

•• virtual container protection

SDH subnetwork protection

Is a specialized protection mechanism for all network topologies. It can be used for protecting

parts of the network or all the network

•• with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)

•• with no intrusive supervision (witch uses associated information for switching)

Linear protection of multiplexing section

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protection (P)

service (S)

MUXSame traffic in S and P

1:1

Different traffic in S and P

high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX

Specialized protection: 1 fiber rings

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•• one active ring and one protection ring

•• a new protection ring is established at the multiplexer edge of the fault

•• all the rings are unidirectional

Circuit in normal conditions Circuit under protection

protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit

A circuit in bakup B circuit

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

Ring shared protection with 2 fiber

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•• two active rings of one fiber

•• n/2 active circuits and n/2 protection circuits per section

•• to implement uses K1, K2 bytes

service and protection rings

service circuits


service circuitsservice circuits using

protection services

service circuits usingprotection services

two active rings in a single fibre

A D M

A D M

A D M

Specialized protection in 2 fiber rings

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••

1 active ring of two fibers•• 1 protection ring of two fibers

•• Note that rings are bidirectional

A D M A D M

A circuit

circuito A circuito Aen back up

circuito Aen back up

service&protection rings


A

D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

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Section

SDH transport services

M b i t / sM b i t / s

1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5

C - n V C - nTU-nT U G

C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U

( p o i n t e r )( p o i n t e r )

+ s t u f f in g b i t s

+ j u s t i f i c a t i o n b i t s

+ o v e r h e a d b i t s

+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

+ s t u f f i n g b i t s



The SDH multiplexing map

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SDH transport services 43/63© Trend Communications


AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/sT1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S

I )

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3

AU44c AUG4 C-44cx1x1

VC44c

AU416c AUG16 C416cx1x1 VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

Transport of PDH circuits, ATM cells and IP datagrams

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p , g

The mapping in standarized structures to provide circuits

•• PDH, and T-Carrier hierarchies are mapped in specific Containers (C-n)

•• ATM cells are mapped also in Containers C-n

•• IP datagrams are mapped in Containers C-n


1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45

C -n V C -nT U -nT U G

C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U



+ just i f i cat io n b it s


+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5


+ j us t i f i c a t io n b it s


Containers

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The mapping operation:

•• Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing

•• The containers have justification mechanism byte oriented also

•• The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexersmust use the same clock.

•• With PDH it is not mandatory to synchronize the network equipments

8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis

master clock master clock

justification

justificationbit oriented

byte oriented

The container C-4

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During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the

container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to

fill the extra space up.

•• The C-4 container provides big capacity services

•• It provides transport for E4 circuits (139264 kbit/s)

•• ATM cell can be mapped directly in C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270

Byte sequence in every row of a C-4 (260 bytes)27011

C-4

1

9

X

Z

: information byte(s) fr om a 139264 Kbit/s sig nal

= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bitC: Justification control bitJ: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit

The VC-4 Virtual Container

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•• C4+POH=VC4

•• The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point

•• Only the termination multiplexer is allowed to modify the POH contents

27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

AU pointer association

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The ALIGNING process associates a pointer

•• The pointer allows to find the VC-4

•• The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does notoccupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

VC4 insertion to the STM-1 frame

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perfect synchronization

V=150 km/h

155 km/h

Containers exactly allocated

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

VC4 insertion to the STM-1 frame (ii)

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common synchronization

V<150 km/h

155 km/h

Containers allocated

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

The STM-1 frame

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•• STM-1 = AUG + RSOH + MSOH

•• In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to controland manage the network elements

•• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes

inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between theSTM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved

•• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-tuations

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

R e g e n e r a t o r

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1

Admin i st ra t i ve

U n i t G r o u p

How to fill up the payload:

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Composition 2Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s

1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

The STM-N frames

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4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

EF

x4

89AB

CDEF x16

direct multiplexing Frame Binary rate (kbit/s) Short Id.

STM-1 155.520 kbit/s 155 Mbit/s

STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

The sequence transmission

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Sequence is from top to down and letf to right

The top left corner is frame alignment word.

This word is the first transmitted in order to get

sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Example: transport of 45 Mbit/s

SDH 45 Mbit/s45Mbit/s

Transport of 45 Mbit/s as Low Order Path (i)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Complete sequence of mapping, framing, alignment and multiplexing of a circuit of 45 Mbit/s

in a STM-1 frame of 155 Mbit/s

34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits

+ justification bits

+ overhead bits

Asynchronous mapping in a C-3 container (ii)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....

•• mapping of a 45 Mbit/s signal in the C-3 container that is network synchronous

•• is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3

•• the frame period is 125 µs

•• There are pointer justifications for clock differences adjustment

45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J

: In formation bytes f rom a 43 Mbit/s tr ibutary

I I III

I


Creation of the Virtual Container VC3 (iii)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Path overhead (POH) is added to the multiframe creating the VC3

2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

Multiplexing and creation of the TU3 (iv)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• a VC-3 plus a pointer is a TU-3

•• The pointer is always accessible and points to the frame start

TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+

P o i n t e r b y t e s

862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3

Creation of the TUG3 (v)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits

•• The pointer is still located in accessible positions

x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

Creation of the Virtual Container VC-4 (vi)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together •• Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

Creation of the AU4 adding a pointer (vii)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4

•• The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located•• This operation is known as alignment

VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

Creation of the STM-1 frame (viii)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• Section overheads, RSOH and MSOH, are added

•• The AUG administrative unit is placed in the frame

VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G

RSOH: Regenerator Sect ion Overhead

MSOH: Mult ip lexer Sect ion Overhead

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)- I part -

by JM Caballero

PDH limitations

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• the multiplexing is bit ori-ented (second, third andfourth hierarchy)

•• it is not possible to exe-cute direct add&drop oflow speed tributaries


•• lack of management stan-

dards and short space toimplement them (S bits)



••

no mechanisms to man-age the quality, just for2Mbit/s with CRC4


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• The Antitrust law at US fol-lowed by Bell break intosmall companies.

•• Was necessary to intercon-nect new PTT´s: SONETdefinition


•• Advanced management

needs: computers and tele-com must work together


bytes vs. bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

SDH objectives (i)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• scalability in transmis-

sion speeds until 0 Gbit/s


•• capabilities for new con-trol channels supervi-sion, maintenance &service






7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• very efficient to manage circuits

••

fast circuit definition from a centralized point•• advanced facilities for quality monitoring


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

SDH architecture

client

server


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces

and overheads


connectivity


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission

media are visible (the last layer)



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







•• one to connect terminal points (paths)

•• one to connect routes (sections)



Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path




Reference points

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. TheCP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These

points are monitored in order to know the network status


CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CPTCP

TCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


Connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP

SubnetworkConnection SubnetworkConnectionLink Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


li i

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, andMaintenance)


CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the worldnetwork interconnections

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

Reference model

IP

IP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


Regenerators (REG)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is al-

ways present. The signal must be digitally filtered

STM-NSTM-NREG


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• Multiplexion of four SDH signals:4 x STM-1 = STM44 x STM-4 = STM164 x STM-16 = STM64

SDH

MUX

STM-MSTM-N

STM-N

M >N

Add & Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Put / get PDH circuits in/from STM-N frames

•• configures SDH rings topologies

••

can provide the network with fault tolerant capacities

STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

allows SDH networks interconnection

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

Ring topology

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• flexible and scalable

•• provide a native way for reservation circuits


A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary


E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




Star PDH network physical topology with star configuration

and logical topology with ring configuration

SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Transport design

National Backbone

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content

can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s•• The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

REG REGREGMUX DXC ADMHOLO LOHO



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING



HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• quality monitoring with alarms/errors detection between Regenerators

•• provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators


LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

HOLO LOHO



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-

sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a lightthat excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons outthan photons in: the signal has been amplified


Regenerator


Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

Transport Services

PSTN 34 Mbit/s2 Mbit/sInternet 2 Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Security

A B

A B

Security services



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



strategies:

diversification


restoration

•• the routing is a task of the client network (IP, ATM)

••

when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switch-es the traffic to the alternate path

protection


•• alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexerswitched the traffic to the back up resource

Diversification

A C

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

A C(5,2)

A C(7,0)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a

relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough


B D


(4,2)(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

B D

(6,0)(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

Protection (i)



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH path protection











7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



protection (P)service (S)


1:1Different traffic in S and P

high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX



A i it B i itB i itA circuit in bakup B circuit

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






protection ringservice ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M



service circuits using

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







service circuits


protection services



A D M

A D M

A D M



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• 1 active ring of two fibers

••

1 protection ring of two fibers•• Note that rings are bidirectional

A D M A D M

A circuit




A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5





STM-6410 Gbit/sx1

x1x1

AUG16

1

x4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/sE3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s

(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c

AU416c AUG16 C416cx1x1

VC416c

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x1


C -n V C -n A U GS T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 4 53 4 4 5

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


+L O P O H+ T U( p o i n t e r )( p o i n t e r )




+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

+ s t u f f i n g b i t s+ j us t i f i c a t io n b it s


Containers

autonomous synchronizedmaster clock master clock

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

synchronis

justification


byte oriented

The container C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S S SX


C-4

1

I I I III

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 2709

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bitC: Justification control bit

J: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit


27010 11

C-4 into a VC-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4



1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2


1 2709 10

VC4

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2


V=150 km/h

VC 4 VC 4 VC 4 VC 4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1


V<150 km/h

VC 4 VC 4 VC 4 VC 4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

The STM-1 frame

R S O H

1 2709 10

VC-4R e g e n e r a t o r

S e c t i o n

S T M - 1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytesinside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the

STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved•• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-

tuations

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

27010 11

F 2

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d


U n i t G r o u p


J1

B 3

RSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

MSOH F 2

The STM-N frames

0123x4

0

12

3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



4567x4

4

56

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF


A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





This word is the first transmitted in order to getsinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section




34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

x 3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH + AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits


Public Network

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S


I I III

I

I: Information bit

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

863

C-3

1

9

Z = C C S S O O S JI: Information bit

S: Stuffing bitC: Justification control bitJ: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit


2Mbit/s

VC-3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


VC-3 T U -3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





TUG-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3


TU-3T U G - 3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





x1

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


27011 12 13 14 TUG-3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together

•• Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

1

9

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG 3

VC-4

AU-4


VC-4

1 2709 10

VC-4

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located

•• This operation is known as alignment

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

27010 11

VC 4

F2


VC-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



••

Section overheads, RSOH and MSOH, are added•• The AUG administrative unit is placed in the frame

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



y g y ( )

- I part -

by JM Caballero

PDH limitations


•• it is not possible to exe-

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











•• Was necessary to intercon-

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







bytes vs. bits

125 µs 125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

SDH objectives (i)



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• support to fit any applica-

tion: audio, video, voice•• remote and centralized

management




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







•• fast circuit definition from a centralized point




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

SDH architecture

client

server


F ti f

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







and overheads


connectivity


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









Client layer

Server layer

network connection

Layer Adaptation: unifies the information format usingdigitalization

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1













path




Reference points

Layer Adaptation Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

AP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. TheCP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. Thesepoints are monitored in order to know the network status


CPCP CP CP

TCPTCP

AP

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


Connectivity

Client layerS

Client Path

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint

to multipoint


CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer Server layer

Server Path

TCP


VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





VC12 level path

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


trail


AP

client connection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CP

trail

CP CP CP TCPTCP

AP



MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :· fiber

DIGITAL CONNETION Media :· fiber

NNI NNI NNI

MUX

sinc.


CXC

PDH PDH

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

fiber

· wireless ACC ES S

fiber

· wireless

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.


PDH ATM

PDH ATM

Reference model


IP


IP

interchange unit

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interface



low order VC-12




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

N t k l t d t l i

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


Regenerators (REG)

STM-NSTM-NREG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







REG


S D H

M U X

2M

STM-1 STM-N


8M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







M U X 34M

140M

45M


SDH STM-M

STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






SDH

MUX

STM-N

M >N


STM M STM-M

West East

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• can provide the network with fault tolerant capacities

STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH


STM-N STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-N STM-N


LPTHPTSDHSDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

STM-1 STM-N

MUX

2M

34M

STM-1STM-N

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






MUXMUX34M

140M

45M

34M

140M

45M

Ring topology

A D M

back up ring

active ring

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A D M

ADM

ADM

tributary tributary


EE

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

A

B

C

D A

B

C

D

Transport design

National Backbone

STM-16

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Primary Network

Access Network

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One wherethe VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:




LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. Thereare two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)






LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)





LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light

that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons outthan photons in: the signal has been amplified

Regenerator


Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

Transport Services

A D M A D M

A D M A D M

PSTN

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

STM 1 STM 1

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADM

AD M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

ADM

ADM

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

DXC

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

ATM

Security

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Security

A B

A B

Security services



strategies:

diversification


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



the rest of the circuits continue working on

restoration


•• when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switch-es the traffic to the alternate path

protection



Diversification

A C

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in atransmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.




•• But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of

the network circuits

B D

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

A C(5,2)

(4,2)

(3,4)(4,5)

A C(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








B D


(7,7)B D

(11,3)

(a,p) =

Protection (i)



SDH path protection

••

multiplexing section protection for line topologies•• multiplexing section protection for ring topologies

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Is a specialized protection mechanism for all network topologies. It can be used for protectingparts of the network or all the network




MUXSame traffic in S and P 1+1MUX

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





high priority

low priority

1:N

MUXMUX

MUXMUX



protection ring

service ring

A circuit B circuitB circuit A circuit in bakup B circuit

A D M A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






A circuit in bakup B circuit A circuit B circuit

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M





protection services

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






service circuits service circuits usingprotection services


A D M

A D M

A D M


A D M A D M

A circuitcircuito A

en back up



A D M A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• 1 protection ring of two fibers



A D M

A D M


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

p


1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5





AU-4 AUG C-4STM-1 ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1x1

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

x1

VC-4

AU44c AUG4 C-44c

x1x1

VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM 1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

TUG-2

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

VC-3x1


C -n V C -n A U G




+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


+L O P O H+ T U





Containers

PDH frames

mapping

SDH container

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers

must use the same clock.•• With PDH it is not mandatory to synchronize the network equipments

8Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

justification


byte oriented

The container C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









co lumn 2709

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

I



27010 11

1

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4



9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2


J1

B3

C2

RSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not

occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments

POH

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

MSOH F2


V=150 km/h

155 km/h

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






V<150 km/h

155 km/h

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




Containers allocatedbetween two frames

The STM-1 frame

J 1

B 3C 2

G 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytesinside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between theSTM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved


P O H

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

M S O H F 2S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d


P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

89AB

0123456789ABCDEF

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



B

x4

CD

E

F

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF



A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





sinchronization

125µs

125µs


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

oi te

x 3

+ stuffing bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH + AU

pointer


+ overhead bits


45Mbit/s

C-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








VC-39


2Mbit/s

C-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

VC-3

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




VC-3

TU-3

9

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2


VC-3

TU-3

x1

H 1

H 3

H 2+

862 3

1

G 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

T U -3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





TUG-3

TU-3


9

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

V C -3


x1

TU-3

TUG 3

T U G - 3862 3

1 H 1

H 3

H 2

1

G 1

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





x3

TUG-3

VC-4

9

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2


J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

27011 12

1

13 14

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

x3

TUG-3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





H4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

9

R R 3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

VC-4

AU-4


VC-4

AU-4

J1

B3

C2

G1

RSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






STM-1

POH

H4

F3

K3

N1

MSOH F2


VC-4

AU-4RSOH

1 2709 10

G

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM-1

MSOH

AU G




- I part -

by JM Caballero

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



PDH limitations




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





bytes vs. bits

125 µs

0 n1 byte 0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

SDH objectives (i)



•• direct add&drop for low

speed tributaries•• capabilities for new con-

trol channels supervi-sion, maintenance &

i

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



service






7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1












transport network

SDH

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




SDH


SDH architecture

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

client

server


outputsinputs

Function of

connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







and overheads


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











Reference points


AP

Network connection

li k

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A

Network Connection is the association of two TCP

CPCP CP CP

TCPTCPlink

Connectivity

AP AP

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP

CP

TCP



Link Connection

Server Path

TCP


VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


trail


AP

client connection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP CP TCPTCP


MU Xsinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUXsinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








Reference model

low order VC-12


IP

high order VC-4

low order VC-12

paths


IP

interchange unit

high order VC-4 VC-4

VC-12

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interfacesección de regeneración


SDH frame physical interfaceregeneration section


g




sections

high order VC 4

MSOH

RSOH

STM-1

NNI


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Regenerators (REG)

STM-NSTM-N

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Mux/Demux of STM-N signals in/from STM-M•• Does not modify the contents of transported information



STM-M STM-M

West East

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






STM-N, PDH


STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Ring topology

A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

tributary tributary

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






ADM


A

B

D

E

A

B

D

E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

C C

Transport design

National Backbone

Primary Network

STM-16

STM-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Access Network

STM-1 or PDH


LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








LOW ORDER PATH


LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc






LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Transport Services

AD M

A D M

A D M

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

STM-16 STM-4

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s


STM-1

140 Mbit/

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADMADMADM ADM

ATM

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

155 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

ATM

Security

A B

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

A B

A B

Security services



strategies:

diversification


restoration


•• when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switch-

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path

protection



Diversification

A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









Restoration

Th i t i i ti f th i it

A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




••

If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide analternative route




Protection (i)



SDH path protection


••

multiplexing section protection for ring topologies•• multiplexing section shared protection for line topologies



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










high priority

low priority

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




1:N MUXMUX



protection ring

service ring


A D M

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







ADM





protection services

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









A D M A D M

A circuitcircuito A

en back up



A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








C - n V C - n A U G



+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


1 .5 , 2 ,6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


+ L O P O H+ T U




( p o i n t e r )





AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

77

x1

x1

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11 ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

TUG-2

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

( AN S I )

( A N S I )



1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5



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( p o i n t e r )( p o i n t e r ) j


Containers

8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

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The container C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


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During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into thecontainer, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to





S : stuf fing byte


27010 11

1

VC-4 Path

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

F2

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•• C4+POH=VC4



9

VC 4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

N1


POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

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POHK3

N1


V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

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V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

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The STM-1 frame

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

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••

STM-1 = AUG + RSOH + MSOH•• In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control

and manage the network elements


•• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-

tuations



1 VC4 0 0 1

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

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3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

89A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16

Frame Binar rate (kbit/s) Short Id

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

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STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s





sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

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sinchronization

125µs



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Section

SDH 45 Mbit/s


34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits

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pointer


45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


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••

There are pointer justifications for clock differences adjustment


2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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TU-3

9

C -3

N1


TUG 3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C 3

T U -3

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TUG-3 V C -3


x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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VC-4

N 1


J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

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N19

stuff ing bytes

AU-4


VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

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N1


VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G

STM-1

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- I part -

by JM Caballero

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PDH limitations



••

poor monitoring capacitybecause computers arebyte oriented


•• lack of standardizationbetween Japan, USA and

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p ,

rest of the world






••

B-ISDN specification to in-tegrate any traffic: SDHand ATM standardization


•• Requirement for havingnew infrastructures to fit

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any traffic: data, voice,multimedia

bytes vs. bits


125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

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SDH objectives (i)






•• remote and centralized

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management•• easy migration from PDH

networks




••

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••

It is an standard universally accepted•• SDH is highly compatible with SONET







transport network

SDH


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SDH architecture

client

server

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Section





connectivity

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p p



and overheads




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I PDH h l i hi di i SDH l d h i h b

Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path




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In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has beendivided in two layers:





Reference points

•• AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,

j tif i ti lti l i d li t Th t b ti Th th d

CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


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justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edgepoints which can interchange client information



Connectivity

CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP

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VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

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STM-1 section

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media



•• The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of

CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection


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••

NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM N frames

MU X

sinc.

MU Xsinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU Xsinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

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NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames•• NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units


Reference model

physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12



paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

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physical interfaceSDH frame physical interface


STM 1

NNI


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Section

Regenerators (REG)



d l di i h l i f i i i h f i i b l i

STM-NSTM-NREG

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A f l f li t l i idi i ti f l PDH t k

S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

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SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-NM >N

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Does not modify the contents of transported information



STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East

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Switchs STM signals as well as add&drop funcionalities.implements all the net ork element capacities

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

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g p•• implements all the network element capacities







LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

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Ring topology

A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary

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A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

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SDH Network

Transport design

National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

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STM-1 or PDH




•• The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO

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can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s






The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifcoverhead to control the multiplexers by means of :

LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

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LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

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g p g y





•• The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise dur-

ing the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.•• the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is


Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADMREG REG

Regenerator

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the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it isconverted back to its original nature


Transport Services

ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

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GSM2 Mbit/sATM

Security

A B

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Section

A B

Security services



strategies:

diversification


restoration



protection


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Diversification





A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

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Restoration



•• The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that ared b th ti i it

A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

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used by the active circuits



Protection (i)

The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation ofcircuits before the fault appears

SDH path protection










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high priority

low priority

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

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1:N MUXMUX




protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

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service circuits



protection services



A D M

A D M

A D M

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p


A D M A D M

A circuit





A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

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1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




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Section


AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

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T1: 1544kbit/s

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

NS I )



•• PDH and T-Carrier hierarchies are mapped in specific Containers (C-n)

M b i t / sM b i t / s1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




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PDH, and T Carrier hierarchies are mapped in specific Containers (C n)



Containers



8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

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The container C-4


container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing tofill the extra space up.

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


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•• C4+POH=VC4

27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

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C4 POH VC4





POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

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V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

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V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

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The STM-1 frame


••

In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to controland manage the network elements

•• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexerS e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

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The VC4 is floating inside the STM 1, it may change it position an integer number of bytesinside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between theSTM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved




1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

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63 VC12 63 0 0

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM 16 622 080 4 2 488 320 kbit/ 2 5 Gbit/

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

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STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s





sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µ

s

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Section


34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TUpointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits+ justification bits

+ overhead bits

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45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


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2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3

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x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

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A new structure is used for group all the three TUG 3 together





VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

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p y



VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






- I part -

by JM Caballero

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



PDH limitations

••

the multiplexing is bit ori-ented (second, third andfourth hierarchy)


•• poor monitoring capacitybecause computers are

byte oriented




•• no mechanisms to man-th lit j t f

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



age the quality, just for2Mbit/s with CRC4


••

The Antitrust law at US fol-lowed by Bell break intosmall companies.


•• B-ISDN specification to in-tegrate any traffic: SDH

and ATM standardization


•• Requirement for havingnew infrastructures to fitany traffic: data, voice,

multimedia

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



bytes vs. bits





125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH objectives (i)

••

direct internetworking between equipments



•• capabilities for new con-

trol channels supervi-sion, maintenance &service



••

easy migration from PDHnetworks


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

SDH is highly compatible with SONET•• very efficient to manage circuits


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








transport networkSDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH architecture

client

server

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section




••

there are function to match requirement with capacities


and overheads


connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks inter-connected through links


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path


add/drop

overheads a service monitoring and supervision


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Reference points

•• AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing, justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge

points which can interchange client information•• CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The

CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. Thesepoints are monitored in order to know the network status

CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




Connectivity



•• The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipointt lti i t

CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



to multipoint



VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








the information interchanged between AP•• These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and

Maintenance)


CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units•• NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world

network interconnections

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Reference model

physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Regenerators (REG)



••

delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol inter-ference. Signal needs equalization


STM-NSTM-NREG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




Put / get PDH circuits in/from STM-N frames•• configures SDH rings topologies


STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture22

/63© Trend Communications



••

implements all the network element capacities•• absolutly flexible for subnetwork interconnections


STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture23






LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture24

/63©Trend Communications

Ring topology




A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture25


p y



SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture26



Transport design


National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture27







•• The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content

can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s



LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

LTMUX REG REGREGMUX DXC ADMHOLO LTMUXLOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture28










LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING

LTMUX

REG REGREGMUX DXC ADMHOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture29

/63


facilities for synchonization and automatic protection (APS)








LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


LTMUX

LOHO

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SDH architecture30

/63




••

the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it isconverted back to its original nature



Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture31

/63


than photons in: the signal has been amplified

Transport Services


ADM

AD

M A D M

A D M

ADM

AD

M A

D M

A D M

ADM

AD

M A

D M

A D M

ADM

AD

M A

D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

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SDH architecture32

/63


Section

Security

A B

A B

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Security services


characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the followingstrategies:

diversification


restoration•• the routing is a task of the client network (IP, ATM)


protection



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture

34

/63


Diversification







A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture 35

/63


Restoration



••

The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that areused by the active circuits



A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture 36/63


Protection (i)



SDH path protection










7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A

D M

A D M A D M

A D

M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









service circuits



protection services



A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








A D M A D M

A circuit





A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5


+ j u s t i f i c a t i o n b i t s+ o v e r h e a d b i t s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12

TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1Mb it /s1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Containers






8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The container C-4







1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• C4+POH=VC4



27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The STM-1 frame





P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Section



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



©



2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



59©




TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH t t i 60© T d C i ti




x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH t t i 61/© Trend Communications




J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH transport services 62/© Trend Communications





VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



SDH transport services 63/© Trend Communications




VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





- I part -

by JM Caballero

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



PDH limitations






•• lack of optic standards

just proprietary solutions•• no mechanisms to man-


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


/63








7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


/63


bytes vs. bits



••

STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125µs•• An important consequence is that in SDH 1 byte represents a 64 Kbit/s channel

125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µsframe 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


63


SDH objectives (i)









7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

SDH architecture

client

server

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfacesand overheads


connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1












Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Reference points




CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Connectivity





CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Reference model

physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Regenerators (REG)





STM-NSTM-NREG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







••

Overhead management

S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• Multiplexion of four SDH signals:

4 x STM-1 = STM44 x STM-4 = STM164 x STM-16 = STM64

SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• absolutly flexible for subnetwork interconnections•• allows SDH networks interconnection

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Ring topology




A D M

A D M

AD

M

back up ringactive ring

ADM

tributary tributary

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Transport design



National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Transport Services


ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Security

A B

A B

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Security services



strategies:

diversification


restoration



protection


•• alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer

switched the traffic to the back up resource

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Diversification







A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Restoration






A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Protection (i)



SDH path protection










7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








service circuits





A

D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• 1 active ring of two fibers•• 1 protection ring of two fibers


A D M A D M

A circuit





A D M

A D M

A

D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N

S I )

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c

AU416c AUG16 C416cx1x1 VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Containers






8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis

master clockmaster clock

justification


byte oriented

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The container C-4







1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




•• C4+POH=VC4



27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

VC4 i ti t th STM 1 f (ii)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

Th STM 1 f

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The STM-1 frame



••

The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytesinside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between theSTM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved


P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

R e g e n e r a t o rS e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

H t fill th l d

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

The STM N frames

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




••

a VC-3 plus a pointer is a TU-3•• The pointer is always accessible and points to the frame start

TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Creation of the Virtual Container VC 4 (vi)



J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



g p ( )




VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



( )



VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




- I part -

by JM Caballero

PDH limitations

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• lack of management stan-

dards and short space toimplement them (S bits)





7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• Advanced management

needs: computers and tele-com must work together


bytes vs. bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

An important consequence is that in SDH 1 byte represents a 64 Kbit/s channel

125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =

8 bits

125·10-6seg. = 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

SDH objectives (i)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




••

scalability in transmis-sion speeds until 0 Gbit/s






••

fault tolerance


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

SDH architecture

client

server


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







and overheads


connectivity


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmissionmedia are visible (the last layer)



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











Client layer Server layer

network connection



path




Reference points

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•• CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The

CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. Thesepoints are monitored in order to know the network status


CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


Connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and

Maintenance)•• The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units

CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world

network interconnections

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

Reference model

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


Regenerators (REG)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-NSTM-NREG


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• Multiplexion of four SDH signals:4 x STM-1 = STM4

4 x STM-4 = STM164 x STM-16 = STM64

SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

Ring topology

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

Transport design

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content

can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s


LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1










LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





••

onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a lightthat excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons outthan photons in: the signal has been amplified


Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

Transport Services

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Security

A B

A B

Security services

When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped Reliability is one of the strongest

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





strategies:

diversification


restoration



protection



Diversification

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









A

B

C

D

C1 C2

( )

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

(5 2) (7 0)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

Protection (i)


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



p g


SDH path protection•• multiplexing section protection for line topologies




SDH subnetwork protectionIs a specialized protection mechanism for all network topologies. It can be used for protecting





7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







protection ringservice ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







service circuits

p


protection services



A D M

A D M

A D M



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






A D M A D M

A circuit




p

A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5





STM-6410 Gbit/sx1

AUG16

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s (ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1


Mb it /s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




Containers

autonomous synchronized

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

auto o ous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

The container C-4


C-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

SS

S

S

S

SS

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

II

I

I

I

II

I

I

I

II

I

I

I

II

I

II

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bit

C: Justification control bitJ: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit


C-4 into a VC-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4

••

The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point•• Only the termination multiplexer is allowed to modify the POH contents

27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2


1 2709 10STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

27010 11

VC-4

AUG

F2


V=150 km/h

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1


V<150 km/h

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

The STM-1 frame

1 2709 10

S T M - 1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d


U n i t G r o u p


1 2709 10

VC-4

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

The STM-N frames

0123x4

0

12

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



4567

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section




C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Complete sequence of mapping, framing, alignment and multiplexing of a circuit of 45 Mbit/sin a STM-1 frame of 155 Mbit/s

34

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits


Public Network

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z


I I III

I

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





••

is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3•• the frame period is 125 µs


45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

863

C-3

1

9

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J

I



2Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




••

The pointer is always accessible and points to the frame start

TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




••

The pointer is still located in accessible positions

x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4


VC-4

1 2709 10STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

27010 11 VC-4

F2


VC-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)- I part -

by JM Caballero

PDH limitations


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• it is not possible to exe-



•• lack of management stan-dards and short space to

implement them (S bits)•• lack of standardization

between Japan, USA andrest of the world


•• no mechanisms to man-




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• Was necessary to intercon-



•• Advanced managementneeds: computers and tele-

com must work together •• Requirement for having

new infrastructures to fitany traffic: data, voice,multimedia

bytes vs. bits

125 µs 125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

SDH objectives (i)


•• scalability in transmis-i d til 0 Gbit/

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



sion speeds until 0 Gbit/s



•• support to fit any applica-

tion: audio, video, voice





7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

SDH architecture

client

server


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







and overheads


connectivity


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









Client layer

network connection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as anetwork which can be divided in sublayers







Server layer Layer Adaptation: unifies the information format using


path




Reference points


Network connection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






CPCP CP CP

TCPTCP

AP

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


Connectivity

Client Path

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Server Path

TCP


VC12 level


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





VC12 level path

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media



client connection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units

CP

trail

CP CP CP TCPTCP

AP



MU X

sinc.

NNI NNI NNI NNI

MUX

sinc.


CXC

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.


PDH ATM

PDH ATM

Reference model


IP

Frame

IP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interface



low order VC-12

RelayISDNRTB ATM




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths

Relay ISDN RTBATM

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

NNI

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


Regenerators (REG)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-NSTM-NREG


2M

STM-1 STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







S D HM U X

34M

140M

STM N


45M

8M


STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

M >N


West East

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STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH


STM-N STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-N STM-N


MUX MUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUXMUX

Ring topology

A D M

back up ring

active ring

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






A D M

ADM

ADM

tributary tributary


EE

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

A

B

C

D A

B

C

D

Transport design

National Backbone

STM 16

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. Thereare two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)






LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING



HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light


Regenerator


Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

Transport Services

A D M A D M

A D M A D M

PSTN

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADM

AD M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

ADM

ADM

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

DXC

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

t

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Security

A B

A B

Security services



strategies:

diversification

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



diversification•• all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down

the rest of the circuits continue working on

restoration


•• when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switch-

es the traffic to the alternate path

protection



Diversification

A C

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in atransmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.




•• But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of


B D

C1 C2

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

A C(5,2)

(4,2)

(3,4)(4,5)

A C(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








B D


( , )

(7,7)

( , )

B D

( , )

(11,3)

(a,p) =

Protection (i)



SDH path protection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



p g p p g•• multiplexing section protection for ring topologies




Is a specialized protection mechanism for all network topologies. It can be used for protectingparts of the network or all the network




MUXSame traffic in S and P 1+1MUX

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





high priority

low priority

1:N

MUXMUX

MUXMUX



protection ring

service ring


A D M A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





••

all the rings are unidirectional


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M





protection services

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








A D M

A D M

A D M


A D M A D M

A circuitcircuito A

en back up



A D M A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







A D M

A D M

SDH t t i

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5





STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

x1

AU44c AUG4 C-44cx1x1 VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

VC-4

VC-3

x1

x4

x1


C -n V C -n A U G

+ s t u f f i n g b i t s+ just i f i cat io n b it s

h d b i

+ H O P O H+ A U( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

IP datagrams are mapped in Containers C-n


1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


+L O P O H+ T U






Containers

PDH framesSDH container

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers

must use the same clock.


8Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

justification


byte oriented

The container C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

Xco lumn 11


C-4

1

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









S X

co lumn 2709

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

Z

I

I I I

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bitC: Justification control bitJ: Justification opportunity bit

O: Overhead bit


27010 11

1

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4


••

Only the termination multiplexer is allowed to modify the POH contents

9 VC-4 PathOverhead

(POH) is added

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2


J1B3

RSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






POH

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

MSOH

AUG

F2


V=150 km/h

155 km/h

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM 1 STM 1 STM 1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM-1 STM-1 STM-1


V<150 km/h

155 km/h

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM 1 STM 1 STM 1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

The STM-1 frame

J 1

B 3

C 2

R S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4R e g e n e r a t o r

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1

Admin i st ra t i veU n i t G r o u p

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







P O H

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

M S O H F 2Mul t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d


P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O HZ4

Z5

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

8x4 0123456789ABCDEF

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



x49A

B

x4

CD

E

F

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF


A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






sinchronization

125µs

125µs


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

p p



34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

x 3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH + AUpointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits


45Mbit/s

Public Network

863

C-3

1

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bitC: Justification control bit

J: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






••

the frame period is 125 µs•• There are pointer justifications for clock differences adjustment

C-3

VC-3

1

9


2Mbit/s

C-3862 3

(85 columnas)

1

VC-3

J 1

B 3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




VC-3

TU-3

9

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3N1

F 2

C 2


VC-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+

862 3

1 J 1

B 3

C 2

T U -3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





TUG-3

TU-3


9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

V C -3


x1

TU-3T U G - 3

862 3

1 H 1

H 3

H 2

1

J 1

B 3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





x3

TUG-3

VC-4

9

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3N 1

F 2

C 2


J 1

B 3

C 2

27011 12

1

13 14

byte interleaving

x3

TUG-3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





G 1

H4

F 3

K 3N1

F 2

9

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

VC-4

AU-4


VC-4

AU 4

J1B3

C2

RSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






AU-4

STM-1

POH

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3N1

MSOH F2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


PDH limitations


•• it is not possible to exe-cute direct add&drop of

low speed tributaries•• poor monitoring capacity

because computers are

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



pbyte oriented


••

lack of standardizationbetween Japan, USA andrest of the world





•• Was necessary to intercon-nect new PTT´s: SONET

definition•• B-ISDN specification to in-

tegrate any traffic: SDH

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



g yand ATM standardization


••

Requirement for havingnew infrastructures to fitany traffic: data, voice,multimedia

bytes vs. bits

125 µs

0 n1 byte 0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

SDH objectives (i)




•• capabilities for new con-trol channels supervi

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



••

SDH has a reference model•• It is an standard universally accepted








transport network

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




transport network

SDH

transmission media

cable/fiber/radio

SDH architecture

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

client

server


outputsinputs

Function of

connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







and overheads


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations betweenpoints on the network





Client layer

Server layer

network connection



h

digitalization

codification



7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1











patha service monitoring and supervision

Reference points


AP

Network connection

S b k

Layer Termination

AP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






CPCP CP CP

TCPTCPlink

Subnetwork

Connectivity

AP AP

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP

CP

TCP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Server Path

TCP


VC12 level path

VC12 level


DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSIlayered model used to explain protocols

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


trail


AP

client connection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







CPCP CP CP TCPTCP


MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.


CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








Reference model

low order VC-12


IP

low order VC-12

paths


IP

interchange unit

VC-12

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interface






high order VC-4




paths

sections

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

STM-1

NNI


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Regenerators (REG)

STM-NSTM-NREG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay•• attenuation: reduction of strength of the signal per distance. Amplification




S D H

M U X

2M

34M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



Mux/Demux of plesiochronous circuits to/from STM-N frames•• The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths



140M


SDHMUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







STM-M STM-M

West East

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






STM-N, PDH


STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








LPTHPT

SDH

MUX

SDH

HPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






140M 140M

Ring topology

D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

tributary tributary

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






A D

M

ADM

tributary


A

B

D

E

A

B

D

E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

B

C

B

C

Transport design

National Backbone

Primary Network

STM-16

STM-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ringand a few inter rings or inter layer

Access Network

STM 4

STM-1 or PDH


HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









••

facilities for synchonization and automatic protection (APS)

LOW ORDER PATH


HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH





ADM

REG REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a lightthat excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out

than photons in: the signal has been amplified

Regenerator Multiplexer Regenerator

Transport Services

AD M

A D M

A D M

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

STM-16 STM-4

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s


STM-134 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




ADMADMADM ADM

ATM

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

155 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Security services



strategies:

diversification

••

all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes downthe rest of the circuits continue working on

restoration


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



the routing is a task of the client network (IP, ATM)


protection



Diversification

A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









route 2 (50% C1-C2)

Restoration

A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

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Protection (i)



SDH path protection





S

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high priority

low priority

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

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1:N MUXMUX



protection ring

service ring


A D M

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

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ADM





protection services

A D M

A D M

A D M

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••

to implement uses K1, K2 bytes




A D M A D M

A circuitcircuito A

en back up



A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








C - n V C - n A U GS T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

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Section

M b i t / sM b i t / s1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )





AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3TUG-3

STM-1

ATM:48384kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x1

x1

x3

x3

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

(ANSI)

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

AU-3

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

TUG-2

STM-0

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

VC-3x1



1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G




+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

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+L O P O H+ T U





Containers

8Mbit/s

PDH frames

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

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2Mbit/sy

The container C-4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X

co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

I I I I I IJ S

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

I: Information bitS: Stuffing bitC J tifi ti t l bit

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••

ATM cell can be mapped directly in C-4

Z = I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

C: Justification control bitJ: Justification opportunity bitO: Overhead bit


27010 11

1

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

F2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4



9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

K 3

N1


J1

B3C2

G1

H4

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

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POHF3

K3

N1


V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

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y


V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




between two frames

The STM-1 frame

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






•• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-

tuations

N 1



1 VC4 0 0 1

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x160123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s




A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




sinchronization

125µs


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section



34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

x 3

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





+ HO POH+ SOH + AU

pointer

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2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

VC-3

G 1

H 4

F 3

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




TU-3

9

C -3

K 3

N1


VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2

+


862 3

1

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

T U -3

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TUG-3

9 N 1

V C -3


x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

T U G - 3862 3

1 H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





VC-4

9 K 3

N 1


J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

27011 12

F 2

1

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

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K 3

N19

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 258 columns )

AU-4


VC-4

AU-4

POH

J1

B3C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

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STM-1K3

N1


VC-4

AU-4RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G

STM-1

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STM-1




- I part -

by JM Caballero

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



PDH limitations





l k f t d di ti

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Requirement for having

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




bytes vs. bits

125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

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SDH objectives (i)






7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• remote and centralized

management





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transport network

SDH


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1




cable/fiber/radio

SDH architecture

client

server

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section




connectivity

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• it has a set of input/output interfaces•• there are function to match requirement with capacities


and overheads



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Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path




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In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has beendivided in two layers:





Reference points

CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Connectivity

CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

TCP

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







Server Path


VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

VC4 level path

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM level

STM-1 section

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

transmission media


•• The source delivers information which is adapted: digitalization codification

CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH

ATM

PDH ATM

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Reference model



low order VC-12


IP



high order VC-4

low order VC-12



paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



physical interfaceSDH frame physical interface


STM-1

NNI


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

Regenerators (REG)


STM-NSTM-NREG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



••

attenuation: reduction of strength of the signal per distance. Amplification•• delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol inter-

ference. Signal needs equalization




S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



••

The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths•• Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks




SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



g




STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East

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STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

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Switchs STM signals as well as add&drop funcionalities.•• implements all the network element capacities





••

LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



••

Transport STM signal between two points•• Allows an smooth migration from legacy PDH networks to SDH

Ring topology

A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

tributary tributary

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






ADM


A

B

D

E

A

B

D

E

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





SDH Network

C C

Transport design

National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





STM-1 or PDH




LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUX

LOHO

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LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING MULTIPLEXINGSECTION SECTIONSECTION

MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

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LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT


HOLO

LTMUX

LOHO

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








•• The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise dur-

i th fib bl i l ti


Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



ing the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.•• the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is

converted back to its original nature


Transport Services

ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

AD M

A D

M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

ADM

ADM

A D M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s STM-1STM-1

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

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ATM

GSM2 Mbit/sATM

Security

A B

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

A B

Security services



strategies:

diversification


restoration



protection

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1





Diversification




A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







Restoration


•• If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an

alternative route

A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



alternative route•• The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are

used by the active circuits



Protection (i)



SDH path protection









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high priority

low priority

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

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1:N MUXMUX



protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

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protection services


A D M

A D M

A D M

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A D M A D M

A circuit

circuito A circuito A




A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1









1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G




+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section

+ L O P O H+ T U






AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM:2144kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



C-12VC-12TU-12


T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/sx4

POH addition

Multiplexing

Tributary mapping

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

Group

( A N S I )




1 . 5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






Containers


8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mappingstuffing

MUX155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







The container C-4



1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



•• C4+POH=VC4




Th ALIGNING i t i t

POH

J1

B3

C2G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

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The STM-1 frame



P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexerS e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



and manage the network elements





1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9

AB

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155 520 x 4 = 622 080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s





sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

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7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


Section


34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits


+ overhead bits

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1








2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1






J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1







VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



p , p p y




VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

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- I part -

by JM Caballero

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



PDH limitations



•• poor monitoring capacity

because computers arebyte oriented




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•• B-ISDN specification to in-

tegrate any traffic: SDHand ATM standardization


•• Requirement for havingnew infrastructures to fitany traffic: data, voice,

multimedia

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bytes vs. bits


••

SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing•• STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125µs

125 µs

0 n1 byte

rate =8 bits

125·10-6seg.= 64Kbit/s

0

125 µs

frame 1 frame 2

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SDH objectives (i)




•• capabilities for new con-





fault tolerance

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SDH provides an efficient reliable and flexible transport for circuits



transport network

SDH


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SDH architecture

client

server

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Section






d h d


connectivity

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and overheads





•• the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission

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the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmissionmedia are visible (the last layer)








Client layer

Server layer

network connection



path


add/drop

overheads a service monitoring and supervision


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Reference points

•• AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing, justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge

points which can interchange client information

•• CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. TheCP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These

CP

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP

TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

Network connection

link

Subnetwork

Layer Termination

AP


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points are monitored in order to know the network status


Connectivity

••

A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) areTCP


CPCP CP

CP

TCP

AP AP



Link Connection

Network Connection

Client layer

Server layer

Client Path

Server Path

TCP

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VC12 level path

VC12 level

2 Mbit/s level

VC4 level

STM level

VC4 level path

STM-1 section

2 Mbit/s circuit

DXC DXC

Subnetwork

connection

Subnetwork

connection

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

Layer Adaptation

Layer Termination

t i i di

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transmission media




the information interchanged between AP


CP

trail

Layer Adaptation

CP CP CP TCPTCP

Layer Adaptation

AP

client connection


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MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

MU X

sinc.

NNI

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

DIGITAL CONNETION

ACC ES S

Media :

· fiber

· wireless

NNI NNI NNI

MU X

sinc.

MUX

sinc.

MUX

sinc.



CXC

PDH ATM

PDH ATM

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Reference model

physical interface



low order VC-12


IP




high order VC-4

low order VC-12




paths


IP

sections

interchange unit

high order VC-4

MSOH

VC-4

RSOH

VC-12

STM-1

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NNI


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Section

Regenerators (REG)




•• noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is al-ways present The signal must be digitally filtered

STM-NSTM-NREG

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ways present. The signal must be digitally filtered




•• Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks•• Overhead management

S D H

M U X

2M

34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N


45M

8M

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•• Multiplexion of four SDH signals:4 x STM-1 = STM44 x STM-4 = STM164 x STM 16 = STM64

SDH

MUX

STM-M

STM-N

STM-N

M >N

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4 x STM-16 = STM64





STM-M STM-M

STM-N, PDH

West East

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p p






STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

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••

Allows an smooth migration from legacy PDH networks to SDH

LPTHPTSDH

MUX

SDHHPTLPT

2M

MUX34M

140M

STM-1 STM-N

45M

MUX

2M

34M

140M

STM-1STM-N

45M

MUX

MUXMUX

REG

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Ring topology



A D M

A D M

ADM

back up ring

active ring

ADM

tributary tributary

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p y




SDH Network

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

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g p gy g g

Transport design

National Backbone

Primary Network

Access Network

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1 or PDH

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••

The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The contentcan be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s


LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH


LTMUXLOHO

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LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH



MULTIPLEXING


LTMUX

LOHO

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provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers








LOW ORDER PATH

HIGH ORDER PATH

MULTIPLEXING

REG

MULTIPLEXING


SECT

MULTIPLEXING

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

REG

SECT

LTMUX REG REGREGMUX DXC ADMHOLO

LTMUXLOHO

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•• onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It con-sists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a lightth t it th bi A d th h i l th h th fib h t t


Regenerator



Multiplexer

ADM

REG REG

Regenerator

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Transport Services


ADM

AD M

A D M

A D M

ADM

A

D M A D

M

A D M

ADM

A

DM A D

M

A D M

ADM

A

DM A D

M

A D M

DXC

PSTN

ATM

STM-16 STM-4

ISDN

GSM

LTMUX

LTMUX

C i r c u

i t

34 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s


2 Mbit/s

STM-1

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s140 Mbit/s

STM-1,4

2 Mbit/sInternet

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

ATM

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Security

A B

A B

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Section

Security services



strategies:

diversification


restoration



protection



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Diversification







A

B

C

D

C1 C2

route 1 (50% C1-C2)

route 2 (50% C1-C2)

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Restoration





A

B

C

D

(5,2)


(4,2)

(3,4)

(7,7)

(4,5)

A

B

C

D

(7,0)

(6,0)

(5,2)

(11,3)

(a,p) =

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Protection (i)



SDH path protection










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high priority

low priority

1:N

1+1MUX

MUXMUX

MUXMUX

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protection ring

service ring

A circuit

A circuit in bakup

B circuit

B circuit

B circuit

A circuit B circuit


A D M

ADM

A D M

A D M A D M

A D M

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service circuits



protection services



A D M

A D M

A D M

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SDH architecture40







A D M A D M

A circuit

circuito A circuito A

en back up




A D M

A D M

A D M

A D M

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1


SDH architecture41


Note that rings are bidirectional

Section



1 .5 , 2 ,

6 , 8 ,

3 4 , 4 5


C - n V C - n A U G

+ L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M - 1

Mbit/s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




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Section


AU-4 AUG C-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-3

C-2VC-2TU-2

C-12VC-12TU-12

C-11VC-11TU-11

TUG-3

AU-3

STM-1

ATM 1600 kbit/s

T1: 1544kbit/s

ATM:2144kbit/s

E1:2048kbit/s

ATM:6874kbit/s

T2: 6312kbit/s

ATM:48384kbit/s

T3:44736kbit/s

E3: 34368 kbit/s

ATM:149760 kbit/s

E4: 139264kbit/s

x1

x3

x4

x7x7

x1

x1

TUG-2

x1

x3

STM-0

x3

POH addition

Multiplexing

Aliingning

Frame

Pointer processing

Container

G

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4622 Mbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2,5 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

51 Mbit/s(ANSI)

( AN S I )

( A N S I )

( A N S I )

x1

VC-4

VC-3


VC44c


VC416c

AUG16

x1

x1

x1

x4

x4

x4

x1

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SDH transport services43


Tributary mappingGroup







1 . 5 , 2 ,6 , 8 ,

34 , 45


C -n V C -n A U G

+L O P O H+ T U





+ H O P O H+ A U

( p o i n t e r )

S T M -1

Mb it /s

1 4 0 ,

3 4 , 4 53 4 , 4 5




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Containers





8Mbit/s

PDH frames

2Mbit/s

MUX

mapping

stuffingMUX

155Mbit/s

SDH container

2Mbit/s

MUXmappingstuffing

autonomous

synchronized

synchronis


justification


byte oriented

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The container C-4






•• ATM cell can be mapped directly in C 4

1 1 1 1 112 12 12 12 12

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

X

X

X

X

X co lumn 11

column 270


C-4

1

9

X

Z


= C S S S S S O O

= I I I I I IJ S

S : stuf fing byte

1 C-4 row

Z

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II


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•• C4+POH=VC4



27010 11

1

9

VC-4 Path

Overhead

(POH) is added

C-4 into a VC-4

J1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F3

K 3

N1

F2

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/63






POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

AUG

F2

STM-1

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/63




V=150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

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/63




V<150 km/h

155 km/h


VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

between two frames

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/63


The STM-1 frame


•• In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control

and manage the network elements•• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes

inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between theSTM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved

•• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-t ti

P O H

J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

R S O H

M S O H

1 2709 10

27010 11

VC-4

F 2


S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

Mu l t ip lexer

S e c t i o n

O v e r h e a d

S T M - 1


U n i t G r o u p

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/63


tuations



1 VC4 0 0 1

3 VC3 0 3 0

21 VC12 + 2 VC3 21 2 0

42 VC12 + 1 VC3 42 1 0

63 VC12 63 0 0

P O H

J1

B 3

C 2

G1

H4

Z3

Z4

Z5

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11 VC-4

F 2

ST M-1

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52

/63


The STM-N frames

4567

0123x4

0

12

3

x4

45

6

7

x4

8

9A

B

x4

CD

E

F

x4

89AB

CDEF x16



STM-4 155.520 x 4 = 622.080 kbit/s 622 Mbit/s

STM-16 622.080 x 4 = 2.488.320 kbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s

STM-64 2.488.320 x 4 = 9.953.280 kbit/s 10 Gbit/s

0123456789ABCDEF

0123456789ABCDEF

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SDH transport services 53

/63






sinchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

J0

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2J0

125µs

125µs

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SDH transport services 54/63


Section



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34

C-3 VC- 3TU-3TUG-3

+ LO POH+ TU

pointer

VC-n A U GSTM-1

+ HO POH+ SOH

x 3

+ AU

pointer

+ stuffing bits

+ justification bits+ overhead bits

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45Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

Public Network

863

C-3

1

9

11 1 11 1 11 125 25 25

Y X Z

X = SSC I I I I I

Y = C C S S S S S S

Z = C C S S O O S J


I I III

I


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There are pointer justifications for clock differences adjustment



2Mbit/s

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

862 3(85 columnas)

1

9

VC-3

C -3

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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TUG-3

VC-3

TU-3

x1H 1

H 3

H 2+


862 3

1

9

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

V C -3

T U -3

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x1

x3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

T U G - 3862 3

1

9

H 1

H 3

H 2

1

R

G 1

H 4

F 3

K 3

N 1

F 2

J 1

B 3

C 2

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J 1

B 3

C 2

G 1

H4

F 3

K 3

N1

27011 12

F 2

1

9

13 14

R R

byte interleaving

3 TUG-3

stuff ing bytes

( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )

x3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

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VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

POH

J1

B3

C2

G1

H4

F3

K3

N1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

27010 11VC-4

F2

STM-1

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VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

RSOH

MSOH

1 2709 10

AU G



STM-1

7/17/2019 7231393-SDHPart1



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