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EVT 627

HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT

LAND DISPOSAL

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of lectures week 10 student will

Be able to understand the operation of

landfill

Be able to discuss the system of leachate

collection

Be able to describe the design of facility andthe development related to hazardous waste

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CONTENTDisposal sites

Landfill operation

Leachate collection

Facilities design and

development

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INTRODUCTION

System designed and constructed to containdiscarded waste so as to minimize releases of

contaminants to the environment.

Necessary because:Other hazardous waste management technology

cannot totally eliminate the waste generated

Hw technology treatment technologies produceresidues.

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THE PROBLEM

Since 1945 U.S. manufacturers created,

used, and disposed of billions of tons of

hazardous and toxic substances on land

Decades of best practice hazardous and

toxic waste disposal on land based on lack of

knowledge, convenience, and expedience

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THE PROBLEM

70,000 chemicals in common use today

500-1000 new compounds created annually

Small % tested

50,000 registered pesticides

600 active ingredients

>1 billion pounds produced per year

>3 billion pounds used per year

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DISPOSAL SITES

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DISPOSAL SITES

LAND DISPOSAL

Landfilling represents the ultimate fate of waste.

Includes deep well injection.

LAND TREATMENT

Is a treatment technique wherein biologically

degradable wastes are placed onto the land in lowconcentrations so that microbes can degrade the

materials.

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DISPOSAL SITES

LAND DISPOSAL FACILITIESRepresent a hw management technique that

constitutes a final placement of a waste.

STORAGE FACILITIES

Represent a temporary management techniqueswhere the waste has not yet reached its final

destination.Examples: pits, ponds, lagoon, tanks, piles and

vaults.

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DISPOSAL SITES

The overall designed of secure land disposalfacilities includes:

Control of top to minimize air emission

and infiltration of precipitation

Control of the bottom to maximize the

collection of leachate and minimizecontaminant transport through the

bottom.

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LANDFILLOPERATION

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LANDFILL OPERATION

Tracking the recording of the journey of the waste from time it is

generated to its ultimate disposal site.

Extends to the recording of the wastes location within the final

disposal site ~ cells Records are maintained, including:

Who provided the waste

The nature of the waste

Where and when the waste was landfilled

Reason : to ensure waste compatibility

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LANDFILL OPERATION

Form of wastes disposed in a landfill: both bulk &containerized.

Daily cover

placed at the close of each operational day.

Typically consist of soil 0.3m (1 foot) thick.

Purposeto minimize odor, airborne transport of contaminants

and potential for direct contact and minimize aesthetics.

Transportation

Bulldozers, compactors, and trucksdeveloped for heavy

construction are used for land disposal operations.

Forklifts and barrel snatchers - may be used to handle

containerized waste.

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LANDFILL OPERATION

EXAMPLE

A landfill has average plan of 500 m by 250 m and 15 m high.

Daily filling rates are 15 m by 10 m by 2 m and daily cover is

0.3 m.

i) How much material do we need for daily cover for

proposed hazardous waste landfill?

ii) how much longer could the landfill be used if daily cover

were not employed?

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LANDFILL OPERATION

SOLUTION

i) Material needs for daily cover:v3= 15 x 10 x 0.3 = 45 m

3

ii) Total landfill air space:

v1= 500 x 250 x 15 = 1.88 x106m3

Each daily layer (lift) volume:

v2= 15 x 10 x 2 = 300 m3

The life of landfill with daily cover:

t1= v1/(v2+v3) =5449 days

The life of the landfill without daily cover is:

t2= v1/v2= 6267 days

Therefore the landfill life will be extended by:

t3= t2t1= 818 days

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LINER LEACHATECOLLECTION

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LINER & LEACHATE COLLECTION

Liner is to provide a barrier to minimizemigration of contaminants.

Cause of leachate

Combination of direct precipitation infiltrationthrough landfill waste materials and any liquid

squeezed out of landfill waste materials as a

result of consolidation.

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Draw Figure 13 2

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LEACHATE COLLECTIONITEMS CHARACTERISTICS/FUNCTIONS

Filter zone

may be a geotextile/well-graded sand and gravelparticulates are filter out

a geogrid may also be included to provide additional structural

stability

Separates the waste from relatively free draining zone around the

primary leachate collection piping.

may be used to serve as a filter between the overlying waste and the

leachate collection system

Primary leachate

collection zone

in this layer the leachate is free to flow to the piping system for

removal for treatment.

Piping

must be designed to avoid collapse (crushing), and the granularmaterial contributes to the pipe stability

Primary barrier

layer

underlines the entirety of the primary leachate collection zone.

U.Smust be a synthetic material known as a geomembrane or

flexible membrane liner (FML)

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LEACHATE COLLECTIONITEMS CHARACTERISTICS/FUNCTIONS

Secondaryleachate collection

system

the function must the same as primary leachate collectionsystem

underlies the primary barrier layer.

known as the leak detection system

Handles a considerably reduced quantity of leachate.

Secondary barrierlayer

acts in the same manner as the primary barrier layerserving as a hydraulic barrier preventing downward flow of

contaminants and allowing the secondary collection system to

collect the leachate

Third barrier

composed of a natural materials, compacted clay or clayadmixed into the natural underlying soils.

Required to control contaminants that may have passed

through the secondary collection system.

reduce the rate at which contaminants exit the lad disposal

facility through hydraulic transport.

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LEACHATE COLLECTION

Problem

CLOGGING

Can occur from the migration of fines into

the system.

Also from chemical and biological processes.

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FACILITIES DESIGNAND DEVELOPMENT

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COVER SYSTEM

Design must consider; Health and safety

Aesthetics

Site usage after closure

Compressibility Strength

Must provides the following:

Controlling water movement into the landfill system

Controlling gas movement Minimizing fire potential

Controlling surface water runoff

Resisting erosion, etc.

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COVER SYSTEM

The uppermost layer, a vegetationsupport layer, typically consists of

an organic sandy loam (topsoil)

material used to support

vegetation. Vegetation provides several

important functions in the

performance of the landfill cover:

Reduces erosion

Reduce precipitation infiltration

Enhances evapotranspiration

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MATERIALS

Geomembranes Engineered polymeric material that is fabricated to be virtually

impermeable.

Geotextiles

Is a geosynthetic which is fabricated to be permeable and has

two categories of hydraulic properties:

Filtrationthe removal of suspended solids from the floeing liquid.

Drainagethe transportation of liquids across the plane of the fabric.

Compacted Clays Widely used as a barrier layer in liner and cover system.

Consist of natural clays, silty clays, sandy clays, and clayey silts.

Geosynthetic Clay Liners, In situ clay formations etc.

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GEOTEXTILE

GEOMEMBRANE

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Environmental criteria and design features of a

secure hazardous waste landfill site

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LANDFILL STABILITYGenerally MSW has a high shear strength due to

the fibrous cohesion

Operator got sloppy to stability problems trusting

in the waste strength

Lack of knowledge about parameters, analysis

methods and risks due to absence of monitoring,

investigations and research.

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IMPORTANCE OF LANDFILLSTABILITY Two competing slope considerations must be balanced for

successful design of a waste facility:

Flat side slopes are more stable, so that a facility with flatter

side slopes is less likely to have a damaging landslide.

Steep side slopes allow more volume for a given size of

facility. Volume, or airspace, is all that a waste facility has for

sale.

Hence, a good stability analysis is needed to avoid costly

overconservatism or (possibly) even more costly slope

failures.

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WASTE SLIDES CAN HURT YOU A slide is an uncontrolled movement of soil (landslide) or

waste (waste slide) down a slope.

A slide is a slope failure; lack of stability. Federal and state

regulations state that landfills cannot be located in an

unstable area without a demonstration of stability,. The consequences of a slide can be damaging to the

environment:

The liners can be torn, maybe causing groundwater pollution.

Wastes can be released outside the unit boundaries.

Odor or other air quality problems can result.

And, the necessary remediation/reconstruction can be quite

expensive. The reputations of those responsible will also be

damaged

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Rumpke landslide

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THE END