$7o Evaluation of Safety and Performance of Sony Lithium ...$7o_ Evaluation of Safety and...

$7o_Evaluation of Safety and Performance of

Sony Lithium Ion Cells

Judith A. Jeevarajan

Lockheed Martin, Houston,&

Bobby J. BraggNASA/JSC/EP5

TX

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -203- Lithium-lon / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990032333 2020-03-30T02:43:56+00:00Z

Sony Lithium Ion CellsPhysical Characteristics

• Dimensions (18650)

Average Weight Average Height

(g) (mm)39.660+0.079 64.91+0.18

Average

Diameter (mm)18.12 + 0.03

Electrochemical Characteristics

• Open Circuit Voltage

3.858 + 0.015 V

• Closed Circuit Voltage

3.69 + 0.14 V

Canon Battery (BP-927) Characteristics

• Weight: 185 g(approx.)

• Dimensions: 38.2 X 39 X 70.5 mm (approx.)

• Voltage: 7.2 V

• Capacity: 2700 mAh

• Configuration: 2P2S

• Smart Circuit Board

_=_.......

1998 NAS,4 Aerospace Battery Workshop -204- Lithium-Ion / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session


Electrochemical Characteristics

• Capacities at Different Temperatures

Temperature Average Capacity (Ah)

40 °C 1.157

25 °C 1.18

10 °C 0.991

-10 °C 0.572

Charge/Discharge Characteristics of Sony

Lithium Ion Cells at Different Temperatures

4.5

4.0

>_ 3.5

o 3.0>

2.540

2.0

lOdegC

4.1E+01 3.6E+03 4.8E+03 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 1.7E+04

Time (min)

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -205- Lithium-Ion / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Overcharge of Sony Lithium Ion Cellsat 4.05 A to 4.2 V

6 5

14G) 4 ,_

,I°o .... , .... ,....,:.::':i:::-:r:::- o0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (Min)

• Attains 4.2 V immediately.

• No venting, fire or explosions due to fast charge.

6

5

3

_21

0

Overcharge of Sony Lithium Ion Cells at1.0 A to 5.0 V

60

_82P_17 V 82P 42 V 1

' _82P_10 V ...... 82P:10 Tempi

...... 82P_17 Temp ...... 82P_42 Tempi

0 50 100

Time (Min)

50

40

• Current Interrupt Device (CID) is activated when voltagereaches 5.0 V or when maintained at 5.0 V.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -206- Lithium-lon / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

5.0

0

> 1.0

0.0

0

Overdischarge at 3C rate of SonyLithium Ion Cells

VoltageI

I

I

I

'.................... c..u.r.re.0.t.................

=

200 400 600

Time (min)

0.0A

-1.0 _

-2.0 _

-3.0 C)

-4.0

800

• Cells performed nominally on charge/discharge cycles.

• No venting, fire or explosions

Overdischarge at 1 C Rate to 1.0 V of SonyLithium Ion Cells

5.0 0.3

A 4.0>

0>

1.0

0.0

0 1000

Voltage

Current

2000 3000Time (min)

A

-0.1 <

-1.3

4000

• Performed nominallycarried out after test.

• No catastrophic events.

on the few charge/discharge cycles

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -207- Lilhium-lon / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

5

4

A

> 3v

_n 2

-1

-2

Overdischarge Into Reversal of SonyLithium Ion Cells

0 S00 100(Qapac15_o(mA_C_0o 2soo

• Cells functional with no changes in capacitycycles performed after test.

• No occurrence of cell venting.

3000

for the few

_" 1200<E

8OOim

(J

_. 400¢U

O

0

Discharge Capacity of the Sony Lithium

Ion Cells Before and After High

Temperature Exposure (150 deg.F)

I_ 82P_15 _ 82P_23 _ 82P_56!J I!_ 82P_22 _82P_53 _82P_79!

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Cycle s

7

• No changes in functional performance of the

exposure to a temperature of 150 °F in an oven.

• No cell venting observed.

cells after


Heat to Vent Test for Sony Lithium Ion

Cells 4oo

65 300

2 f.f_ tI"_'" "'_ ! 100

1 jf..J i

0 I .... I .... , .--. • • ,-. • • • , 0

0 50 100 150 200

Time (min)

• Venting occurs above 150 °C.

Drop Test on Sony Lithium Ion Cells

• Six cells dropped from a height of 6 ft. and 3 cells from a

height of 3 ft.• Physical damage such as dents around the circumference

at the top and bottom.• No events, no changes in capacity of cells

of cells to indicate occurrence of• No change in weight

venting.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -209- Lithium-Ion I Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Short Circuit at 0.1 Ohms for SonyLithium Ion Cells

5 80

4

2 !--_

1 20

0 0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (min)

• PTC shuts off any electrical contact immediately.

6

Short Circuit of Sony Lithium Ion CellsWith a 0,5 ohm Resistor

80

5

==3o> 2

1

0

l 82P_21 V 82P 58 V 1_82P_70 V ...... 82P-21 Temp J

i ...... 82P_58 Temp ...... 82P_70Temp I

0 20 40 60

Time (min)

60

40 I_

2O

0

• PTC cuts off electrical contact.

• Electrical contact is reestablished when the PTC stabilizes.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -21 O- Lithium-Ion �Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Short Circuit at 0.1 ohm of 2S2P Set of


10 100

8 80

,_ 4 40 I_ _,_

2 20

0 0

0 100 200 300

Time (min)

• PTC cuts off electrical contact by an increase in resistance.

• No weight changes in the short circuit tests indicating

absence of venting.

• No catastrophic events in the short circuit tests carried out.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -211 - Lithium-Ion / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Crush Test of Sony Lithium Ion Cells

(a) (b)

CellRod (0.19")

Rod

Cell

(a) No venting, fire or explosion

(b) Four cells out of six experienced violent venting with

thermal runaway, the other two exploded.

6

5

4

_3


O | |

0 2 4

Cell 2 Voltage

+

i

i

|

|

i

Tampi

I I I I I I

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time (min)

400

• 300

. 200 _)

. _'_

, 100

0

20

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -212- Lithium-Ion/Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

(c)

Rod (0.75")

Cell

Steel Fixture


YI2

1 _200 -20

0 1 2 3 4

Time (Min)

• No explosions. Three of four cells vented with temperatures

between 80 °C to 100 °C. Fourth cell vented slowly with

temperature around 40 °C.

Teflon Fixture

• No explosions.• Three of four cells vented with temperatures reaching 400 °C.

Split in can wall observed. One cell vented slowly with max.

temperature of 100 °C.


Battery Testing

Comparison of Current/Voltage Profiles for the Canon

Battery at Four Different Temperatures

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

• Longer charging time is required at lower temperatures.

• At 50 °F, the battery required an additional 30 minutes to be

fully charged.

• At 32 °F, during the 2% hour period required for normal

charging, only 75 % charging was obtained.

• Battery at room temperature can power the camcorder for

106 minutes. (Manufacturer spec: 90 mins)

• At 90 °F and 110 °F, 100 minutes and 110 minutes

respectively of camcorder run time was obtained.

• At 50 °F and 32 °F, 92 minutes and 78 minutes respectivelyof run time was obtained.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -214- Lilhium-lon / Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Temperature Profile of Charger Under Different

Thermal Conditions

,120 1

0"_" 100

i

I_. 60

4O

0 50 1O0 150 200 250

Time (min)

Temperature Profile of Battery Under DifferentThermal Conditions

0_.100 _ .............i.....................

E

400 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)


Overcharge of Canon Battery with "Smart" Circuit Boardto 10.0 V at 1C Rate

I I i ; I I /

.......................................,+rren,,....................'.............................._ 6.5

5.5 ...., .............i..................i........................................................................_ ..................0 20 40 60 80

Time (min)

Voltage does not go above 8.4 V

100 120

Overdischarge of Canon Battery to 2.0 V followed by aCharge/Discharge at 1C Rate

8 2

o_ 0_> .,_

5

-24

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (rain)

• Voltage does not go below 3.8 V


Charging of Lithium Ion Cells in an Unbalanced

Configuration With and Without the Smart CircuitBoard

(a)

• Cells balance each other even in the absence of circuit

board.

• A voltage of 3.8 V at the common nodes was obtained.

Charging of Lithium ion Cells in an Unbalanced

Configuration with the Smart Circuit Board

(b)

• Very slow charging of cells occurs.

• At the end of six hours the discharged cells (2.7 V) had

reached only 3.8 V.

• The charged cells maintained voltage at about 4.4 to4.5 V.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -217- Lithium-Ion/Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

3

2.5A

1.5

= 1

Charging Current Utilized by the Battery

for Charging in an Unbalanced

Configuration

0

5.7 105.7 205.7 305.7

Time (rain)

405.7

• Current drops to about 0.2 A almost immediately.

A

>

(1)[3)t_

m

O>

5

Voltage Profile of Individual Cells in the

Unbalanced Configuration

4

2

5.7

Cell 3

_ _!:i!¸Cell I

I I I I I I I I105.7 205.7 305.7 405.7

Time (min)

Voltages rise slowly with the fully charged cells maintaining

voltages around 4.5 to 4.6 V. The discharged cells takeabout 6 hours to reach 3.8 V.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -218- Lithium-Ion /Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

Heat-to-Vent

• Cells thermally abused inside ar I abuse chamber to cause them tovent.

• Venting occurs above 350 °F, with thermal runaway.

• Vent gases were analyzed using FTIR, GC/IVIS and comparedagainst standards.

4000 3500 3000 1500 1000 500


Vibration Test

• The charger, battery pack and cells were subjected

following vibration spectrum for 15 mins (x, y, z axes)

Frequency20-80 Hz

80-350 Hz

350-2000 Hz

Level

+3 dB/octave

0.040 g2/Hz

-3 dB/octave

to the

Further subjected to the following spectrum for 5 mins (x, y,

z axes)

Frequency20-80 Hz

80-350 Hz

350-2000 Hz

Level

+3 dB/octave

0.1 g2]X-Iz

-3 dB/octave

The battery was subjected to the following spectrum and

vibrated for 3 minutes in each of the three mutually

perpendicular axes (x, y and z).

Frequency20-80 Hz

80-350 Hz

350-2000 Hz

Level

+3 dB/octave

0.1 g2/az and 0.2 g2/Hz

-3 dB/octave

• Finally the battery pack was also shocked 20 times with 11

ms, 20 g2/Hz sawtooth pulses.


SUMMARY

• Overcharge: Tolerant

CID activated at 5.0 V

• Overdischarge: Tolerant

High Temperatures: Tolerant up to about 150 °F (66 °C)

(temperature tested). Temperatures >150 °C are required to

vent or explode cells. (PTC activated -130 °C)

• Drop Test: Tolerant to drops from 3 ft and 6 ft.

• External Short circuit: PTC is activated immediately.

• Crush Test: Not consistent. Does not tolerate heavy crush

without a heat sink.

• Thermal tests on battery pack: Tolerant at all

temperatures tested.

• Overcharging and Overdischarging: In the battery pack,

Smart Circuit board regulates current.

• Unbalanced Configuration: In the battery pack, Smart

Circuit board regulates current and shunts it around.

• Heat to vent: CO, CO2 gases present. Electrolyte contains

DMC, EMC and PC.

• Vibration test: Tolerant to five times the level normally

used for testing of in-cabin-stowed flight articles.

1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -221- Lithium-Ion �Nickel-Metal Hydride Session

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Symmetry Resources, Inc. - Sammy Waldrop

Arbin Instruments - Dr. Tracy PiaoNASA-JSC:

ESTA - Jerry StewardShane Peck

Brent HughesGwen Gilliam

Chem Lab - Bill Tipton


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