8 June 2015 Anonymous Free Speech

8/9/2019 8 June 2015 Anonymous Free Speech

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West Coast Publishing Anonymous Free Speech Starter File Page 1

West CoastPublishing

Public Forum June 2015Anonymous Free SpeechStarter File

Edited by Jim anson

Research assistance byAdam McKibben and others

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$esol%ed& 'he bene(ts o# First

Amendment protection o#

anonymous speech out"eigh

the harms)



http://www.wcdebate.com/http://www.wcdebate.com/


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WES' C*AS' +E,A'E

P-,./C F*$- J-E 2015A**-S F$EE SPEEC

Finding Arguments in this File-se the table o contents on the ne%t pages to .nd the e'idence you need or the na'igationbar on the let& We ha'e tried to make the table o contents as easy to use as possible&

-sing the arguments in this FileWe encourage you to be amiliar (ith the e'idence you use& /ighlight 0underline the keylines you (ill use in the e'idence& Cut e'idence rom our .les! incorporate your and others2research and make ne( .les& File the e'idence so that you can easily retrie'e it (hen youneed it in debate rounds& Practice reading the e'idence out3loud4 Practice applying thearguments to your opponents2 positions4 Practice deending your e'idence in rebuttalspeeches&

-se West Coast E%idence as a ,eginningWe hope you en)oy our e'idence .les and .nd them useul& 5n saying this! (e (ant to makea strong statement that (e make (hen (e coach and that (e belie'e is 'itally important toyour success6 #7 87T -S$ T/5S $95#$8C$ AS A S-:ST5T-T$ F7R ;7-R 7W8 R$S$ARC/&5nstead! let it ser'e as a beginning& "et it inorm you o important arguments! o ho( to tagand organi


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'able o# ContentsW$ST C7AST #$:AT$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,

Table o Contents&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&@

AFF5RMAT59$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

RT:F Sol'es B Search engines respond&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&11

RT:F 8eeded B Sur'eillance Society Coming 8o(&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1+

RT:F ood B Pri'acyDRehabilitation&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1,

RT:F ood B Pri'acy out(eighs reedom o speech&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1@

RT:F ood B Sol'es outsourcing o memory&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1?

RT:F ood B 5mpro'es identityDculture ormation&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1E

RT:F ood B 5mpro'es economy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1

Free $%pression 5s 8ot Absolute&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&17rdinary People 8eed The Right To :e Forgotten&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1G

7rdinary People 8eed The Right To :e Forgotten&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+>

Right To :e Forgotten #oesn2t -ndermine Public 5nterests&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&++

Right To :e Forgotten 5s 8ecessary For Autonomy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+,

Right To :e Forgotten6 Autonomy 5mpacts&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+@

Pri'acy Rights Are 9ital&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+?

Pri'acy Rights Are 9ital&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+E

Pri'acy Rights Are 9ital&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+

Pri'acy Rights Are 8ecessary For #emocracy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+

Right To :e Forgotten 8ecessary To Stop Totalitarianism&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&+G

Right To :e Forgotten 8ecessary To Stop Totalitarianism&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,>

Speech Restrictions :olster Speech Freedoms&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,+

Restrictions are 8ecessary to Create a Sae Space or Free Speech 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&,,

Restrictions are 8ecessary to Create a Sae Space or Free Speech 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&,@

Regulations are 8ecessary or 8ational Security 01D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,?

Regulations are 8ecessary or 8ational Security 0+D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,E

Regulations are 8ecessary or 8ational Security 0,D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,Restrictions ood or Rights Protections&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,

Threatening Speech is :ad or Adolescents 01D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&,G

Threatening Speech is :ad or Adolescents 0+D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&@>

Threatening Speech is :ad or Adolescents 0,D,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&@+

Regulations 8eeded #ue to 8e( Technology&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&@@





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Freedom o Speech ood or Adolescents 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&E

Freedom o Speech ood or Adolescents 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Freedom o Speech Key to Autonomy 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Freedom o Speech Key to Autonomy 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G

Marketplace o 5deas ood 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G>Marketplace o 5deas ood 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G1

7ppressi'e Regimes and Censorship 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G+

7ppressi'e Regimes and Censorship 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G@

o'ernment Restrictions -n)ustly #isplace #emonstrations&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G?

o'ernments :lock 5nternet Access&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&GE

Speech Restrictions $mbolden Terrorist Actions&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&G

Speech Restrictions $ncourage o'ernment 9iolence&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&GG

Security Should 8ot 7ut(eigh Personal Freedoms 01D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1>>

Security Should 8ot 7ut(eigh Personal Freedoms 0+D+&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1>1

Free Speech Iones are :ad&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1>+

Regulations 5ne=ecti'e&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1>,





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Change "ill not be minor< right to be #orgotten "ill totallyrebuild =oogle!s inde8ing approach"isa Eadicicco! (riter or :usiness 5nsider! May 1,! 201>! J77"$S85/TMAR$6 $uropean Court Rules That People /a'e A Right To :e Forgotten!Laccessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DD(((&businessinsider&comDeuropean3union3court3ruling3to3remo'e3google3search3results3+>1@3?

The $uropean -nion Court o ustices decision means more than )ust a simple policy

change or oogle& The ruling could mean a complete o%erhaul in the (ay

oogle inde%es the internet! according to #a'id P& Fidler! proessor o la( at the5ndiana -ni'ersity Maurer School o "a(& N O5ts )ust sort o an astonishing possibilitythat oogle is looking at! to play this sort o role in (hether or not the indi'idual has

the right to be orgotten!O Fidler said& O5 can imagine oogle is saying (e dont ha'eany idea (hat the implications o this are&O

Free E8pression is importantMilana ?ne@e%ic! )ournalist or 5nde%Censorship! March +>! 2017! JWhy is access to reedom oe%pression importantL accessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DD(((&inde%oncensorship&orgD+>1,D>,D(hy3is3access3to3reedom3o3e%pression3importantD

Why is access to reedom o e%pression important Freedom o e%pression is aundamental human right& 5t also underpins most other rights and allo(s them toQourish& The right to speak your mind reely on important issues in society! accessinormation and hold the po(ers that be to account! plays a 'ital role in the healthyde'elopment process o any society&N The lack o access to reedom o e%pression is aproblem that particularly a=ects the already marginalised B that is! minorities acingdiscrimination both in de'eloped and de'eloping countries! rom ":T people in Arican countries! to disabledpeople in Western $urope& While the scale o their struggles 'aries greatly! the principle is the same6 (ithin the

conte%t o their society! these groups ace greater barriers to reedom o e%pression than the ma)ority& 5 theyare unable to communicate their ideas! 'ie(s! (orries and needs e=ecti'ely! meansthey are oten e%cluded rom meaningul participation in society! and rom theopportunity to better their o(n circumstances& 5n other (ords! discrimination is one o the coreelements o uneHual access to reedom o e%pression&

Access to help#ul in#ormation #or the public is ey"aura euman! Senior Programs Associate! America2s Program! April 11! 2005! JA Key to #emocracy6Access to 5normation Critical or Citi


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democratic constitution! he made certain that this (as one o the .rst rightsincluded& Mandela understood that it is a lack o inormation and a lack okno(ledge that allo(s systems such as apartheid to thri'e& With inormation!citi1@!http6DD(((&stanordla(re'ie(&orgDonlineDpri'acy3parado%Dright3to3be3orgottenAt the end o anuary! the $uropean Commissioner or ustice! Fundamental Rights! and Citi


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$ight to be #orgotten "ill only be "ielded by the rich andpo"er#ul

e= Clar ! sta= (riter or The #ata Center ournal! uly ! 201>! JRight to :eForgotten6 Forget About 5t!L accessed uly 1! +>1@!

http6DD(((&datacenter)ournal&comDitDorgotten3orgetD-nortunately! determining (hether inormation is outdated or inaccurate can bediVcult& Terms like rele'ant and public interest are loosely de.ned at best! lea'ingcompanies like oogle to dra( lines and! i someone disagrees 'ehemently! deendtheir actions in court& Thus! as one (ould e%pect! the rich and po(erul 0particularlythose in go'ernment (ill ha'e the greatest means to Qe% this ne(ly disco'eredright to be orgottene'en though the actions o such indi'iduals are likely ogreatest rele'ance and public interest&

$ight to be #orgotten only remo%es the search results< not thein#ormation #rom its actual sourceAmy Ed"ards! (riter or :usiness + Community! uly 1! 201>! Joogle2s JRight To :e ForgottenL B A

#ream Come True For ob SeekersL accessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DD(((&business+community&comDhuman3resourcesDgoogles3right3orgotten3dream3come3true3)ob3seekers3>G@EG1Xb)ncK7

Remember! )ust because the page is remo'ed rom oogle or :ing2s search results!it (on2t be remo'ed rom the (ebsite or page in Huestion& For e%ample4 say thearticle in Huestion is on The uardian& Should your reHuest be successul! theuardian pageDarticle (ill be remo'ed rom oogleD:ing! but (on2t be remo'edrom The uardian itsel& This means that (hile a potential employer (on2t be ableto .nd the article 'ia a search engine! they2ll still be able to .nd the article i theygo directly to the source&N Another thing to consider is ho( likely an employer is toactually search or you on oogle or :ing B and (hether the inormation listed(ould actually a=ect your chances o getting a )obY





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$',F +estroys Pri%acy and Free Speech

$ight to be #orgotten hurts #ree speech B suelches access toin#ormation

e= Clar ! sta= (riter or The #ata Center ournal! uly ! 201>! JRight to :e Forgotten6 Forget About 5t!Laccessed uly 1! +>1@! http6DD(((&datacenter)ournal&comDitDorgotten3orgetDA recent $uropean court decision in'ol'ing oogle has raised a(areness and debate regarding the so3called right to

be orgotten& Rooted in matters related to pri'acy! the right to be orgotten creates moreproblems than it sol'es and may actually become detrimental to better3establishedrights like ree speech& & & &"ike the right to pri'acy! the right to be orgotten is a poorly thought3out concept & Pri'acy! orinstance! is more a responsibility than a right6 an indi'idual must take reasonable steps to protect his or her pri'acy0by! say! pulling do(n the shades o'er (indo(s into a bathroom or encrypting data sent o'er the 5nternet ratherthan demanding that others orego perectly legal acti'ities 0such as looking at a house (hile (alking on a publicstreet or side(alk& Trespassing and thet la(s are generally suVcient to ensure a reasonable amount o pri'acy 0atleast (hen the 8SA isn2t in'ol'ed4 similarly! libel la(s protect indi'iduals rom using alse inormation to tarnish

reputations& The right to be orgotten! ho(e'er! is more likely to be employed as aJright to make sure that people orget 5 acted like an idiot&LN Again! the $uropean

ruling doesn2t seem to apply to sources o inormation as much as to search engines0and it only applies! currently! in the $&-&& :ut gi'en the reliance on oogle and similar tools to.nd inormation 0particularly in light o the myriad (ebsites on the 5nternet! it comes dangerouslyclose to doing so& Mashable notes that Jsearch engines make it easy to .ndinormation and are responsible (hen that inormation is outdated or inaccurate ! thecourt said&L The (orld2s leading search engine! or instance! has already recei'ed tens o thousands o reHuests toremo'e links under the ruling& :ut according to Wired! J:ritish ne(s organi?3+?3op3ed3pri'acy3do3(e3ha'e3

the3right3to3be3orgottenD The )udgment o the $uropean Court! according to odie insberg! chie e%ecuti'e o 5nde% on Censorship!N JYis akin to marching into a library and orcing it to pulpbooks& Although the ruling is intended or pri'ate indi'iduals! it opens the door toanyone (ho (ants to (hite(ash their personal history&LN According to Article 1G! aninternational 87 (orking on reedom o e%pression issues!N The implications o theCourt2s )udgment or ree e%pression are prooundly (orrying& Although the Court(as interpreting a data protection measure rather than some outright restriction onree speech! the Court ailed to e'en mention the right to reedom o e%pression andinormation under Article 11 o the $- Charter o Fundamental Rights&

$ight to be #orgotten %iolates #ree speech B pre%ents you

#rom taling about meMichael o%en! published in /ar'ard ournal o "a( and Technology! May +! 2012! J:alancing Pri'acy andSpeech in the Right to :e Forgotten!L accessed uly 1! +>1@! http6DD)olt&la(&har'ard&eduDdigestDpri'acyDbalancing3pri'acy3and3speech3in3the3right3to3be3orgottenZedn

$rasure rights remain distinct in t(o (ays6 they gi'e po(er o'er speech to anotherindi'idual! and speech that (as once protected can become unprotected & These eaturesare pronounced in erasure rights! but they ha'e analogues in other regulations that restrain speech& 5n /arris '&Forklit Systems! 5nc&! the Supreme Court clari.ed that hostile (ork en'ironment claims are conditioned! in part! onthe sub)ecti'e perception o the 'ictim 0and did so (ithout mentioning the First Amendment! e'en though eachparty brieed the Court on the issue& 5n trademark la(! the rights o the trademark holder (a% and (ane according





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to use and public perception& A descripti'e mark can gain trademark protection i it acHuires secondary meaning!and a trademark can lose protection through abandonment or through public usage o the mark as a generic term&

While 9olokh .nds pri'acy protections most troublesome (hen they gi'e me a Jrightto stop you rom speaking about me!L the challenge o online pri'acy is that manypercei'ed pri'acy 'iolations emerge rom precisely this situationyou talking aboutme& Rumors about se%ual acti'ity can be posted to college gossip sites4 photos may

be uploaded to social net(orks against someone2s (ishes4 inormation aboutalcohol and drug use intended or riends may be seen by potential employers&

$ight to be #orgotten is unconstitutional B %iolates the (rstamendmentMichael o%en! published in /ar'ard ournal o "a( and Technology! May +! 2012! J:alancing Pri'acy andSpeech in the Right to :e Forgotten!L accessed uly 1! +>1@! http6DD)olt&la(&har'ard&eduDdigestDpri'acyDbalancing3pri'acy3and3speech3in3the3right3to3be3orgottenZedn

As the White /ouse and FTC recommendations sho(! the right to be orgotten 0or an eraser button orother orm o data suppression is not an unthinkable measure to protect pri'acy in the -nited States& /o(e'er! it

(ould ha'e to o'ercome the po(erul ob)ection that it conQicts (ith the reedom o speech& e=rey Rosen! (riting in the Stanord "a( Re'ie( 7nline! articulates this concern in his analysis o the right to be orgotten! (hich he interprets to gi'e people a right to

reHuest takedo(ns o inormation originally posted by someone else & 5n the -&S&

conte%t! gi'ing an indi'idual the po(er to orce the remo'al o inormation posted bysomeone else can be and has been characteri


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$',F +oesn!t sol%e

Completely remo%ing data #rom the internet is e8tremelydiGcult< and harder to %eri#y

:ert3aap ?oops! Tilburg 5nstitute or "a(! Technology! and Society! #ecember +>! 2011! JForgettingFootprints! Shunning Shado(s6 A Critical Analysis o the Right to :e Forgotten in :ig #ata Practice!L accessed uly1E! +>1@! http6DDscript3ed&orgD(p3contentDuploadsD+>11D1+Dkoops&pd

More complications arise due to the multiplying character o 5nternet data& $'en i N data are remo'ed at the source! copies can still be retained in caches 0technical N measures to oster eVciency on the net or on mirror (ebsites& Although users (ill N ha'e the same right toreHuest remo'al rom such secondary sites as rom the primary N source! and the caching or content pro'iders ha'e

similar responsibilities as data N controllers to remo'e the data! it (ill be a greater challenge or usersto identiy the N particular pro'iders that host copies & Caching pro'iders can perhapsbe ound N suVciently through search engines and (ill generally ha'e an interest in complying N (ith a reHuestor remo'al!N but mirror sites may be less traceable or co3operati'e & N There is asigni.cant tendency on the 5nternet to copy material that is considered N unny orembarrassing! and particularly (hen oVcial reHuests are made to remo'e N material

at the source there are actors (ho! acting upon a s(eeping 'ision o the N reedomo e%pression! copy material to preser'e it or the online community&

$ight to be #orgotten reuires not 3ust codi(cation as a ci%ilright


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your lie and careully choosing your search engine& 7 course! total pri'acy in any society0de.ned! presumably! as in'ol'ing interaction among people is impossible! but in a ree society 0i&e&! one that

(ould prohibit an 8SA3like agency! certain lines can be dra(n& The right to be orgotten! ho(e'er! isless about protecting indi'iduals2 pri'acy or reputation and more about orcingothers to pretend certain inormation doesn2t e%ist&





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$',F +oesn!t Sol%e B 'echnology limits

'here are huge technical limits on implementation o# the rightto be #orgotten

C[cile de 'er"angne! Re'ista de internet! 5nternational Conerence on 5nternet!"a( \ Politics! February 2012! J5nternet Pri'acy and the Right to :eForgottenDRight to 7bli'ion!L accessed uly 1! +>1@!http6DDidp&uoc&eduDinde%&phpDidpDarticleDdo(nloadDn1,3ter(angneZespD11++7ne must be conscious o the technical limits o the implementation o the right tobe orgotten6 ha'ing one2s data deleted rom the Web is not as simple as that& ;ouha'e .rst to ask the editor o the concerned (ebsite to erase the problematic data&7nce he has complied (ith your demand! the inormation (ill still be a'ailable or a(hile in the results presented by the search engines in the cache memory& 5t cantake some days or (eeks till the ne%t inde%ation o the site (ill bring an updated'ersion to the cache memory& #uring the time that the data are publicly a'ailable!interested people may do(nload and share the inormation (ithout you being a(are

o it& 5 you disco'er that! or e%ample! other 5nternet users ha'e do(nloaded andre3published the inormation on their (ebsite! you (ill ha'e to do the cleaning )obagain& And at some point in this Sisyphean acti'ity! you (ill probably ace greatdiVculty in con'incing the (ebsite editor or the inertia o your interlocutor&Moreo'er! the architecture o inormation systems has become much more comple%!(ith the numerous links rendering any deletion o data tricky and e%pensi'e&

/denti#ying "hich party has responsibility and agency toremo%e the data is challenging:ert3aap ?oops! Tilburg 5nstitute or "a(! Technology! and Society! #ecember +>!2011! JForgetting Footprints! Shunning Shado(s6 A Critical Analysis o the Right to

:e Forgotten in :ig #ata Practice!L accessed uly 1E! +>1@! http6DDscript3ed&orgD(p3contentDuploadsD+>11D1+Dkoops&pd 5n conclusion! it (ill oten be clear against (hom a right to be orgotten can be N e%ercised! namely the data

controller (ho has the primary responsibility or the data N at issue& 8e'ertheless! diVculties arise in Web +&>situations (here data you (ant to N be deleted are uploaded by others (ho can oten allunder the household e%ception! N or (here the u


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$',F +oesn!t Sol%e B .oopholesH-nnecessary

.oopholes mean $',F "on!t sol%eSam Schechner! sta= (riter or the Wall Street ournal! une +E! 201>! Joogle

Starts Remo'ing Search Results -nder $uropes Right to be Forgotten!L accessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DDonline&(s)&comDarticlesDgoogle3starts3remo'ing3search3results3under3europes3right3to3be3orgotten31@>,@>+,At least one pri'acy regulator has e%pressed displeasure to oogle in recent (eeks o'erthe act that the company is only remo'ing results rom name searches on its$uropean (ebsites! but lea'ing them intact on the -&S&3based (((&google&com! aperson amiliar (ith the meeting said& $uropean oogle users are normally redirected to local$uropean 'ersions o oogle! but can easily change their preerences to use theun.ltered -&S& 'ersion&N Regulators rom the $-s + member states decided in early une to (ork out auniorm policy or interpreting the ruling! and oogle says it plans to (ork (ith them& N oogle has appearedto bend to regulators desire that the company rerain rom indicating in searchresults (hen something had been remo'ed& oogle had earlier indicated it might

highlight the remo'als! something it does (hen it remo'es links to pirated content &:ut $- regulators told oogle in recent (eeks that such a mo'e (ould underminethe spirit o the decision by making it clear some indi'iduals had (antedinormation about them suppressed! one regulator said&N 5nstead! oogle on Thursdayadded a blanket noti.cation that appears at the bottom o most results orindi'idual name searches conducted on oogles $uropean search (ebsites ! accordingto an e%planation the company posted to its (ebsite& The noti.cationOSome results may ha'ebeen remo'ed under data protection la( in $uropeOis added algorithmically tosearches that appear to be or a name! a person amiliar (ith the matter said&

$ight to be #orgotten is unnecessary B 95I o# "eb contentdisappears in a year any"ay

Meg "eta Ambrose! Assistant Proessor o Communication! Culture! and Technology 0CCT at eorgeto(n -ni'ersity! 2017! J5ts About Time6 Pri'acy!5normation "ie Cycles! and the Right to be Forgotten!L accessed uly +1! +>1@!http6DD(orks&bepress&comDcgiD'ie(content&cgiparamsDconte%tDmegZambroseDarticleD1>>1DtypeDnati'eD\pathZino

The current consensus is that inormation! once online! is there ore'er& Contentpermanence has led many $uropean countries! the $uropean -nion! and e'en the-nited States to establish a right to be orgotten to protect citi


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$',F #ails B uge baclog o# reuests

=oogle has a huge baclog o# reuests$mily ong! Chilling $=ects Sta=! uly ! 201>! JThe Right to be Forgotten6

Already in 8eed o ReormL accessed uly +>! +>1@!https6DD(((&chillinge=ects&orgD(eather&cgiWeather5#,GSuppose that 5 am an $- resident rom the small to(n o :)ilbrudy& A number oyears ago! 5 ran a restaurant that closed ater a ormer employee sued or se%ualharassment& The suit (as co'ered by a e( local ne(s outlets and blogs! and 5'esince opened a second establishment& 5n +>1@! 5 .le a ORight to be ForgottenO0R+:F reHuest (ith oogle to e%punge all links to articles about the suit associated(ith my name& 5s inormation about this past la(suit no( OoutdatedO or Oirrele'ant!Oand should these 5nternet ser'ice pro'iders comply (ith my reHuest 7r is thea'ailability o this inormation in the public interest! and urthermore! is both thecontent and its Odisco'erabilityO protected as ree )ournalistic e%pression As thishypothetical demonstrates! deciding that (hat online inormation is outdated or

irrele'ant can be tricky&N oogle is currently dealing (ith a baclog o# o%er50!>>> take3do(n reHuests co'ering more than +?>!>>>Web pages&N Search engines can be asked to remo'e results or Hueries that includean applicant2s name i those results are JinadeHuate! irrele'ant or no longerrele'ant! or e%cessi'e in relation to the purposes or (hich they (ere processed!Lthe court ordered& 5n deciding (hat to remo'e! search engines must also considerthe public interest! oogle2s Chie "egal 7Vcer #a'id #rummond (rote in anopinion piece in The uardian ne(spaper& JThese are! o course! 'ery 'ague and

sub)ecti'e tests!L he added&

$ight to be #orgotten "ill Dood companies lie google "ithreuests#anny aim! sta= (riter or the 8e( ;ork Times! May +G! 201>! JRight to :eForgotten 8ot That $asy!L accessed uly 1! +>1@!http6DD(((&nytimes&comD+>1@D>?D,>DbusinessDinternationalDon3the3internet3the3right3to3orget3's3the3right3to3kno(&htmlZr1





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Search companies (ill ace a considerable challenge in responding to the reHuests&oogle alone handled more than +, million reHuests in the last month to remo'elinks to copyrighted material around the (orld& :ut much o those e=orts are automated andaddress straightor(ard issues like taking do(n a link to a stolen mo'ie&N #ealing (ith indi'iduals (hobring complaints in $urope promises to be more comple% because it (ould mostlikely reHuire additional employees to grapple (ith less clear3cut decisions& oogle no(has a (eb orm or $uropeans to reHuest that links be remo'ed& The company also said it plans to create anad'isory committee to Jculti'ate a public con'ersation about these issues&L N While the ruling appears tone(ly enshrine a Jright to be orgotten!L $urope has long taken an aggressi'estance on indi'idual rights in the digital age & $ach nation in the $uropean -nion already has a dataprotection agency through (hich citi


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$',F "ill be abused

Fraudulent reuests #or the right to be #orgotten are botheasier to send and harder to detect than copyright claims B

creates great potential #or abuse$mily ong! Chilling $=ects Sta=! uly ! 201>! JThe Right to be Forgotten6Already in 8eed o ReormL accessed uly +>! +>1@!https6DD(((&chillinge=ects&orgD(eather&cgiWeather5#,GMoreo'er! gi'en the inherent sub)ecti'ity o the content! R+:F reHuests promise tobe e'en more ambiguous than copyright claims& Formulaic notice ser'ices are thuse'en more likely to upset the balance bet(een pri'acy and reedom o e%pressionby making raudulent reHuests both easier to send and harder to detect& 5n a pool o ?>!>>>_ incoming notices! a alse positi'e rate o )ust >&1^ (ould amount to ?>indi'idual cases that result in the harmul loss o speech& Magniy that by se'eralorders o magnitude&&& The la( as currently applied may do as much harm as good!but the international attention generated by the Right to be Forgotten signals

increasing concern or data pri'acy and the po(er o 5SPs& The pitalls o standingla( should unction as incenti'e to enact broader reorms or online pri'acy la(&

Websites are cropping up to catalogue hidden search resultsCaroline Preece! (riter or 5TPro! uly 1E! 201>! Joogle right to be orgottenblocked search results listed online!L accessed uly +1! +>1@!http6DD(((&itpro&co&ukDsecurityD++>GDgoogle3right3to3be3orgotten3blocked3search3results3listed3onlineA ne( (ebsite! /idden rom oogle! has been set up to list results remo'ed romthe search engine under the $uropean Court o ustice `right to be orgotten2 ruling& N

The site claims to ha'e recei'ed JhundredsL o responses alerting them to hiddensearch results as (ell as assistance rom ello( de'elopers! to create a list o 1?

links currently hidden rom 'ie( on oogle&N AaH TariH! a -S de'eloper (ho set thesite up in une! said in a ::C 8e(s article6 JThere is an inormation gap there and!(here you can 'eriy e%amples! you can curate a list&L

=oogle "ill re3ect most taedo"n reuests any"aySam Fri@ell! (riter or Time Maga! JThere2s a JRight To :eForgottenL 5ndustryand 5t2s :ooming!L accessed uly +1! +>1@!http6DDtime&comD,>>++@>Dright3to3be3orgotten3+Doogle has taken a hard3nosed stance to(ard many o the reHuests reputationmanagement .rms ha'e made! (ith the o'er(helming number o takedo(nreHuests coming back (ith reusals& #onaldson said he has sent hundreds o

reHuests or his clients to oogle4 o the reHuests oogle has responded to! underten percent ha%e been accepted ! he says& That2s because oogle isn2t likely to

take do(n a search result like a ne(spaper story about a public .gure! or instance!or a negati'e re'ie( about a roo.ng company&N JPeople think (e2'e got somemagic button in oogle and (e press delete!L says Wads(orth! the C$7 o 5gniyte&/is clients oten ask or links to be remo'ed that (on2t pass oogle2s bar& JWe2retelling the ma)ority o people! `you2'e got no chance!2L Wads(orth says&





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$',F hurts the Economy

People in%oing $',F "ill do so #reuently< incorrectly< and"aste#ully

$mma Woollacott! sta= (riter or Forbes! une E! 201>! JFi'e Reasons 8ot To5n'oke ;our Right To :e Forgotten!L accessed uly +>! +>1@!http6DD(((&orbes&comDsitesDemma(oollacottD+>1@D>ED>ED.'e3reasons3not3to3in'oke3your3right3to3be3orgottenD T(o days ago! 5 recei'ed an email rom an obscure reputation management company o=ering to get any negati'ecomments about me remo'ed rom oogle search results&N 5t2s by no means the only .rm to be )umping on this

particular band(agon B there2s likely to be a big market out there& Since last month2s `right to beorgotten2 $- ruling! oogle says it2s had tens o thousands o reHuests romindi'iduals keen to ha'e embarrassing or misleading search results remo'ed romits listings& They include a politician (ith a shady past! a con'icted pedophile! a business (ith bad re'ie(s and ata%3dodger&N Many o these people! though! may ha'e the (rong idea about (hat theycan actually achie'e B and could end up causing themsel'es more harm than good &N oogle can oten say noN For a start! oogle is under no obligation to delist results ithey2re deemed to be in the public interest B so the politician is likely to be onto a losing battle&N And because theruling applies only to personal inormation! the badly3re'ie(ed business (on2t ha'eany luck either! unless perhaps it2s someone trading under their o(n name&N 5ndeed! as 52'e suggested beore!there2s a strong chance that oogle (ill simply reuse all reHuests! bouncing theproblem into the lap o local data protection authorities B and making or a much

more long6dra"n6out and e8pensi%e process &

/mplementation "ill be hugely e8pensi%e #or =oogle"isa Eadicicco! (riter or :usiness 5nsider! May 1,! 201>! J77"$S85/TMAR$6 $uropean Court Rules That People /a'e A Right To :e Forgotten!Laccessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DD(((&businessinsider&comDeuropean3union3court3

ruling3to3remo'e3google3search3results3+>1@3?5ts too early to determine ho( this could a=ect oogles operations in $urope! butFidler emphasi


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$',F ,ac(res B Streisand Eect

$ight to be #orgotten causes the Streisand Eect< attempts toconceal in#ormation actually brings more attention to that

in#ormationCaroline Preece! (riter or 5TPro! uly 1E! 201>! Joogle right to be orgottenblocked search results listed online!L accessed uly +1! +>1@!http6DD(((&itpro&co&ukDsecurityD++>GDgoogle3right3to3be3orgotten3blocked3search3results3listed3online5t has been suggested the ruling has actually resulted in the `Streisand $=ect2!(hich means that the act o attempting to censor certain inormation actually dra(smore attention to it& For e%ample! (hen searching or 'arious terms listed on thesite! links to /idden rom oogle are appearing instead&N Reaction to the ruling hasnot been positi'e! (ith ustice minister Simon /ughes recently telling the /ouse o"ords6 JThe go'ernment is currently negotiating (ith our + partners to get a ne(la(! (hich is the ne( directi'e and (e! the -K! (ould not (ant (hat is currently in

the drat! (hich is the Right to be Forgotten! to remain& We (ant it to be remo'ed!(e think it is the (rong position&L

Streisand eect B trying to erase "eb history bac(res,,C e"s! May 1@! 201>! Joogle6 Who (ould (ant the right to be orgottenLaccessed uly +1! +>1@! http6DD(((&bbc&comDne(sDmaga


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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten /s =enerally -ndesirable

$ight to be #orgotten #ails to account #or the e%er6changingcontent o# sites and the time6sensiti%e nature o# content

rele%ance onathan Kittrain! proessor o 5nternet la( at /ar'ard "a( School! uly 1@! 201>ORighting the Right to :e Forgotten!O Future o the 5nternet!http6DDblogs&la(&har'ard&eduDutureotheinternetD+>1@D>D1@Drighting3the3right3to3be3orgottenD 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@Finally! the Court needs to recogniO5nside $uropes Censorship Machinery!O The Washington Post!http6DD(((&(ashingtonpost&comDne(sD'olokh3conspiracyD(pD+>1@D>GD>Dinside3europes3censorship3machineryD 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@For those o you (ho ha'en2t ollo(ed recent de'elopments in censorship! the right

to be orgotten is a $uropean reHuirement that Jirrele'ant or outdatedL inormationbe e%cluded rom searches about indi'iduals& The doctrine e%tends e'en to trueinormation that remains on the internet& And it is enorced by the search enginesthemsel'es! operating under a threat o hea'y liability& That makes the rulesparticularly hard to determine! since they2re buried in pri'ate companies2decisionmaking processes&

$',F supporters con#use the search engine "ith the mediaitsel# Frank Pasuale! Proessor o "a( at the -ni'ersity o Maryland! une 1! 201>O"essons rom the right to be orgotten!O The /ill! http6DDthehill&comDblogsDpundits3blogDtechnologyD+>@13lessons3rom3the3right3to3be3orgotten 0accessed

1>D?D+>1@ The big problem (e are acing no( is search engine essentialism6 Many people )ustdont (ant to think about the comple%ity in'ol'ed in the ne( inormation locationser'ices& So they la


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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten /s =enerally -ndesirable

Courts are an inappropriate mechanism to balance public andindi%idual rights< and decisions "ill be made in secret

Mieke Eoyang! director o the 8ational Security Program at Third Way! August +E!201>O$uropes Right to :e Forgotten 5s All Wrong!O -&S& 8e(s and World Report!http6DD(((&usne(s&comDopinionDblogsD(orld3reportD+>1@D>D+EDeuropes3right3to3be3orgotten3by3google3is3all3(rong 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@5n this country! (e should a'oid their e%ample& The courts are not the right place tomake policy that reHuires a comple% balancing o indi'idual and public rights& Theacts presented in one particular case are insuVcient to guide a company indeciding all the (ays in (hich the public2s right to kno( should be preser'ed& Andmaking the decision behind closed doors does not allo( the public to challenge therationale! pose e%amples or present alternate hypotheses&

'he right to be #orgotten lacs clear standards< checs andbalances< and an appeals process

odie =insberg! C$7 o 5nde% on Censorship! uly ,! 201>ORight to be orgotten6 A poor ruling! clumsily implemented!O 5nde% on Censorship!http6DD(((&inde%oncensorship&orgD+>1@D>Dright3orgotten3poor3ruling3clumsily3implementedD 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@

The act remains that this ruling is deeply problematic! and needs to be challengedon many ronts& We need policymakers to recognise this Qabby ruling needs to betightened up ast (ith proper checks and balances B clear guidelines on (hat canand should be remo'ed 0not lea'ing it to oogle and others to de.ne their o(nstandards o `rele'ance2! demands or transparency rom search engines on (hoand ho( they make decisions! and an appeals process& 5 search engines reallybelie'e this is a poor ruling then they should make a clear stand against it bykicking all right to be orgotten reHuests to data protection authorities to makedecisions& The Qood o reHuests that (ould be dri'en to these already stretchednational organisations might help to ocus minds on ho( to pre'ent a rulingintended to protect personal pri'acy rom becoming a blanket in'itation tocensorship&





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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten -ndermines +emocracy

$',F pro%isions empo"er pri%ate corporations and tae po"era"ay #rom legislatures and courts< undermining democracy

Ste'e +el,ianco! e%ecuti'e director or 8etChoice! 7ctober E! 201>O8o $asy Ans(er For $norcing The $uropean Right To :e Forgotten!O Forbes!http6DD(((&orbes&comDsitesDrealspinD+>1@D1>D>EDno3easy3ans(er3or3enorcing3the3european3right3to3be3orgottenD 0accessed 1>DED+>1@5n democratic nations! the Huestion o ho( to balance sometimes3competingprinciples o pri'acy and ree e%pression has historically been the pro'ince oelected leaders and o courts& Forcing that responsibility onto pri'ate companiesraises serious Huestions about the uture o online pri'acy and ree e%pression B not

)ust in $urope B but e'ery(here in the (orld as the reach o this ruling e%pands&

Allo"ing remo%al o# search results censors in#ormation thepublic has the right to no" about

Kyle Chaya! Writer or publications including The 8e( Republic! 8e( ;orker!Paci.c Standard! and others! uly 1?! 201>OShould (e ha'e the right to be orgotten onlineO The #aily :east!http6DD(((&thedailybeast&comDarticlesD+>1@D>D1?Dshould3(e3ha'e3the3right3to3be3orgotten3online&html 0accessed 1>D@D+>1@

;et critics o the right to be orgotten argue that by remo'ing oogle search results!the la( is enabling censorship& Recently! an actor reHuested that ne(s articlesabout an a=air (ith a teenager be remo'ed! and a politician did the same or storiesabout their erratic beha'ior in order to pa'e the (ay or another run or oVce!according to oogle& This is inormation that the public has a right to kno(&





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$ight to ,e Forgotten -n"isely Empo"ers SearchEngine Companies

$ight to be #orgotten gi%es too much po"er to search engine

companies uliette =arside! Telecommunications correspondent or the uardian! SeptemberG! 201>ORight to be orgotten is a alse right! Spanish editor tells oogle panel!O Theuardian! http6DD(((&theguardian&comDtechnologyD+>1@DsepD>GDright3to3be3orgotten3spanish3hearing3google 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@

The academic "uciano Floridi! also a member o the oogle council! criticised thene( legislation& O5 dont think that the ruling has established an adeHuate legalrame(ork!O he said& O5t has not taken into account all the agents in the chain oinormation pro'ision and it gi'es great po(er to a third party (hich might not ha'ebeen 'ery keen on getting this po(er! and 5m reerring to the search engines&O

Search engine companies cannot be trusted "ith complicatedcase6speci(c data on people

e=rey 'oobin! senior legal analyst at C88! September +G! 201>OThe Solace o 7bli'ion!O The 8e( ;orker!http6DD(((&ne(yorker&comDmaga1@D>GD+GDsolace3obli'ion

ules Polonetsky! the e%ecuti'e director o the Future o Pri'acy Forum! a think tankin Washington! (as more 'ocal& JThe decision (ill go do(n in history as one o themost signi.cant mistakes that Court has e'er made!L he said& J5t gi'es 'ery little'alue to ree e%pression& 5 a particular Web site is doing something illegal! thatshould be stopped! and oogle shouldn2t link to it& :ut or the Court to outsource tooogle complicated case3speci.c decisions about (hether to publish or suppress

something is (rong& ReHuiring oogle to be a court o philosopher kings sho(s areal lack o understanding about ho( this (ill play out in reality&L

$',F is "rong both in principle and practice7(en ,o"cott! legal a=airs correspondent at the uardian! uly +G! 201>ORight to be orgotten is un(orkable! say peers!O The uardian!http6DD(((&theguardian&comDtechnologyD+>1@D)ulD,>Dright3to3be3orgotten3un(orkable3peers 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@A Oright to be orgottenO B enorcing the remo'al o online material B is (rong inprinciple and un(orkable in practice! a parliamentary committee has said& The/ouse o "ords home a=airs! health and education $- sub3committee hascondemned regulations being dra(n up by the $uropean commission and a recent

landmark )udgment by the $uropean court o )ustice 0$C in "u%embourg&





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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten urts Public ?no"ledge

$emo%al o# in#ormation undermines public transparency andcauses in#ormation gaps

uliette =arside! Telecommunications correspondent or the uardian! SeptemberG! 201>ORight to be orgotten is a alse right! Spanish editor tells oogle panel!O Theuardian! http6DD(((&theguardian&comDtechnologyD+>1@DsepD>GDright3to3be3orgotten3spanish3hearing3google 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@ORemo'ing or de3inde%ing inormation Y runs contrary to the rights o citi


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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten Protects E%il People

$',F protects the po"er#ul #rom public scrutiny ack irinson! Senior Media $ditor or The /uVngton Post! uly @! 201>

OWhy oogle 5s ;anking 8egati'e Co'erage 7 Po(erul People From 5ts SearchResults!O /uVngton Post! http6DD(((&huVngtonpost&comD+>1@D>D>+Dgoogle3right3to3be3orgotten3media3guardian3bbcZnZ???+G+&html 0accessed 1>D,D+>1@When the ruling came do(n! some (orried that it (ould place too much po(er inthe hands o public .gures (ho (ished to ha'e unQattering inormationand!especially! press co'erageabout themsel'es hidden& 7n Wednesday! the uardianand the ::C both disclosed that )ust such an occurrence seemed to ha'e takenplace (ith stories o theirs& The ::Cs case (as possibly the more troubling! since itconcerned a ormer Wall Street titan&

$',F rules allo" se8 oenders< #raudsters and politicians tohide negati%e in#ormation about them #rom the public

#anny Sulli%an! ounding editor o Marketingland and Search $ngine "and! uly +!201>OThanks To Right To :e Forgotten! oogle 8o( Censors The Press 5n The $-!Marketingland! http6DDmarketingland&comDeu3right3to3be3orgotten3censorship3G,0accessed 1>DED+>1@5n the end! many people can sympathi@&html 0accessed 1>D,D+>1@At the least! the case may con.rm (idespread ears that the ruling by $uropeshighest court! (hich applies e'en to links that are actual and in the public record!could spread a ne(ound Oright to be orgottenO across the globe! opening the dooror disgraced politicians! se% o=enders! and malpractice3burdened doctors to (ipetheir slate clean&





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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten Protects E%il People

$',F allo"s corrupt politicians and %iolent criminals to e%adepublic scrutiny

#ouglas Ernst! sta= (riter or Washington Times! uly 11! 201>OPoliticians! criminals using `right3to3be3orgotten2 la( $- courts orced uponoogle!O The Washington Times!http6DD(((&(ashingtontimes&comDne(sD+>1@D)ulD11Dpoliticians3criminals3using3right3be3orgotten3la(D 0accessed 1>D@D+>1@$urope2s courts orced oogle to honor ne( Jright to be orgottenL la(s in May! andno( they2re being embraced by scandal3ridden politicians and 'iolent criminals&oogle has recei'ed hundreds3o3thousands o reHuests to take do(n content sincethe legal ruling that the technology giant asserts is (rong&

Empirically< right to be #orgotten rules protect se8 oenders'he .ocal! September @! 201>

ORight to be orgotten censors Frit


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OThanks To Right To :e Forgotten! oogle 8o( Censors The Press 5n The $-!Marketingland! http6DDmarketingland&comDeu3right3to3be3orgotten3censorship3G,0accessed 1>DED+>1@:ut the $- action is arguably a de acto censorship o the press& 8e(s stories arebeing made to disappear (ithout any court re'ie(& 5nstead! oogle seems to beollo(ing the letter o the ne( $- mandate and rubber3stamping any reasonable

reHuest that comes along&





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$ight 'o ,e Forgotten .a"s Are /neecti%e

Country6to6country inconsistencies de#eat the eecti%eness o#a right to be #orgotten

Al Alba"a ,usiness e"s! August ,1! 201>OThe prospects or a global right to be orgotten!O Alaba(a&com!http6DD(((&alba(aba&comDbusinessDgoogle3personal3presence33E>>,E? 0accessed1>D+D+>1@

To begin (ith! the Jright to be orgottenL is hard to implement! as oogle couldcensor its search results in $urope! but users else(here in the (orld could see thatinormation and )ust send it to anyone in $urope& Additionally! (ith basic technicalkno(3ho( or by do(nloading an JunblockL product! anyone can change hisDhercountry 5P address and bro(se the (eb (ithout local limitations )ust like users inArabian ul countries do all the time to access blocked sites& $'ery country! orregion! (ill ask oogle to censor di=erent inormation and the result (ill be a messo censoredDuncensored inormation by country that (ill not pro'ide global remo'al

o inormation&

Authorities lac competence to determine limits o# publicno"ledge.a Luadrature +u et and $eporters "ithout ,orders! September+E! 201>ORecommendations on the Right to :e Forgotten!O Reporters (ithout :orders!http6DDen&rs&orgDunion3europeenne3recommendations3on3the3right3to3be3+E3>G3+>1@!@>+E&html 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@Similarly! the authorities in charge o protecting pri'acy do not ha'e the reHuiredcompetence or legitimacy or e%amining such reHuests and determining the limitsthat should be set on reedom o e%pression& As France2s Constitutional Council saidin its ruling o 1> une +>>G on the /A#7P5 la(! legislators cannot gi'e a stateagency! e'en an independent one! the po(er to restrict the right to e%press oneselreely&

People can still (nd pri%ate in#ormation on indi%iduals e%en i# asearch engine taes it do"nPeter =earin! Assistant $ditor at Sydney Morning /erald! September +G! 201>O$uropean right to be orgotten ruling should not make people disappear online!OSydney Morning /erald! http6DD(((&smh&com&auDcommentDeuropean3right3to3be3orgotten3ruling3should3not3make3people3disappear3online3+>1@>G+@31>d+)k&html0accessed 1>D+D+>1@

oogle is currently holding ree public orums across $urope to gather e%pert 'ie(sto help the company decide ho( it should deal (ith the issue& :ut e'en or thosethe ruling (as supposed to help! it is not a perect solution B it only a=ects$uropean3based search engines and doesnt orce a site to permanently delete apage! so anyone (ishing to disappear can still be ound&





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oti(cation o# remo%al generates negati%e publicity< de#eatingthe entire purpose o# the remo%al

"uciano Floridi! director o research and proessor o philosophy and ethics oinormation at the 7%ord 5nternet 5nstitute! -ni'ersity o 7%ord! September +G!201>Ooogle ethics tour6 should readers be told a link has been remo'edO Theuardian! http6DD(((&theguardian&comDtechnologyD+>1@DsepD+GDgoogle3ethics3tour3right3to3be3orgottenSuppose that the noti.cation has been discussed and the link has been remo'ed!should the public be inormed about such remo'al 5t may seem a meretechnicality! but unpack it and a signi.cant diVculty suraces& Currently! i yousearch or JMario Coste)aL! you are inormed that JSome results may ha'e beenremo'ed under data protection la( in $urope&L The public noti.cation seems similarto the process search engines use (hen asked to remo'e content that inringes

copyright la(s& ;et publicising the act that some inormation about someone hasbeen de3linked is problematic& Ater all! being told that an indi'idual has gonethrough the e=ort o asking oogle to remo'e a link to some personal inormationmay raise some serious suspicions! (hich may damage that indi'idual as much as!and perhaps e'en more than! the original inormation itsel&

Web businesses "ill e8ploit the right to be #orgotten by sellingser%ices to retrie%e in#ormation"uciano Floridi! director o research and proessor o philosophy and ethics oinormation at the 7%ord 5nternet 5nstitute! -ni'ersity o 7%ord! September +G!

201>

Ooogle ethics tour6 should readers be told a link has been remo'edO Theuardian! http6DD(((&theguardian&comDtechnologyD+>1@DsepD+GDgoogle3ethics3tour3right3to3be3orgottenAnd there is an ironic t(ist6 i inormation about a remo'ed link is made public! itcan be e%ploited to create ser'ices that can re3link the de3linked material& Abo'e all!it becomes a tempting in'itation to look or the same personal inormation using asearch engine that is not based in $urope! such as google&com&

Companies can ignore< publici@e< or inconsistently grantreuests#ianne +epra! sta= (riter or Tech Times! uly +! 201>O5mplementation o right to be orgotten becoming nightmare or oogle!O Tech

Times! http6DD(((&techtimes&comDarticlesD11+?>D+>1@>+Dimplementation3o3right3to3be3orgotten3becoming3nightmare3or3google&htm$uropean -nion 0$- regulators are not pleased (ith ho( oogle is handling thereHuests& This is in part to the act that the search engine has reused some o thereHuests and! in part! because oogle is inorming sites (hene'er a link o theirs istaken do(n rom search results& There is also the issue that oogle is actually onlytaking do(n links rom $uropean domains& This means use any other search engine





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not based in $urope! like oogle&com in the -&S&! and the )uicy bits that (erereHuested to be orgotten can still be accessed&





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$ight to ,e Forgotten .a"s Are /neecti%e

=lobal technology de#eats the purpose o# $',FMpeople can 3ust access in#ormation #rom some"here else

:rid3Aine Parnell! Technology Reporter or the Register! uly ,>! 201>O:ritish "ords6 $uro right to be orgotten ruling unreasonable and un(orkable!O The Register!http6DD(((&theregister&co&ukD+>1@D>D,>DukZlordsZrightZtoZbeZorgottenZreportD0accessed 1>D?D+>1@JAlthough this (as a short inHuiry! it is crystal clear that the neither the 1GG?#irecti'e! nor the C$-2s interpretation o it reQects the incredible ad'ancement intechnology that (e see today! o'er +> years since the #irecti'e (as drated!L said:aroness Prashar! chair o the subcommittee& JAnyone any(here in the (orld no(has inormation at the touch o a button! and that includes detailed personalinormation about people in all countries o the globe&L

'he case6by6case nature o# claims causes unpredictability inho" $',F plays outRamiro Al'are< -garte! ormer senior attorney at the Association or Ci'il Rights0Asociacin por los #erechos Ci'iles in :uenos Aires! Argentina! September 1!

201>ORight to :e Forgotten6 A Win or Argentinas "a(suit3/appy CelebritiesO lobal9oices Ad'ocacy! http6DDad'ocacy&global'oicesonline&orgD+>1@D>GD1Dright3to3be3orgotten3a3(in3or3argentinas3la(suit3happy3celebritiesD 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@

The decision does not pro'ide clear categorical de.nitions on (hen the RT:F doesand does not apply& So public oVcials may or may be not capable o making claimsunder the RT:F& 5 can think o cases (here such claims could be successul! e&g&! i alo(3ranking public oVcial (ants to remo'e embarrassing inormation that hasnothing to do (ith his oVce 'ersus cases (here those claims (ould not besuccessul& 7r i a candidate running or election (anted to eliminate inormation onpast (rong3doings& /o(e'er! these cases themsel'es are not that clear and theirresolution depends on the (ay local reedom o e%pression criteria plays out (henapplied to this ne( right& 5t2s kind o unpredictable the actual outcomes remain tobe seen&





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$',F produces absurd results lie the remo%al o# outdated

positi%e in#ormationRoy =reenslade! Proessor o )ournalism at City -ni'ersity and ormer editor othe #aily Mirror! September 11! 201>Ooogle takes do(n ne(spapers positi'e story about an artist!O The uardian!http6DD(((&theguardian&comDmediaDgreensladeD+>1@DsepD11Dright3to3be3orgotten3local3ne(spapers 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@

The Worcester 8e(s has been the 'ictim o one o the more bi


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/mages and /n#ormation Protected by FirstAmendment

E%en i# obtained illegally< images and in#ormation are still

protected by the (rst amendment ohn Paul Ste%ens! ormer ustice o -&S& Supreme Court! May +1! 2001O:artnicki '& 9opper!O "egal 5normation 5nstitute!http6DD(((&la(&cornell&eduDsupctDhtmlDGG31E&I7&html 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@We think it clear that parallel reasoning reHuires the conclusion that a stranger2sillegal conduct does not suVce to remo'e the First Amendment shield rom speechabout a matter o public concern& The months o negotiations o'er the proper le'elo compensation or teachers at the Wyoming 9alley West /igh School (ereunHuestionably a matter o public concern! and respondents (ere clearly engagedin debate about that concern& That debate may be more mundane than theCommunist rhetoric that inspired ustice :randeis2 classic opinion in Whitney '&Caliornia! +@ -&S&! at ,+! but it is no less (orthy o constitutional protection&

$estricting access to pri%ately o"ned images is unliely to beheld as constitutional"auren Waler! Reporter or 8e(s(eek! September ,! 201>OAre Re'enge Porn "a(s oing Too FarO 8e(s(eek! http6DD(((&ne(s(eek&comDare3re'enge3porn3la(s3going3too3ar3+E+G+ 0accessed 1>DED+>1@5n +>1,! Caliornia decided that taking an intimate and con.dential picture or 'ideoand distributing it (ith the intention o causing serious emotional distress to the'ictim is Jdisorderly conduct&L 5n reaction! "ee Ro(land o the AC"-2s Speech!Pri'acy and Technology Pro)ect told 8PR Jthe reality is that re'enge porn la(s tendto criminali1@D>,D>ED+E,@>Drace3to3stop3re'enge3porn3raises3ree3speech3(orries 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@"egislation that can (ithstand court scrutiny! Ro(land says! should include ourmain elements6 5t must designate that the perpetrator had malicious intent! that hisor her action caused actual harm! that he or she acted kno(ingly (ithout consent!and that the 'ictim had an e%pectation o pri'acy& OWithout those saeguards!O she

said! Othese la(s ace an uphill battle in the courts& 8ot only are theyunconstitutional! they are un(ise there simply isnt another e%ample 5m a(are o (here there are criminal penalties or sharing other(ise la(ul speech&O Ro(landgi'es this e%ample6 5 an Ari


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Free Speech *ut"eighs Pri%acy

Sullivan demonstrates #reedom o# e8pression out"eighspri%acy

ohn Paul Ste%ens! ormer ustice o -&S& Supreme Court! May +1! 2001O:artnicki '& 9opper!O "egal 5normation 5nstitute!http6DD(((&la(&cornell&eduDsupctDhtmlDGG31E&I7&html 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@7ur opinion in 8e( ;ork Times Co& '& Sulli'an! ,E -&S& +?@ 01GE@! re'ie(ed manyo the decisions that settled the Jgeneral proposition that reedom o e%pressionupon public Huestions is secured by the First Amendment&L 5d&! at +EG4 see Roth '&-nited States! ,?@ -&S& @E! @@ 01G?4 :ridges '& Caliornia! ,1@ -&S& +?+! +>01G@14 Stromberg '& Caliornia! +, -&S& ,?G! ,EG 01G,1& Those cases all relied onour Jproound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issuesshould be uninhibited! robust and (ide3open!L 8e( ;ork Times! ,E -&S&! at +>4see Terminiello '& Chicago! ,, -&S& 1! @ 01G@G4 #e onge '& 7regon! +GG -&S& ,?,!,E? 01G,4 Whitney '& Caliornia! +@ -&S& ,?! ,?,E 01G+ 0:randeis! &!

concurring4 see also Roth! ,?@ -&S&! at @@4 Stromberg! +, -&S&! at ,EG4 :ridges!,1@ -&S&! at +>& 5t (as the o'erriding importance o that commitment thatsupported our holding that neither actual error nor deamatory content! nor acombination o the t(o! suVced to remo'e the First Amendment shield romcriticism o oVcial conduct& 5d&! at +,4 see also 8AACP '& :utton! ,1 -&S& @1?! @@?01GE,4 Wood '& eorgia! ,> -&S& ,? 01GE+4 Craig '& /arney! ,,1 -&S& ,E 01G@4Pennekamp '& Florida! ,+ -&S& ,,1! ,@+! ,@,! n& ?! ,@? 01G@E4 :ridges! ,1@ -&S&!at +>&

First amendment right to publish out"eighs pri%acy#a'id oro"it@! $%ecuti'e #irector o Media Coalition! 5nc&! February 1! 201>OMedia Coalition memo in opposition to /&:& 1EE?!O Mediacoalition&org!

http6DDmediacoalition&orgD.lesDM7Z/:1EE?Zmemo&pd 0accessed 1>D?D+>1@Pri'acy is an important right but the Supreme Court has held that it is not asuVciently compelling interest to o'ercome the First Amendment right to reespeech& The Court has oten struck do(n la(s and court orders that barred speechabout a criminal proceeding in order to protect a deendant2s pri'acy& 5n Co%:roadcasting Corp& '& Cohn! the Supreme Court struck do(n a statute allo(ing arape 'ictim to seek damages or the publishing o his or her name& ustice White(rote! JAt the 'ery least! the First and Fourteenth Amendments (ill not allo(e%posing the press to liability or truthully publishing inormation released to thepublic in oVcial court records&L @+> -&S& @EG! @GE& The Court again ound the FirstAmendment right to publish out(eighed pri'acy interests (hen it struck do(n aWest 9irginia la( that barred publishing the name o a minor being ad)udicated in

)u'enile court& Smith '& #aily Mail Publishing Co&! @@, -&S& G 01GG& See also!7klahoma Publishing Co& '& #istrict Court! @,> -& S& ,> 01G4 "andmarkCommunications! 5nc& '& 9irginia! @,? -&S& +G 01G4 8ebraska Press Assn& '&Stuart! @+ -S ?,G 01GE&

Free e8pression is necessary to reali@e all other rightsMilana ?ne@e%ic! )ournalist at 5nde% on Censorship! March +>! 2017





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OWhy is access to reedom o e%pression importantO 5nde% on Censorship!http6DD(((&inde%oncensorship&orgD+>1,D>,D(hy3is3access3to3reedom3o3e%pression3importantD 0accessed 1>DED+>1@Why is access to reedom o e%pression important Freedom o e%pression is aundamental human right& 5t also underpins most other rights and allo(s them toQourish& The right to speak your mind reely on important issues in society! access

inormation and hold the po(ers that be to account! plays a 'ital role in the healthyde'elopment process o any society&





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Courts re3ect pri%acy claims "hen reporters are seeingpublicly %aluable in#ormation

ohn A& ,ussian and Paul & .e%ine! members o Florida :ar Media \Communications "a( Committee! August +>>@O5n'asion o Pri'acy and the Media6 The Right To :e "et Alone!O T/e Florida :ar!Reporters /andbook!http6DD(((&Qoridabar&orgD#59C7MDP5DR/andbook>1&nsD111Gbd,ae>G>a@?+?EE>>?,bE>EDdc>>ac++@Eb??+?EGcb>>@cbc+aX7pen#ocument 0accessed1>D@D+>1@5n a more recent case (ith similar acts! Prime Time "i'e in'estigated reports thatan eye clinic (as perorming unnecessary procedures& #esnick '& Capital CitiesDA:C!?1 F& Supp& ,>, 08& 5ll& 1GG@& The complaint alleged that the reporters promisednot to engage in Osur'eillance ambush )ournalism!O but the deendants hiredOunderco'erO patients to 'isit the clinic (ith concealed audio and 'ideo recorders&

The plainti= sued or trespass! intrusion! raud! breach o contract! and 0in anunrelated matter deamation& The court dismissed each o the in'asion o pri'acytheories! lea'ing only the breach o contract 0or breaking the no3ambush promiseand deamation claims&

Courts aGrm the media!s (rst amendment rights e%en "henbeha%ing #raudulently to obtain in#ormation

ohn A& ,ussian and Paul & .e%ine! members o Florida :ar Media \Communications "a( Committee! August 200>O5n'asion o Pri'acy and the Media6 The Right To :e "et Alone!O T/e Florida :ar!Reporters /andbook!http6DD(((&Qoridabar&orgD#59C7MDP5DR/andbook>1&nsD111Gbd,ae>G>a@?+?EE>>?,bE>EDdc>>ac++@Eb??+?EGcb>>@cbc+aX7pen#ocument 0accessed1>D@D+>1@5n Food "ion 5nc& 9& Capital CitiesDA:C 5nc&! + Med& "& Rptr& +@>G 0@th Cir& 1GGG! theplainti= attempted to disguise an in'asion o pri'acy claim as state la( raud! dutyo loyalty! and trespass claims& The -&S& Court o Appeals or the Fourth Circuitre'ersed the trial court )udgment that A:C committed raud and unair tradepractices and that misrepresentation o a resume alone is not grounds or a )ury.nding o trespass& /o(e'er! the Court did aVrm the )ury .nding that deendantstrespassed against the plainti= or ne(sgathering on the )ob! (hen the A:Cemployees (ere said to ha'e been hired to preser'e Food "ions con.dences&Finally! the court aVrmed the trial court s reusal to allo( Food "ion to reco'erdamages that essentially Qo(ed rom a telecast (hose truth (as not challenged byFood "ion in the litigation&

$',F needs an e8ception #or public interest 3ournalism.a Luadrature +u et and $eporters "ithout ,orders! September+E! 201>ORecommendations on the Right to :e Forgotten!O Reporters (ithout :orders!http6DDen&rs&orgDunion3europeenne3recommendations3on3the3right3to3be3+E3>G3+>1@!@>+E&html 0accessed 1>D+D+>1@We’re a small non-proft. Please don’t share this fle with those who have

not paid including via dropbox, google drive, the web, printed copies,email, etc. Visit us at (((&(cdebate&com



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i'en a certain desire on the part o $uropean -nion member states to ollo( up onthe $-C ruling by considerably reinorcing the right to be orgotten and the right todeletion! it is important to restrict these rights in order to protect reedom oe%pression& The rules must be amended to reinorce the e%ception or )ournalism bye%tending it to all editorial content and other inormation o public interest& Aterthis legislati'e clari.cation has been enacted! reconciliation o the right to pri'acy

and the reedom o e%pression can be done in a balanced manner under nationaland international la( and the rele'ant )urisprudence 0or e%ample! in France! articleG o the ci'il code or articles ++E31 and ++E3+ o the penal code! (hile respectingthe e%isting guarantees o reedom o e%pression 0such as those in the 11 mediala(&





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We must be especially scrutinous o# protecting #ree speech inthe digital age< or "e "ill suander its opportunities #or mass

participation ack M& ,alin! Proessor o Constitutional "a( and the First Amendment! ;ale "a(School! 200>O#igital Speech and #emocratic Culture!O 8e(

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8 June 2015 Anonymous Free Speech

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