This publication deals primarily with the pesticides to use in grow- ing fruits on a small scale. It also in- cludes information on average yields, suggested numbers of plants or trees for a family of four, spacing, useful life of plants and trees, average annual per capita consumption, and other related in- formation that would be of use to gardeners who are interested in growing fruit. Many publications dealing with fruit are listed in this publication and available from county Extension offices or the Michigan State University Bulletin Office. Home gardeners want to grow their own fruit for several reasons. Freshness is probably the primary reason. Homeowners may also want to grow cultivars that are not available commercially. Some gar- deners simply enjoy the challenge of growing their own. It is usually not realistic to grow your own fruit to save money, because the amount of time involved and the cost of equipment, chemicals and fertiliz- ers can be high. Many inherent problems associ- ated with producing fruit cannot be controlled, such as weather. Ex- tremely cold temperatures in win- ter or late spring frosts that kill flower buds are common in north- ern climates. Gardeners should not expect to harvest a crop of some fruits, such as apricots, strawber- ries, peaches and nectarines, every year. Other common problems associ- ated with growing fruit on a small scale include poor site (low and/ or I wet), poor soil, animal damage, vandalism, weeds, lawnmower damage, and failure to spray ade- quately on a timely basis to control insects and diseases. Only fruits such as currants, gooseberries, and perhaps strawberries and raspber- ries can be produced without spraying for insects and diseases. Another problem is handling the fruit after harvesting. Many fruits are extremely perishable and must be consumed, canned or frozen within one or two days of harvest. If you plan to give away a portion of the harvest to relatives, friends, neighbors, churches, food banks, etc., those individuals must know the date of the anticipated harvest and the necessity of prompt pro- cessing or use of the produce. (See the Availability Guide for usual har- vest periods.) It is almost impossible to raise fruits today without some insect, mite or disease problems. If you have fruit trees or plan to plant them, you need to plan a pest con- trol program. Pest control measures listed and described in this publica- tion are intended to help the home fruit grower with small plantings produce fruit of adequate quality. (See Table 1, "Planting Guide," for in- formation on yields, spacing, consump- tion, eic.) Avoid planting more fruit trees and plants than you can manage properly. Unsprayed and neglected fruit plants are good breeding places for disease and insect pests. Remove excess plants so you can properly care for the rest. If you're initiating care for a small planting that has been neglected in the past, do not expect to control all insects and diseases the first year. If you have or plan to raise a large number of fruit trees, vines, bushes or strawberry plants, ask your county agent for the latest commercial "FruitSpraying Calen- dar" (Extension bulletin E-154). The schedules are intended for ex- perienced commercial fruit grow- ers and some of the pesticides listed are very toxic to humans if not properly used. Safe, economical control of pests in commercial plantings requires the use of large, specialized equipment, including special safety clothing and a spray mask and restricted use pesticides, that can be purchased and used only by a certified pesticide applica- tor. All pesticides included in this publication are general use pesti- cides and will not harm the envi- ronment to an unreasonable degree when used according to directions. They are available in garden cen- ters and can be purchased and used by gardeners and homeown- ers-users do not have to be certi- fied. Restricted use pesticides can be purchased and used only by certi- fied pesticide applicators or by per- sons under their supervision. Commercial growers commonly buy and use these pesticides to con- trol fruit pests. 1
Transcript
This publication deals primarilywith the pesticides to use in grow-ing fruits on a small scale. It also in-cludes information on averageyields, suggested numbers ofplants or trees for a family of four,spacing, useful life of plants andtrees, average annual per capitaconsumption, and other related in-formation that would be of use togardeners who are interested ingrowing fruit. Many publicationsdealing with fruit are listed in thispublication and available fromcounty Extension offices or theMichigan State University BulletinOffice.
Home gardeners want to growtheir own fruit for several reasons.Freshness is probably the primaryreason. Homeowners may alsowant to grow cultivars that are notavailable commercially. Some gar-deners simply enjoy the challengeof growing their own. It is usuallynot realistic to grow your own fruitto save money, because the amountof time involved and the cost ofequipment, chemicals and fertiliz-ers can be high.
Many inherent problems associ-ated with producing fruit cannot becontrolled, such as weather. Ex-
tremely cold temperatures in win-ter or late spring frosts that killflower buds are common in north-ern climates. Gardeners should notexpect to harvest a crop of somefruits, such as apricots, strawber-ries, peaches and nectarines, everyyear.
Other common problems associ-ated with growing fruit on a smallscale include poor site (low and/ or
I
wet), poor soil, animal damage,vandalism, weeds, lawnmowerdamage, and failure to spray ade-quately on a timely basis to controlinsects and diseases. Only fruitssuch as currants, gooseberries, andperhaps strawberries and raspber-ries can be produced withoutspraying for insects and diseases.
Another problem is handling thefruit after harvesting. Many fruitsare extremely perishable and mustbe consumed, canned or frozenwithin one or two days of harvest.If you plan to give away a portionof the harvest to relatives, friends,neighbors, churches, food banks,etc., those individuals must knowthe date of the anticipated harvestand the necessity of prompt pro-cessing or use of the produce. (See
the Availability Guide for usual har-vest periods.)
It is almost impossible to raisefruits today without some insect,mite or disease problems. If youhave fruit trees or plan to plantthem, you need to plan a pest con-trol program. Pest control measureslisted and described in this publica-tion are intended to help the homefruit grower with small plantingsproduce fruit of adequate quality.(See Table 1, "Planting Guide," for in-formation on yields, spacing, consump-tion, eic.)
Avoid planting more fruit treesand plants than you can manageproperly. Unsprayed and neglectedfruit plants are good breedingplaces for disease and insect pests.Remove excess plants so you canproperly care for the rest. If you'reinitiating care for a small plantingthat has been neglected in the past,do not expect to control all insectsand diseases the first year.
If you have or plan to raise alarge number of fruit trees, vines,bushes or strawberry plants, askyour county agent for the latestcommercial "FruitSpraying Calen-dar" (Extension bulletin E-154).
The schedules are intended for ex-perienced commercial fruit grow-ers and some of the pesticideslisted are very toxic to humans ifnot properly used. Safe, economicalcontrol of pests in commercialplantings requires the use of large,specialized equipment, includingspecial safety clothing and a spraymask and restricted use pesticides,that can be purchased and usedonly by a certified pesticide applica-tor.
All pesticides included in thispublication are general use pesti-cides and will not harm the envi-ronment to an unreasonable degreewhen used according to directions.They are available in garden cen-ters and can be purchased andused by gardeners and homeown-ers-users do not have to be certi-fied.
Restricted use pesticides can bepurchased and used only by certi-fied pesticide applicators or by per-sons under their supervision.Commercial growers commonlybuy and use these pesticides to con-trol fruit pests.
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Table 1i Planting gUide.Fruit Feet
betweenplants
Feetbetweenrows
Years to bearing Average yield (Ibs.) 19851capitaper mature plant consumption pounds
(freshltotal)
Suggested no. ofplants for a family
of four
Special considerationsYearsuseful life
TREE FRUITSApples (dwarf) 6-16 14-20 2-3 20+ 100 18/30 2-3 Need 8-15 spray applications. Cross-pollination
Grapes Need 7-9 spray applications. Vines must besupported.
6.317.2
Raspberries 25-502-5 10.1 Need 6 spray applications.8-10----------------------Strawberries 2.9/4.2 1002-4 1/2 May need 2-3 sprays.
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Additional information on prac-tical certification can be obtainedfrom:
times as indicated in the sprayschedule. Use a sprayer that is pow-erful enough to reach all parts ofthe plant with the spray (e.g., topsof trees). It should also be easy toclean and slow to wear out. Suit-able sprayers come in varioustypes and sizes. Note: the small,hand type sprayers listed below donot have mechanical agitation.Therefore, the operator must vigor-ously shake the tank every fewminutes when using wettable pow-der types to keep the spray materi-als thoroughly dispersed in thespray solution.Compressed-air sprayers are
----=-------0---:------, tanks that vary in sizeI Compressed-air sprayer I from 1 to 5 gallons. A
built-in hand pumppumps air into them.The spray is deliveredthrough an attachedhose with a hand shut-off valve and a nozzletip. One type is pressur-ized by filling with agarden hose using aspecial attachment onthe tank.
cide. Wash pesticide-contami-nated clothing separately. Avoidgetting any pesticide in youreyes, nose or mouth.
• Do not smoke or eat while youare applying pesticides. Thor-oughly wash immediately afterapplying a pesticide.
• When applying a pesticide, donot permit material to blow backon you or on other people orpets. Adjust your treating direc-tion according to the wind direc-tion. If it becomes too windy,stop treatment and finish whenthe wind dies. Remember, youare responsible for pesticidespray drift.
• Do not bum empty pesticidecontainers in a backyard trashcontainer. Dispose of them as in-structed on the label. Liquid con-tainers, when empty, should betriple rinsed into the sprayer.
• Store insecticides in tightlyclosed, well labeled, original con-tainers away from children, wild-life, pets or irresponsibleadults-never under the sink, inthe pantry or in the medicinecabinet. Store in a cool, dryplace. Mark the storage cabinetor area "POISON STORAGE."Most accidental poisoningsoccur to children under 2 yearsold, so keep stored pesticidesunder lock and key.
• Keep children and pets awayfrom areas where you are mix-ing or applying pesticides.
Michigan Department of AgriculturePesticides & Plant Pest Mgt. DivisionP.O. Box 30017Lansing. MI48909
Storage Lifeof Pesticides
Pertinent Extension bulletinsavailable include the following:
E~1025"Safe, Effective Use ofPesticides-Private Applicators."
E-1824"Safe, Effective Use ofPesticides-Commercial Applica-tors." ',-
Though most properly storedpesticides will still be effective for asecond or third season, it is best tobuy only enough for one season'suse. Most pesticides gradually losetheir effectiveness when exposed tomoisture, air, light and high tem-peratures. Prolonged low or freez-ing temperatures frequently causeliquid pesticides to sepa-rate, making them inef-fective. Dry formulationstend to cake when storedin wet or humid loca-tions, and the containermay disintegrate. Athigh temperatures, theactive ingredients startto break down.
How To Protect YourselfWhen Using Pesticides
Pesticides are used to kill in-sects and disease-causing organ-isms. Handle these chemicalscarefully to prevent injury to your-self, other people, pets or wildlife.Though the pesticides suggestedfor use in this bulletin are safe, cer-tain precautions are necessary:• Before using any pesticide, care-fully read the label. Give specialattention to precautions to be fol-lowed when using a product.
• Avoid spilling pesticides onyourself or in the immediatearea where you are working. Ifthis happens, wash yourself im-mediately with plenty of waterto remove all traces of the pesti-
SprayEquipment forHome FruitGrowers
Knapsack or back-pack sprayers are com-
'-----------', pressed-air sprayersthat vary in size from 3 to 5 gallonsand are strapped onto theoperator's back. These sprayers,also equipped with hand shut-offvalves, have a hand pump that the
To control pests adequately,thoroughly cover fruit plants withpesticide sprays at the appropriate
3
applicator must pump slowly butcontinuously. The pumping buildsup pressure in the tank and forcesthe spray through a hose and noz-zle tip at an even, steady rate.
The compressed-air and knap-sack sprayers are satisfactory for afew dwarf fruit trees, vines, bushesor strawberry plants, but they donot have the capacity to spray ma-ture, standard-sized trees. Most candeliver only a solid stream of sprayto the top of standard-sized trees,rather than a fine mist.
Trombone or slide-type spray-ers consist basically of two small-di-
ameter tubes. One slides within theother, compresses the liquid andforces the pesticide solutionthrough a small hole in the end ofone tube. These sprayers can de-liver the spray to the tops of mostfruit trees and are suitable for plant-ings of a few trees, as well as smallfruits. However, they are very tir-ing to use.
Garden hose sprayers, whichare attached to the end of a gardenhose, work well only with liquidpesticides. Wettable powders oftenplug the nozzle and/ or settle to thebottom of the container. The spray
from most hose sprayers is rathercoarse compared with that of com-pressed-air sprayers, and hosesprayers require more spray totreat a given number of plants. Thefruit planting also has to be rela-tively close to a faucet, and a mini-mum of 30 to 40 pounds ofpressure is needed to do an ade-quate job of spraying the tops ofmedium-sized trees.Power sprayers. For plantings of
10 or more dwarf fruit trees or afew large or standard trees, sometype of power sprayer is best. Thesmaller power sprayers range in ca-
pacity from 5 to 25 gallons and arepowered by a battery, a small gaso-line engine or power takeoff from atractor. Those larger than 25 gallonsare usually powered by a gasolineengine or tractor power takeoff.
Many brands of power sprayersare available, and prospective buy-ers should look at several modelsbefore purchasing one. Smallpower sprayer usually cost be-tween $200 and $500and can be upto $1,000.Before spending thatmuch money, you might want toask yourself if you really can justify
r
Knapsac~ sprayer Trombone sprayer
-··-::....·~:0·.,
Garden hose sprayer
4
Power sprayer
--I
the expenditure to produce yourown fruit.
Considerations in buying apower sprayer include the size ofthe tank, the volume it will spray(in gallons per minute), the pres-sure attainable, the distance it willspray a fine mist (not a solidstream), materials used in construc-tion (should be corrosion proofwhere it's in contact with spray),and, for trailing sprayers, the num-
. ber and size of wheels (small nar-row wheels may sink in the groundwhen the soil is moist or wet as itoften is in early spring when youshould start spraying).
Some sprayers are or can beequipped with a boom for spray-ing herbicides on lawns. If you usesuch a sprayer to apply herbicides,carefully rinse out any herbicide be-fore using the sprayer again onfruit crops.
AC,cessory equipment. Measur-ing equipment is necessary to mea-sure accurately the requiredamounts of pesticides. This will in-clude a container for measuringsmall quantities and a set of mea-suring spoons. Keep this equip-ment separate from that used in thehome. Mark it for pesticide mea-surements only and store it withthe pesticides.
Cleaning SprayEquipment
After spraying, refill the tankwith clean water and spray the rins-ate on the area that was justsprayed. Repeat this process, if nec-essary, until the rinsate is clear. Toprevent corrosion, suspend smalltanks upside down with lids re-moved to permit drainage and dry-ing .
How to SprayThe key to successful pest con-
trol is thorough and proper cover-age at the right time with theproper dosage and materials. Thor-ough coverage of all abovegroundparts of plants is necessary to con-trol fruit insects and diseases. Di-rect the spray onto both the topand bottom sides of leaves until thespray begins to drip off the leaves.Using proper pruning techniquesenhances thorough coverage.
The goal of spraying is to place athin layer of pesticide over all theexposed surfaces of each plant sothat no matter where an insect mayeat or crawl on that plant or a dis-ease organism may be, it will be ex-posed to a lethal amount ofpesticide before it can damage theplant. Failure to apply the spraythoroughly to all parts of the plantmeans pests can escape contact
with the chemical and damage un-treated areas.
Prepare only the amount ofspray mixture that you will need.Pesticides left standing in watersoon lose their strength and mayharm sprayer parts. Wettable pow-ders tend to settle to the bottom ofthe tank unless the sprayer has amechanical or automatic agitator.When applying sprays without anagitator, stir or shake the mixtureoften during application.
If you follow the spray schedulebut pest control results are poor, besure to check these importantpoints:
• Did the plants receive thoroughspray coverage at the recom-mended dosage?
• Were any of the recommendedsprays omitted?
• Were sprays timed according toschedule?
• Were plants resprayed afterheavy rains?
How LongPesticides Last
Most pesticides lose their effec-tiveness several days after applica-tion. Temperature, moisture andsunlight affect the life of pesticides.The greater the extremes of these
factors, the quicker the pesticideslose their toxicity.
Rain removes various amountsof pesticides from plant foliage. Ingeneral, a pesticide is less likely tobe washed off if it has had an op-portunity to dry thoroughly on thefoliage before a rain. Most materi-als should be reapplied the dayafter a heavy rain. Strong sunlightand driving winds also shorten theeffective life of pesticides.
New growth, especially early inthe season, results in exposed, un-sprayed and thus unprotectedplant parts.
The fact that pest populationsare continuously moving and/ ormultiplying also makes repeatedspray applications necessary.
Preparation of SpraysPrepare the various sprays rec-
ommended in the spray scheduleby mixing the exact quantities ofthe appropriate chemicals with theamount of water designated inTable 2. Do not inhale any chemi-cals that arise during measuring ormixing with the water. When mix-ing wettable powders, wear a dustmask and rubber gloves; when mix-ing liquids, wear eye covering andrubber gloves. Mix only as muchspray as you will need for one ap-plication.
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Insecticides '
Diazinon is an organic phos-phate chemical that is activeagainst a variety of fruit pests. Ithas a residual activity of 11 to 14days and is cleared for use on ap-ples, pears, cherries, peaches,plums, prunes, strawberries,grapes and brambles. It will notcontrol organic phosphate- resis-tant strains of white apple[eafhop-per, spotted tentiform leafminer orobliquebanded leafroller, which arecommon in Michigan. Drenchingcrown treatments of emulsifiableconcentrate will kill the overwinter-ing stage of raspberry crown borers.
Imidan is an organic phosphatechemical. Its low toxicity to mam-mals is comparable to that of Sevin.It is used as a prebloom andpostbloom treatment on apples,pears, peaches, cherries, plums,prunes, grapes and apricots. It mayinjure leaves on sweet cherries. Itprovides good broad-spectrum con-trol of many fruit pests in Michiganbut will not control organic phos-phate- resistant strains of whiteapple leafhopper, spotted tentiformleafminer and oblique-bandedleafroller, which are common inMichigan.
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Insecticidal soaps are availablefor controlling a limited number ofinsects (aphids, mites, scale andpear psylla) on apples, pears, apri-cots, nectarines and peaches.
Malathion is a mild organicphosphate with a toxicity lowerthan that of Sevin. It controls an un-usual variety of fruit insects. It is es-pecially useful against scvcra Ispecies of aphids. However, its rc-sidual effectiveness seldom exceeds2 to 3 days. Malathion is availableas a concentrate, a wettable powderor dust. It is used in Michigan forcertain insect pests attacking bram-
bles, currants, blueberries and treefruits. It is generally compatiblewith other insecticides and fungi-cides in common usage.
Methoxychlor is a chlorinatedhydrocarbon with moderate resid-ual activity and very low toxicity tohumans and other warm-bloodedanimals. It will restrain such majorfruit invaders as plum curculio,
dling moth, apple maggot and: herry fru it f1y, bu t it is generally in-ferior to alternative chemicals forthese pw·poses. J t is often includedin all-purpose pesticide mixtures.
Sevin (carbaryl) is a carbamatechemical. It is part of the spray pro-gram for most fruit crops grown inMichigan. Its residual effectivenessvaries from 10 to 14 days, depend-ing on the insects to control. It canbe applied fairly close to harvestwithout fear of excess residues.' Theuse of Sevin may encourage miteand aphid buildups because it istoxic to predators. It is extremelytoxic to bees if sprayed where beesare foraging. It is compatible withmost pesticides and gives good con-trol of certain pests resistant toother frequently used insecticides.Sevin offers a high degree of safetyto animals and plants, lessening thehazards from spray drift that are as-sociated with many pesticide chem-icals. Sevin causes fruit thinning ofapples and should not be useduntil at least 30 days after fullbloom.
Horticultural Oils. Horticulturaloils aid in the control of Europeanred mite and San Jose scale. In thepast, oils were divided into twogroups: dormant, and summerweight or superior oils. Most of thedormant oils were thicker or heav-ier and applied when plants were
dormant. Superior oils were morerefined and thinner (lighter) andcould be applied to plants duringcertain periods of active growth.
The principal advantage of thesenew, refined, lighter oils is the re-duced possibility of plant injury.They are safer because they aremore volatile and less persistent onthe tree. They remain on the treelong enough to kill the mites butnot so long that they interfere withvital plant processes or oil-incom-patible pesticides that may be ap-plied later. ,"
Almost all oils used today are ofthe more refined type. The currenttendency is to use a lightweight for-mulation but vary the rate depend-ing on whether plants are dormantor growing. Be sure to follow thedirections on the label regardingthe rate, time and environmentalconditions.
Do not apply horticultural oilswithin 1to 2 days of freezing ornear freezing temperatures (eitherhave occurred or may be expected)in the spring or when the tempera-ture is above 85 degrees F for sum-mer application. Do not apply oilwith or following an application ofcaptan.
Table 2. Quantity of insecticides and fungicides to use in preparing sprays.Selected materials and common formulations Amounts to add in water to make:
1 gal 10 gal
Benomyl (Benlate) 50% WP%* (fungicide)
apples only-----all other crops
1/4 Tbsp
3/4 Tbsp
2 Tbsp
1 oz
Bordeaux mixture (bactericide and fungicide)***
Captan 50% WP (fungicide)
varies varies
2 Tbsp 3 oz
Diazinon 25% EC** (insecticide)
Ferbam 76% WP (fungicide)***
Horticultural oil (miticide and insecticide) (spring rate)
2 tsp (1/3 fI oz) 6Tbsp
varies varies
1/3 pt (51/3 fI oz) 31/3 pt
Imidan 50% WP (insecticide) 21/4 tsp 7112 Tbsp
Lime-sulfur, dry (fungicide) 8Tbsp 2 1/21b
Lime-sulfur, liquid (fungicide) (dormant stage)
Malathion 50% liquid (insecticide and miticide)
10 Tbsp (5 fl oz) 3 pt + 2 fl oz
2 tsp 31/3 oz
Sevin 50% WP (insecticide)
Sevin 27% liquid (insecticide)
2Tbsp
1 Tbsp
50z
50z
SPECIAL NOTE: Table 2 gives quantities of pesticides to use to prepare sprays. If the information on yourcontainer label differs from this table, follow the label.
EQUIVALENTS:
1 quart = 2 pints or 32 fluid ounces (II OZ)
1 pint = 2 cups or 16 fl oz
1 cup = 8 oz or 16 tablespoons
1 tablespoon = 1/2 fl oz or 3 teaspoons
1 fluid ounce = 2 tablespoons or 6 teaspoons
Tbsp = tablespoon
tsp = teaspoon
'WP = wettable powder.
'*EC = emulsifiable concentrate or emulsion.
*** = See label for specific rate for each crop and disease being controlled.
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FUNGICIDES
Benomyl (Benlate) is an excel-lent general purpose fruit fungicidethat is compatible with most otherfungicides and insecticides.Benomyl is also effective againstthe powdery mildew fungi Usingbenomyl alone may cause somefungi to become resistant to it.Using benomyl in conjunction withother fungicides should providegood disease control and reducethe possibility that fungi will de-velop resistance to benomyl.
Bordeaux mixture is a combina-tion of soluble copper sulfate (blue-stone), hydrated lime and water. Itis used to control fire blight onapple and pear, peach leaf curl onpeach, and spur blight and anthrac-nose in red raspberry. In a 2-6-100Bordeaux, for example, the first fig-ure of the formula is copper sulfatein pounds, the second figure isspray lime in pounds, and the thirdfigure is water in gallons. Home-made Bordeaux is superior to pre-pared dry mixes.
Bordeaux is not compatible withcaptan, ferbam, Sevin and horticul-tural oils. Read the label carefullybefore combining it with any otherpesticides.
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Cap tan is one of the best generalpurpose fruit fungicides. It is com-patible with most other fungicidesand insecticides. On Red Deliciousapples, however, it has caused leafspotting when used at full strengthearly in the season and when usedin combination with sulfur. Cap tanis not compatible with horticulturaloil,lime or other strongly alkalinematerials.
Copper compounds are fungi-cides or bactericides containingcopper in a slowly available form.They generally are not as effectiveas the Bordeaux mixture in control-ling diseases, but they are less inju-rious to foliage and fruit. Followdirections on the label for use.
Daconil 2787 is a liquid concen-trate fungicide that has limited po-tential for use on fruits. It is listedfor use on a few diseases of peach,nectarine, apricot, cherry andplum. Follow directions on thelabel for use.
Dodine is an excellent fungicidefor apple scab and cherry leaf spotcontrol that has both protectantand after-infection control activity.Protectant sprays are applied be-
fore infection occurs and set up achemical barrier between the sus-ceptible plant tissue and the germi-nating spore. Fungicides that haveafter-infection activity control infec-tions that may have occurred a fewhours or days previously. Contin-ued use of this product may causefungi to develop resistance to it.Therefore, it should be either com-bined or alternated with anotherfungicide. It is sold under the tradename Cyprex and is formulated asa 65 percent active wettable pow-der. Dust formulations are alsoavailable. During critical periodsfor spore discharge and to inacti-vate sporulation of scab lesions, itis used at 1/21b per 100gal ofwater.
Ferbam is formulated as a 76 per-cent wettable powder. It is used asa protectant for control of applescab, pear scab, cedar-apple rust,peach leaf curl and brown rot. It isused in combination with wettablesulfur on plums, prunes and sweetcherries to control leaf spot. Insome cases, yellow apple cultivarshave produced inferior finish whenthis material was used.
Ferbam used in combinationwith captan in blueberries givesfair to poor control of the shootblight phase of mummy berry dis-ease and good control of the blos-som infection phase that gives riseto mummified fruit. In grapes, fer-barn is one of the best fungicidesfor black rot control; however, itgives very little control of downymildew or Eutypa dieback and nocontrol of powdery mildew. Inraspberries, ferbam gives fair con-trol of anthracnose.
Funginex is registered for use onapples for apple scab, powdery mil-dew and rust disease control. Ap-plications are limited to the periodfrom 1/2- inch green tip to petalfall and to five applications per sea-son. Funginex is primarily an after-infection fungicide for use in scabcontrol programs. Treatmentsshould be made within 72 hoursfrom the beginning of a wet periodsuitable for scab infection. It is usedat 10 fl oz per 100gal dilute sprayor 36-40 fl oz per acre.
Funginex is also registered foruse on peaches, nectarines, apri-cots, cherries, plums and prunesfor brown rot (blossom blight) con-
trol and for season long control ofbrown rot on peach, nectarine andapricot fruits. It is used at 10-16floz per 100gal of dilute spray or at36-48fl oz per acre in low-volumesprays.
Lime sulfur is available as a wet-table powder and as a paste. Be-cause of convenience, the wettablesulfur formulations are generallyused. Recommendations are basedon a 95 percent wettable sulfur for-
on cherries, peaches and plums;and scab on apples and pears. Thewettable powder formulations aregenerally used.
Sulfur is also used on all stonefruits, except apricots, to controlbrown rot. It is especially impor-tant in the bloom and early coversprays on peaches to control notonly brown rot, but also peach scaband powdery mildew.
Wettable sulfur gives fair togood control of powdery mildewin French hybrid and vinifera (Eu-ropean) grape cultivars. Sulfur in-jures many American cultivars andsome French hybrid cultivars. Sul-fur can also injure tolerant cultivarsif the temperature is 85 degrees For higher during spraying orshortly after spraying is finished.
mulation. Formulations containingless sulfur should be used at higherrates. Sulfur, once used extensivelyas a protectant for scab, has gener-ally been replaced by organic mate-rials of the protective-eradicanttype. Do not apply sulfur with hor-ticultural oil. Lime sulfur is notcompatible with Bordeaux, captan,Imidan and Sevin.
Sulfur is used to control pow-dery mildew on grapes; brown rot
Table 3. Approximate.amount of spray required for fruit trees of various sizes.
Height in feet Spread in feet Amount per tree per application+ Number of trees per gallon of spray
4 3 1/4 pint up to 40-
5 to 8 3 to 6 1/4 to 1 pint 5-32
8 to 10 4 to 8 1/2 to 3 pints 2-11-
10 to 15 8 to 15 1/2 to 2112 gal.
15 to 20 15 to 25 2112 to 8112 gal.
-Use the greater amounts for trees in full foliage. Amounts are based on using 1 gallon of spray solution per 1,450 cubic feet of orchard foliage (tree height x tree width x lineal feet of row).
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Harvest Restrictions
Days To WaitAfter ApplicationUntil Harvest
Because some pesticides are poi-.sonous, many backyard fruit grow-ers are concerned about the safetyof eating fruits sprayed with pesti-cides. .• Avoid excessive pesticide resi-
dues on harvested fruits by fol-lowing directions on thepesticide label:
• Apply pesticides only to fruitcrops listed on the label and useonly at the rate indicated.
• Do not pick the fruit before thenumber of days waiting periodgiven on the label has passed.Every pesticide label should pro-
vide harvest restrictions. If a pesti-cide label does not give thisinformation, it is not intended foruse on fruit and should not beused. Follow the suggestions on"days waiting time" from last appli-cation until harvest and you willhave no reason to fear that yourfruit is harmful. Table 4 lists har-vest restrictions.
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Special Notice:On Herbicides
Herbicides (weed killers) are de-signed to kill plants, and some areextremely difficult to rinse out ofsprayers. If possible, use a separatesprayer for herbicides. Also, storeherbicides in a different place or insuch a way that they will not con-taminate other spray materials.
On Sevin InsecticideSevin causes apple drop. This
insecticide may cause excessivefruit thinning (reduced numbers)on apples if applied within 30 daysafter bloom. Unless you want tothin apple fruit, do not use Sevin inthe spray schedule until at least 30days after full bloom.
AII·PurposePesticide Mixtures
Insecticides and fungicides areoften needed at the same time on aplant to protect it against attack byboth insects and diseases. All-pur-pose fruit sprays contain a mixture
of fungicides and insecticides. One,for example, contains malathion,methoxychlor and captan-two in-secticides and one fungicide. Thismixture is safe but is not the mosteffective fruit pest control combina-tion.
Most home orchardists find thattwo other insecticides-lmidanand Sevin-will give them betterpest control alone or in combina-tion with the a11-purpose fruitspray. An aU-purpose fruit spraycan be mixed with additional pesti-cides, within some limitations.When a liquid concentrate is addedto the wettable powder all-purposefruit spray, it may cause burnedspots on the leaves and fruits. Thisis caused by the action of the oil inthe liquid concentrate with the fun-gicide captan. This burning couldharm the folia
p• Use only Iiqulds logClhcr and
not the all-purpose mix,
• Use only the all-purpose fruitspray by itself.
If you're in doubt about combi-nation spray injury, check the label,ask your county agent, or apply themixture to a small portion of theplant and wait to see what hap-pens. Spray burn usually appearsin 24 to 48 hours. If burn results, donot apply the combination.
Where ToPurchase Pesticides
Most garden centers or storeswith yard and garden departmentswhere pesticides are sold will haveformulations of some of the com-monly recommended pesticides.Many agricultural supply orfarmer co-op centers also marketthem.
Detection DevicesFor Insects
The rate at which insects de-velop depends largely on tempera-ture. Temperature varies from yearto year, so it is very difficult to pre-
diet the presence of a pest through-out the entire season based on thedate or developmental stage of afruit tree. Associating pest develop-ment with the flowering of certainplants has been somewhat success-ful with a few pests but not withothers.
In fruit, we are dealing withmany pests over a long time. Fol-lowing the development of fruitpests throughout the growing sea-son can reveal the vulnerable stageof the pests and so the best times toapply an appropriate pesticide.Home orchardists, however, often
do not have the time nor the knowl-edge to do this monitoring.
Commercial growers inspecttheir orchards at least weekly to de-tect pests. Plant parts are collectedfrequently and examined in the lab-oratory for certain pests. Bait-lure
traps have been successfully usedto detect cherry fruit fly,apple mag-got and blueberry maggot. Phero-mone or sex-lure traps are oftenused for some of the more seriousmoth pests of apple and peach.
Continued on page 14.
Table 4. Days between final application and harvest.Listed below are some of the commonly used pesticides and the intervals from last application to harvest for each crop. See spray schedules for recommended materials. Consult product label.
a = May be used as postharvest treatment-see label. 0 = Exempt if used as recommended. c = See label restrictions on use. U = Remove excess residues at harvest.e = No residue if used according to recommendations.
11
.Table 5. Spray schedules for pest control on apples, crabapples, quince and pears.TIme to spray Apples, crabapples, quince
Materials (rates listed in Table 2)
Pears Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at
Horticultural oil.Note: Do not spray when freezing or near freezing temperatures may be expected or have just occurred.
Halt-inch green: When blossombuds show 1/2 inch green
Captan + benomyl
Prepink: When blossoms firstshow pink
Pink: Just before blooms open
Captan + benomyl + malathion or all-purpose spray
No spray needed Fungicide for control of scab.
No spray needed Fungicide for control of scab and black rot.Insecticide for European red mites and aphids.
Same as prepink .. Same as prepink spray
Bloom: When 90% of blossomsare open
Captan
Note: to protect bees, do not use insecticide during bloom. During bloom is the most critical time to protect trees from infection by fire blight.For recommendations on fire blight control, refer to "Control of specific pests not covered in spray schedules" in this publication.
Petal fall: When last petals arefalling
Captan + benomyl + malathion or Imidan, or all-purposespray
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray Fungicide for control of scab, black rot, calyxrots and blotch. Insecticide for codling moth,plum curculio, pear psylla and plant bugs.
First cover: Seven days afterpetal-fall spray
Captan + Imidan or all-purpose spray Captan + Imidan or all-purpose spray Fungicide for control of scab, black rot, calyxrots and blotch. Insecticide for codling mothand plum curculio.
Fungicide for control of scab, fruit rots, blotchesand leaf spots. Insecticides for codling moth,plum curculio and mites.
- --,.--.---------------------------- ..--- ..---~--------.----Sevin + Imidan or all-purpose spray Fungicide for control of scab, fruit rots. and
blotches. Insecticides for codling moth, applemaggot and pear psylla.
Fungicide for control of scab, fruit rots andblotches. Insecticide for codling moth, applemaggot, leafhoppers and pear psylla.
Second cover: Two weeks afterfirst cover spray
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray
Third cover: Two weeks aftersecond cover
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray
Remaining covers: Sprayevery two weeks
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray. Continuesprays to within two weeks of harvest or Aug. 30,whichever comes first.
Caplan + Imldan or Sevin, or all-purpose spray. Applytwo more sprays as above.
• Scab sprays may be required more often than indicated, depending on rainfall and temperature.
12
Table 6. Spray schedules for pest control on peaches, nectarines, apricots, cherries and plums.Time to spray Peaches, nectarines, apricots Plums
Materials (rates listed in Table 2)
Cherries Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at specific times (first
column) during the growing season.
Ferbam All-purpose fruit spray, Benomyl for blackknot control
Dormant: For peaches, nec-tarines and apricots- earlyspring, before buds swell.Delayed dormant: For plumsand cherries just before thebuds break open
Half-inch green: When blos-som buds show 1/2 inch green
Pink: Just before bloomsopen
Bloom: When 90% of blos-soms open
Petal fall: When last petalsare falling
First cover: Seven days afterpetal-fall spray
Remaining covers: Con-tinue spraying at 10- to 14-dayintervals
Final spray: Within one weekof harvest
.• No spray needed Horticultural oil
If black knot is a problem,use Captan or all-purposefruit spray. If black knot is nota problem, no spray needed.
This is the only spray that controls peach leaf curl, plumpockets, and black knot of plum and cherries. For black knotcontrol, this spray should be repeated for two successiveyears.
Horticultural oil Oil for control of scale insects, European red mite and aphids.
Captan Captan
Note: Do not spray when freezing or near freezing temperature may be expected or Ilave just occurred.
No spray needed Fungicide for control of brown rot.
Captan- benomyl Benomyl Captaru benomyl
Note: Toprotect bees-do not use insecticide during bloom
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, Imidan or Sevin, or all-purpose sprayor all-purpose spray
Same as pink.
Captan + Imidan or Sevin, orall-purpose spray
Same as petal fall
Insecticide for control of plum curculio, European red mite,Oriental fruit moth, plant bugs, green fruit worm and rust mite.Fungicide for scab, brown rot and cherry leaf spot.
---
Same as petal fall.
Same as petal fall
Same as petal fall For control of brown rot.
Same as petal fall Same as petal fall
Same as petal fall Same as petal fall
Captan + benomyl Benomyl
Insecticide for control of same pests as above plus cherry fruitfly. Fungicide for scab, brown rot, cherry leaf spot.
13
='---.\",~,
·~'I. w..Table 7. S· 'y schedules for pest control on brambles (blackberries and raspberries).
Time to spray Materials (Rates listed in Table 2) Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at specific times (first column)
during the growing season.
Lime-sulfur for rose scale, anthracnose, cane blight and spur blight.Delayed donnant When buds begin to break andshow silllPr
Liquid lime-sulfur Note: This spray is critical forgood disease control.
New cane spray: When new canes are 6-12inches hqh
Captan or Ferbam Fungicide far control of anthracnose, cane blight, spur blight and septaria leaf spot.
Prebloom: Just before blossoms open Fungicide for control of anthracnose, cane blight, spur blight, fruit rots, septoria leaf spotand powdery mildew. Insecticide far raspberry fruit worm, cane borer, thrips andstrawberry weevil.
------- ------
Fungicide for anthracnose, septoria leaf spot, powdery mildew and fru~ rots., Insecticide for various insects.
Captan + benomyl + malathion or Imidan
Postbloom '.' Captan + benomyl + Sevin
Preharvest: As fru~ begins to color (Con#nuesprays eve/}' 7days through harvest. See Table 4for days waiting from last spray to harvest.)
Captan + benomyl + malathion Fungicide for anthracnose, septaria leaf spot, powdery mildew and fru~ rots. 'Insecticidefor sap beetle.
Postharvest Captan + Sevin Fungicide far anthracnose, cane blight, septoria leaf spot, powdery mildew and spurblight. 'Insecticide for various insects.
*00 not include an insecticide (Sevin, malathion, diazinon, Imidan, etc.) unless insects are present or have been a problem in previous years.
Continued from page 11.
All of these devices are useful,but they are expensive and requireconstant monitoring. In most cases,they are too costly and too compli-cated for most amateur growers.
An alternate method for obtain-ing pest development informationis to call your local county Coopera-tive Extension Service horticulturalagent, who generally is aware ofthis. information for your area.
14
AnthracnoseThrips
• .1",C~···,.,.,,,,~~'_•• ,t•..,.....• , •. a ••:..~ ..•.•..~( •.•••••••
Table 8. Spray schedules for pest control on grapes. ,,,.Time to spray Materials (Rates listed in Table 2) Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at specHic times (first column)
during the growing season.----------.------------------------------New growth: 2-4 inches long Captan + methoxychlor and Sevin Note: If
powdery mildew is a problem, a fungicideFungicides for control of black rot. Insecticide for flea beetles and climbing cutworms.Methoxychlor or Sevin may be needed just before buds show green for flea beetles.
New growth: 10-15 inches long Same as above Same as above
Prebloom: Just before first blossoms open Fungicide for control of black rot and powdery mildew.Ferbam or captan
Bloom: When the first few blossoms ope~ Same as aboveFerbam or captan
Postbloom: After all blossoms have fallen Fungicide for black rot, downy mildew and powdery mildew. Insecticides for mites,grape berry moth, leafhoppers, rose chafer and grape rootworm.
Ferbam or captan + Imidan or Sevin ormethoxychlor. Note: In wet weather, do not waituntil all blossoms have fallen, especially if blackrot is a problem. Spray every 7 to 10days.
Ferbam or captan + Sevin or methoxychlor +Imidan. Note: If black rot is present on leavesor berries, use ferbam.
---------------- ..----------------------
Same as first cover
First cover: 10 days after postbloom Fungicides for control of black rot, powdery mildew and downy mildew. 'Insecticides forcontrol of mites, grape berry moth, leafhoppers, rose chafer and grape rootwonn.
Second cover: 12-14 days after postbloom
Third cover: 12-14 days after second cover
Same as first cover-----------------Fungicide for control of powdery mildew and downy mildew. Insecticide for grape berrymoth, grape rootworm and leafroller.-------------
Ferbam or captan + Imidan or Sevin ormethoxychlor
---------Fourth cover: 12-14 days after third cover Same as third cover Same as third cover
------------------------------------------------------SPECIAL NOTES:Black rot-when berries reach about 6 to 8 percent sugar content (usually when they start to change color), thoy are no longer sus-ceptible to black rot. I Leaf hopperPowdery mildew-If powdery mildew becomes evident, incorporate benomyl in the spray schedule.
'Do not include an insecticide (Sevin, malathion, diazinon, Imidan, etc.) unless insects are present or have boon a problem In provi-ous years.
15
"Table 9.·Spray schedules fOffjest control on strawberries.···TIme to spray Materials (Rates listed in Table2)
Prebloom: When blossom buds are visible in Ihecrown
Caplan + malathion
Early bloom: When blossom stems have pushedout of crown
Captan + benomyl + malathion
Fungicide for fruit rots.Full bloom Caplan + benomyl. Nole: No insecticide shouldbe used during bloom.
-------------- -------------------Postbloom: Begin 10 days after full bloom spray Captan + benomyl + Sevin and malathion, orand continue to spray every 7 day~ until harvest is all-purpose fruit spray.over. See Table 4 for days waiting from last sprayto harvest.---.~-~Preharvest ** Captan + benomyl
Fungicide for leaf spot.Postharvest: Apply one or more times after reno-vation to protect the new foliage or next year's crop.
Caplan + Sevin or diazinon
Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at specific times (first column)
during the growing season.
Fungicide for control of fruit rots and leaf spots. Insecticide for spider mites, leaf aphids,weevils and spittlebugs.
Same as prebloom.
Fungicide for fruit rots and leaf spots. *Insecticide for aphids, leaf rollers, spittlebugs andplant bugs.
--_._---
Fru~ rots.
'Insecticide for strawberry leafrollers and leafhoppers.'Do not include an insecticide (Sevin, malathion, diazinon, Imidan, etc.) unless insects are present or have been a problem in previous years."Captan has a re-entry stipulation that requires protective gloves be wom for 4 days after application when harvesting berries, even though berries can be eaten the day they are sprayed with captan.
Aphid Spittlebug
16
Table 10~Spray schedules for pest control on blueberries;"'. .-;Time to spray
Dormant: Before budbreak
Same as green tip.
Green tip: Bud has 1/4 inch of green
Prebloom: Just before blossoms open
Materials (Rates listed in Table 2) Insects and diseases most likely to be a problem at the specific time (first column)
during the growing season
'Oil for control of scale insects.Horticuttural oilNote: apply only if scale insects are a problem. ------------------------------------------------------Funginex
Same as green tip
Same as green tip.Bloom: 25-75% of blossoms open
Petal fall: 75% of petals have dropped :~
Benomyl
Benomyl + Sevin or malathion or diazinon
To control mummy berry.
Fungicide for mummy berry. 'Insecticide for fruit worms, tip borer,leafroller, leafhoppers and plum curculio.
Same as above, plus blueberry maggot and Japanese beetle.After bloom: Seven to 10 days after petal fall Same as above·00 not include an insecticide (Sevin, malathion, diazinon, Imidan, etc.) unless insects are present or have been a problem in previous years.
Armored Scale and Euonymus Scale
. ".•.", ...~. ,.. -_. -,"""".
Soft Scale
17
Control of Pests Not Covered In Spray Schedules
Fire Blight onApples and PearsFire blight, like most bacterial
plant diseases, is very hard to con-trol but can be greatly reduced byplanting the more resistant culti-vars, using good sanitary practicesand spraying properly. Fise blightcan occur on all common cultivarsof apple and pear but is most de-structive to Paulared, Jonathan,Rome Beauty, Wealthy, Transparentand Idared apples and Bartlett,Clapp Favorite and Bosc pears.However, most of the more desir-able pear cultivars are so suscepti-ble that fire blight is a seriousproblem.
Thoroughly examine trees atleast once a week from the time
blossoms appear in the spring untilearly August and immediately re-move all blighted twigs, spurs, etc.Break or cut infected parts off 6 to 8inches below the lowest point ofvisible infection. Avoid spreadingthe bacteria by disinfecting theblade of any cutting tool used bydipping the blade in a 10 percenthousehold bleach solution betweencuts. Remove diseased materialfrom the vicinity of the trees andburn, bury or otherwise dispose ofit. Use nitrogen fertilizers very spar-ingly around pears and susceptibleapple cultivars-young, vigorouslygrowing trees are generally moresusceptible than mature ones.
Control of PowderyMildew on Fruit Crops
Most Michigan fruit crops aresusceptible to powdery mildew.Benomyl (fungicide) is effectiveagainst powdery mildew fungi andcan be used on all fruit crops men-tioned in this publication. Whenbenomyl is included in the recom-mended spray schedule, powderymildew should not be a problem. If
Powdery Mildew
powdery mildew is a problem, usebenomyl in combination with an-other fungicide recommended inthe spray schedule. Follow instruc-tions for rates given in Table 2 andon the container label.
Rust on Applesand Pears
If rust is a problem, apply fer-bam. Apply four sprays 7 to 10days apart starting at pink stage inearly bloom. Follow label instruc-tions for correct rates and precau-tions.
Cedar-Apple Rust
Control of Miteson Fruit TreesFor control of mites throughout
the growing season, apply horticul-tural oil as a dormant spray as sug-gested in the spray schedule.Summer sprays spaced 8 to 10daysapart are necessary. Pesticides donot generally control eggs, so al-ways use two sprays in succession.Hatching eggs can result in a mite
buildup in a very short period oftime. Remember that oil can not beapplied with or after an applicationof cap tan.
Horticultural oils can be appliedbetween green-tip and prepinkstages of tree development. Euro-pean red mite eggs are most suscep-tible to control by oil when they areabout to hatch. Under Michiganconditions, the period of peak miteegg hatch occurs when apple treesare in the prepink to pink stage.Thus, the closer the application toprep ink, the greater the kill of aniteeggs. Oil applied earlier than green-tip is not as effective as later appli-cations. The addition of aphosphate insecticide does not in-crease the miticidal value of oil.
Preventive oil applications donot control the two-spotted mite be-cause this mite moves up into thetrees from grass and weeds during
Spider Mite
the season. Preventive Europeanred mite control programs are de-signed to control the mites at anearly stage in their development toprevent any buildup through theseason. Supplemental measures areusually required in mid- to late sea-son. Eradicative mite control pro-grams, on the other hand, attemptto control mites after they have in-creased sufficiently in numbers todamage the crop. Eradicative pro-grams are expensive and requirespecific miticides.
Control of Mites onStrawberries
Two species of mites attackstrawberries. Damage appears asdistorted and discolored leaves andstunted fruits. Silken webs mayalso be found on the lower surfacesof the leaves. The two-spotted spi-der mite varies in color from palegreenish yellow to dark crimsonwith two dark spots on its back.The cyclamen mite is so tiny that itis scarcely visible to the naked eye.Both mites suck sap from the fo-liage and, when populations areheavy, can seriously damage straw-berry plantings.
Life cycles of both species arequite short during the summer.Under ideal weather conditions,they can build up very rapidly ifleft uncontrolled.
Boxwood Psyllid
Sooty Mold
and fruits are often covered withsticky honeydew (psylla drop-pings) on which a sooty mold
. grows.If pear psylla has been a prob-
lem, apply a horticultural oil spraybefore buds open, followed by anapplication of Imidan at petal falland first cover sprays. Then wait 30days. If psyllids are still present,make two more applications of Im-idan 7 to 1.0days apart.
19
Control of Pear Psyllaon Pears
Some lime between the dor-mant and green-tip stages of pearbll<J (.Icvolopmont, liny pear psyllanymph» nppuor and begin suckingplant jIIiCCH. 'l'hey congregate be-neath the [eaves and, if left un-
hccked, their feeding causes thelea ves to turn brown and evendrop in the summer. Leaves, twigs
Many other Extension publica-tions are available on MichiganFruit production, including n:;com-mended varieties, culture, in-sects/ diseases, fertilizers,pesticides and pruning methods.Call, write or visit the CooperativeExtension Service Office in yourcounty for more information. Fol-lowing is a list of related publica-tions available there or by writingto the MSU Bulletin Office, P.O.Box 6640, East Lansing, MI 48826-6640.
:<ir
20
E-0509, Peach Culture in Michi-gan (free)
E-0519,-Pear Culture in Michi-gan (free)
E-0852, Fertilizers for FruitCrops ($1.35, for sale only)
E-1025 "Safe, Effective Use ofPesticides-Private Applicators"($1.00, for sale only)
E-1330, How to Recognize andControl Black Knot (free)
E-1439, Diseases in the Home Or-chard ($.50)
E-1456, Highbush Blueberry Va-rieties for Michigan (free)
E-1728, Strawberry Diseases inMichigan ($.35)
E-1730, Raspberry Diseases inMichigan ($.35)
E-1731, Blueberry Diseases inMichigan ($.75, for sale only)
E-1732, Common Diseases of theGrapevine in Michigan ($.60, forsale only)
E-1744, Training and PruningYoung Cherry Trees (free)
E-1824 "Safe, Effective Use ofPesticides-Commercial Applica-tors" ($3.00, for sale only)
E-1863, Common Blueberry In-sect Pests and Their Control (free)
E-1864, Small Fruit Insect Pestsand Control: Homeowner's Per-spective (free)
E-1905, Growing Strawberries inthe Home Garden (free)
E-1935, Pruning Grapevines inMichigan (free)
E-1941, Renovating Old, Aban-doned Apple Trees (free)
E-2030, Growing Blackberries inMichigan ($.30)
E-2066, Hints on Growing Blue-berries ($.45)
E-2087, Cedar-Apple Rusts ($.85,for sale only)
E-2155, Storing Pesticides Com-monly Used in Fruit/VegetableProduction ($.70, for sale only)
NCR-045, Diseases of Tree Fruits($1.75, for sale only)
L rc;-;" ",.,- _ '-""".. :oJ, "" .., __
It is very important to keep a record of pesticides used, rates and dates applied. This record will probably be Ihe only place you can checkto determine the interval from the last pestidde application to harvest and to determine when your fruit can be safely harvested.
DATE APPLIED
I.,.•••.
RATE APPLIED(amounVgal)
CROP & CULTIVAR COMMENTS (weather conditions, stage of development, etc.) The number of gallons used is alsogood to know for future applications.
[3MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity institution. Cooperative Exten-sion Service programs are open to allwithout regard to race, color, national
origin, sex, or handicap.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension workin agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8,and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S.Department of Agriculture. J. Ray Gillespie, InterimDirector, Cooperative Extension Service, MichiganState University, E. Lansing, MI48824.This inlormation is lor educational purposes only.Relerence to commercial products or Irade namesdoes not imply endorsemenl by tile Cooper ativExlension Service or bias aqalnst tl1080 nol men-liorlod, l11is bultoun becomes pul')IiCproperly uponPlIl)IiCElIIOIIend may co lopriniod vorbattrn wlth
radii 10 MSU. f10prlnllng COllnolbo usod to endorser advorttso n commorclal orccuc: or company.
Mulor f1ovlolon5:09,·IOM.I<MF.HP,_lor sale only.
FILE 27.33 (Gnrllonlng-Frull)
PESTICIDE EMERGENCY INFORMATION(Please post in an appropriate place)
For any type of emergency involving a pesticide, the following Emergency InformationCenters should be contacted immediately for assistance.
Current as of May, 1989t tHUMAN PESTICIDE POISONING SPECIAL PESTICIDE EMERGENCIES
Eastem Half of Mic~~!~within the Detroit city proper:
*(313) 745-5711within the 313 area code:
*1-800-462-6642Poison Control Center
Children's Hospital of Michigan3901 BeaubienDetroit, MI 48201
L..-
Western Half of Michiganwithin the Grand Rapids city proper:
*(616) 774-7854
Statewide*1-800-632-2727
Blodgett Regional Poison CenterBlodgett Memorial Medical Center1840 Wealthy, S.E.Grand Rapids, MI49506
,'__ _4'._~·_'
Upper F'.e!!i.I1SIlIIl of MJchi~r:.!!..within the Marquette city proper:
*(906) 225-3497
Upper Peninsula only:*1-800-562-9781
U,P, Poison Control CenterMarquette General Hospital420 West Magnetic StreetMarquette, MI 48955
Cooperative Extension ServiceMichigan State University[3May 1989(Revised-destroy previous oatttons)
Revised by Larry G. Olsen,Pesticide Education Coordinator
MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunlly Insiliulion.
Animal Poisoning
Your personal veterinarian:
andlor
Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan StateUniversity:(517) 353-1683
Pesticide Fire
Local fire department:
andFire Marshal Division, Michigan State Police:(517) 322-1924
Traffic ,L\ccide~_.~_
Local police department or sheriff's department:
mIdOperations Division, Michigan State Police:*(517) 337-6102
-------.--Enuironment al Pollution
Pollution Emergency Alerting System (PEAS), MichiganDepartment of Natural Resources:*1-800-292-4706 -r-(To 1/ free for environmental emergencies)
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Waste Man-agement Division:(517) 373·2730
For information on pesticide disposal and local pick-lipdays:
Pesticides & Plant Pest Management Division, MichiganDepartment of Agriculture:(517) 373-1087
• Telephone Nllmber Operated 24 Hours
.-
"'
Spray Schedules forControlling Pests ofBackyard Fruits in Michigan
J. Lee Taylor, Jerry Hull and Eric HansenDepartment of Horticulture MUch of the information in this publication is
taken from "Backyard Fruit Sprays For InsectsAnd Diseases," The Ohio State University, by Richard L.Miller and Michael A. Ellis. Information was also takenfrom Publication 591, "Growing and Using Fruit atHome," from The Ohio State University, by James D.Utzinger, Richard C. Funt, Michael A. Ellis and RichardL. Miller. Additional information is from Michigan StateUniversity Extension Bulletins E-154, "Fruit SprayingCalendar-1989" and E-1942, 1/ Availability Guide."
Extension Bulletin E-1723 _ Revised May 1989 _ Cooperative Extension Service _ Michigan State University
______ 1_
Availability Guide for Michigan Grown Fruits
ThiS chart is a buying guide for fruits grown inMichigan. It shows a range of availability be-
cause the season for fruits varies slightly from yearto year, and from one area of the state to another.The solid bars in the chart refer to the peak periods
A more extensive availability chart showing bothMichigan fruits and vegetables is available fromyour county extension office. Order Extension Bul-letin E-1942,Availability Guide-Michigan GrownFruits, Vegetables, Other Products, free.
of availability. These bars are longer than the har-vest dates shown for apples, since a significant por-tion of the crop is stored and marketed afterharvest. Usual peak harvest dates for each fruit areshown (in white) inside the bars.
