88thth & 10 & 10thth Grade Grade ReviewReview

14921492 The Italian The Italian

navigator, navigator, Christopher Christopher Columbus, who Columbus, who sailed with the sailed with the support of the support of the Spanish crown, Spanish crown, arrived in the arrived in the Americas.Americas.

Colombian ExchangeColombian Exchange

Global exchange of goods between Global exchange of goods between Europe, Asia, African, and the Europe, Asia, African, and the Americas. Americas.

16071607 In this year, representatives In this year, representatives

of the Virginia Company of of the Virginia Company of London established the first London established the first permanent English permanent English settlement in North settlement in North America. America.

The settlement was called The settlement was called Jamestown in honor of King Jamestown in honor of King James I of England.James I of England.

Magna CartaMagna Carta signed by King John signed by King John

in in 1215.1215. It asserted the right It asserted the right

of citizens to of citizens to a trial by jurya trial by jury no imprisonment no imprisonment

without a trialwithout a trial no taxation except no taxation except

by approval of by approval of ParliamentParliament

English Bill of English Bill of Rights 1689Rights 1689

King William and Queen King William and Queen Mary acceptedMary accepted this this document in 1689. document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights It guaranteed certain rights

to English citizens to English citizens It declared that elections for It declared that elections for

Parliament would happen Parliament would happen frequently. frequently.

By accepting this By accepting this document, they supported document, they supported a limited monarchy = a a limited monarchy = a system in which the king system in which the king shared his power with shared his power with Parliament and the Parliament and the people.people.

17761776 Declaration of Declaration of

Independence Independence signed. signed.

Start of the Start of the Revolutionary War. Revolutionary War.

United States United States established as an established as an independent independent nation.nation.

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

This This document document was was adopted by the Second adopted by the Second Continental Congress on Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. July 4, 1776.

It established the 13 It established the 13 American colonies as American colonies as independent states, free independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. from rule by Great Britain.

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.majority of this document.

Quote from:Quote from:Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

““We hold these truths to be self-We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just power from men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new abolish it, and to institute new government…”government…”

Declaration of Declaration of Independence 1776Independence 1776

The Declaration states The Declaration states the two major the two major principles on which principles on which the Constitution is the Constitution is based:based: Government gets its Government gets its

power from the consent power from the consent of the governed.of the governed.

All men are created All men are created equal and have equal and have unalienable rights.unalienable rights.

Unalienable Unalienable RightsRights Rights/Privileges Rights/Privileges

according to the according to the Declaration of Declaration of Independence.Independence.

These rights cannot be These rights cannot be taken away. taken away.

They are:They are: life life LibertyLiberty the pursuit of happinessthe pursuit of happiness

GrievancesGrievances==

ComplaintsComplaints

Colonial GrievancesColonial Grievances Taxation without Taxation without

consent consent (permission)(permission)

No representationNo representation No trial by juryNo trial by jury Quartering troopsQuartering troops Standing armies in Standing armies in

peace timepeace time

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Writer of the Writer of the

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Colonial leaderColonial leader 33rdrd President President

George WashingtonGeorge Washington Leader of the Leader of the

Continental Army Continental Army during the during the RevolutionRevolution

11stst president of the president of the United StatesUnited States

““No Taxation Without No Taxation Without Representation”Representation”

Colonial protests Colonial protests against British against British policies and taxes.policies and taxes.

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

The war of The war of independence independence fought between fought between Britain and 13 of its Britain and 13 of its colonies in North colonies in North AmericaAmerica

1775-17831775-1783

Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (1775)(1775)

Battles that started Battles that started the American the American Revolution.Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga (1777)(1777)

Colonist victory Colonist victory over British.over British.

Turning point in Turning point in Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.

French offer help to French offer help to colonists.colonists.

Battle of Yorktown Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Colonists defeated Colonists defeated the British.the British.

The British The British surrendered.surrendered.

End of military End of military struggle.struggle.

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the Ended the Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.

British recognized British recognized colonists’ colonists’ independence.independence.

British gave British gave colonists all the colonists all the lands stretching lands stretching west of the west of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Articles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation

This document was the This document was the nation’s first nation’s first constitutionconstitution

It was adopted by the It was adopted by the Second Continental Second Continental Congress in 1781 Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. during the Revolution.

The document was The document was limited because states limited because states held most of the held most of the power, and Congress power, and Congress lacked the power to lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.control coinage.

17871787 Delegates gathered in Delegates gathered in

Philadelphia to revise Philadelphia to revise the Articles of the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

Instead, they drafted, Instead, they drafted, debated, debated, compromised, and compromised, and finally approved for finally approved for ratification the ratification the Constitution of the Constitution of the United States.United States.

U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution A document that A document that

sets out the laws sets out the laws and principles of and principles of the government of the government of the United States.the United States.

Principles of the Principles of the U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

1.1. Limited GovernmentLimited Government

2.2. RepublicanismRepublicanism

3.3. Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

4.4. FederalismFederalism

5.5. Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

6.6. Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

7.7. Individual RightsIndividual Rights

Limited GovernmentLimited Government

A government in A government in which its powers which its powers are specified in the are specified in the Constitution.Constitution.

A government in A government in which everyone, which everyone, including all including all authority figures, authority figures, must obey the laws must obey the laws

Republicanism The idea that The idea that

government is government is controlled by the people controlled by the people who hold power and who hold power and elect representatives, elect representatives, giving those giving those representatives power representatives power to make and enforce to make and enforce laws.laws.

Checks and Balances The sharing of The sharing of

powers by the powers by the three branches of three branches of government to government to “check” the “check” the activities and activities and power of the otherspower of the others

Checks and Checks and BalancesBalances

Federalism The distribution of The distribution of

power between a power between a federal federal government and government and the states within a the states within a union.union.

= 1= 1

= 50= 50

Separation of Separation of PowersPowers

The idea that the power The idea that the power of government is of government is separated into three separated into three branches of branches of government.government.

The three branches are:The three branches are: LegislativeLegislative ExecutiveExecutive JudicialJudicial

Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty All political power All political power

rests with the rests with the people who can people who can create, alter, and create, alter, and abolish abolish government. government.

Representative Representative GovernmentGovernment

A system of A system of government in which government in which power is held by the power is held by the people and their will is people and their will is carried out by elected carried out by elected representatives.representatives.

Individual Rights Individual rights, Individual rights,

our personal rights, our personal rights, are protected by are protected by the Bill of Rights, the Bill of Rights, the first ten the first ten amendments.amendments.

The FederalistsThe Federalists They include John They include John

Jay, James Jay, James Madison, and Madison, and Alexander Alexander Hamilton. They all Hamilton. They all favored ratification favored ratification of the Constitution.of the Constitution.

Federalist Federalist PapersPapers

A series of A series of essaysessays written by three written by three leading Federalists.leading Federalists.

They supported a They supported a form of government form of government that divided power that divided power between a strong between a strong central government central government and the states.and the states.

Anti-Anti-FederalistsFederalists The Anti-Federalists argued The Anti-Federalists argued

that the Constitution was that the Constitution was taking power away from taking power away from the states and individuals.the states and individuals.

Their arguments against Their arguments against the Constitution led to the the Constitution led to the passage of the Bill of passage of the Bill of Rights after the Rights after the Constitution was approved.Constitution was approved.

Ratify Ratify ApproveApprove

Bill of RightsBill of Rights First ten First ten

amendments to the amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution

(ratified in 1791) (ratified in 1791)

AmendmentsAmendments The way of making The way of making

changes to the U.S. changes to the U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

First First Amendment: Amendment:

Religious and Political FreedomReligious and Political Freedom States that States that “Congress shall “Congress shall make no law” make no law” restricting freedom restricting freedom of: of: SpeechSpeech PressPress ReligionReligion AssemblyAssembly PetitionPetition

Second Second Amendment: Amendment:

Right to Bear ArmsRight to Bear Arms Guarantees the Guarantees the right of states to right of states to organize militias, organize militias, or armies, and the or armies, and the right of individuals right of individuals to bear arms.to bear arms.

Third Third Amendment:Amendment:

Quartering of TroopsQuartering of Troops Soldiers cannot be Soldiers cannot be housed in people’s housed in people’s homes unless it is homes unless it is approved by law.approved by law.

Fourth Fourth AmendmentAmendment::

Search and SeizureSearch and Seizure Protects citizens Protects citizens from unreasonable from unreasonable searches and searches and seizures.seizures.

If a judge believes If a judge believes the search is the search is reasonable, a search reasonable, a search warrant will be warrant will be granted.granted.

Fifth Amendment:Fifth Amendment: Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused

This amendment protects an This amendment protects an accused person from having to accused person from having to testify against him or herself testify against him or herself (self-incrimination). (self-incrimination).

It bans double jeopardy (tried It bans double jeopardy (tried twice for the same crime)twice for the same crime)

It guarantees that no citizen It guarantees that no citizen may be deprived of life, liberty, may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process or property without due process of law – certain legal of law – certain legal procedures that must be carried procedures that must be carried out before a person can be out before a person can be punished.punished.

Sixth AmendmentSixth Amendment::Right to a Speedy, Public TrialRight to a Speedy, Public Trial

Guarantees a fair Guarantees a fair and impartial trial and impartial trial to those accused of to those accused of a crime.a crime. Accused must be Accused must be

told of the charges.told of the charges. Accused has a right Accused has a right

to a trial by jury.to a trial by jury. Accused has a right Accused has a right

to be represented to be represented by a lawyer.by a lawyer.

Seventh Amendment:Seventh Amendment:Trial by Jury in Civil CasesTrial by Jury in Civil Cases

Guarantees Guarantees individuals the individuals the right to a jury right to a jury trial in many trial in many non-criminal non-criminal matters. matters.

Eighth Amendment:Eighth Amendment: Limits of Fines and PunishmentLimits of Fines and Punishment

Federal courts can Federal courts can not require an not require an unusually high bail.unusually high bail.

No one can be No one can be punished in an punished in an cruel and unusual cruel and unusual way.way.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803Louisiana Purchase, 1803

$15,000,000$15,000,000

Manifest Manifest DestinyDestiny This expression was This expression was

popular in the 1840s.popular in the 1840s. Many people believed Many people believed

that the United States that the United States was destined to secure was destined to secure territory from “sea to territory from “sea to sea,” from the Atlantic sea,” from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. to the Pacific Ocean.

This rationale drove This rationale drove the acquisition of the acquisition of territory.territory.

Plantation Plantation SystemSystem A system of A system of

agricultural agricultural production based production based on large-scale land on large-scale land ownership and use ownership and use of slave labor.of slave labor.

Tariff Tariff Tax on imported Tax on imported

goods.goods.

Protective TariffProtective Tariff A tax on an A tax on an

imported product imported product instituted to instituted to protect local protect local industriesindustries

NullifyNullify

Nullification Nullification CrisisCrisis Southerners favored Southerners favored

freedom of trade freedom of trade and believed in the and believed in the authority of states authority of states over the federal over the federal government. government.

Southerners Southerners declared federal declared federal protective tariffs null protective tariffs null and void.and void.

States’ RightsStates’ Rights

The idea that states The idea that states had the right to had the right to control all control all issues/laws in their issues/laws in their state not specifically state not specifically given to the federal given to the federal government by the government by the specific words of the specific words of the Constitution.Constitution.

States’ RightsStates’ Rights

It was used mostly It was used mostly by Southern states by Southern states to argue that they to argue that they had the right to had the right to nullify federal laws nullify federal laws they did not agree they did not agree with.with.

States’ Rights States’ Rights

States’ rights became the leading cause of States’ rights became the leading cause of the Civil War as Southern states seceded the Civil War as Southern states seceded from the United States and formed the from the United States and formed the Confederate State of America in 1861. Confederate State of America in 1861.

Dred Scott v. Dred Scott v. Sandford Sandford

Supreme Court case Supreme Court case that ruled that that ruled that African Americans African Americans were not citizens of were not citizens of the U.S.the U.S.

SlaverySlavery

The movement to The movement to end slavery in the end slavery in the United States.United States.

Abolitionist Abolitionist MovementMovement

SectionalismSectionalism A word describing A word describing

being loyal to a being loyal to a local interest local interest instead of the instead of the national level national level concerns and also concerns and also a word that stood a word that stood for a major cause for a major cause of the Civil War.of the Civil War.

1861-18651861-1865 The American Civil The American Civil

War was fought during War was fought during these years. these years.

It began with the firing It began with the firing on Fort Sumter and on Fort Sumter and ended with the ended with the Confederate surrender Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court at Appomattox Court House almost four House almost four years later years later

Civil WarCivil War The U.S. Civil War The U.S. Civil War

(1861-1865) resulted (1861-1865) resulted from years of conflict from years of conflict between competing between competing sectional interests – sectional interests – includingincluding slaveryslavery States’ rightsStates’ rights conflicting economic conflicting economic

and social structures of and social structures of the North and South.the North and South.

SecessionSecession = to withdraw= to withdraw 11 of the 11 of the

Southern states Southern states separated from separated from the United the United States and States and formed their formed their own country = own country = Confederate Confederate States of States of America.America.

GettysburGettysburg Addressg Address Speech given by Speech given by

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln which captured the which captured the spirit of liberty and spirit of liberty and morality ideally morality ideally held by citizens of held by citizens of a democracy. a democracy.

That ideal was That ideal was threatened by the threatened by the Civil War.Civil War.

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Issued by Abraham Issued by Abraham Lincoln on Lincoln on September 22, September 22, 18621862

It declared that all It declared that all slaves in the slaves in the rebellious rebellious Confederate states Confederate states would be free. would be free.

13th Amendment

A Reconstruction A Reconstruction amendment that freed amendment that freed slaves in the United slaves in the United StatesStates

1414thth AmendmentAmendment A Reconstruction A Reconstruction

amendment, which amendment, which declared that all declared that all persons born in the persons born in the U.S. were citizens U.S. were citizens and were entitled and were entitled to equal rights. to equal rights.

1515thth AmendmentAmendment A Reconstruction A Reconstruction

amendment that amendment that granted black men granted black men the right to vote.the right to vote.

Reconstruction Reconstruction (1867-1877)(1867-1877)

Reconstruction (1867-Reconstruction (1867-1877)1877)

The period after the The period after the Civil War.Civil War.

The United States The United States confronted problems confronted problems of re-admitting the of re-admitting the Southern states to Southern states to the Union and the Union and integrating the freed integrating the freed slaves into society. slaves into society.

1914-19181914-1918 World War IWorld War I

1939-19451939-1945 World War IIWorld War II

1941-19451941-1945 U.S. Involvement in U.S. Involvement in

World War IIWorld War II

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources

Consists of Consists of evidence produced evidence produced by someone who by someone who participated in an participated in an event or lived event or lived during the time during the time being studied being studied

Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources

Include Include descriptions or descriptions or interpretations interpretations prepared by people prepared by people who were not who were not involved in the involved in the events described – events described – like textbooks or like textbooks or biographies.biographies.