88thth Grade Science Grade ScienceUnit 7:Unit 7:

Changes in the EarthChanges in the Earth

Lesson 2:Lesson 2:

Global Warming – Who Moved the Global Warming – Who Moved the Carbon?Carbon?

Vocabulary of InstructionVocabulary of Instruction

1. Acid Rain1. Acid RainRain that has a pH lower than 7 because it contains nitric Rain that has a pH lower than 7 because it contains nitric and sulfuric acids and other air pollutants dissolved in it.and sulfuric acids and other air pollutants dissolved in it.

2. Emissions2. Emissions

Substances discharged Substances discharged into the air, especially by into the air, especially by internal combustion internal combustion engines (airplanes, cars, engines (airplanes, cars, and factories) due to the and factories) due to the burning of fossil fuels.burning of fossil fuels.

Yearly increase of atmospheric CO2. In the 1960’s, the Yearly increase of atmospheric CO2. In the 1960’s, the

average annual increase was 37% the 2000-2007 average.average annual increase was 37% the 2000-2007 average.

Main symptoms of Carbon Dioxide toxicity in HumansMain symptoms of Carbon Dioxide toxicity in Humans

3. Equilibrium3. Equilibrium

State of natural balance State of natural balance within a community of within a community of organisms in which organisms in which ecosystem diversity ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable.remain relatively stable.In some environments, In some environments, succession reaches a succession reaches a climaxclimax, producing a , producing a stable communitystable community dominated by a small dominated by a small number of prominent number of prominent species.species.

Aquatic Ecosystem (Food Web) in EquilibriumAquatic Ecosystem (Food Web) in Equilibrium

(1) a climax forest (2) destroyed by wildfire and (3 and 4) its (1) a climax forest (2) destroyed by wildfire and (3 and 4) its eventual recovery. Secondary succession occurs in an area eventual recovery. Secondary succession occurs in an area

where life once existed but has then been destroyed.where life once existed but has then been destroyed.

4. Fertilizer Runoff4. Fertilizer Runoff

Fertilizers include natural Fertilizers include natural (animal manure) and (animal manure) and synthetic materials synthetic materials (nitrogen, phosphorus, and (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds) that potassium compounds) that are spread on or worked are spread on or worked into soil to increase its into soil to increase its capacity to support plant capacity to support plant growth.growth.

Runoff of soil and fertilizer Runoff of soil and fertilizer is common during a rain is common during a rain storm which end up in storm which end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans.rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Old and Modern Fertilizer SpreaderOld and Modern Fertilizer Spreader

Decomposing animal manure, an Decomposing animal manure, an organic fertilizer source organic fertilizer source

5. Global Warming5. Global WarmingThe increase of The increase of greenhouse gas greenhouse gas concentration (mainly concentration (mainly carbon dioxide) that led carbon dioxide) that led to a substantial warming to a substantial warming (increase in the average (increase in the average atmospheric atmospheric temperature) of the temperature) of the earth and the sea that earth and the sea that causes corresponding causes corresponding changes in the climate.changes in the climate.

Average Temperature IncreaseAverage Temperature Increase

From which sectors do the major greenhouse gas emissions come from? The lower part of the picture shows the sources individually for the gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, respectively.

6. Greenhouse Effect6. Greenhouse Effect

The The greenhouse greenhouse effecteffect is caused by an is caused by an atmosphere atmosphere containing gases that containing gases that absorb and emit absorb and emit infrared heat radiation, infrared heat radiation, due to its absorption due to its absorption by atmospheric by atmospheric carbon dioxide, water carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and vapor, methane, and other gases. other gases.

Real Greenhouses used to grow Real Greenhouses used to grow plants under controlled conditionsplants under controlled conditions

7. Ozone Depletion7. Ozone DepletionThe destruction of the The destruction of the protective layer of ozone in protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere by the upper atmosphere by chemical pollution. It is chemical pollution. It is attributed to the presence attributed to the presence of chlorine from manmade of chlorine from manmade Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) and other forces. (CFC’s) and other forces. The layer is thinning The layer is thinning because ozone is being because ozone is being destroyed at a faster rate destroyed at a faster rate than it is being regenerated than it is being regenerated by natural forces. by natural forces.

Ozone Depletion Causes and EffectsOzone Depletion Causes and Effects

•The blue and purple colors are where there is the least ozone, and the greens, yellows, and reds are where there is more ozone.

Ozone Depletion EffectsOzone Depletion Effects