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8/20/2019 80456540 Review of Chemical Structure and Bonding
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Professor: Ms. Lady ChristineN. Grey
Review of Chemical Structureand Bonding !cids and Bases
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Chemistry
"arly #$th
century%rganic Chemistry means thechemistry of com&ounds in
living organisms.%rganic matter are 'elievedto 'e endowed with a vital
force.
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Brief History of Organic Chemistry
#()(*riedrich +ohler &roduced theorganic chemical com&ound
urea, a com&onent of urine,from the inorganic ammoniumcyanate.
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Chemistry
#(-+illiam /enry Per0in, whiletrying to manufacture 1uinine,
accidentally manufactured the2rst synthetic organic dyeMauveine, also 0nown as
Per0in3s mauve.
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Chemistry
Mid #(44s5t was clear that there was nofundamental di6erence 'etween
organic and inorganiccom&ounds.
7he only distinguishing
characteristic of organicchemicals is that all contain theelement Carbon.
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic Structure
!tomic Num'er 89 ; thenum'er of &rotons an atomcontains.
Mass Num'er 8! ; the totalnum'er of &rotons &lus neutronsin the nucleus of an atom.
5soto&es ; atoms with the sameatomic num'er 'ut di6erentmass num'ers.
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Atomic Structure
!tomic %r'itals
! region of s&ace around thenucleus where electrons most
li0ely to 'e found.
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Atomic Structure
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Chemical Bonding
5onic Bond
! ty&e of chemical 'ond formedthrough an electrostatic
attraction 'etween twoo&&ositely charged ions.
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Chemical Bonding Covalent Bond
! ty&e of chemical 'ond formed
through sharing of electrons.
7he neutral grou& of atoms held
together 'y covalent 'onds is calleda molecule.
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Chemical Bonding
"lectron=dot structures and Line='ond structures
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Chemical Bonding
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Molecular Orbitals
Re&resent regions in a moleculewhere an electron is li0ely to 'efound.
%'tained from the com'ination ofatomic or'itals, which &redict thelocation of an electron in an atom.
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Methane: Simplest Organic Compound
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Hybrid Orbitals
! ty&e of atomic or'itals that resultswhen two or more atomic or'itals of anisolated atom mi>.
7he num'er of hy'rid or'itals on a
covalently 'onded atom is e1ual to thenum'er of atomic or'itals used to formhy'rid or'itals.
?o not e>ist in isolated atoms. !re e1uivalent and form identical 'onds.
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sp3 hybrid orbital
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sp3 hybrid orbital
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Ethene
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sp2 hybrid orbital
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sp2 hybrid orbital
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Ethyne
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sp hybrid orbital
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sp hybrid orbital
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olar Co!alent Bonds
Bonding electrons are
attracted more strongly'y one atom than theother so that theelectron distri'ution
'etween atoms is notsymmetrical. "lectronegativity ; isthe a'ility of an atom to
attract the sharedelectron in a covalent'ond.
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Electronegati!ity "alues and #rends
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redicting the polarity of a bond
5f electronegativity di6erence is:
) or more ; 5onic 'ond
less than 4.@ ; Non=&olar 'ond
4.- to #.$ ; Polar Covalent 'ond
$nducti!e e%ect ; the shifting of
electrons in aσ
'ond in res&onseto the electronegativity of near'yatoms.
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Acids and Bases
Acids ; taste sour, &/ level of # to.$, turns 'lue litmus &a&er to red.
Bases ; taste 'itter, &/ level of
A.# to #@, turns red litmus &a&er to'lue.
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Bronsted & 'o(ry Acids and Bases
Bronsted)'o(ry Acid ; asu'stance that donates a hydrogenion 8/ or a &roton.
Bronsted) 'o(ry Base
; asu'stance that acce&ts a hydrogenion 8/= or a &roton.
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Organic Acids and Bases
Organic Acids ; characteried 'ythe &resence of a &ositively&olaried hydrogen atom.
) ty&es of organic acids :
with a / atom 'onded to anelectronegative % atom
with a / atom 'onded to a C atomne>t to a CD% dou'le 'ond
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Organic Acids and Bases
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Organic Acids and Bases
Organic Bases ; characteried 'ythe &resence of an atom with a lone&air of electrons that can 'ond to the/ ion.
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'e(is Acids and Bases
'e(is Acid ; a su'stance thatacce&ts an electron &air.
'e(is Base ; a su'stance thatdonates an electron &air.
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'e(is Acids and Bases
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$ntermolecular *orces of Attraction
7hese are attractions 'etween onemolecule and a neigh'ouringmolecule.
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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions
?i&ole=di&ole forces
"lectrostatic interactions of&ermanent di&oles in molecules.
7hese interactions tend to align themolecules to increase theinteraction.
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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions
5on=di&ole forces
Consists of an ion and a &olarmolecule interacting. 7hey align sothat the &ositive and negative forcesare ne>t to one another, allowing forma>imum attraction.
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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions
?i&ole=induced di&ole force
5t is the attractive interaction'etween a &ermanent multi&ole onone molecule with an inducedmulti&ole on another.
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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions
London dis&ersion force
5t is a tem&orary attractive force thatresults when the electrons in twoadEacent atoms occu&y &ositionsthat ma0e the atoms form tem&orarydi&oles.
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#ypes of $ntermolecular Attractions
/ydrogen
'onding
5t is the attractiveforce 'etween an
electronegativeatom and ahydrogen atomthat is 'onded to
either nitrogen,o>ygen, orFuorine.