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Research Design

Definition, Functions; Study DesignsBased on Number of Contacts, Based On

Reference Period, Experimental, Non-Experimental And Quasi-

Experimental Study Designs,

Cross- Over Comparative Experimental Design, ReplicatedCross-Sectional Design, Action Research.

Methods of Data CollectionPrimary and Secondary Sources;

Primary Data Collection Instruments;Attitudinal ScalesLikert,

Thurstone, Guttman Scales; Validity of Research InstrumentsFace And

Content, Concurrent And Predictive, Construct Validity;

Reliability of Research Instruments External And Internal

Consistency Procedures.

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Before beginning your paper, you need to decidehow you plan to design the study

The research design refers to the overall strategy thatyou choose to integrate the different components of thestudy in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring

you will effectively address the research problem; itconstitutes the blueprint for the collectionmeasurement, and analysis of data. Note that yourresearch problem determines the type of design youcan use, not the other way around!

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RESEARCH DESIGN- FEATURES

Specifies thesource and typeof informationrelevant to theresearchproblem

PLAN

Specifies whichapproach will beused to gatherand analyse thedata

STRATEGY Specifies cost

and budget andthe constraintsunder which thestudy will becarried out

Research

Design

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DEFINITION OF RESEACH DESIGN

A traditional design is a blue print or detailed planfor how a research study is to be completed-operationalizing variables so they can be measured,selecting a sample of interest to study, collecting datato be used as a basis for testing hypothesis, andanalyzing the results.

(Thyer)

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FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design has two main functions:-

Identification and or/development of proceduresand logistical arrangements required to undertake a

study The second emphasizes the importance of quality in

these procedures to ensure their validity, objectivityand accuracy.

Could be understood with an example of IV, DV andExtraneous variables.

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INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Any variable that is responsible for bringing about achange is Independent variable

Any variable in which a change is cause due toindependent variable is a dependent variable.

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EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

All other factors which affect the relationshipbetween independent and Dependent variable arecalled extraneous variables. These variables exists inevery study cannot be eliminated however they can

be controlled to some extent.

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

A systematic, subjective approach and is used todescribe life experiences as it is.

It is used in social and behavioural sciences.

A descriptive study is one in which information iscollected without changing the environment (i.e.,

nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these arereferred to as correlational or observationalstudies

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It is used to:

1. Describe variables

2. Examine relationships among variables

3. Determine cause and effect interactions betweenvariables

4. Used pre-dominantly for scientific investigation

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TIMEFRAME OF STUDIES

Prospective StudyLooks forward, looks to the future, examines futureevents, follows a condition, concern or disease into

the future

timeStudy begins here

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TIMEFRAME OF STUDIES

Retrospective StudyTo look back, looks back in time to study events

that have already occurred

timeStudy begins here

FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

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FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCHDESIGNS

Research design helps to conceptualizeanoperational plan to undertake the variousprocedure and tasks required to complete theresearch study.

It ensures that the procedures being adopted areadequate to obtain valid, reliable and accurateanswers to research problems. Kerlinger calls this

function the control of variance.

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Research design avoids possible errors as regardsresearch problem, information requirement and soon. It gives practical orientation to the whole

research work and makes it relevant to themarketing problems faced by the sponsoringorganisation. Finally, it makes the whole researchprocess compact and result-oriented. A researcher

should not go ahead with his research projectunless the research design is planned properly

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Features of a good research design

A research design appropriate for a particular researchproblem, usually involves the following features.

The mean of obtaining information.

The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if

any. The objective of the problem to be studied.

The nature of the problem to be studied .

The availability of time and money for the research work.

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Types of Research Designs

Based on the number of contacts

Longitudinal designs

Track participants over an extended amount of

time Same people are studied at more than one time to

record changes over time

Cross-sectional designs Involves different people at the same point of

time

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Types of Research Designs

Based on the reference period

Historical research designs

Involve analysis of events which occurred during a

certain period in history