GLYCOLGLYCOLGLYCOLGLYCOL

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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Where to use DOWFROST™Heat Transfer Fluidpropylene glycol-based fluids

Solutions of DOWFROSTTM HeatTransfer Fluid propylene glycol-based fluids are widely used for secondary cooling and heating applications, for freeze and burst-protection of pipes, and for various deicing, defrosting, and dehumidi-fying applications. They contain specially formulated packages of industrial inhibitors that help prevent corrosion. Specific applica-tions for these fluids include:

• HVAC system freeze/burst corrosion protection• Immersion freezing Cooling liquid foods• Packaging carbonated beverages • Fermentation cooling• Refrigeration coil defrosting• Cold room dehumidifying• Conveyor roller defrosting• Process cooling• Process heating• Waste heat recovery• Air preheating• Solar heating• Sidewalk snow melting systems • Refrigeration warehouse floor heating

Choosing between propylene glycol and ethylene glycol fluids

In addition to DOWFROST™ propyl-ene glycol-based fluids, DOWTHERM™ ethylene glycol-based fluids are also available. There are two major differences between propylene and ethylene glycol fluids: viscosity and toxicity. Ethylene glycol-based fluids are less viscous than propyl-ene glycol-based fluids. Therefore, they generally provide superior heat transfer efficiency and better low temperature performance and are preferred for most heat transfer applications. However, in applica-tions where toxicity is a concern, propylene glycol fluids are used

because of their low acute oral toxicity vs. the moderate acute oral toxicity of ethylene glycols. Examples include applications where contact with drinking water is possible, food processing applications where accidental contact with food or beverage products could occur, and applications in localities where propylene glycol use is mandated by law. For additional toxicity informa-tion, request Material Safety Data (MSD) sheets, available from APCCO. This guide provides information about DOWFROSTTM propylene glycol-based fluids only. For addition-al information about DOWTHERMTM ethylene glycol-based fluids, call (559) 875-7720 and request Form No. 180-1190, “Engineering and Operating Guide for DOWTHERMTM SR-1 and DOWTHERMTM 4000 Inhib-ited Ethylene Glycol-based Heat Transfer Fluids”

APCCO offers you a choice of propylene glycol-based fluids

There are two Dow propylene glycol-based fluids: An industrially DOWFROSTTM inhibited fluid with an operating range of 0°F to 250°F (-17°C -121°C). DOWFROST HDTM An industrially inhibited fluid with an operating range of 0°F to 325°F (-17°C -163°C). Compared to DOWFROSTTM fluid, DOWFROST HDTM fluid has a higher maximum operat-ing temperature, higher reserve alkalinity, and greater thermal stabili-ty. While DOWFROST™ fluid is considered the standard propylene glycol-based fluid for most applica-tions, DOWFROST HD™ fluid is specified to extend fluid life where service temperatures are higher and the likelihood of thermal degradation is greater. It is sometimes also used in less demanding applications because the heavy duty inhibitors last longer, and maintenance requirements can be reduced. DOWFROST HDTM is particularly well-suited for HVAC applications because its inhibitor package offers additional corrosion protection for systems containing

copper components. Both fluids are low in acute oral toxicity, making them suitable for use where inciden-tal contact with drinking water is possible. However, DOWFROST™ fluid is recommended for use in food processing applications regulated by either the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the United States Department of Agricul-ture (USDA). The ingredients in DOWFROSTTM fluid have been cleared by the FDA for use as food additives. DOWFROSTTM fluid is also listed as chemically acceptable by the USDA for certain food process-ing applications. See page 5 for additional product regulatory infor-mation.

Complete supporting services including free fluid analysis

DOWFROSTTM propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluids are backed by a comprehensive package of APCCO service supported by Dow. APCCO technical service personnel can provide you with fluid related information to better enable you to design, operate, and maintain your thermal fluids system for maximum productivity and economy. For systems containing 250 gallons (950 liters) of DOW-FROSTTM fluid or more, APCCO offers free fluid analysis supported by Dow. Typically performed on an annual basis, the analysis includes deter-mination of current fluid inhibitor and glycol levels plus APCCO’s/ DOW’s recommendations for main-taining proper corrosion protection and thermal performance capabili-ties.

Engineering Specifications for Closed-Loop HVAC and Refrigeration SystemsWhere Incidental Contact with Food or Drinking Water is Possible

HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

Btu/(hr • ft2)(°

Btu/(lb •°

(1b/ft 3

(1b/ft 3

Table 1—Typical Properties of Aqueous Solutions †

(Glycol percentage by volume)

°F Solution Solution Solution Solution

† Typical properties, not to be construed as specifications.

TECHNICAL DATADOWFROSTTM Fluid, Product Description

Composition, by weight5%.59locylG

Inhibitors and water

Specific gravity at 60/60° 060.1 - 050.1FpH of solutioncontaining 50% glycolReserve alkalinity,

mL 9.0muminim

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DOWFROST™

l

GENERAL PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONDOWFROST™ Heat Transfer Fluid industrially inhibited propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid is manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company. Aqueous solutions of DOWFROSTTM fluid are designed to provide freeze/burst and corrosion protection, as well as efficient heat transfer, in water-based, closed-loop heating and air-conditioning systems.

DOWFROSTTM fluid is typically operated at a temperature range of 0°F to 250°F; with fluid freeze protection to below -60°F, and system burst protection to below -100°F. The fluid contains corrosion inhibitors that arespecially formulated for HVAC systems to keep pipes free of corrosion without fouling. DOW-FROSTTM fluid is low in toxicity. Fluid ingredients are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. DOWFROSTTM fluid can be specified for use in new HVAC systems, or as a replacement fluid for use in existing systems where incidental contact with food or drinking water is likely. The fluid is colorless (water white). Dye can be added upon request.

Since the toxicity of heat transfer fluids may be adversely affected by contamination while in HVAC systems, used fluids should be handled with reasonable care, and not be taken internally.

4.5%

9.5 - 10.5

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Inhibited Propylene Glycol-basedHeat Transfer Fluid

DOWFROST HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

TM

Table 2—Typical Concentrations of DOWFROST™ Fluid Required to Provide Freeze and Burst Protection at Various Temperatures

Percent DOWFROSTTM FluidConcentration Required

Temperature°C (F °) Volume % Volume %

2181)02(7-0292)01(21-4263)0(81-8224)01-(32-0364)02-(92-3305)03-(43-5345)04-(04-5375)05-(64-5306)06-(15-

For Burst ProtectionFor Freeze Protection

NOTE: These figures are examples only and may not be appropriate to your situation. Generally, for anextended margin of protection, you should select a temperature in this table that is at least 3°C (5°F)lower than the expected lowest ambient temperature. Inhibitor levels should be adjusted for solutions ofless than 30% glycol. Contact APCCO for information on specific cases or further assistance.ATTENTION: These are typical numbers only and are not to be regarded as specifications. As useconditions are not within its control, Dow and APCCO do not guarantee results from use of the information orproducts herein; and gives no warranty, express or implied.

DOWFROST™ Heat Transfer Fluidcontains specially formulated packagesof industrial inhibitors that help preventcorrosion.

Recommended use temperaturerange: -45°C (-50°F) to 120°C (250°F)

Suitable applications: secondarycooling and heating, freeze and burstprotection of pipes, various deicing,defrosting, and dehumidifying.

-20 (-4) 3.569 (0.853) 1053.16 (65.75) 0.3635 (0.2100) 48.9043 (48.90)10 (50) 3.668 (0.877) 1042.14 (65.06) 0.3936 (0.2274) 7.2173 (7.22)40 (104) 3.768 (0.900) 1026.49 (64.08) 0.4150 (0.2398) 2.2389 (2.24)65 (149) 3.850 (0.920) 1009.90 (63.05) 0.4262 (0.2463) 1.1762 (1.18)90 (194) 3.933 (0.940) 990.10 (61.81) 0.4313 (0.2492) 0.7462 (0.75)

120 (248) 4.032 (0.964) 962.08 (60.06) 0.4294 (0.2481) 0.5084 (0.51)

Temp.°C (°F)

ViscositymPa•s(cps)

Therm. Cond.W/mK

[Btu/hr ft2(°F/ft)]

Densitykg/m3

(lb/ft3)

Specific HeatkJ(kg)(K)(Btu/lb°F)

-30 (-22) 3.339 (0.798) 1064.83 (66.48) 0.3246 (0.1875) 172.8273 (172.83)

-20 (-4) 3.378 (0.807) 1061.71 (66.28) 0.3336 (0.1927) 73.0193 (73.02)

10 (50) 3.493 (0.835) 1049.25 (65.50) 0.3560 (0.2057) 10.6481 (10.65)

40 (104) 3.609 (0.863) 1032.17 (64.44) 0.3716 (0.2147) 3.1103 (3.11)

65 (149) 3.706 (0.886) 1014.40 (63.33) 0.3792 (0.2191) 1.5483 (1.55)

90 (194) 3.802 (0.909) 993.42 (62.02) 0.3821 (0.2208) 0.9339 (0.93)

120 (248) 3.918 (0.936) 964.00 (60.18) 0.3792 (0.2191) 0.6029 (0.60)

Temp.°C (°F)

ViscositymPa•s(cps)

Therm. Cond.W/mK

[Btu/hr ft2(°F/ft)]

Densitykg/m3

(lb/ft3)

Specific HeatkJ(kg)(K)(Btu/lb°F)

at 30%

at 40%

at 50%

10 (50) 3.821 (0.913) 1033.71 (64.53) 0.4344 (0.2510) 4.5068 (4.51)40 (104) 3.903 (0.933) 1019.56 (63.65) 0.4622 (0.2670) 1.6295 (1.63)65 (149) 3.972 (0.949) 1004.26 (62.69) 0.4771 (0.2757) 0.9144 (0.91)90 (194) 4.041 (0.966) 985.77 (61.54) 0.4846 (0.2800) 0.6040 (0.60)

120 (248) 4.123 (0.985) 959.35 (59.89) 0.4838 (0.2795) 0.4246 (0.42)

Temp.°C (°F)

ViscositymPa•s(cps)

Therm. Cond.W/mK

[Btu/hr ft2(°F/ft)]

Densitykg/m3

(lb/ft3)

Specific HeatkJ(kg)(K)(Btu/lb°F)

Propylene GlycolConcentration by Volume

Saturation Properties

of DOWFROSTTM Fluid

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

% PG deg F micro-mhos/cm

0 77 0.96912.5 77 219025 77 278050 77 2060100 77 1490 32 0.969

12.5 32 110025 32 125050 32 749100 32 39

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Page 5

Table 6—Typical Product Specifications †

†Typical properties, not to be construed as specifications.Complete sales specifications are available on request.

Table 7—Electrical Conductivity of DOWFROSTTM Fluid

Basic product descriptions: DOWFROST™ andDOWFROST HD™ Heat Transfer FluidsRegulatory status of DOWFROST™ fluid

%

% %

%

DOWFROSTTM

Heat Transfer FluidDOWFROST HDTM

Heat Transfer Fluid

DOWFROSTTM Heat Transfer Fluid aninhibited propylene glycol-based fluid is listed as chemically acceptable by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for both defrosting refriger- ation coils and for immersion freezing of wrapped meats, poultry and meat products in food processing plants operated under federal inspection. The FDA clears only individual ingredi-ents, not proprietary products (trade-marks). The two ingredients in DOWFROSTTM fluid are generally recognized by the FDA as safe food additives under parts 182 and 184 of the Food Additive Regulations. The regulation for propylene glycol is 21 CFR 184.1666; for dipotassium phosphate, 182.6285. The propylene glycol and dipotassium phosphate in DOWFROSTTM fluid meet the require-ments of these regulations. Grade A dairies and meat packing establish-ments sometimes require a letter certifying the appropriate use and quality of DOWFROSTTM fluid. Such a letter, along with copies of the acceptance letter from the USDA and a statement of FDA compliance, will be provided to APCCO customers on request.

For applications where there is no chance of accidental contact with food or beverage products, and where there is no possibility of incidental contact with drinking water, DOWTHERMTM ethylene glycol-based fluids are generally used because of their greater heat transfer efficiency-and superior low temperature perfor-mance.

Both fluids are practically odorless and are low in acute oral toxicity.They offer good heat transfer characteris-tics, good freeze and corrosion protection, and low volatility. These fluids are hygroscopic at low tempera-tures, which means they attract moisture from the surrounding atmosphere. Both fluids are also non-flammable in solutions up to 80

percent glycol in water. Table 6 highlights typical specifications of DOWFROSTTM and DOWFROST HDTM heat transfer fluids. Table 7 provides electrical conductivity data for DOW-FROSTTM fluid. Page 6 provides freezing and boiling points for DOW-FROSTTM and DOWFROST HDTM.

TM

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Page 6

a Propylene glycol concentrations greater than 94% are not attainable with DOWFROST HDTM fluid.b Freezing points are below -60F° (-51°C).† Typical properties, not to be construed as specifications.††Degree Brix is a measure of the sugar concentration in a fluid and is important in fermentation and syrups applications. Although there is no sugar present in

DOWFROSTTM heat transfer fluids, the glycol affects the refractive index of the fluid in a similar fashion.

NOTE: Generally, for an extended margin of protection, you should select a temperature in this table that is at least 5°F (3°C) lower than the expected lowest ambienttemperature. Inhibitor levels in glycol solutions less than 25–30% may not provide adequate corrosion protection. Solutions of glycol less than 25% may be at risk forbacterial contamination.

Table 8—Typical Freezing and Boiling Points ofAqueous Solutions of DOWFROSTTM and DOWFROST HDTM† Heat Transfer Fluids

Vol%Propylene

Glycol

Wt%Propylene

Glycol

FreezingPoint

Boiling PointVol%DOWFROSTTM

HEAT TRANSFERFLUID

Vol%DOWFROST HDTM

HEAT TRANSFERFLUID

DegreeBrix††

RefractiveIndex22° C

The minimum recommended concen-tration is 25% glycol for most applica-tions. Diluting the concentration below 25% glycol may reduce the inhibitor concentration to a level that may not provide adequate corrosion protection and may be at risk for bacterial contamination. The maximum recom-mended concentration of glycol is 60% for efficient heat transfer. Between 25% and 60%, the actual concentra-tion of glycol-based heat transfer fluid required in a system depends on the kind of protection needed in winter, or the operating temperature if the system involves refrigeration. There are two basic types of protection available: “burst protection” and “freeze protection.”

Burst protection

Burst protection is sufficient if the system will remain dormant when the temperature is below the freezing point of the solution. In HVAC applica-tions, burst protection is considered an appropriate safeguard in systems where there is adequate space to accommodate the expansion of an ice/slush mixture and the system is inactive during the winter. Inhibited glycol-based fluids provide burst protection in the following manner: as the temperature drops below the solution’s freezing point, ice crystals begin to form. Because water in the solution freezes first, the remaining glycol solution becomes further concentrated and remains fluid. The combination of ice crystals and fluid results in a flowable slush. Fluid volume increases as this slush forms, with the extra volume flowing into available expansion volume in the system. If the concentration of glycol is sufficient, system damage will not occur. For burst protection, a 35% (volume) solution of propyleneglycol (36.6% DOWFROSTTM Heat Transfer

Fluid or 37.2% DOWFROST HDTM) is usually adequate. See Table 9 for typical propylene glycol concentrations required to achieve burst protection at various temperatures.

Freeze protectionFreeze protection is required in systems where fluid must be pumped at the lowest anticipated temperature. Freeze protection is essential in cases where no ice crystals can be permitted to form or where there is inadequate expansion volume available to accom-modate ice/slush formation. For freeze protection, the required concentration of inhibited glycol fluid in the system depends on the operating conditions of the system and the lowest expected

ambient temperature. HVAC systems that are subject to prolonged winter shut-down—but which must start up again while the weather is still cold—may require freeze protection. Freeze protection is also appropriate for closed-loop systems that must be protected in the event of power or pump failure. To obtain adequate freeze protection, the glycol solution must maintain a freezing point at least 5°F (3°C) below the lowest anticipated ambient temperature. Table 9 lists typical concentrations of DOWFROSTTM fluids required to provide freeze protection.

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Selecting the proper concentration of DOWFROST™ Heat Transfer Fluid

Table 9—Typical Concentrations of DOWFROSTTM FluidsRequired to Provide Freeze and Burst Protectionat Various Temperatures

Temperature°F °C

Volume %DOWFROSTTM

For Freeze Protection For Burst Protection

Percent (vol.) DOWFROSTTM Fluid Concentration Required

Volume %DOWFROST

HDTM

Volume %DOWFROST

HDTM

Volume %DOWFROSTTM

† Inhibitor levels in glycol solutions less than 25–30% may not provide adequate corrosion protection.Glycol concentrations less than 25% may be at risk for bacterial contamination.

NOTE: These figures are examples only and may not be appropriate to your situation. Generally, for anextended margin of protection, you should select a temperature in this table that is at least 5°F lower thanthe expected lowest ambient temperature.

ATTENTION: These are typical numbers only and are not to be regarded as specifications. As useconditions are not within its control, APCCO and Dow do not guarantee results from use of the information orproducts herein; and gives no warranty, express or implied.

DOWFROSTTM and DOWFROST HDTM

Heat Transfer Fluids glycol-based-coolants contain specially formulated-industrial inhibitor packages that are effective in preventing corrosion of metals commonly used in HVAC, food processing, and process heat transfer equipment. These inhibitors prevent corrosion of metals in two ways.

First, they passivate the surface of metals, reacting with the surface to prevent acids from attacking it. Unlike inhibitors used in some other fluids, Dow inhibitors perform this passiva-tion process without fouling heat transfer surfaces. The inhibitors in automotive antifreeze, on the other hand, contain silicates that coat heat transfer surfaces with a thick silicate gel that reduces heat transfer.

Second, the inhibitors in DOW-FROSTTM fluids buffer any acids formed as a result of glycol oxidation. All glycols produce organic acids as degradation products. This degrada-tion is accelerated in the presence of oxygen and/or heat. Left in solution, such acids lower pH and contribute to corrosion. Properly formulated inhibitors such as those in DOW-FROSTTM fluids neutralize these acids.The standard ASTM D1384 corrosion test is a screening test that

measures the relative corrosion protection provided by different solutions on standard metals under standard test conditions. The data in Table 10 shows relative corrosion rates for DOWFROSTTM and DOW-FROST HDTM fluids compared to uninhibited propylene glycol and plain water. The data indicate that solutions of DOWFROSTTM fluids fall well within the generally accepted corrosion limits considered adequate under this test. Rates in excess of 0.5 mpy (2.5 mpy for aluminum) are generally evidence of inadequate corrosion protection. (Since it is only a screening test, ASTM D1384 may not be indicative of performance in an actual system.) The presence of excessive amounts (>25 ppm) of contaminants such as chlorides,

sulfates, and/or ammonia could contribute to system corrosion not evident in these tests. For example, excessive concentrations of chloride ions will result in the formation of iron chloride. With any available oxygen, iron chloride will react to form iron oxide, which is insoluble. The result-ing deposition of precipitant forms an area where under-deposit corrosion can occur. This corrosion will be further accelerated by the presence of chlorides and cannot be eliminated through the use of a non-chro-mate-based inhibitor. This under-scores the importance of dilution water quality,discussed on page 9 of this guide.

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Page 8

Table 10— Corrosion Test Results/Mils Penetration per Year(Weight Loss in Milligrams Rates in Excess of 0.5 mpy [2.5 mpyfor Aluminum] Are Generally Evidence of Inadequate CorrosionProtection.)

Samples with a “+” showed weight gain.

ASTM D1384—190 °F (88°C) for 2 weeks. 30% by volume glycol, air bubbling.

DOWFROSTHDTM Fluid

DOWFROSTTM

FluidPropylene

GlycolWater

Copper

Solder

Brass

Mild Steel

Cast Iron

Aluminum

How DOWFROST™ Heat Transfer InhibitedFluids protect against corrosion

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Page 9

Preparing Solutions ofDOWFROST™ Heat TransferFluids

Dilution water quality

Increasing or decreasingthe concentration of inhibitedglycol in the system

Table 11— Dilution WaterQuality Requirements

Chlorides 25 ppm, max

25 ppm, maxSulfates

Note: 17.1 ppm = 1 grain

100 ppm, max

Water used to dilute DOWFROSTTM

Heat Transfer Fluids must meet certain minimum standards for purity. Impuri-ties in dilution water can increase metal corrosion, aggravate pitting of cast iron and steel, reduce the effective-ness of corrosion inhibitors, increase inhibitor depletion rate, cause forma-tion of scale and other deposits on heat transfer surfaces, and cause clogging of system components.

To assure inhibitor effectiveness, the levels of chlorides and sulfates in water used to dilute DOWFROSTTM fluids should be less than 25 ppm each. Total hardness should be less than 100 ppm expressed as ppm calcium carbonate. (See Table 11.) Distilled or deionized water is recom-mended. DOWFROST HDTM fluid contains a patented additive that keeps the corrosion inhibitors in solution when mixed with hard water ions (calcium and magnesium). This helps to protect the system from depletion of the inhibitor package due to accidental use of hard water. However, since additional contami-nants are typically found in hard water (such as chloride, sulfate, iron, etc.), APCCO and DOW continue to recom-mend the use of distilled or deionized water for dilution of this product.

DOWFROSTTM fluid does not contain-this patented additive, therefore the use of good quality water is critical to the success of DOWFROSTTM fluid in your system. If good quality water is unavailable, pre-diluted solutions of DOWFROSTTM fluids are available from APCCO.

It is sometimes necessary to increase the concentration of the glycol solution in your system, either to protect against cold weather, or to replace fluid lost through leakage or moisture absorbed from the atmosphere.There are other conditions which may require the dilution of inhibited glycol already in the system. Either adjustment can be carried out in batch or continuous operation.

Impurity Level

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Frost

Frost

Frost

PRE-MIXED GLYCOLPRE-MIXED GLYCOL

• APCCO and The DOW Chemical Company recommend using a minimum Glycol concentration of 25% for all applications.• Free testing on systems containing 250 gallons or more of glycol.

NON-BULK DELIVERIES from APCCO

APCCO Frost - For less-than tanker-truck deliveries of pre-mixed DOWFROST™

What is ?

is DOWFROST™ Heat Transfer Fluid concentrate mixed with Deionized Wateron our premises. It is available in 330 gallon totes, 250 gallon totes, gallon drums and 5 gallon pails in mixtures of 25% to 60% of concentrate DOWFROST™.

• No deposits are required on totes, but the totes need to be returned undamaged to APCCO or a recovery charge will apply.

DOWFROST™Heat Transfer FluidsBULK DELIVERIES from The Dow Company

Orders of pre-mixed or concentrated DOWFROST™ Heat Transfer Fluids of 1,000 gallons ormore can be delivered by tanker-truck directly to your facility. Bulk delivery available in2-3 business days. APCCO technicians are available upon request to assist with any glycolcharging, mixing, balancing and other possible needs you may have.

For DOWFROST™Inhibited Propylene Glycol-based Heat Transfer Fluids

For further information contact APCCOFor complete MSDS information contact APCCO

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to anotherand may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer’s use and forensuring that Customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation orliability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

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Page 11

Hazards Identification

No significant immediate hazards for emergency response are known.

Emergency OverviewColor: ColorlessPhysical State: LiquidOdor: CharacteristicHazards of product: None known

OSHA Hazard Communication StandardThis product is not a “Hazardous Chemical” as defined by the OSHA Hazard CommunicationStandard. 29 CFR 1910.1200

Email: parts@apcco.net | Tel: (559) 875-7720

Hazards / Disclosure

GLYCOL

Bulletin G-02

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