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!Jo:L1U6'171IALIZA'l'XON AIID UI\8Aiii:tATIOI1 Oi' THE llli:GRO

Bx F 1 Fenn5

'l'ha ant1')1 ot !l~ro vo,.kel"e 1nto val." pl."oduotlon 1ndllst­

rlee produced an 1nduet1"1al and e~olal !."evolution or tirat

!l:l>gnltude, the soop" or whloh he.s not yot b~Son rull:y grasped,

It 18 true that tour out or r1ore z;egro workera etill re~~aln

1n the unakllled oategVU71 but thny or8 nov not on the trlnsee

ot lnduetr:t. but ln the production prooese 1teelt, An out-

s~and1ng bourgeois author1 ty on !lagro labor eat1m&tes that ' I l

the~ hes been more occupnt1onal d1vera1t1oat1on 1n the. tour . ! 1 years, lll40 to 1!1441 than 1n thot preceding esven.t:t-f1YCt years. (1) ! ;' (---·- · I~ v1ev1ng the denlopm .. nt oreatod by Wol"ld Wa.r I.t 1 · J

\i 11s mu.t bear ln mlnd the dialeoUoal ~nter-nl.,t1onel!.lP be~ · · Jl .. ·.·.·

11 '!:c~n the obJeot1Te developm~nt or 1ncluetl'y 1n1t1at~d by3 the I · !. jl ·~lP:bOOfl11 and thtt .abJeQ\iYII Gin'tilG~ii&n~ Gf· ~ .. !!~g!';!L~it@_.~ ! I' " . . . . . r. ··~

,I . t.t'ruggle Whbh fOJ'OIId thfl 1ntJ'Oduot1on or !legioou into war I ' li. 'incluet!'llle, rrom whicb. ,they had ~-rauUoallJ beer. ln:clucled '• . .I . . i

.J!j' Wttll m1d-lP42, n 'liRa the orsanlutlon ot the MCW in .ranl&lr.r1 1

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1941 Uh10h tll"at brought tho nxl~tenoe of the He~ lcbor i! I ,, i'oro11 to th .. att~nU·:m or the ~;a;;nt 'ld.th ·it::. Uo.l'~·11 t~ ,

ii Me.Nh on lluh1ngton1 IUid vhiah~ fO!'Otld the 1n!IOJ'PDI."&t1,on ! · ii of' Negi'O ?"bor 1J.lio ~·· prod.iouori ~ndll~trle•.• . ;:,' . · . . . . I l

l~i.~ .· ~. Add~ tr~a,tul."~ . or tllll srea taa 1.111Jlo~tan t or . th." ~ov ~~ s1gn'Uon or tht>HII!l'O 11 that th1a tlme 1t enoomp~ta.ses .the

[i whole oS' thn Un~ ted_ Stat~•· ,. 1nolud~ng the Pao~rio tlol."ti\¥ ... '• 1· I! 'oorld War II oo111pleted the pl'oona bngun in World War I 1of'.

l! tl'anato-ng ~hfl liesrc; Qutiation fl."'III a •southe;rn• to ;;r. :ll,~ · -I

i' Ar.l11r1oen pl'Oblem. An anal:rah of the 11\taai deta dean '111 th 11

II · ~! h~'!'" h or utmoat lmportnnoe to Mnl."ll:lllfla vho llaYe lona 1~noe

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l'eougnhod ln the NeBl."O a m.od po11ent toroe ln tho ult111B. of

the third Amlll."1~n·l."'IYOlut1on.

I (l)Robel."t C. WoRVRY'I B•srg Lftbpr, p,7B,

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L 'l'bc H&srot1on C 2)

To th~ mllllone or une~loyed at tha outbreak ot World

War II, th~ eatabl1el11llllnt or 11a11 produouon center• around

war !.nduetrlee held a gNater lul'fl tllnn did ~., w .. tern 1&1141

to~ the old pioneer, Between 1940 to 1944 tour million VOPk•

era-Rnd, With thelz• te111111u, th&y tote.lled no lo .. than

n1na milllon!--movad out ot 30 stote1 and 1nto 10 and the

P1atr1ot or Columbia. A million ot th~ee were Negro•~· When

we reooll that, unt11 ml~-1942, the Kogl~ a1grat1on oontrlbut~d

no more than 5 per cent ot total m1grat1on, we cnn eee ho¥ un­

pr~oedente~ mu~t havP be8n their m1gratol'7 ~ve between 1942-48.

'rhe greatest movement was to tho fao1r1o Northweat,

ii very 1n 1944 ot the ten moat congested pl'OduoUon :~antare, ' !: ;! tound that, vtlel:'fiU thu llh1 to mlgran.ts oonir1bllte4 10 per oent i ~ ' Ji of' th11 . 1;840 ~000 1nOl"ft81Sa ·in the. total J:~UpulaUon 1n · tile•• · 1 uentere, the llegi'O. rd.gre~nte oontJ'lbutel!. 49 per .cent. It h •1

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"""" ... • t.., ...-an mA .. A _.....,._..,_ I, ......... -· •.... --· ... ·-·--

!i ·--,,-.

Job oppol:'t~n1t1oo RO!:'th,

tho depNiiiion, wen' there were:no· ..

tbe tloSJ'CI81 kept leaving the· South.

Br 19401 :he n~arly 1~ M1111on Negroes ln the United Stm~ee

wore thus d1atr1butedl 9,90. 18191 o~ 77 per cent, llYed.ln the

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11•ed No~th ano Northweot, He~ tlmn 90 per cent or thea& are

arllanlza4!

: ~ .DlU'lJ18 the pre't'loua gl'nt 111lgraUon 1lo:rlb--there were

(~ ... · - wo waY&m 0 1916-1919 and 1921-1924--one and ona•helf' m1ll1~n

N~g~oes lett Soathsrn r~e. ~he Negro poplllat1ons 1n

iloi•thoi'ri o1t111B 811111111!14 to grow ap oYnrn1ght, Elflt1n!en 1910 11114

19~ th« Negrooe 1n New York grew tl'Om 91 1 709 to 1521 047, ~

1no~aeos or 66,3 pe~ cont. In O~~cogo the Negro oxper1enoo4

an 148,2 p~l' cent lncl'eole, Dotl'D1t 1 t growth was thw meet

phenomenal, fli'O!!l a aere 51741 1n lll10 to 401 8:18 1n 1920--an

1no~aaa ot 611,3 pel' cent, !heae o1t1e• neYer O$aaed \o 81'0¥1 j'

and thh new m1groat1on in 1942-19'& 1nc~eaa&4 the N.,gro popul.a• .,

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'&ion of l}.nioqo :from 2"7u,ooo to ;;;;o,ooo, and thaii of' Dc~roit

#aft'tl••"" .... - 1., \ t!'h..., ----• •- ,.. .... _ ~--•••- _.,._....., ..... __ .. , -·t..--••-·­·---·-----· ~-• _.._ ·--•-"<~•••--.•• -~ ,..,V.C.o16V .....,rM4~~·-· ~J

Negro popu1nC1on bAa ~norease~ no lesa ~n.4a7,8 pe~ qent,

'!'heN wa:re; tor 1natanae, anl;v 2,866 Negi'Oee 1.n the vhole at~t•

1ndl!"tr1u mOYed 111, and b7 19.&0 th. Hegl'O ·.papula,lon leaped

t'rom l81e than 21 000 to 1!21000, ln Stlattle the Negro popllla­

t1an 'll'll~ 3,789, Md thnt ot near-'b:r Bl'ellllll'ton had .onl;v "17,

'.l'hot Brc:IUII'Ion Haory Ya!'d opened 1 t. d.r.o:l'a to He~l"' lllbD2': and

West Coaet~ the Fla'O l1d1 the Ball 11\'anolaoo-Bay a:l'ea. In IHm

Franohoo 1t1111t theN we:re onl;v 4.846 lfeBll'tllll 1n 1940, 87

1940 tho llegzoo popl.lla'U.on 1nol' .. 8114 '0 ee,ooo. Of Ill S1'81t illpol'tanae AI the 110\' .. ent to ~ Jla:;1tlO

Nol'th1fa8~ haa bun th8 urbanhatlon or the Kesi'O wUh1n the

Betwe8n 1942 to 19411, 2110,000 Negroee moYed tl'oa ii South 1tae1t.

" Nl'al co Ul'bnn a:l'eae \11 th1n t~e Soath, Mobile, Alabama 1no-313 :i

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' !; "'••••A t't.a -N•'"'" ftftn»1nt•nn . ._ 'tw 10R- naWt fttllllt .. - :flltDa_M .. IlH .. tc . . L ____ , -1:

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60,000, · Ot tho total roplllntlon cot Charlelton0 S, O, 0 70 par

ount OIIIUfl h'om elaewhere in U>• Soii~h. 'l"uo l~egro pupiil•tioil

1n the Sol!th ta ncov approx1matill:y 110 per oent urbanbed, To

get the epoohal algn1t1oanoo or th11 0 we •uet liRlte a brier

~taw of the South,

II. Tltf'l South

1. "Tb" Bo"' mnO SlCRk" tA1al1onah1n (3)

In the por1od 1940-« non-tarm emplo;vment 1n tho 13

Southern statee have increased by on-third. It wu not0

hovever0 the LJealuln:lzaUon ot agrlcu.l ture wh1ah rrel!d th" agrl­

ou.lturnl popu.lnt1on tor manuractur1ng ew~lo:yDent, There had ' boen a bAcklog or 2 million unemplo:yad 1n the bouth at the out- ,

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b_reRk or th6 war, nnd 1 t 1e th11ae who polire4 1ntc the war

tndu•trhe, vhtoh were eatablhhad in the South alorigdd~t the

'· cotton c\ll t~re. ~j ·,, tho kaY te tho yhp;tjt 1n4uetrla,1·,1· yj.t.gp r . oend ort!ie · · · ;!.:·gt j;bt sptttp Wllhr enr' a1npe lihtiQSYJ.1 ••.• he• bien ¥11

It • ' •

. : .. oot op lhg ruin• ot....llP't'I'X· Wt ft1ons•1da ita agQnnQlq '::e;u&ao. 1

ZlttliXliD~XIilm:diaPaXmdx~lC~IUIIqA!aw!loba: ~: tJ!ndelltnD:n~li.nlo:Pitx.ttl\tii~IIX!Icrdkz Induetf'1a11u.-.

[i ·tlon 1n the Soulih, .lniltaad or. dh1nte~1:1ng the p11~lent~ 0 1.a. 0 ! · !i .tranerol'llling tile Oftrvhellltng lllaJority hnto prolet~rlano, and I

!i thua crea1i1ng the tl'ad1t1onal hoiU m"'t\t tor bOW'S~tch .'Pli'Oduo- I 'i t1on, hlld deTttlcped eo haU1ngl;r that/. th~ blaok pea~~~&nt or !

shi.U'Icroppfll'1 1'1!11!1111ned largel:r untourhed-\ The bours0!1oh1e 4~ I oloi~td upon lih.i.a aaoT'iiice ot the ho·"· llllli'J:llt %'Ol' Cha aal:e or I

1 \ · · I , th11 lllllintanano~; ot the arohalc aoobl st!l'ucture tha!'tl, Contlnll!I•J .' • . . { \ r

.. tion or the arop 11en a:rata~, lneti~uted at:tbe end or the C1v11 1

· vtlat 11 aUDhemhtlcllill:y oalle tt\a 0 :9Uth8m , war, t'ol'aed N01'the1'11 oa:pltal to toll].ov/Siul"

1 til' pattern".ll1xt"aq .

ji (3)Ct'. Jobnoon ~ ' ll 1 k~ 1! l'•MRUI alec t: iii , ' ,, pNpareQ tol' . ! 1• 19::15, •or latel" data, Ciaaptel'e ~~~M[ifl!~ll~&:~l~~~~ j· :: b:y GwlriRJO M:rr4A1 1 ae well a• the apeolal ;;;; iii' iiiii

lD Exuout!ye• on ·~tter Pc.al~, Better i

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'l'h11 bl\s!a tor tJljrie;W~J.!Ji the "bon and black relaUonah1p1

lnh~rent in oQ~ton ""~~"~·~­ T!le reeuU hae beer. the.t the labor

nuppl:V or thn

int!'llde upon thate ftam~·-f•aU<1al

cotton prod~ot1on J k •I: 1 ). 1 '\J!' '·.' :-· (

lett !ntsot in order not to

agl"'rhn r~tlat1ona 1&POD whloh ' ' ' y' • . I . :

! I , • "J 4"' ~ !J 'I •' ' " ·l,·.r.·· : .. .r.v~ .. :\!A·· .·' L Lli' .. .,·;•; ;~{\ t-•) IJ

rG!gn cit' •'!11!11 ta

supreuo:v• ill rooted in cotton ou~i.~;ur•Q, Th"o •sentlerum 1 a asret~-

mont• that Benthem 1nc1ustJ7 dev~lop under the oondl t1one­

thAt lt llll&Te unto11ched th11 ble.Clk laber aupply or the plantation ' . .

hold.a to thia day. On A or the maln reasons for the slo,.nelll8 _

,., th wh1ch the Negro vae, p,ble to benef1 t tor t~e 1ndulitr•y 'bOom

:! :l prod~ced l.l;y World War n h that the Southern ol1guch)' 1nll!1ated

that the black labor be lett •rreo1 for ootton p1ok1ng. And he-i: ;: ,, ·: 1611 ablo to have this unnnt1n•al. po,er .. ltho~h war-Ume lnduatry

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1n the ~outh was government-f1nanoad to the exien~ oi Bl per !

cent, aa nga1n&t 85 per oent for the rP.at or the nation: i I I Juut ae cotton labor was at first exolus1vel1 a Nesro

ooollpat1on,

patton,

ao textile l~bor waa exoluelv~lJ a poor white ooau- I late u 1937 only 20, ooo or th~ 350 1 ooo workel'a ln I

I W1 th World Wsr li producUon !

of textlles inarealed tremendou•lJ, and the labor foroe rl'aO•

t1oall:y doubled, now oompr111ng 8801000 worker•. But onlJ

emplo;yed not ln the dtr~ot prooeae of' produotton but around the

iii6-ll. (4) Deep South, p,288

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he.~ oro>~ ted " verttDblc agl'1 oulturc.t r~volut1on everywheJ'e b~at

1n th~ "'outh. Fal'lll populet1on !US 11 'l'hol,, dw1ndlell by .onll•titOh,

~>h1le total popult~tion. 1noJ'e,ettrl. W1 th one-tl!lnth lll&.npowor, ou11-

' put pe!" \lorltf'J' neVF.rthelen do~tbled b~cnuno or the' rli"ohanioel

lj rovol.ut1<Jn. lluJ'nl eleot1'1f1oat1on, 'llh1oh waz only 10 per oent ·i I' 1n 19<16, \."i.e onJ" 50 l>"l' oqnt 1n 1946. Dut even no"' only a tourth I

or our tal'!lla. lit most, bou't r1.1nnl.ng watt;r m.n4 tluah to1leh. ! I ··:-!i '.l'he me.Jorl ty or thear. !!!l'll 1n tho 11o1.1th. The Bo11th alone hu 111 1

il uny tar1r.a aa the J'fllt ·of thl!' ooWl\ry c:oiltb1nell, 111 th twloe 11.1 · ~~. :1 many iaui .. ht.& and subs1~tvnoe opn~tor:. P.~:t ell to~9tl'u~t' they haYe ·

:: lee8 th1111 halt' !!f! "'lloh lenll, a Q~aJ"ter aa ~~~~tn:V ma~h1ne11 •. l 0660,jl 1.; Negroes live on Southern raml'e; or theso no lese than 7460000 . . . I

constitute labor re'n~vno. W&re th~ mechanlool ~otton ues~er •

unemplo1ed that n()lthor the bollrbon Sol.lth, llOl' tho !iall-street-

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~lo:t'th ~1oh omu; 1 t ( !!l de.re 1ntrolll.!oe 1 t. 1 I

(6)'l'he !!organ!! !4ollons, rorda 1\Rtl. Rookteller oont:rol Vlll llo11Vl. '1

The Tonne~eett 6oal, I%'Qn .!: P..rt!. Co. 1 tr::r ex~ ii 1" tl. subsld.\aey or . i u. s. tltnl; thO! i!-1:1llldiddli:d:X11111lf InterMt1onnl KarvuteJ' J'

Co. hns aoql.llred many thou•~nde o~ aorea of land. To aee the extent to which JS,tane•reajl1!1aJ:tbtoti1e Harth O"'lG eeml•hlldlll Boll . h,· cr. 11 Th~ .;et1th !.n Prog!'!!ee b~ ;-!!th!'\!'1~~ L!!mp!il!'!;: :

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whmth&~ agaln1t feudall .. aa 1n ~rope •~ a~ln't ela~erf &I

in th~ ~ou~h, the 1111 complete it 11. At a certain stage it

bAeomee 1mpoealble to~ the bourgeo1e1e to oa~7 out ~h1a

~~~o1Yt1~n, ~~ vn• th6 aaae in ~seta. That 11 the biatarlo

foundation or the permanent ~evolution. It 1a the lataneea ot

the ~swKtwx.. OiY1l War Vhlch accounts to~ the tenacious

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econolll1c ~!II'Y1Yilla ot alaYeey vbich to this da7 elt1st and doll1natil

the ure of the ''egrone. The ootton plantdl"n in the daye or

1ts power d~oYe the Nngro dovn ~• e slave, and euoh power aa

1t hna ~odn7, it uaea to dominate the Neg~o in' the 6outb and

project 1ta 1nrlu~nce 1n the Marth.

,, I' , ;! er the A~"b-~ Dr: ~!!k !.nt! Sld~~!!!ldl"S c~~; ln Moblle! 20 pel' I II i !1 cent are lie~ea. 1

II ! \i - j , (6) Fol' the 1nduetr1alhatlon and tmda unlanbaTilon or the llaSI'Oi ·: both tfo~~ and lloutb, 111e! tor th., perlod to 1{1::101 1 B1aok Vorlter'!

b7 !!pll'O and Hal'l'liJ to~ 11he pwpr.o:b14tllkl OIO 1 1Blaok Wor-klrl 1 and the !lew 11n1011e0 bJ OAJtOD and IIUchellJ llD io 19t21 Ohap,ere 1

" 13, lA and 19 and AprJ<tnaix 6 111 "Aa Arat~~loan Du-• l:q Gllll=:r __ : " ll;yrcta1J and to~ the war period and reooll'lerlllont •orsanued Lab~ :; and the rt•gt'o• bJ I'Orilll'up, llnd 8 MesN l:.abor, A llaUonal P~ble111 1

b7 Weaver, l ·.u"' I -~~·- -~-

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a~~een th&r.tw•~ ..... text1laa whl~h amploJ DO

li"Eil'O"'S 1n th" d1rl!lot pr_oau~ ot prodlloUonJ And mln!!e and ln ·

atA~l m1lls,/wh1ch Hegroea are mora o~ leas eqllal in n~&mbor to

whltea, ther" ~~~~ th~ ea-a~llad •atr1otly Negro Job~" in ;be

ganbod,

Thn•e ~emMln llftor­worklll'

that the Negro/1• aa

~aoh l1olatnd aa lt h" vero n pnaeant still, Bllt, on the whole,

the RM~ baa not only been an 1ntogral part or l&bor 1n heavy

industry s1nas the earl1"•' days or Southern 1nda~tr1&l1tatlon.

"" hRs, moreover, be"n n mlllt~nt ~e~oer or Vhatwrer llft1ona

1:tmt tool!: there, ana hat Ue lloCiro open to h1115.

Ai; iihe hej.ght ot its power, 10he Iifli olai.lled one cU.:ilion

members, 1000 000 ot 11liol'l wore -H ... groea, 'lhe mc.a't 1llportRnt ci'

thft tWV un!ona among u,g~ea wer~ preo1n~l7 \n preJud1oe-r144en

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&mons tru. lona•bGAWGat-. an~ 4Gck'.urkers 1n Sal't1wnr,-·t~G?i'olk ~M4 T. Ph1ladelph1a. the Brotherhood ot' T1111b"r W~rl<era in the owsbar 1

il I :: · eempt ot Le!.lhiana, 'l'e:rae and Arltruleu bad :~e,ooo 11e111ber11 in j

!i .19101 80 per oent · ot whom w_ar11 Negroes. The IIBSrO P1!'0leC~ian -I

· !; hal! been •" ·.ot1Yt 111111 tant ot th11 U.M. w.. It vu th .. tt D!lW j

il m11U&nt•-' ..no ven used b1 the oro_ Grsanhatlon 4r1YeB to or.'gMhr :1 abel. Wm..Pe the Negro ~ .. ~ 1111 1919 liRa uud t'o bre8k · :I I; ,, " :, II ,, r: li

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the at~ke, tho Negro ete~tl worker 1n 19~7 broke Big steel' 11

lordly rotueal to ne11otiat11 ldth the union.

He 1J literate and has bean 41ao1pl1ne4 b1 the taotor7. He I I

He re~u hiraaeit, and ia, a poiient flioiior~ j No l8ts·than two a1111on are now aerabare of the ClO, A~ F. ot L. 1

I and 1111lependen1: unions.

We wCNld be

blind r:oc to eee Chilli even th• lUut prolt1tu11lnh11Uon an4 I I

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blsok 0 r3lat1onah1p atill pura~ee him, 1n the o1t7 aa well al

1n the count:ry, Northf1'1.\:0~~ . ..ab.llll~, a a well u South. ~•s•

cUrtel•Pnt1ala exist 1n tho factory aa 1n the r1eld. Segl'aga­

tion, Jim Crowiam, aoo1al d1aor1mlnatlon pora1at. The oontra-

111ot1on betveon tho potency 1n tho prooesa or producuon and 1:!1s '

eeGJn1ng 1mpoten&"oute1do cannot but rind a unner ot expreu1cn.

The exploa1Ya powP.r 1n the atruggle or the Southern

Negro proletarian in the ~outhern metropolis will have a1gnit-

1oance 1n rP.percuaa1ons tor tho contiguous rural Dlaok Belt.

It rill etr1!te d1r.eotl;)' at th~> heart or the Southern eoono~ey

and Qouthorn pol1t1oe and upset as vall Northern oap1tal1st1o

1nter~ate whtoh have so readily aooepted the south'•· aegrega-

t1on patt~:rn in ord•:r to oo1n aurplus valua trom 1t. ?ut among

the m1111ona sutrering on the plantation and among tha hundrede . I :;· 1; and ·tlloueanliiJ who haTe won theaael ne a plaoe in induat1:7 the 1: :1· pY'ObliiJD beror~ them il and muat continu" to _bn toi .!lome tille .

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!1 ,, the Ollllmoipa tion troiS the na t1 ''nal oppre .. 1on which thP.f"·t'Oi!ll I ,, .

i! at ever7 tum. file bourgeoia has posed tha q~:~e.st1on ln· thie · li 11 rorm in o~der to draw the mo•t reaot1ona!'J conoluaione. To the " !1 problem ae posed b7 the bourgeohh, tho· proletarillll Yangual!'d

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muat beware ot merel7 .giVing a direct negaUve or a1mple

;! negat~"'"· 0111lll1do th" -.union& and inside 1t. m11et polie the e!lltn-II !!

o1pation at the Negroes trom racial oppre&eion not·onl7 ae a

l~g1t1mate demand or the Megroea themselvea, but ae an import­

ani contributory taotory to the whole atruggle againet bourseo1a

~oolot7. A fundamental point ot the Harxiet eduoation or-\he

proletarian·vansuard m11st be ae olear a

' '' th;; LAn1nht-Trotslty1st pod Uon on the

grasp aa poaaibl11 or

question. (7) I; a ii "

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(7) 0:1'. 1 01lpi taU em and Ag!'ionl t11re in the U&1 b7 V. I.Len1111 Beleoted Works, VolXII A1ao lee Prell,lnarf Drait These• of th .. il<at1nn•1 ""II C!>lonlal Qu,..uonR .n s .. ~eote Works. Yo .x I and the d1BOUUions at thl!t ~ongregi" and.U at the Fo11rth I aongr~•• on the Ner,ro Question; L. Trotat7 1 ChMpter The Problem I or Nat1onalit1ee1 in the Hiefoty o' thft R""ft''" R!yol~f1on, Yol.I~I, and dl~ouae1one 10 19~~ and .n 93 on the egro uee on. i

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xrr~h§ Nertb I 'l'ha ))cdc movn ... nt or oapltnl 1n 1917•1919 and ~ aove- I

to th4 llo:rth nnd from tho fa~ct thnt thn)' are N"groea. DfiDdl

thttm into mass 1ndust:r1na, ~1th iior•ld Wa:r I the lle~.9 l>•culiiil

nn eatflbl1ahud pnrt or tho Amar1cun lobo!' f'orce, constltutlng 1n

1~30, 22.7 per cent or lAbor 1n building tradea, 16,2 per cent

1n unak1llad 1n ato~l, 26 p6r cent or unsk1llod 1n m~at packing

31,7 pnr oant of longaho:rom~n and 89,6 per aen; 1n aaw mille,

lio~<,.ver, so long aa basio 1r,;:!ull'tr1n., r"""'in&d unorgan1zlid-an4

the7 could not but remain uno:rgan1zod until the unions let dnWD

the clo:r ba:r& along wl th thtt o:ran linn a--the Negro could not

becomo an integr~l pnrt ot· tho t:rade un1on· movement. But w1th

th.- . oomS.ng of the CIO wo 'tl1 tnflas the unionbaUon C1f thll Nogl'G .

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I . , on an unpreowdtlnted sca111. 1

: ~i ~e'i~rthala.sa, !h 'the-' North, tooi the pt•Ol~t~r'-~n~l!@t·~()~... J: H

. li s.nn tJ'Ildfl unlonh:o.tion of the Negro d1d not n1aa h118_ to tile J ·. !1 1

!! statue of· the wh1 te prol'3tar11Ul and dS4 not d11i1R·olve .h111 II'Ol'IISSltl . ·

!i :or el111:1ontary daouoorat1c r1ghU into· the ~eneral olan d~gle,j !i F1ra·t, in the. trede unions h" must tight a11 n llegro, tor_ hi a . . .. 1· :: plnoa u a wo:rkor, llase lllff'eranUala, aen1o:r1t~, upgxoad1ng !lava

1: · by no zeans been allol1ehad, Thoin, out!!1de the. tradCII Wlion, he 1i

li 1' 1 o gr:llttotzad. I >I '

!! It 1a the oreaUon of col11J)arat1va1y fre11 p:rolatar1a'G and I oomi-p1•ob~lat of' the large urban oentera 1n the Norlh dur1ns

}lo:rlll \~nl' I '61biah o:raatied the poaelb1llt)' tor tne <inelopmtinli

i' n o! a poltorrul liagro preaa. In t;h1a respect, GIIMI.l' M;rrdel I, ;; ha• oorrootls pointed ouol 0 Tne foreign language praas 1G 1' doomed to d1sappoar sa 1mmlgranta become f'ullJ aaaiallate4 and ;1 are not ropllln111hed by ne~t 11111111grall1on. Ihe liegro proillli1 0 vii :: the oontra:rJ, h bound to become ne:r atronger a a the Nesro•• •· nre 1noreu1ngly eduoated and ouUilJ'Illl:r aaii11Dilated, blat not :! given ontNnoe to the white wo:rl4, *(8)

But, altho~ the national opproea1on p~dQoe4 the Hasro p:re111

and hie ghnttohaUon the Nagro aolllllllill1\7, whioh •1gbt not ;: ~~ OtheM88 M'I'G h:ld an !!IIIORDIIiO baiO f t)ld ft!'l' OOIUIUDltJ 11

:1 snaw bathell 1n a 41frarent Usht prllo1ael)' becallll the Roaro

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dWil moveaen' and Ue P.cor.omio bun wu glnn b)' 1;he Pltt!b!ltlh

" Co11rhr 1n 1937. A bolli'SIIOh newapnper most 1ntenaU17 raoa

oonaolollB, 1t n~erthele~• led the awing or thl more progre~w

e1ve Negro~e 1n tho oomm11nlty to~~rdP entry into and aooap,anoe

or the czo. On the other bnnd, the more tn;ttgrated the llogro h in

the trade 11n1on, the ~n~ hu re8ento hlQ gl~;to1t.at1on olltalde,

At the very t1me t~~t ho Joins the trade union~ he alao Jo1na

l!tnwtrt.,uamt an 1ndependnnt man ll11gro ora11111za111on vhich tl&hh : . ' for hh de~~~oareUo r1ghta. !lunr ltiCB The new migration re'11Yed i

; the liAAOP 0 'llb1oh had b&lln deoUning booausa Of ita ~o-noth1ngne81r

it has nov experlenoed eo groat an 1noraaae 1n &smbersh1p tbnt

lt haa nearly ona-helt m1ll1on members. I~s greataat lnoroasa . ·i

w:o praoillcl.J 1n a11ch oentera an Detros.t; where tha mil.Uan& ·1 ,, I

[i UAV baa ude hh trade 11111on 1ntegrat1on .. aster th!ill el,aell'bere. 1.

w· U 18 Ws dlia1 ilcvement wh1ch 1s the ll:e7 to a Hanieto 'aiJilitJh 1i l'i ,! I !! of the Nelfi'C qll6lilt1on. '

. !i An over.-all plot11re, North and South, at. the ~u,'bli'Uk i· !i ot thl11 li'iil:' ahowed· tba't Wlewplo:men~ soon& lie~groe•· had boen 111 I !i htgh 1111 47 per ·a11nt or 11he t'o~ l11bor toroo~ The Negroe11 ln i !i ~n!ltac'turing, wh1oh bad r1aon h'olll 6.2 pol' cent ln 1910 Uo 7.3 I !! per oent !n 1!11!0· had aW!lr. to a oilv low or .ll.l po;o aenli b)' l!J.&O. I · · I' if '1'he moves=a&nt baoll: 1nto 1ndt>stey did not gain a l'Hl foothold · II . . . 101811 • IIIIGh a. ~! t!.ll !J11d•l9~. D11epl ttt t1u1 notable exoeptiolUI(IIfxilaclrxl•• the

" ' :: lltlltoaubllo lriduatry in Detroit), the Neuroea elthez• 1n agriolll!.'UOJ

i: or 6ome11'1110 llll'~tloe at the olltbrt>&k or nr oomr>rlaed a tall .. I !! I 1: eo pe:!' cent ot the labor toroe. 'l'tte Ylll' per1od, 1940••1rl44 took

!i a lllllUon into the e.J'Iled rozooet. Another 1!11lllon llWelled the I i! olYHlan lallor roroe, rahing the total Negro empl.o:raant, I [l fl'OOI .o • .o li1lll .. a ;o G.Z m1ll1on, 'rt.;; emplo:;ment ot 110101111, Wloh I I[ had lnoreued rro• loG llllllon tlo 2.1 1111llon ha• an .. poo11l1 I !: i 11

1mpo1't11noe beoalliO U 11eant not urol:r an lnal'llaee 1n e11plo7- I II li ••nt, 'bllt eo ll'flat & 1D01'e11ent tronr doaut1o Hrvlae to bulo j

l fi 1ndl.\ltl7 u \o be oomparablo ln lmpoi't11no11 to tho 1110\'o=ont

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" ,, " This ~•••~nt 1nto baa1o 1nd~Dt~ also, ot oo~aa, oba-11

raotar11ad the Uasro male labor rorae, Mesro employment ln ·'

hen)' 1nduat~ tripled, A break-down ot p11roantage 1noreaaea

" " in Yer1oua hnnV)' 111duetl'1ea will n~•ow how atrateK10Rllt he vae , plaoad,

Agricultural Kaohln11ry & Treotors 1,9 6,0 Airoratt 2.9 e.e Aluminum and ~naa1ua P~uote 7,1 13,6 Bl4a1; ftAl'IIMu, s'e"l work~oRoll1ng Mille !i,& u.e Comt&W!1od1on E<t~tlt'llenU.f~olnted Produate 0,'1 4.0 Exploa1Yea · 3,3 7,1 Iron ~n4 Gtael Fowndr7 Praduota 18,8 28,4 Sh1pbulld1na e. 7 11.7 ,. Tanka . 21 2 13,0 ;I

•I '!'he emplo:racnt of l!esro": in v:.r '1ndu;;t;:r1aa toliiil! oono;;n-

tralkJd in Ught labol' m!'.l"ketl!!, &llah a a, T:t"en'i:on, l'ol'th i!A:1ibo7 lllld ·

Paterson, !lew J11raq; 1n Ph1ladelPJt1a and P!. t1illblU'gh1 ~~;;enaJlYA"'> . . . .. .. Jr ...

. nia, and in .. Wi.~lliing~~. liBlathiFa. I~ S~!);eiiber.l~~ :'7" ir"'ii~ ·

one and ontt-h~t 131ll1on Nasroea ln VIlli' 1ndusw1es. • A !f-Joz;u:v · or these wre oonoontl'9ttd 1n the ten most oonseated mho lnda!!-

. . 'il '• t~1al areas, llstDd in the •~ot1on on migration,. AnotHo~ 9 yll'

. ii oent were oonaent~ted in tour a1t1ei--P1ttabursh, ij1~ngbam1 He\1 York and at, Louh, · · · i!

. _1 , fvo· I\.'¥1Hitiat·ah&raoter>ht1o sxamplea or the ho.Y,ble ·

houa1ng n1tuat1on whloh th11 produced will 1llum1nate ~ UogroA• ' . . ' :1

teel1ng ot.ocnflna=-nt. In dalt1mcre, the Hsgro oonat~tllt~• . '

20 pe:r oent of the population. But h11 11 11esrega.ted to J~ por cent . r• . . n·

of the res1don\1al area, In Ch.\oqo 2110,000 11ft 1n ~ta bullt

tor 160.000, In wa~e 2 and a or that oity1 the denei~ ot

poplllaUon 11 981000 per equa:re llllle, vh!oh h aOlllparat• to ·- . I'

Calo~&tta1 IncUs! 'l'h1a only helped etu.:open the llo&1"0 1el •Jt'Netra-.1 .

tion, Which w, ~. B, Du Bola eo graphicallY de1oribed 111 19~01

•It 11 doubtful,• he wrote than°1t there 11 anothe~ B~~ ot 12 million peopls 1n the m1dat of a modern oultiU'sd latad · aN I'J Widely 111h1b1bd an4 untnll)' cont1nou! at tbo AllerlQian Ntll'c,•(i

(O)SlaQk Rtaopetrypstgn6 p.toa. il ,, li p

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110) It h pJ'i!ohn\;r 1n the rlor~hern urbllll conhrir' that the

p~litloal results 1nhoront ln thP. aituatlcn in the oouth re~e1Te

th~1r charp@9t po11t1oP.l nxprna•lon. Cap1tal1eR, in dra&B1Di

the tlep,ro&G rrom the South, Mnnot prl!VIInt the explodon anCI

revolt or tho net1onal opprosa1on \l}!loh tho sear1-~eudnl economic

" r~>lvtiono ~n thn out!: not only gen.,.rc.to, but nre o.blo to keep I

Thr. ghntto-l1kc c:~<iRt~nce, tho social hll!l111at1on1 in aubJugr:tlon,

not only epring h1~torlcr.lly rror.~ ti:e cotton plnnt..t1cn. The

cot ton plantation rx;:orh to the !lorth 1 te "~<o!'kr.r£ 1mb0led v1 ttl

tha 1CuulvB;y or tin• Sau.th nlons Yi t11 tltEr KiM, the Knight.e o_t i the Carnnlia, etc., to atimulete, encourage and orsanl.zo the an";- 1

i; wo:rld.ns clan by compot1Uon 1n 1nduotry.

" 'I The doublo o~,presdon ~1hieh tho bourgeo1s.'l.r. has plaiuid

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I' . . . - ,· i! upon t.ho llegro, a6 a WC\rk«~r and tu: a ne.tionall;r c.pprese.ed)lllnorU)' 11, . . ._ · ..• --:--. . . •' ·.

tl hu net onl,y :reeul ted 1n placing him ln etrntegic 1~~u~~ft.~~L ji bllt ¥111 sho hi:{ do-volop1ng ol.aat. coneolouenoso a h~auu•:i·· to

1/ th~ exhUng &octet)' and 11 datom1not1on to deetro)' 1 t vhloh

i/ will ba the crounterput .to· thr> hhto.r:r or th,e Neg~o p!lople. 1n

!I ttla count17 •. But. tor this reason daolh!ng _capitel1at aoo1et:v,

ii rtiderl b)' the h1etn:r1o tradl tlons or· the coWl try, will a eo 1n , - ' ' ' .

/! the NfigrO C.ue~Uon n to'olll point or. attack lli o.rder to disi'Upt

il th.e p:roletarl!lt, llhon the :riots broke nut in 1943 AUorne;r · Ji •' Cenoru rl B16dle hat'! thn arrr~ntory to ;>ole the question o:· aon~ il i' ta1n1ng 'llhe N!igro roit;lrBtion, 1n the nov 1nramoua 1eo:re1. meiiiOrail-

/i <11111 to .Pree!t\ent .1\oosovolt. \;'he rioting thalo toolr: place over .I . . !1 tha aount%'3' give• U!'lllhtaknble "vidonoe tlu i the bourgeo1de 18 ,, !! ~urnre or 1 ta oppcrtun1t1ea, !:

l! , .......... • • i o nb~ iiftft?~ ot 1 ~i Uaiitera. ii ... v ............... .

11 In his •Gromng Up 1n tha Black Sol t • . ;! (10)/Cllall'lea ll, Johneon pa1nh oui that the urban Bouth!ll'!! li Negro 1s more PaOe aonac1oua than the rural Southern Nogro, 11 and that the llagN ln the North 11 mare zoaoe oonao1ou thAn the · 'i llitgl'O ln tho South, Only lit 1fi1o fPIIUIJI• undazoatan4a the dual !i dn•lopment or 1ihe NtBI'(I rroz a Mai.".Xht pCiin'C ftl Ylit'!l Oe.'l ii graap the :t'ull a1gn1t1oanoe ot this rnotJlli!Ax:I~Jr!r\\tllr-!! lhar~:ICIJJ.fttfltl the 1 talentll4 tenth•, unror1amately, don not. !) I!

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