APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of general biology with title “The Influence of Temperature to

Activity of Organism”, created by :

Name : Ummi Qalsum

Reg. Number : 091204174

Class : B (ICP)

Departement : Physics

Group : V (Five)

After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this is report accepted.

Makassar, December 2009

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) (Nirma Arsyad)

Nim.061404064

Known By

Lecturer of Responsibility

(Ir. Muh. Wiharto, M.Si)

NIP.132 006 81

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Temperature is one of the major environmental factors, which temperature

gives a different effect on different organisms in below. Compared with the

environment land, water environment has a temperature variation is relatively

narrow. Accordingly, the tolerance range of aquatic animals in also are relatively

narrow compared with land animals. Temperature is the environmental factor most

easily measured and often operate as a limiting factor. Temperature variability

ecological significance. Fluctuating temperatures 10-20oC with an average 15oC is

not the same effect on animals when compared with a constant-temperature

environment 15oC

Temperatures in aquatic environments are relatively narrow compared with

the mainland environment. Accordingly the tolerance range of aquatic animals with

temperature is relatively narrow. The types of invertebrates are generally less

resistant to high temperature.

Dissolved oxygen. Source of dissolved oxygen in water are:

a) Air through the diffusion and water agitation

b) Photosynthesis is influenced by plant density, amount of light, and duration of

illumination. Reduction of dissolved oxygen can be influenced by organism

respiration, decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, other gas reduction,

the release of dissolved oxygen that is automatically influenced by temperature and

degree of saturation. On the river by the rushing stream or river headwaters

Dissolved oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide content lower compared with the

river downstream. This because the downstream temperature increase that result in

reduced dissolved oxygen levels. In addition to temperature and speed of flow,

decomposition of organic detritus use of oxygen can affect dissolved oxygen levels.

Decomposition of organic detritus is more common in downstream areas river. To

learn of these situations it will be done this practicum units VII.

B. Experiment’s Purpose

Through this experiment, students are expected to compare the speed

of use of oxygen by the organism at different temperatures.

C. Experiment’s Benefit

By doing this experiment, students will be able to compare rate of

oxygen use by the organism at different temperatures.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

At temperatures close to the limit upper and lower limit of the tolerance range

of animals will experience stress physiological. Physiological stress occurs because

the animal was not has the ability to regulate body temperature well. Disadvantages

energy (cost) is high relative to regenerate (Kramadibrata , 1996).

Respiration

Photolytic oxygen evolution occurs in the thylakoid membranes of

photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four photons. Many steps are

involved, but the result is the formation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid

membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP via photophosphorylation. The O2

remaining after oxidation of the water molecule is released into the atmosphere.

Molecular dioxygen, O2, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms.

Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially

the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2880 kJ·mol-1

In vertebrates, O2 is diffused through membranes in the lungs and into red

blood cells. Hemoglobin binds O2, changing its color from bluish red to bright red.[19]

[45] Other animals use hemocyanin (molluscs and some arthropods) or hemerythrin

(spiders and lobsters). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm3 of O2.

Water

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water

has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.

The major chemical and physical properties of water are:

Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure. The

color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very light blue hue, although water ap-

pears colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor is

essentially invisible as a gas.[10]

Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Sub-

stances that dissolve in water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases –

especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-

loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g., fats and

oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances (Anonim, 2009).

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is probably the single most important water quality factor

that pond managers need to understand. Oxygen dissolves in water at very low

concentrations. Our atmosphere is 20% oxygen or 200,000 ppm but seldom will a

pond have more than 10 ppm oxygen dissolved in its' water. Dissolved oxygen

concentrations below 3 ppm stress most warmwater species of fish and

concentrations below 2 ppm will kill some species. Often fish that have been stressed

by dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range of 2 or 3 ppm will become

susceptible to disease (Anonim, 2009).

Oxygen dissolves into water from two sources: the atmosphere and from

plants in the water. The primary source of oxygen for a pond is from microscopic

algae (phytoplankton) or submerged plants. In the presence of sunlight, these produce

oxygen through photosynthesis and release this oxygen into the pond water. At night

and on very cloudy days, algae and submerged plants remove oxygen from the water

for respiration. During daylight hours plants normally produce more oxygen than

they consume, thus providing oxygen for the fish and other organisms in the pond

(Anonim, 2009).

Oxygen depletions are the most common cause of fish kills in ponds. Most

oxygen deletions occur in the summer months because 1) warm water holds less

dissolved oxygen than cool or cold water, and 2) because the pond's oxygen demand

is greater in warm water than in cold water. Fish kills from oxygen depletions can

range from "partial" to "total". In a partial kill the dissolved oxygen level gets low

enough to suffocate sensitive species and large fish, but many small fish and hardy

species survive. Most oxygen depletions cause partial fish kills; total fish kills are

relatively rare in recreational ponds except for those with extremely high fish

populations (>1,000 pounds/acre). The following are descriptions of the most

common types of oxygen depletions (Anonim, 2009).

Temperature

Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of water measured on a

definite scale such as degrees Celsius (oC) or degrees Fahrenheit (oF). Water

temperature is a key regulator of natural processes in the aquatic environment. He

can control the physiological functions of the organism and contribute directly or

indirectly with other components of water quality affects aquatic quality. Controlling

water temperature and spawning Hatching, control activities, stimulate or inhibit the

growth and development; can cause death if the water gets hot or very cold suddenly.

Cooler water is typically hinder the development; more hot water is generally

accelerate the activity. Water temperature also affects various physical and chemical

reactions in the aquatic environment (Anonim, 2009).

CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Date

This experiment’s is done at:

Day and Date : Wednesday, December 23th 2009

Time : at 13.30-15.00

Place : Laboratory of Biology

Faculty Mathematis and Science

Makassar State University

(at the 2nd east floor part)

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a) Stem thermometer

b) Stopwatch

c) 3 Becker Glass 1000 ml

2. Materials

a) 3 Goldfish

b) Ice Stone

c) Water faucet

d) Hot Water

C. Work Procedure

1) Becker provides 2 pieces glass or jar of water each normal and hot

water

2) In the first jar of water that is normally put a goldfish with a

temperature between 250 to 270

3) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a

goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes

4) In the second Toples enter a goldfish with a water temperature

between 370 to 400, allowing a goldfish doing so aglimasi goldfish

look calm at this cold water

5) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a

goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes

6) Removing a goldfish out of the jar first, then replace it with a third jar,

put ice cubes until the water temperature between 140 to 160

7) Entering a goldfish into a third jar, leaving a goldfish doing so

aglimasi goldfish look calm on the water this summer

8) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a

goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation Result

From the experiment, we can get the result such as :

a. Observation Table

Becker GlassTime (minute….) second Average

 1 2 3 4 5

Normal Wa-ter

256 359 479 573115

(250-270) Cel-cius

138 118 103 120 94

Hot Water 263 375 443 613122(370-400) Cel-

cius135 128 112 68 170

Cold Water 184 274 354 42891(140-160) Cel-

cius121 92 90 80 74

B. Discussion

1) 1 st Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having average operculum normal movement of 115

times per minute, with the minute details of the first 138 times for open-close, in

the second minute for 118 times the open-close, in the third minute of 103 open-

closing time, in the fourth minute for 120 times the open-closed, at five minutes

for 94 times the open-closed.

2) 2 nd Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having an average movement of the fastest operculum

of 122 times per minute, with the minute details of the first 135 times for open-

close, in the second minute for 128 times the open-close, in the third minute of

112 times open-close, in the fourth minute for 68 times the open-close, at five

minutes for 170 times the open-closed.

3) 3 rd Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having a operculum movement lowest for 91 times per

minute, which is the first of 121 minutes of opening and closing times, in the sec-

ond minute for 113 times the open-close, in the third minute for 101 times the

open-closed , in the fourth minute for 89 times the open-closed, at five minutes for

112 times the open-closed.

In general, fish have adapted to life at a certain temperature range. This range

varies from one species into another species. Although some species can tolerate a

certain latitude difference, so that, for example, allows the fish tropical regions have

different living conditions are combined in a fishbowl, but the supervision extra care-

ful to stay. Low temperature below normal can lead to fish having lethargi, loss of

appetite, and become more susceptible to disease. Fish should not be located in the

very cold temperatures only reason to save electricity. If a akuaris can not properly

care for fish, then he should not have to take care of fish altogether. ¨ In contrast to

the very high temperatures the fish can experience stress and even breathing can

cause permanent damage to the gills.

Increasing the temperature is sometimes necessary to increase the rate of me-

tabolism of fish so that the treatment is expected to help accelerate the healing

process of a disease, and / or accelerate the life cycle of a parasite that these parasites

may be expelled. However, keep in mind that the warm water terlalut the oxygen will

be less, therefore the intensity of aeration should be increased. Sudden temperature

changes can cause fish experience "shock". This often happens, especially when en-

tering a new fish into an aquarium where the temperature adjustment effort was not

done properly, or when adding new water that has not the same temperature.

If the fish get enough oxygen to live, so he could breathe well enough. Excess

oxygen has not necessarily "better." There are fish that live in hot water, cold water,

and everything in between. Some require lots of oxygen, some do not. Cold water

can carry more oxygen, but it does not mean better for the fish. Cold water holds

more dissolved oxygen than warm water, because the temperature increases, the wa-

ter will release some oxygen. The higher the temperature, the less dissolved oxygen.

There are several factors that affect how much oxygen available for fish such

as the maximum amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water. solubility of oxygen

(solubility is the word we use for the maximum amount that can dissolve) increased

in cold water. Hot water can not hold as much oxygen as cold water. Have more oxy-

gen in the water can help the fish to breathe better. That is why the operculum move-

ment of a goldfish in hot water more quickly because the goldfish efforts to find

more oxygen to breathe while the operculum movement of cold water more slowly

because the need for oxygen available in more cold water.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion

From result of attempt, inferential that:

Environmental temperature changes affect the level of oxygen consumption

in fish, fish, room temperature is more optimal oxygen requirement that the

movement to open and close the operculum stable. Increasing environmental

temperature causes the solubility of oxygen (DO) in waters Dissolve Oxygen is

reduced, so that the organism needs water in this case to increase the oxygen the

fish operculum movement along more quickly, decrease in water temperature

can cause the solubility of oxygen in the water increases so that the organism

needs oxygen in in water decreases, this causes the frequency of rare opening

and closing in overculum fish.

B. Suggestion

For practican, be careful in doing this lab because it deals with living

environment temperature is used, so the effect will affect the sustainability of living

bodies.

For the assistant, practican properly noticed in doing the experiment so that

when there are mistakes can be corrected immediately.

BIBLIOGHRAPY

Anonim. 2009. Aquatic Respiration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration

Anonim. 2009. Fish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#Fish

Anonim. 2009. Goldfish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish

Anonim. 2009. What is a goldfish.http://www.goldy.multiservers.com/

Anonim. 2009. http://dhamadharma.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/laporan-praktikum- fisiologi-hewan-air-operculum-ikan-mas/

Anonim. 2009. http://deviansouisa.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html

Kramadibrata, I. 1996. Pengantar Ekologi Hewan. Fakultas FMIPA Institut Teknologi Bandung.