9-1

Transforming the Roman World

1. What replaced the Western Roman empire by 500

A number of states fuled by German Kings

2. Who were the Anglo-Saxons?

The Angles and the Saxons were Germanic tribes from Denmark and Northern Germany who settled in Britain in the 5th Century

3. Which of the German states on the European continent proved long lasting?

The Kingdom of the Franks

4. What political advantage did Clovis gain when he converted to Christianity?

His conversion gave him the support of the Catholic Church

5. Describe the crucial social bond among the Germanic peoples

Extended families held towns together

6. What was wergild?

The amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who was wronged

7. Explain the importance of a man known as the pope

Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Catholic Church

8. In what endeavor was Pope Gregory I especially active?Converting Germanic people to Christianity

9. What good works did the Christian monks in the new European civilization

perform?

Provided schools, hospitals, and hospitality for travelers

10. What did the coronation of Charlemagne symbolize?

The coming together of the Roman, Christian , and Germanic worlds to make European civilization

11. Why do we have manuscripts of Ancient Roman literary works today?

They were copied by Carolingian monks

Wergild

The amount of money paid to a family to make up for a wrongdoing

Ordeal

A physical trial to determine guilt or innocence

Bishopric

A diocese or group of churches together

Pope

The bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church

Monk

A man who dedicates his life to God

Monasticism

The practice of being a monk

Missionary

Someone who goes out to spread a religious message

Nun

A woman who dedicates her life to God

Abbess

Head nun at a convent

Visigoth

Germanic tribe that conquered Spain

Ostrogoth

Germanic tribe that conquered Italy in the 5th century

Anglo-Saxon

Germanic tribe that settled in Great Britain

Clovis

Converted to Christianity and started the first Frankish Kingdom

Gregory I

Strengthened the papacy in the 6th century

Saint Benedict

Started the first monastery in the 6th century

Mayor of the Palace

Chief officer in the King’s household

Pepin

Unified the Frankish Kingdom

Charlemagne

Ruled a vast Frankish kingdom called the Carolingian Empire, crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor

Scriptoria

Writing rooms in monasteries where monks copied books

9-4

The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

I. Justinian became Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527– A. Justinian’s most important contribution

was his codification of Roman Law– B. This simplified code was “The body of

civil law,” the basis of Imperial law

II. The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire was the rise of Islam– A. Islamic forces defeated an army of the

Eastern Empire at Yarmuk in 636– B. By the beginning of the eighth century,

the Eastern Empire was much smaller

• 1. Historians call this smaller empire the Byzantine Empire

• 2. The Christian church of this Empire was known as the Eastern Orthodox Church

• 3. Because the emperor appointed the head of the Orthodox church, known as the patriarch, he exercised control over church and state

III. The Empire recovered and expanded under emperors known as the Macedonians– A. The Byzantine Empire was troubled by a

growing split in its church– B. In 1054, Pope Leo IX and Patriarch

Michael Celularius of the Byzantine Church formally excommunicated each other

– C. this began the schism, or separation, between the two branches of Christianity that has not been healed to this day

– * The main cause of this schism was the Patriarch’s refusal to accept the Pope in Rome as his authority

IV. From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, European Christians conducted military expeditions known as the crusades– A. Warriors of Western Europe formed the

first crusading armies

– B. In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under Saladin

– C. Richard the Lionhearted negotiated a settlement whereby Christian pilgrims had free access to Jerusalem

– D. The first widespread attacks on Jews bean in the context of the crusades

Patriarch

Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Schism

Separation between two branches of Christianity

Crusades

Expeditions to regain the holy lands from the Muslims

Infidel

A non-believer, Muslim

Justinian

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

Body of Civil Law

Justinian’s laws for the Byzantine Empire (simplified from Roman Law)

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern half of the former Roman Empire

Macedonians

Byzantine Emperors from 867-1081

Seljuk Turks

Defeated the Byzantine Empire in East Asia

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

Called for the 2nd Crusade

Saladin

Great Muslim military leader who took Jerusalem from the Christians

Innocent III

Called for the 4th Crusade