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8/11/2019 9 Electrical Distribution
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Electrical Distribution System
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Transformer
Transformer
Heart of Electrical Distribution
Category
Power Transformers
Distribution Transformers
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Types Of Transformers
Distribution Transformer
Normal Efficiency- 98 to 99
!ron loss is "# to "$ of full loa% copper
loss
Optimum efficiency occurs between &# to
'# of loa%ing
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Types Of Transformers
Power Transformer
Normal Efficiency- 99 to 99($
!ron losses is )# to )$ of full loa%
copper losses
Optimum efficiency occurs between '# to
8# of loa%ing
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!ssues of transformers
Secon% *argest loss ma+ing electricale,uipment
$ billions +./ of energy is lost as
loss per year ' of Total generation is lost in
transformers
*ife of transformer *ife cycle cost
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*oss in Transformer
Efficient Transformer 0 " loss
Substantial at /ig/er ratings
*osses contribute% by
Core loss 0 No loa% loss
Copper *oss 0 Depen%s on loa%
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Core losses-No loa% losses
Hysterisis losses
Due to magneti1ationan% %emagneti1ation
E%%y current losses Due to circulating
currents in core
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Transformer Efficiency
Transformer efficiency - 98-99
Optimum efficiency occurs at $# loa%
7$ loa%
"## loa%
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Transformer Efficiency
Optimum efficiency occurs w/ere
!ron losses Copper losses
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T/ree P/ase Transformer-Typical
*oss C/art
•Loss in watts
")###"8)#")$#
)#######)###
""8)#"77#"###
9$##"&)#7$#
'8'#"##$##
* copper
*oss :.;
!ron *oss
:.att;
<=5 2ating
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
How to re%uce losses >
?se copper rat/er t/an
aluminum
?se t/inner core steel
laminations
?se a con%uctor wit/ a
larger area an% small
lengt/
?se better gra%e of core
steel to increase
resisti3ity
?se fewer turns in t/e
coil
?se more turns in t/ecoil ?se a core wit/
larger leg area
Ways to Reduce Load
Loss
Ways to Reduce No-Load
Loss
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Case Stu%y
11 KV
2000 KVA
11 KV / 415 V
80% Load
2000 KVA
11 KV / 415 V
CB CB
CB CB
415 V
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case Stu%y
@ac+groun%
Capacity of transformer )### <=5
*oa% on t/e transformer is 8#
!ron loss A +.
* Copper loss A )# +.
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case Stu%y
12.5 MVA
110 KV / 22KV
12.5 MVA
110 KV / 22KV
22 KV 6 MVA LOAD
110 KV
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Case Stu%y
@ac+groun%
Two Transformers :")($4=5; are operate%parallel
5ctual total effecti3e loa% is ' 4=5
loa% to t/e in%i3i%ual transformers is)&
*osses
!ron loss A )$ +.
*( Copper losses A 7) +.
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
11 KV
2000 KVA
11 KV / 433 V
2000 KVA
11 KV / 433 V
CB CB
CB CB
415 V
Case Stu%y
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!solate Primary Of T/e !%le
Transformer
!%le transformer consumes power for
its in/erent magneti1ation losses
No loa% loss A +.
5nnual Sa3ings A 2s #(8 *a+/s
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Transformer *ife
*ife of t/e transformer is &# years
Possible if t/e temperature of win%ings is
less t/an 8#°C
Depen%s up on t/e insulation of t/e core
or e3ery "#< %ecrease in win%ingtemperature copper losses fall by
(9
*owering of win%ing temperature
slows %own ageing of a transformer
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Transformers Cooling
!nsulating oil acts as cooling me%ium
Oil flow is t/roug/ Natural t/ermo sip/on flow :no pumps;
orce% flow :pumps;
Heat e6c/angers or ra%iators transfer/eat from oil to en3ironment
ans may be use% to increase force%
con3ection o3er ra%iator fins
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Case Stu%y-2a%iators En/ancement
)# 4=5 Power transformer is
operating at '$-7# loa%ing 8 Cooling fans :"($ +.; are running
ans are interloc+e% wit/
temperature
Transformer is tripping because of
/ig/ temperature !nsufficient cooling
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Case Stu%y-2a%iators En/ancement
2e%esigne% :increase%; t/e si1e of
transformer ra%iators !n all & %irections by con%ucting a
separate stu%y
Still cooling fans are interloc+e%
wit/ win%ing temperature to a3oi%
t/e problems
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
@enefits
Power reliability is increase%
Cooling fans power will be sa3e% Cus/ion for more capacity
Temperature of t/e win%ing willbe re%uce%
2esistance of t/e win%ing will be
re%uce%
*oa% losses will also come %own
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
5morp/ous =s Con3entional
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Comparison of Efficiency
Amorphous CRGO Amorphous CRGO
250 180 570 98.7 98.2
500 250 900 99 98.53
630 200 1000 99.1 98.54
730 365 1250 99.2 98.65
1000 450 1500 99.2 98.68
Rating (kVA)No Load Loss (W) Efficiency (%)
Cold-Rolled Grain Oriented silicon steel (CRGO).
f ffi i
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Transformer efficiency
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5%3antages
No Nee% for 5%%e% De3ices suc/ as!solation Transformers Harmonic
ilters *esser /eat generation %ue to lower
losses
Slower ageing of insulation
*onger *ife
Superior electrical performance un%er
/armonics con%ition
*esser 4agneti1ing current
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Power actor
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Terminology
5cti3e Power :+.;
Power t/at actually powers t/e e,uipment
an% performs useful wor+
2eacti3e Power :<=5r;
Power t/at magnetic e,uipment
:transformer motor an% relay; nee%s to
pro%uce t/e magneti1ing flu6
5pparent Power =ector sum of +. an% <=5r
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5nalogy
Power factorA +. A +. A @eer<=5 +. B<=5r @eer B oam
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Effect of Power actor
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P Compensation met/o%s
met/o%s
Centrali1e% compensation
Distribute% compensation
4i6e% compensation
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Power actor Compensation
5%3antages
Easy P( maintenance
Capacitor maintenance easy
Disa%3antages
4ore 3oltage %rop in %istribution O3er /eating of cable resulting in
failure
Suitable if %istance between PCCan% 4CC is less
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Power actor Compensation
Distribute% Compensation
MOTOR
SS PANEL
PCC
MCC
MOTOR
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Power actor Compensation
5%3antages
4inimum 3oltage %rop
*ow %istribution losses
Disa%3antages
4aintenance is %ifficult 5pplicable w/ere %istribution is
remote
Power actor Compensation
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Power actor Compensation
4i6e% Compensation
MOTOR
REACTIVE CURRENT
FLOW
CAPACITOR
BANK
SS PANEL
PCC
MCC
4i6e% Compensation
MOTOR
REACTIVE CURRENT
FLOW
CAPACITOR
BANK
SS PANEL
PCC
MCC
P t C ti
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Power actor Compensation
5%3antages
oo% P( control
Easy maintenance
*ow %istribution losses
Common in Continuous Process
in%ustry
C it S l ti
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Capacitor Selection
C/art 4et/o%
ormula 4et/o% Capacitor re,uire% :<=5r;
A +. 6 FTan cos
-"ΦΦΦΦ" 0 Tan cos
-"ΦΦΦΦ) G
Cos ΦΦΦΦ" 0 Present power factor
Cos ΦΦΦΦ) 0 Desire% power factor
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
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Case Stu%y
4ont/ly 53g P maintaine% at #(9' Sanctione% 4D 7## +=5
4in %eman% c/arges 7$ :$&7$ +=5; 2ecor%e% mont/ly 4D
'8## +=5
Hig/ %eman% c/arges
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
5ction ta+en !nstalle% a%%itional capacitor ban+s I
5PC to impro3e P
P impro3e% to #(99 +=5 %eman% re%uce% by )&# +=5
5%%itional benefits 2e%uce% 3oltage %rop in fee%ers
ee%er loss re%uction Cus/ion for capacity e6pansion
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
!mpro3e O3erall P an% 2e%uce 4D
5nnual Sa3ing - 2s "#( *a+/s
!n3estment - 2s "$(# *a+/s
Paybac+ perio% - "8 4ont/s
@enefits of Power factor
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
!mpro3ement
*ower utility fees
!ncrease% system capacity 2e%uce% system losses
2e%uction in Power losses
A "##-"## 6 :Present Pf;J)
New Pf
!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
"# 4. turbo generator
2ate% P #(8
Operating P #(9
enerator %eli3ers acti3e power I
reacti3e power
Efficiency of T %epen%s on operating
P Hig/er t/e P /ig/er is t/e efficiency
!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
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!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
T Test %ata
9'(9"9'(#)$ *oa%
98("897($9$# *oa%98($97(987$ *oa%
98($'98(#8"## *oa%
#(99#(8Efficiency K P(
!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
!mpro3ing P from #(9 to #(9'resulte% in impro3ement in efficiency
2e%uce% loss %ue to re%uction in current
!mpro3e Power actor Of enerator
5nnual Sa3ings 2s "&(8 *a+/s
!n3estment 2s "$(# *a+/sPaybac+ " 4ont/s
=oltage Drop
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=oltage Drop
=oltage %rop is an in%ication of %istribution
loss
Causes of 3oltage %rop
Poor power factor
!na%e,uate cable si1e lai%
Poor contact surface at
Cable Termination
Cable Loints
ContactorsMSwitc/es
=oltage Drop
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=oltage Drop
!n a large comple6 %istribution system
3oltage %rops are 3ery common
5cceptable limit in a P/( System is
&-$ =olts M P/ase
4ore t/an $ =MP/ase in%icates energy
loss in t/e %istribution
=oltage Drop 4easuring
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=oltage Drop 4easuring
Proce%ure
4easuring instruments s/oul% be calibrate%
Simultaneous measurement of 3oltage in t/efee%ing an% recei3ing en% of t/e fee%er
4easure P( I Current
Note %own t/e cable si1e
C St % = lt D
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Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop33 kV
2500 KVA
33 kV / 433 V37% Load
2000 KVA
33 kV / 433 V
CB CB
434 V
PCC-IPCC-II
419 V
C e St % =olt e D o
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop
Obser3ations
Currently t/e PCC-! is supplie% from PCC-!!4easurements
=oltage at PCC-!! A && =
=oltage at PCC-! A &"9 = Drop in =oltage A "$ =olts :a3g;
*oa% current A 7&# 5
Power factor A #(99 Cable si1e A & 6 &## 6 ($ S,(mm
Case Stu%y =oltage Drop
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Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop
Cable loss- "9+.
Causes of 3oltage %rop
Poor contact surface at
Cable Termination
Cable Loints
ContactorsMSwitc/es
Case Stu%y =oltage Drop
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Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop
33 kV
2500 KVA
33 kV / 433 V
13% Load
2000 KVA
33 kV / 433 V
29% Load
CB CB
PCC-IPCC-II
Operate% bot/ t/e transformers
Case Stu%y =oltage Drop
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Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop
3.740.132250033025.43.3PCC-!! )($4=5
5.040.298200059623.632.95PCC-! )4=5
6.780.3704250092625.43.3PCC-!! )($4=5
Total *oss *oa%2ate% +=5Operating +=5ull *oa% Cu lossNo loa% loss
Operation of bot/ transformers resulte% inre%uce% loa%ing
!ncrease in transformer losses by )+.
Subse,uent re%uction in cable losses an%net sa3ing potential was "7+.
Case Stu%y =oltage Drop
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Case Stu%y-=oltage Drop
5nnual Sa3ing - 2s '(8$ *a+/s
!n3estment - Nil
Ot/er opportunities
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Ot/er opportunities
!ntegrate% online energy management
system 53oi%s t/e %ifficulties
@etter monitoring Dri3es w/ere to focus
Easy to compare wit/ ot/er plants
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Tec/nical Specifications
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p
Solar 4ill
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5%3antages
uic+ !nstallation
Simple
Continuous Power
Supply
!n%ian Power eneration
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