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Britannia in the Third CenturyEconomic Decline
Trouble North of the Wall
• Virius Lupus – appeasement through bribes
• Reinforcement of Hadrian’s Wall
• 207 Governor Senecio requests troops
• 208-211 Severan campaign
Praetorian Guard
• Originally from central Italy• Expanded to Gaul and Hispania• Severus recreates guard• Participates in campaigns in Scotland
Severan Campaign
York
British Archaeology, no 6, July 1995: Colin Martin
To Scotland then they came, burning
Reuse of Gask Ridge Forts
Other Developments
• Round huts at Vindolanda– Refugee camp?– Prisoners?– North African troops?
• Arbeia – South Shields– Change from cavalry base to supply fort
Round Buildings at Vindolanda
South Shields and Hadrian’s Wall
South Shields - Arbeia
South Shields
Barracks
Commander’s House - Plan
South Shields-Reconstruction
South Shields-Interior
Severan Camps
Division of Britannia
Division of Britannia
Caracalla
• Legionary pay raised about 50% on top of Severan raise of same amount.
• Soldiers permitted to marry.• Gives Roman citizenship to all free residents of
the Empire in 212 CE • Army becomes a hereditary occupation.
Damnatio Geta
Debasement of Denarius
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Year
Pu
rity
of
Den
ariu
s (%
silv
er)
A. Severus
Antoninianus
The Roman Empires
• 235-284 Barracks emperors• 260-274 Gallic Empire at Trier• 274 Restoration by Aurelian• 282 Campaign by Carinus(283-285) in
Britain• 286 Diocletian
Monetary Problems
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
215 243 255 260 270
Year
Wei
gh
t (g
)
Caracalla
Gordion)
GallienusSalonin
Aurelian
Reunification of the Empire
Gallic Empire Forms
Gold
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30BC-6
4AD
65-6
6AD
72-7
3AD
98-1
17AD
98-1
17AD
159-
160A
D
193-
211A
D
226A
D
238-
244
261-
268
261-
269
270-
275
Period
Wei
gh
t (
g)
Gallic Empire
• Campaigns in east remove troops from the Rhine
• Franks invade• Order restored by governor of Germania
Inferior• Governor Postumus declared emperor by his
troops (260-269)
Split in the Empire
Continued Economic Problems
Economics in Britain
• Under Postumus – little trade with ‘Roman’ Empire
• Later Gallic Empire – increased trade as coinage becomes debased
• Expanded hoarding• Forged coins
Changing urban scene
Late 1st-early 2nd century– Public buildings– Leisure facilities– Small to middling homes
3rd century– Declining construction– Defenses– Larger homes