ISSN 0036-8075

9 October 1981Volume 214, No. 4517

LETTERS Circular A-21 Reporting Systems: S. MacLane; Shipwreck Archeology:L. R. Morrell; R. J. Ruppe; Tufts Nutrition Center: J. Mayer;Malathion Safety Record: J. F. Morton; Saccharin and Bladder Tumors:W. J. Waddell and M. P. Lachance.....................................

EDITORIAL Women/Minorities in Science and Technology: S. M. Malcom...................

ARTICLES Remote Sensing in Development: C. K. Paul and A. C. Mascarenhas............

Interiors of the Giant Planets: W. B. Hubbard .................................

s Similar Amino Acid Sequences: Chance or Common Ancestry?: R. F. Doolittle...

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Shuttle Launch Expected Soon...............................................

Genetic Vulnerability Down on the Farm......................................

Thornburg Gets a Hearing ...................................................

Briefing: R & D Agencies Brace for Budget Cuts; Moscow ScientistsBow to Police Threats; Cheap Electricity May Save 200Brookhaven Jobs; Researcher Charged with Cruelty to Monkeys ...........

Reagan Reforms Create Upheaval at NIOSH ..................................

Assessing the Risk of Eastern U.S. Earthquakes..............................

Eavesdropping on Bones ....................................................

The Trial Process, reviewed by W. D. Loh; Gondwana Five, I. W. D Dalziel; TheNew Solar System, T. Owen; Prehistoric Mining and Allied Industries,

132

137

139

145

149

160

161

162

164

166

169

172

V. C. Pigott; Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, D. J. Barnes;Books Received . ....................................................... 173

REPORTS Dissociation Reaction in Forsterite Under Shock Compression:Y. Syono et al . ........................................................ 177

Axonal Transport: Each Major Rate Component Reflects the Movement ofDistinct Macromolecular Complexes: M. Tytell et al. ...... ............... 179

Changes in Sediment Storage in the Coon Creek Basin, Driftless Area,Wisconsin, 1853 to 1975: S. W. Trimble ........ .......................... 181

Merkel Cell Receptors: Structure and Transducer Function:K.-M. Gottschaldt and C. Vahle-Hinz .................................... 183

Rheumatoid Factor-Like Immunoglobulin M Protects Previously Uninfected RatPups and Dams from Trypanosoma lewisi: A. B. Clarkson, Jr., andG. H. Mellow .......................................................... 186

Phase Transitions and Nonplanar Conformers in Crystalline n-Alkanes:R. G. Snyder et al. .................................................... 188

Steady-State Relationship of Calcium-45 Between Bone and Blood: Differencesin Growing Dogs, Chicks, and Rats: L. Klein ....... ...................... 190

Hindbrain GABA Receptors Influence Parasympathetic Outflow to the Stomach:D. J. Williford et al. ............... .................................... 193

Sodium Appetite in Sheep Induced by Cerebral Ventricular Infusion ofAngiotensin: Comparison with Sodium Deficiency: J. P. Coghlan et al . ..... 195

Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium Binding Protein: ImmunocytochemicalLocalization in Chick Kidney: J. Roth et al. ....... ...................... 197

Sulfhydryl Compounds May Mediate Gastric Cytoprotection: S. Szabo,J. S. Trier, P. W. Frankel ............................................... 200

Gonadal Hormones Induce Dendritic Growth in the Adult Avian Brain:T. DeVoogd and F. Nottebohm .......................................... 202

The Fish Connection: A Trophic Link Between Planktonic and Rocky ReefCommunities?: R. N. Bray, A. C. Miller, G. G. Geesey .204

Technical Comments: Dose-Response Analyses of Bone Cancers from Radium:W. H. DuMouchel; R. L. Dedrick; 0. G. Raabe .206

MEETING Gordon Research Conferences: 1982 Winter Schedule: A. M. Cruickshank 209

PRODUCTS AND Ultrasonic Cleaners; Miniature Telemetry; Coagulation Timer; Contact SpotterMATERIALS for Thin-Layer Chromatography; Gradient HPLC; Digital Waveform

Analyzer; Tissue Culture Decontaminant; Literature ...... ................. 214

COVER

Space shuttle Columbia on pad at nightshowing spectra of pad lights. See page160. [Robert Hillenbrand, Port Orange,Florida 32019]

9 October 1981, Volume 214, Number 4517

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nien/Minorities in Science aind Technologysponse to recent budget cuts at the National Science Foundation,sts and engineers deplored in turn the effects of budget decisions onitional science programs, social and behavioral sciences, and scienceIgineering education. The rationale for the excisions and the manner:h they were accomplished baffled and disturbed many, who believedgislative processes for arriving at such decisions were ignored. Lessient have been protests against cuts in programls designed to increaserticipation of women and minorities in science and technology.arguments for inclusion were phrased in such a way that onlyds for rights were heard. This seems unfortunate at a time when suchare unpopular, or at least considered unaffordable. Some scientistsigineers-male and female, minority and nonminority-have voicedher reasons for supporting increased participation of women andties in science and technology. They have called attention to theof the brainpower of 60 percent of the population while we need to:apacity in all of the population to meet the challenges to our nation'sfic and technological preeminence. They have spoken of the role of.iand minorities in addressing issues of health, national defense, and-tivity. They have pointed out that personnel shortages in criticalf science and technology can be met, while maintaining quality, byutilizing the talents of these groups, and they have talked about theity of perspectives and experiences which are brought to science andLogy by a heterogeneous mix of participants. Science has not beenwell by our past prejudice and discrimination; we have lost time,and ideas.ough the battles for access, advancement, status within the profes-equal treatment, and equal pay are not finished, women madeidous gains during the 1970's. This is not true of minorities. Quirks oftcs obscure the fact, but minorities saw little real progress over thecade. Problems of access for minorities begin at the precollege level,science and mathematics education which students receive from the,rades on. The historical barriers, lower expectations of teachers, andverall quality of training offered by the schools affect these studentsMinority scientists, calling for access for the youth who would follownd recognizing that quality is a part of equality, demand improve-in training, increased course requirements in mathematics and

e, and a return to rigor.k passing, however, is rampant. The federal government says thatlege education belongs to the states and local governments-to thethat originally led minorities to seek federal redress and to the localments of many inner cities which are suffering under declining taxincreased need to provide basic human services, and little sympathyiey from state legislatures whose suburban and rural factions have)nally remained unimpressed by these facts.Administration's suggestion that the private sector be involved is aable one, but can be expected to work only for efforts which industrybeing in its own interest. Where national and private sector interestsct, there is no problem. History tells us, however, that public andsector needs not only match imperfectly, but often conflict. For this

y to attend to the health of science as well as provide for the commone, see to the physical and mental health of the people, and increaseal productivity necessitates greater participation of women andties in science and technology. Seeing to the health of science andology is a legislated federal responsibility-where the interests andies of other sectors intersect as well as where they do not. We mustcuts in programs for developing the capabilities of women and

ties, not only for the sake of these groups, but also for the sake ofe and for the sake of our nation.-SHIRLEY M. MALCOLM, Office oftunities in Science, AAAS, Washington, D.C. 20036