9.1 – Journal #1Classifying Carbon CompoundsClassifying Carbon Compounds: Use the structural

formulas below to answer the following questions.1. How many bonds does each carbon atom form in

each of the compounds shown?2. What is the chemical formula for each compound?

Use the format CXHY. 3. Classify the

compounds into two groups.

4. Explain the classification system.

5. Define “isomer”. 6. Which molecules

are isomers of one another?

9.1 – Journal #21. Define “polar covalent molecule”. Give

an example of a molecule that is polar and draw where the positive and negative charges are.

2. Which of the following is NOT a molecule: CO2, H2O, N2, CH4, MgO. Now, explain WHY it isn’t a molecule.

3. What is the name for all of the molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen (it’s a vocabulary word).

CARBONStructure , Bonds and

Molecules

CARBON: Where is it in the Periodic Table?

What is the atomic number and weight?

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?

• How many electrons does it need?• FOURFOUR

• How many bonds will it form?• FOURFOUR

• What TYPE of bonds will it form?• COVALENT!!!!

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?

• What are all the ways Carbon can make FOUR COVALENT BONDS?

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?

• All single covalent bonds

• ALKANESANES• This is This is ethaneethane

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?

• DOUBLE covalent bond to ANOTHER Carbon

• ALKENESENES• This is This is ethene (or ethylene)ethene (or ethylene)

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?

• TRIPLE covalent bond to ANOTHER Carbon

• ALKYNESYNES• This is This is ethyneethyne

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• 6th most common element on Earth• Basis for MANY, MANY molecules

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• Carbon comes in many forms.

• Covalently bonded to other elements.

• Caffeine

Methane

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• To itself.

Fullerene

Graphite

Adrenaline Nicotine

Diamond (network solid)

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• In chains.

Propane - hydrocarbon

Vitamins (Carotene)

Fats

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• In rings.

Benzene

Fullerene

(Buckyball)

Pyrene

CARBON: Unique in all the Universe!

• In branches.

DNA

Fats - lipids

CARBON: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CARBON IS UNIQUE AND FORMS MANY MOLECULES

ORGANIC: from LIVING THINGS – ORGANIC: from LIVING THINGS – always contain Carbon and Hydrogen always contain Carbon and Hydrogen (sometimes O)(sometimes O)

INORGANIC: non-living, or man-madeINORGANIC: non-living, or man-made

Glucose = carbohydrate

C6H12O6

Polyethylene = plastics, -

C2H4

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSNumber of

carbon atoms

Alkane -Saturated

Alkene Alkyne Cycloalkane

1 Methane — — —

2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne —

3 Propane Propene Propyne Cyclopropane

4 Butane Butene Butyne Cyclobutane

5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne Cyclopentane

6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne Cyclohexane

7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne Cycloheptane

8 Octane Octene Octyne Cyclooctane

9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne Cyclononane

10 Decane Decene Decyne Cyclodecane

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS

As you add more carbon to the hydrocarbon, the molecule becomes heavier and properties change.

Name Molecular Formula

Molecular Mass

Melting Point (oC)

Boiling Point (oC)

State (25oC, 101.3k

Pa)

Density (liquid g cm-3, 20oC)

Uses

methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas  

major compone

nt of natural

gas (fuel)

ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 gas  component of

natural gas (fuel)

propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 gas  

component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bottled

gas (fuel)

butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 gas  

component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

cigarette lighters (fuel)

pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626component of

petrol (fuel)

hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 liquid 0.659component of

petrol (fuel)

decane C10H22 142 -30 174 liquid 0.730component of

petrol (fuel)

hexadecane C16H34 226 18.5 288 liquid 0.775

component of diesel fuel &

heating oil

eicosane C20H42 282 36 343 solid    

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSHow do we separate the different weights so we can use them?

Fractional distillation.http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm

VIDEO – REAL PLAYER

Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons

How do we use MANY hydrocarbons?COMBUSTION

• Burning coal: C + O2 CO2

• Burning natural gasBurning natural gas:: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

• Burning gasolineBurning gasoline:: 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H20

Incomplete combustion creates CO (Carbon monoxide) Incomplete combustion creates CO (Carbon monoxide) instead of COinstead of CO22

Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons

Often times fossil fuels contain the elements Often times fossil fuels contain the elements NITROGENNITROGEN AND AND SULFURSULFUR..

When they are burned, they combine with water and create ACID ACID RAIN.RAIN.

ALL combustion creates COALL combustion creates CO22

COCO22 + H + H22O O H H22COCO33 ((Carbonic acid)Carbonic acid)

Combustion of gasoline creates NOCombustion of gasoline creates NO22

NONO22 + H + H22O O H H22NONO33 ((Nitric acid)Nitric acid)

Combustion of coal creates SOCombustion of coal creates SO33

SOSO33 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO44 ((Sulfuric acid)Sulfuric acid)