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Antibiotic Stewardship for Nurse Practitioners
§ Richard Yates, M.D.
The Story of Antibiotic Stewardship
§One President§4 cops§5 Ghosts§2 Demons
Antibiotic Stewardship
§The Need for Stewardship§The Mechanisms of Resistance§The Implementation of Stewardship§The Results of Stewardship
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR COMBATING ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT
BACTERIAMARCH 2015
The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria provides a roadmap to guide the Nation in rising to this challenge . Developed in response to Executive Order 13676: Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria—issued by President
Barack Obama on September 18, 2014…efforts to minimize the development of resistance by ensuring that each patient receives the right antibiotic at the right time at the right dose for the right duration.
ABS - Requirements
§Presidential Mandate 2015§CDC Guidelines§Joint Commission Requirements§State Guidelines§Nursing Home ABS requirements - National
§ September 18, 2014: Executive Order 13676: National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (CARB)
§ March 2015: National Action Plan for CARB
§ September 2015: Presidential Advisory Council appointed for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (CARB)
§ Annually in November: Get Smart About Antibiotics Week
§ January 1, 2017: New TJC Standard for Antimicrobial Stewardship
§ By the end of 2017: CMS to mandate antimicrobial stewardship programs as a requirement for participation
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What is Antibiotic Stewardship?§Antimicrobial Stewardship is a coordinated approach that utilizes multiple methods to improve antibiotic use and improve patient outcomes
§Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship programs help ensure patients receive:
§ The right antibiotic, at the right dose, at the right time, and for the right duration for a specific patient
§Antimicrobial Stewardship programs also educate when antibiotics are NOT needed (ie. viruses, colds, non-infections)
Why is ABS Important?
§Antibiotic use is the main driver for development of resistance
§Antibiotics are the only drug where use in one patient can impact the effectiveness in another
§Several studies show that up to 30% - 50% of in-patient antibiotic use is either unnecessary or inappropriate
Current ThreatsUrgent Threats§ Clostridium difficile§ Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)§ Drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae
Serious Threats§ MDR Acinetobacter§ MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa§ Extended-spectrum �-lactamases in
Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLs)§ Fluconazole-resistant Candida§ Resistant Campylobacter§ Vanc-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)§ Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)§ Resistant S. pneumoniae§ Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella, Salmonella Typhi,
Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. CDC. Published online September 16, 2013.
Controlling the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare
Prevent Infection
Infection Control
Optimize Antibiotic
Use
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Programs (ASPs)
2 Tools to Fight Resistance
Infection Prevention§Recognizing Colonization§Hand Hygeine§Contact Precautions§ Isolation§Environmental
decontaminationAntimicrobial Stewardship
Limiting the drug, dose, and duration of antibiotics
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How Antibiotic Use Drives Antibiotic Resistance
( Or why do these pharmacists keep bothering me about the
choice and dose of antibiotics?)
New Dehli “Superbug” 2010
No Worries, it’s in India!
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Bacteria
+ -Lipid Bilayer
How do drugs gain access to bacteria?
bacteria
drug!
Mechanisms of Resistance
§Target Site Alteration§Efflux Pumps§Enzymes §Access
Bugs fighting back:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms Target Site Alterations
§Gram positive or gram negative organisms§Ribosomal targets§Tetracyclines§Macrolides§Lincosamides§Aminoglycosides
§DNA Gyrase§Fluoroquinolones
§Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP�s)§Beta-lactams
§D-ala-D-ala§Vancomycin
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Selection vs Mutation
§Mutation:
drug!
• Selection:
drug! drug!
drug!
drug!
drug!
drug!
Once drugs �are in,� how do bacteria try to eliminate them?
Gram negative bacteria
drug!drug!
drug!
βL
Antibiotics:Miracle drugs, it started out so well, but ….
History of antibiotic discovery and concomitant development of antibiotic resistance.
Julian Davies, and Dorothy Davies Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2010;74:417-433
Where does resistance happen?§The GI tract contains over 1 trillion bacteria§More opportunity for transposon resistance§More opportunity for induction resistance§Relatively low levels of antibiotics accelerate resistance development
§Longer duration of treatment increases resistance developement
We are using more antibiotics!
Findings Between 2000 and 2010,
consumption of antibiotic drugs increased
by 36% (from 54083964813 standard units
– doses- to 73620748816 standard units).
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa accounted for 76% of this increase.
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Feedlot Use of Antibiotics
§19 million pounds of antibiotics per year are fed to farm animals, and 88 percent of that amount was fed at low doses, which favor evolution of antibiotic resistance because they do not kill all bacteria in a colony.
§36 million antibiotic prescriptions at 1.5 grams per prescription.
§ (36 million scripts) (1.5 g) = 54 million grams§8.6 trillion grams in feedlots vs 54 million grams in
prescriptions
The ecology of resistance:Selection and transmission
Selection with antibiotics
Assessment of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Transfer in the Gut
§ Int J Microbiol. 2011; 2011: 312956.§ Published online 2011 Jan 24. doi: 10.1155/2011/312956§ PMCID: PMC3034945§ Susanne Schjørring* and Karen A. Krogfelt
The human gastrointestinal tract is a massive reservoir of bacteria with a potential for both receiving and transferring antibiotic resistance genes.
“Could the microflora of the human colon, normally considered innocuous or beneficial, be playing a more sinister role in human health as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes?” was the hypothesis set by Salyers and coworkers [28].
Commentary:The gut is the epicentre of antibiotic resistance - Jean Carlet
Many horizontal gene transfers occur among Enterobacteriaceae [25,26] and between pathogens and the gut flora, most notably when the gut barrier is altered [27]
Mechanisms of Resistance
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Antibiotic Resistance
§Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa §Extended-spectrum ß lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae (ESBL-K)§Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)§Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)§Aminoglycoside-resistant P. aeruginosa
Enzymes in Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria
Gram negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria
EnzymesGram Positive§S. aureus§1940: PCN susceptible§late �40s: PCN resistant due to penicillinase§Nafcillin/Methicillin/Oxacillin stable against
penicillinase§Resistance due to PBP alterations
Categories of Beta Lactamases
§Transmitted:
§chromosomal vs. plasmid vs. transposon (MRSA - Penicillinase)
§Production:
§basal vs. inducible ( Amp – C)
§Spectrum:
§Narrow (Penicillinase) vs. extended (ESBL) vs. very extended – (KPC)
Level of Resistance- Different Enzymes, Different Susceptibilities
256<0.5<0.5<0.5Ceftazidime
>1024256>10248AmpicillinTEM-1 (-) TEM-1 (+) TEM-26 (-) TEM-26 (+)
E. coli, MIC K. pneumoniae, MIC
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Problem Hospital Organisms
§MRSA (most hospitals > 50%)
§VRE (most hospitals > 30%)
§Multi-drug resistant GNRs (varies widely)
§Pseudomonas aeruginosa§Acinetobacter spp.
§Enterobacter spp.
§E. coli§Klebsiella spp.
§Serratia marcescens
5 Organisms that Haunt Nursing Homes
Amp C
ESBLCRE VRE
C. diff
What is Amp C Beta –lactamase?
§Relatively narrow resistance seen to ampicillin and 1st generation cephalosporins
Amp-C Beta-Lactamase Producing Organisms§Serratia species
§Citrobacter species
§Enterobacter species
§Other gram negatives (less common)
Enterobacter (Amp-C) Infections§Trend toward protection from developing
resistance when combination with aminoglycoside
Kaye K. et. al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2001;45:2628-30.
Cases Control p-value
Mortality 26% 13% 0.01
LOS (days) 29.5 19 <0.001
Cost $79,000 $40,000 <0.001
What is ESBL?
§Extended Spectrum Betalactamase§Broad spectrum resistance to PCNs and cephalosporins
§Often resistant to other antibiotics
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ESBL vs. AmpC
ESBL Amp C E. coli Resistance – InductionInitial vs. Confirmatory Testing
Antibiotic MIC Interpret
Amikacin <=16 SAmox/clav <=8 SCefazolin >2 RCefepime <=8 SCefoxitin <=8 SCefotaxime >8 RCeftriaxone <=8 SCefuroxime <=8 SCiprofloxacin >2 RGentamicin 8 RMeropenem <=4 SPiperacillin/T <=16 STobramycin 4 STrimeth/Sulfa >2/38 R
ESBL
Antibiotic MIC Interpret
Amikacin <=16 SAmox/clav >8 RCefazolin >2 RCefepime >8 RCefoxitin <=8 SCefotaxime >8 RCeftriaxone >8 RCefuroxime >8 RCiprofloxacin >2 RGentamicin 8 RMeropenem <=4 SPiperacillin/T >16 RTobramycin 4 STrimeth/Sulfa >2/38 R
ESBL Treated with �Susceptible�Cephalosporins
§43 patients with ESBL infection treated with cephalosporin
§27 patients (63%) failed cephalosporin therapy
§4 of 16 patients cured on therapy were on combination with active agent (aminoglycoside)
2 Demons that Release the Monsters
Ceftriaxone and Levofloxacin Drivers of ESBLs
§Extended spectrum cephalosporins
§Fluoroquinolones
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3rd Generation Resistance and Antibiotic Use
Rice, Pharmacotherapy 1999.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Q194
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q195
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q196
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q197
Q2 Q3 Q40
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800Ceftaz Res Pip/Tazo Res
Ceftazidime UsePip/Tazo Use
% R
esis
tanc
e
Gra
ms
of C
efta
zidi
me
Risk Factors for Resistance to Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins
§477 patients, all isolates initially sensitive§49 isolates developed resistance§broad-spectrum cephalosporins a risk factor RR = 2.3,
p = 0.01§19% patients treated with broad-spectrum
cephalosporin developed resistance§29% of bacteremic patients developed resistance
Kaye K. et. al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2001;45:2628-30.
Emergence of Enterobacter spp. Resistance in Bacteremias
§Multi-center evaluation, 129 patients§Previous 3rd generation cephalosporins associated
with multi-resistant Enterobacter spp. (69% vs. 20%)
§Multi-resistance associated with higher mortality (32% vs. 15%)
§Emerging resistance during cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, other beta-lactam (19% vs. 1% vs. 0%)
Chow J et al. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:585-590.
Spreading Resistance
§Once we create the monster, we multiply it and spread it around!
ESBL: The steps from contamination to infection
Healthy individual
Intestinal colonization (low conc)
Acquisition of ESBL by human contact & food
Selection of ESBL (high conc)
Destruction of normal intestinal flora by antibiotics
Breach of natural barriers (surgery, catheters, chemotherapy etc)
Patient with invasive infection
Many Some Few
Carbapenemase:KPCs
§Suped up ESBL §Hydrolyzes carbapenems
§Increasing prevalence§Limited drug choices§Colistin, tigecycline, fosfomycin, clorpactin
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Vicious Cycle é ESBLs
é CarbapenemUse
éCarbapenemase
é Tigecycline, Colistin
•Nursing Home•LTAC•Hemodialysis
FluoroquinolonesE-S Cephalosporins
Quinolones Increase Mutation Frequency
§Fluoroquinolone Enhances the Mutation Frequency for Meropenem-Selected Carbapenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
How do quinolones cause carbapenem resistance?§Quinolones and carbapenems use same porin to
enter§Point mutations in porin configuration effect both
drugs§Meropenem and doripenem can use different
porins to gain access
Cross Resistance
bacteria
CiproImipenem
Meropenem
�D2 porin�
Carbapenems and IV CiproQuinolones cause
Carbapenem Resistance
§ Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Nov;30(5):409-14. Epub 2007 Sep 11.
§Exposure to quinolones is associated with carbapenem resistance among colistin-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii blood isolates.
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Selection for VRE
VRE Selection§Peptostreptococcus§Peptococcus
§Klebsiella sp.§B. fragilis§E. coli
CTX, metro, FQ
• Enterococcus
Factors Associated With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Literature
IV and Oral Vancomycin use
VRETransplant
patientsQuinolone use
Widespread Broad SpectrumAntibiotic Use (Cephalosporins)
VRE Trends Over TimeVancomycin 1958
C. difficile 1977
3GC mid 1980�sFQ 1988
Vancomycin Introduced
CDI described FQ�s introduced
3rd Cephs
Non-ICU
ICU
Martone WJ. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:539-545NNIS Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Report. 1999
ANTIBIOTICS AND VRE
0 1 2 3 4
CeftriaxoneCeftazidimeVancomycinClindamycinCefuroxime
Ticar/Clav
Relative Risk of Acquiring VRE
Tokars JI et al, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20(3):171-5
Effect of Antibiotic Selection on VRE Colonization
§Prospective three-phase sequential study§16 month duration§Phase 1-Ceftazidime empiric agent for febrile
neutropenic episodes§Phase 2-Switch to Pip/Tazo§introduction of improved infection control
§Phase 3-Switch back to CTZ§infection control continued
Bradley SJ, et al. JAC 1999;43:261-266
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57%
29%
8%
38%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Phase 1**Month 1-4
Phase 2aMonth 5-8
Phase 2b**Month 9-12
Phase 3Month 13-16
Rate
of G
RE C
olon
izat
ion
Effect of Antibiotic Selection on VRE* Colonization
* Glycopeptide Resistance
** P<0.0001Bradley, et al JAC 1999.
Bradley, Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20:203S-212S.
CTZ DiscontinuedP/T Started
P/T DiscontinuedCTZ Restarted
Ciprofloxacin & Levofloxacin GU Scripts
Source: SDI/ IMS Total GU TRxs
ciprofloxacin
2005-2007 incr of 33%(1.3M scripts)
Introduction of generic
ciprofloxacin
5-Year E coli % Resistance Trendfrom TRUST 2003 to 2007
AntimicrobialAgent
2003N=91
5
2004N=760
2005N=1303
2006N=143
5
2007N=172
4
5-year
% Incr
Ampicillin
Trimeth/sulfa
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Gentamicin
34.6
16.8
9.1
9.1
4.0
39.7
19.3
9.5
9.5
4.9
41.0
19.5
9.89.4
4.9
44.7
20.4
14.814.0
6.8
48.3
26.3
19.618.9
7.9
13.7
9.5
10.5
9.8
3.9
2015 E.coli resistance to quinolones = 35%
Beyond ESBL: carbapenem resistance- the ultimate horror scenario
Resistance to
ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae
PenicillinsCephalosporins
Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae(VIM,NDM-1, KPC-2,oxa-48)
PenicillinsCephalosporinsCarbapenems+ others
Overall Summary
Amp C ESBL KPC VRE
Drivers ES cephs
Clav
Cefoxitin
Imipenem
ES cephs
FQ
Cephs
FQs
Cephs
Clinda
FQs
Treatments Cefepime
AMG
FQs
Carbs
Carbs
Colistin
Colistin
Tigecycline
Dapto
Linezolid
Synercid
Tigecycline
Antibiotic Use and the Risk of C. dificile Colitis
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Antibiotics and CDIAntibiotics increase risk of CDI
1. disrupt normal colonic flora2. selecting for resistant C difficile strains
Clindamycin: 1970 and 1908’s§ Initial drug associated with CDI § published reports documenting control of
outbreaks due to highly clindamycin resistant strains with restricted clindamycin use
2nd and 3rd generation Cephalosporins: 1990’s§ Widespread use starting in the 1990s§ Associated with increased rates of CDI as
compared with β-lactams (pip-tazo)
Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Nov;40(5):707-11.; Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec;12(12):1217-23. J Hosp Infect. 2003 Jun;54(2):104-8.; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994 Feb;15(2):88-94.
CDI and Quinolones
Epidemic in Quebec 2004: demonstrated increased rates of CDI with:
§Exposure to 3rd gen cephalosporins (OR 3.8)
§Exposure to fluoroquinolones (OR 3.9)Subsequent studies have demonstrated
significant increases in CDI associated with fluoroquinolones
§Texas: increase in fluoroquinolone use preceded the beginning of outbreak by 9 months (P<0.001)
N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2442-2449; Muto et al Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:273–280; Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38:640–64
Clinical Impact
Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone Amp + gent
Drug (2 days) $6.16 $7.72 $26.42
2+ Hospital Days $2600 $2600
Differential Cost $62,264.20 $44,069.44
C. Difficile Infection
-Primary: $2,871-$4,846
-Recurrent: $13,655-$18,067
-Annual US: $436 million – $3 billion +
VRE Case - $4,479 - $77,558
What Does an ASP Do?
Resistance Creation
§We can cause resistance to happen by the antibiotics we choose, the dose we use, the duration of infusion time, and the total duration of treatment
§Not all antibiotics are equal!
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Optimizing Antimicrobial Therapy
Pharmacodynamics
[C] @Infection
Site
PathogenMIC
DrugPK
Outcome
• Absorption• Distribution• Metabolism• Excretion
• Time-Dependent Killing• Concentration-Dependent Killing• PAE
• Bacterial Counts• Mortality• Rate of Symptom
Resolution / Free Period
Clinical Outcomes Better With Antimicrobial Management Program
RR 2.8 (2.1-3.8) RR 1.7 (1.3-2.1) RR 0.2 (0.1-0.4)
Perc
ent
AMP = Antibiotic Management ProgramUP = Usual PracticeFishman N. Am J Med. 2006;119:S53.
Antibiotic Choice & ResistanceBeta-lactams
§Less Resistance More Resistance
§Penicillins Cephalosporins§Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone§Cefepime Ceftazidime§Meropenem Imipenem
Type-I Beta-LactamasesPotential for Induction of Beta-lactamases
Danziger et al. AJHP. 1995
Antibiotic Use - Help or Hurt• Some antibiotics – 3rd Gen Cephalosporinsand quinolones – drive resistance higher
• Some antibiotics – penicillins and aminoglygosides – drive resistance lower
• Within each class, some are better than others
Antibiotic Infusion Time and Resistance
Less Resistance More resistanceB-Lactams -less, longer more, shorter(PI Zosyn, Merrem) (Conventional dose)
Aminoglycosidesmore, shorter less, longer(Once daily dosing) (“80mg q 8”)
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30-min infusion
n=573-hour infusion
n=49 p-value
Median (IQR)
ICU LOS, d 12.0 (6.9-19.5) 9.1 (5.5-14.5) 0.032Total hospital LOS,
d14.5 (9.0-24.3) 10.5 (6.9-16.6) 0.029
Duration of
meropenem therapy,
d
6.0 (4.0-10.0) 6.0 (3.0-9.1) 0.448
Duration of total
antibiotic therapy, d10.0 (6.0-16.0) 9.0 (5.0-14.8) 0.203
Ventilator days 8.0 (6.0-16.0) 6.0 (3.5-17.0) 0.199n (%)
In-hospital mortality 25 (44) 15 (31) 0.115
2012 Initiative- PI Merrem Meropenem1gram over 30-minutes vs. 500mg over 3-hours
1gm Q8H or Q12HInfused over 30 min
500mg Q6H, Q8H, or Q12H over 3 hours
Number of patients 25 44Median LOS in ICU, d 12.5 8.5Median duration of
meropenem therapy, d 14.5 10.5
Median duration of total antibiotic therapy, d 6 5.75
Median ventilator days*, d 14 6
Number of deaths 13 14
Death Rate (%) 52% 32%
Strategies of ASP§Avoid ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefoxitin§Avoid imipenem, quinolones§Promote penicillins §Promote lower dose, prolonged infusion§Promote narrowing and shortening antibiotic treatment
ASP Strategies§Zosyn =primary broad spectrum antibiotic§Unasyn for Pneumonia§Prolonged infusion housewide§Limit AG to 3 days§Limit azithro/ fq to 5 days in CAP§PI Zosyn, Cefepime, Merrem§CI Vancomycin
RESULTS
96
96
ABS
Acute care hospitals
Long-term care
hospitals
Skilled nursing facilities
Consistent Results Across Healthcare SettingsAcute Care Hospitals
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
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Carbapenem-resistant P. AeruginosaNHSN – 25% 2006-2007
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(11):996Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40 Suppl 2:S89
Aminoglycoside-resistant P. Aeruginosa
Nationally (2009) – 15%
http://www.cddep.org/ResistanceMap/bug-drug/KP-CS
ESBL-producing Klebsiella
§Huge problem internationally
§2008 Britain = 37%
§2007 India = 46%
§2010 Brazil = 50%
§Multi-national study (2010) : 17%
§US overall average (2009):9%
§TMF-inpatient 2011: 2.7% (HAI < 1%)
Ann Intern Med 2004;140:26-32http://www.cddep.org/ResistanceMap/bug-drug/KP-CS
VRE
§Tyler Hospital – inpatient 2016: 13%§Tyler Hospital – ICU data: 15%§NHSN data 2016-2017 = 22-33%§NNIS 2016– 28% in ICUs
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(11):996http://www.cddep.org/ResistanceMap/bug-drug/VRE
1.29
0.86
0.33
0.56
1.861.73
0.730.57
00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1/1/
201
1
3/1/
201
1
5/1/
201
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7/1/
201
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9/1/
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/20
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/20
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201
3
Spen
ding
in d
olla
rs p
er a
djus
ted
patie
nt d
ay (b
lue
line)
month
Fluoroquinolone usage and HA-CDI
HA
-CD
I rate (per 1000pt days -purple)
Revisions to PNA order set
Cleaning contract Changed – Ifx Control
Efforts Aimed at HA-CDI Reduction
Medical StaffEducational tool
Efforts Aimed at HA-CDI ReductionRevisions to PNA order set
Medical StaffEducational tool
Cleaning contract
Changed – Ifx Control
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ASP and Cephalosporin Use
§ Design: § Prospective evaluation of antimicrobial
management program implemented § Goal: to minimize inappropriate use of 3rd-
generation cephalosporins, broadened to audit use of other antimicrobials
§ Time period: 7 years§ 3 interventions: choice, shorter duration, switch
from IV to PO§ Assessed incidence of C. difficile, resistant
Enterobacteriaceae, VRE, and MRSA in NNIS system hospitals of comparable size
§ Reduction in CDAD (p=0.002)
Carling P, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:699-706.
NNIS = National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system
House-wide implementation of PI Merrem
§ Implement PI protocol for all adult patients who receive meropenem infusion via therapeutic substitution§1g q 8h à 500mg q 6h over 3 hours§Automatically adjust for renal function by clinical
pharmacist
Estimated CLCr (CG in mL/min)
Dose and interval
> 50 500mg q 6h over 3 hours
25-50 500mg q 8h over 3 hours
10-25 500mg q 12h over 3 hours
Hemodialysis 500mg q 12-24; after HD onHD days
CRRT (CVVH) 1g loading dose then 500mg q 8h over 3 hours; 1g q 12h or flow based
Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa
Aminoglycoside-Resistant P. aeruginosa
Mariana Castanheira et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014;58:833-838
ESBL rates among Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 72 U.S. hospitals located in the nine U.S. census regions. Compare to Tyler Hospital
rates
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Antibiotic Spending Trends
US Dollars
110
Decrease in Anti-infective CostsAcute Care Hospital, 2013-17
Source: 127-bed Acute Care Hospital w ith approxim ately 35,000 patient days per year. Average inflation rate = 6% .
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
111
Resistance TrendsAcute Care Hospital, 2015-17
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
Source: 127-bed Acute Care Hospital w ith approxim ately 35,000 patient days per year. Average inflation rate = 6% .
ASP
Acute care
hospitals
LTAC
Skilled nursing facilities
112
Consistent Results Across Care SettingsLong-term Care Hospitals
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
Decrease in C-difficile Hospital Acquired InfectionsLong-term Acute Care Hospital, 2007-2016
Source: C-difficile hospital acquired infections reported at a 51-bed Long-term Acute Care Hospital in Texas from 2007-2016.
Decrease in MDRO Hospital Acquired InfectionsLong-term Acute Care Hospital, 2007-2016
MRSA 9 7 5 4 5 2 1 0 1 1VRE 13 9 8 5 5 5 2 4 0 4
ESBL 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 0 0MDR Pseudo 1
Source: C-difficile hospital acquired infections reported at a 51-bed Long-term Acute Care Hospital in Texas from 2007-2016.
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Antimicrobial Expenditure 116
116
ASP
Acute care
hospitals
Long-term care
hospitals
Skilled nursing facilities
Consistent Results Across Healthcare SettingsAcute Care Hospitals
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
117
Clostridium difficile Testing Post ARS ImplementationSkilled Nursing Facilities
The ARS Stewardship Program was implemented in February 2016 at 8 skilled nursing facilities in the Midwest.
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
Decrease in Antimicrobial Cost Per Patient Day
$0.00$2.00$4.00$6.00$8.00
$10.00$12.00$14.00$16.00$18.00$20.00
Feb
'15
Mar
'15
Apr '
15M
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5Ju
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5Ju
l '15
Aug
'15
Sep'
15O
ct '1
5N
ov '1
5D
ec '1
5Ja
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6Fe
b '1
6M
ar '1
6Ap
r '16
May
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Jun
'16
Jul '
16Au
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7
Cos
t per
pat
ient
day
s ASP Initiation
in facilities
Decrease of average cost by
$5.66 (43%)
118
The ARS Stewardship Program was implemented in February 2016 at 8 skilled nursing facilities in the Midwest.
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
Summary§Antibiotic selection has a significant impact on
resistance patterns §Multiple opportunities in a course of therapy to
intervene to make a positive impact§Initial selection§Dose/interval§Combination§De-escalation§Length of therapy
Things We Know:§Some antibiotics drive resistance more than others
§Some antibiotic dosing drives resistance more than others
§Longer duration = more tonnage of antibiotic use
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So we know what not to do…
§Don’t let antibiotic choice and dose depend on the location of the patient
§Don’t choose antibiotics that have high GI tract concentrations
§Don’t dose antibiotics so high that you achieve high GI concentrations
§Don’t give antibiotics so long that you create resistance
Emphasis on Appropriate Use
§Little-to-none new antibiotic development and production
§Resistance §Inappropriate agent(s)§Inappropriate duration§Inappropriate dosing and frequency
§Limit unintended collateral damage
Strategies that work:
§For Beta – lactams – reduce the dose, give over a prolonged interval§More effective§Less resistance
§Ex: Zosyn 3,375 gm over 4 hours q 8h§Merem 500mg over 3 hours q 6h§Ceftazidime continuous infusion
Strategies that work:
§Shorten duration of antibiotic prescribing:§7 days for HCAP§5 days for CAP§5 Days for Intraabdominal infection –
controlled§3 Days for UTI
Coordinated Approach: Community AMS
AMS
Acute Care
SNF/LTAC
Outpatient
125
• AMS Education• General/targe
ted• Information
exchange• Antibiograms• Safe handoffs
Copyright 2017 Antim icrobial Resistance Solutions, Inc. ALL R IG HTS RESERVED.
Ceftriaxone and Levofloxacin
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22
5 Organisms that Haunt Nursing Homes
Amp C
ESBLCRE VRE
C. diff
ASPs = Ghostbusters!