31
- 92 -
- 92 -
- 93 -
8- REFERENCE
Abbas-Noha, H. ( 2003) :
Application of biotechniques for detection and discrimination of some
pathogenic microorganisms in chicken meats .
Ph.D., Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac.Vet. Med.,Cairo Univ.
Abd El-Atty, N. S. (2005) : Studies for imporoving the quality of locally manufactured sausage.
Ph.D., thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Beni-Suef Univ.
Abd El-Atty, N.S. and Meshref, A.M.S.(2007):
Prevalence of salmonella and E.coli O157 in some foods.
Beni-Suef Vet. Med .J., 5th
Scientific Conference, 73-78.
Abd El-Aziz, A.S. (1988):
Salmonella in locally manufactured meat products.
M.V.Sc., Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac.Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Abd El-Aziz, A.S.; El-Neklawy, E.I.S.; Hussien, A. and Niazi, Z. (1996):
Food poisoning microorganisms in some locally meat products.
Vet. Med. J., Giza 44 (4) : 691 – 698.
Abd El-Aziz-Reham, A. (2004): Microbial evaluation of some meat products.
M. V .Sc., Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Moshtohor,
Zagazig Univ, Benha branch.
Abdel Haffeiz, E.M. and Samaha, I.A. (1999) :
Microbial evaluation of some heat treated turkey products at different
processing stages.
J. Egypt. Public Health Ass. 74 (1-2):1-16.
Abou Zeed, Y.M.; Hariharan, H.; Poppe, C. and Kibenge, F.S.B. (2000) .
Characterization of salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler
chickens and human sources on prince Edward Island.
Comp. Immun. Microbiol. infect. Dis. 23, 253-266 .
- 94 -
Abrahim, A.;Papa, A.; Soultos, N.; Ambrosiadiss, I. and Antoniaadis, A.
(1998) :
Antibiotic resistance of salmonella spp. and listeria spp. isolated from
traditionally made fresh sausage in Greece.
J. Food Prot. 61: 1378 .
Acha, P.N. and Szyfres, B.(2001): Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals.
3rd
ed. Vol. 1. Bacterioses and Mycoses. PAHO, Washington D.C.
Ahmed, A.A.H.; Abd-El-Rahman, H.A. and Moustafa, M. K. (1988):
Incidence of enterobacteriaceae in some selected food stuffs. Assuit.
Vet. Med. J., 20(40):104-109.
Ahmed, M.N. (1992):
Incidence and occurrence of salmonella and E.coli organisms in
impacted meat products in Assuit.
M.V.Sc. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Assuit Univ.
Ahmed, S. ( 1980 ) :
Gastrointestinal studies on acute infection in Assiut governorate.
Ph.D.Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Assuit Univ.
Ahmed, S. (1988) : Salmonella in locally manufactured meatproducts.
M.V.Sc. thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Aiedia, H.A. (1995):
Quality investigation into room kept traditional meat products in
Egypt.
Alemayehu, D.; Molla, B. and Muckle, A.(2002) :
Pervalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolated from
apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia.
Trop. Anl. Helth. Prd., 35, 309 – 316 .
Angelikia, M.; Beatriz, G.; Andreas, S.; Christina, D. and Reiner,
H. (2002):
Molecular characterization of multiresistant d-tartrate-positive
Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B isolates .
J. of Clin. Microbiol.40 (9) :3184–3191.
Anjali ,N.; Singh, A. and Chaturvedi, G. C. (2001) :
A study of comparative effectiveness of various plasmid curing agents
in Salmonella typhimurium .
Indian J. comparative Microbiol. Immun. and Infect. Dis.22:2,168-
169.
- 95 -
Anonymous (1994):
PHILS-SVS update on salmonella infection. 18th
ed. London, United
Kingdom
Public health laboratory service and the state veterinary service.
Anonymous (1995):
Microbiological general guidance on methods for the detection of
salmonella. CSN ISO 6579 .
Anonymous (2003):
Salmonella annual summary 2001.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003) 1 – 154 .
Antunes, P.; Reuc.; Sousa, J.C.; Peixe, L. and Pestana, N. (2003) :
Incidence of salmonella in poultry and their susceptibility to microbial
agents .
Int. J. Food, Microbiol. 82 : 97 – 103 .
Archer, D.L. and Kvenberg, J. E. ( 1985 ) :
Incidence and cost of food borne diarrheal disease in the United States.
J. Food Prot. 48 : 887 – 890.
Arroyo, G. and Arroyo, J.A. (1995):
Detection of salmonella serotypes in edible organ meats from markets
in Madrid, Spain.
Food Microbiol. 12 : 13 – 20 .
Baggesen, D.L.; Olsen, J. E. and Bisgaard, M. (1992):
Plasmid profiles and phage types of Salmonella typhimurium isolated
from successive flocks of chickens on three parent stock farms.
Avian Pathol. 21:4,569-579.
Bakshi, C.S.; Singh, V.P.; Malik, M.; Singh, R.K. and Sharma, B. (2003):
55kb plasmid and virulence- associated genes are positively correlated with
Salmonella enteritidis pathogenicity in mice and chickens.
Vet. Res. Commun. 27 : 425-432 .
Banks, J.G. and Board, R.G. (1983):
The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and
ingredients with salmonellae .
J. Hyg. 9o : 213 – 223.
Barrel, R.A.F. (1982):
Isolation of salmonellae from human, food and environmental sources
in the Manchester area: 1976 – 1980.
J. Hyg. 88 (3): 403 – 411.
- 96 -
Baumgartner, A.; Heimann, P.; Schmid, H.; Linger, M. and Simen, A.
(1992):
Salmonellae contamination of poultry carcasses and human
salmonellosis.
Archiv -Fur-Lebensmittel hygiene. 43(6): 123 – 124.
Bäumler, A.J.; Tsolis, R.; Ficht, T. and Adams, L.G.(1998): Evolution of
host adaptation in Salmonella enterica .
Infect. Immun. 66:4579–4587 .
Berge, A.C.; Adaska, J.M. and Sischo, W.M. (2004) :
Use of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and PFGE to compare historic
and contemporary isolates of multi drug – resistant Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar newport.
Appl. Environ, Microbiol., 70 : 318-323 .
Berlin ( West ) 29 . 6 – 37. 1980. Inst. Vet. Med.
Bhattacharya, A.; Singh, V.P. and Verma, J.C. (2000): Amplification of virulence in mice and chicks in Salmonella
typhimurium (poultry isolates).
Ind. J. Comp. Microbial. Immun. Infect. Dis., 21 (2) : 107.
Bichler, L. A.; Nagaraja, K.V. and Pomeroy, B.J. (1994): Plasmid diversity in Salmonella enteritidis of animal, poultry and
human origin.
J. Food Prot.57:1,4-11,15.
Birnboin, H.C. and Doly, J.(1979):
A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant
plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids.
Res .7:1513-23.
- 97 -
Boonmar, S.; Suphaindhu, W.; Intarasri, B. and Bang trakulnonth, A.
(2002) : Comparison of plasmid profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns
of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in Thailand kasetart.
J. Natural sciences, 36 (2) : 175-178 .
Boughton, C.; Leonard, F.c.; Egan, J.; Kelly, G.; O’Mahony, P.; Markey,
B.k.; and Griffin, M. (2004):
Prevalence and number of salmonella in Irish retail pork sausages.
J. Food Prot. 67 (9) : 1834 – 1839.
Bouvet, P. and Grimont, P. (2001):
Donnees de surveillance 1999 du centre national de reference des
salmonella et shigella,
Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 12 , 1-9 .
Boyd, E.F.and Hartl, D.L. (1998) :
Salmonella virulence plasmid: Modular acquisition of the spv
virulence region by an F-plasmid in Salmonella enterica subspecies I
and insertion into the chromosome of subspecies II, IIIa, IV and VII
isolates.
Genetics 149:1183–1190 .
Brisabois, A.; Fremy,S.; Moury,F.; Oudart,C.; Piquet, C. and Pires
G.C.(1997):
L‟inventaire des salmonellas 1994–1995.
CNEVA, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Brown, D.J.; Threlfall, E.J.; Hampton, M.D. and Rowe, B. (1993):
Epidemiol. Infect. 110 : 209 – 216 .
Burkhard , M .; Cornelia, B . and Reiner, H . (2007):
A real time PCR for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry
meat and consumption eggs.
J. Microbiological Methods .70 : 245-251.
Busian ,M.; Rodriguez, P.J.M. and Rotger, R. (1994):
Restriction map of the Salmonella enteritidis virulence plasmid and its
homology with the plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.
Microbial Pathogenesis.16:2,165-169.
- 98 -
Buzby, J.C.; Roberts, T.; Jordan Lin, C.T. and MacDonald, J.M. (1996) :
Bacterial food borne disease: medical costs and productivity losses.
Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service. Report 741 .
Cabedo, L.; picart, I.; Barrot, L.; Teixdo, I. and Canells, A. (2008):
Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and salmonella in ready-to-eat
food in Catalonia,Spain.
J.Food Prot. 71(4):855-9.
Celum, C. L.; Chaisson, R. E. and Rotleinford, G. W. ( 1987 ) :
Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS.
J. Inf. Dis. 156 : 998.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1998 ) :
Surveillance results CDC / USDA / FDA. Food borne diseases active
network, CDC‟s emerging infections program. US Department of
Health and Human services, Washington, D.C.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002) : U S. food-borne Disease outbreaks, searchable data 1990-1995.
(online) from http://www2a.cdc.gov/ncidod/food-
borne/outbreaksreport.asp.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002):
Preliminary Food-Net data on the incidence of food borne illness.
selected sites, United States, 2001. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:325–
329.
Chart, H. (1994) :
Methods in practical laboratory bacteriology.
C.R.C. Press Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd, N.M., Boco Raton, Florida,
U. S.
Chart, H.; threlfall, E.J. and Rowe, B. (1991):
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 12 : 188-191 .
Chen, S.; Zhao, S.; White, D.G.; Schroeder, C.M.; Lu, R.; Yang, H.;
McDermott, P.F.; Ayers, S. and Meng, J. (2004): Characterization of multiple antimicrobial resistant salmonella
serovars isolated from retail meats.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (1) : 1-7.
Chu, C. ; Hong, S.F. ; Tsai, C.; Lin, W.S.; Liu,T.P. and Ou, J.T. (1999) :
Comparative physical and genetic maps of the virulence plasmids of
Salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, enteritidis, cholerae suis,
- 99 -
and dublin.
Infect. Immun. 67 : 2611-2614.
Cid, C.; Iriarte ; Astiasaran, I. and Bello, J. (1992):
Study of the nutritive quality of historra.
Alimentaria 229 : 39 – 41.
Cogan,T.A. and Humphrey,T.J.(2003):
The rise and fall of Salmonella enteritidis in the UK.
J. Appl.Microbiol. 94 : 114-119.
Cohen, N.; Ennaji, H .; Hassa, M . and Karib, H. (2006):
The bacterial quality of red meat and offal in Casablanca (Morocco ).
Mol . Nutr. Food Res .; 50 (6) : 557– 62 .
Comi, G.; Cantoni, C.; Marino, M. and Provana, L. (1996):
A detailed analysis of an outbreak of salmonellosis due to
S.typhimurium.
Archivio Veterinario Italiano 47 : 4.
Croza, J.H. and Falkow, S.(1981):
Plasmids. In: Gerhardt, P.; Murray, RGE, Costilow, R.N. et al. eds.
Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology.
Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology.266–282.
Cruickshank, R.; Duguid, J.P.; Marmion, B.P. and Swain, R.H.A. (1975) :
Medical Microbiology “the Practice of Medical Microbiology” .
12 th Ed . Vol II Churchill Livingstone, Edinbrough. London and New
– York .
D’aoust, J.Y.(1989): Salmonella. In ; Doyle, M.P. editor. Food borne bacterial pathogens.
New York : Marcel Dekker, p. 327 – 445.
D’aoust, J.Y.(1994):
Salmonella and the international food trade.
Int. J. Food Microbiol., 1994, 24 : 11 – 31 .
D’aoust, J.Y.(1997) :
Salmonella species. In : Doyle, M.P.; Beuchat, L.R. and Montiville,
T.J. (Eds).
Food Microbiology , Fundamentals and Frontiers. ASM Press ,
Washington ,D.C.
Dale, W.J. (1998) :
Molecular genetics of bacteria. 3 Ed., Press by John Willey and Sons
Chichestr, U.K., pp. 129-162 .
- 100 -
Darwish, A.; Hamdy, M. and Nauman, T.M. (1986):
Quality evaluation of market meat pastes.
Vet. Med. J. Giza 34 (1): 37 – 48.
Davies, R. (1989) :
Salmonella in food : current problems .
In : Salmonella and listeria implications for food safety,
EAG Scientific LTd., Ewell, Surrey, pp. 231 – 244.
David, K.S. (1996) :
The biology of plasmids.
Press in Blackwell Science Cambridge, England, pp. 111-135 .
Delarocque, A.E.; Bouillant, C.; Vaillant, V.; Bouvet, P.; Grimont, P. A.
and Desenclos, J. C. ( 2000 ) :
Risk factors for the occurance of sporadic Salmonella enterica
serotype typhimurium infection in children in France.
A national case control study. Clin .Infect .Dis., 31 ( 2 ) : 448.
Desenclos, J.C.; Bouvet, P.; Pierre, V.; Brisabois, A.; Fremy, S.; Labellec,
C.; Grimont, F. and Grimont,P.A.D. (1996):
Epidemiologie des infection a salmonella; tendances recentes en
France et en Europe .
Bull. Soc . Fr . Microbiol ., 11- 209 -215 .
Dorn, C.R.; Silapanuntakul, R.; Angrick, E.J. and Shipman, L.D. (1992):
Plasmid analysis and epidemiology of Salmonella enteritidis infection
in three commercial layer flocks.
Avian Dis.36:4,844-851.
Edris, A. (1993):
Isolation and identification of E. coli and salmonella from ready -to-
eat meat products.
Zagazig, Vet. Med. J., 21(2): 187 – 193.
Edwards., P.R. and Ewing, W.H. (1972) :
Identification of enterobacteriaceae. Minneapolis, Burgess. Publ. Co.
Atlanta, U.S.A. Ejeta ,G.; Molla, B.; Alemayehu, D. and Muckle, A. (2004) :
Salmonella serotypes isolated from minced meat beef, mutton and
pork in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Revue Med. Vet., 155, 11 : 547-551.
Eleiwa-Nesreen, Z. H. (2003):
Effect of chemical preservatives on food poisoning bacteria in some
- 101 -
locally manufactured meat products.
Ph. D. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ.
El-Khateb, T. (1982):
Sanitary condition of sausage in Assuit.
M.V. Sc.Thesis(Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Assuit. Univ.
El-Mossalami, M.E.; Safwat, A.A.S.; Abd El-Rahim, L. and El-Sawah, H.
(1989) :
Salmonella in locally produced meat products.
J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., 49:1-2, 99-108 .
Elwell, L.P.; Inamine, J.M. and Minshew, B.H. (1978) :
Common plasmids specifying to abramycin resistance found in two
enteric bacteria isolated from burn patients.”
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13 : 312 – 317 .
Escartin, E.F.; Castillo, A.; Hinojosa-Puga, A. and Saldana-Lozano, J.
(1999) : Prevalence of salmonella in chorizo and its survival under different
storage temperature.
Food microbiol., 16:479-486 .
Fantasia, M.; Filetici, E.; Arena, S. and Mariotti, S. (1998) : Serotype and phage type distribution of salmonellas from human and
non-human sources in Italy in the period of 1973- 1995 .
European J. of Epidemiol. 14 : 701- 710 .
Fantasia, M.; Filetici, E.; Anastasio, M.P.; Marcozzi, M.D.; Gramenzi, M.P.
and Aureli, P. (1991): Italian experience in Salmonella enteritidis 1978-1988:
characterization of isolates from food and man.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12 (4) : 353-362.
FAO / WHO (1990):
Bacterial food born illness costs in USA.
Collabarating Center for Research and Training in Food Hygiene and
Zoonoses, Berlin 1987. Newsletter23:3
FAO / WHO (1994):
Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis associated with canned beef.
Newsletter. No. 41. WHO surveillance program for control of food
borne infection and intoxication in Europe.
Fathi, S. and Thabet, E. I. R. (2001) :
Incidence of salmonella and E.coli in packed meat products sold in
- 102 -
Assuit city.
Assuit Vet. Med. J., 46:91, 187-199 .
Fathi, S.; El-Khateib, T.; Moustafa, S. and Hassanein, K. (1994):
Salmonella and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in some locally
manufactured meat products.
Assiut Vet. Med. J., 31 : 62, 190 -199 .
Ferris, K. E.; Aalsburg, A.M. and Iseminger, G. R. (2002):
Salmonella serotypes from animals and related sources during July
2001-June 2002.
Proc.U.S. Anim. Health Ass. 106:467–497.
Field, R. A.; Smith, F. C.; Denane, D. D.; Thomas, G. M. and kotula. A. W.
(1977):
Sources of Variation at the retail level in bacteriological Condition of
ground beef.
J. Food prot. 40(6): 385-388.
Foley, S.L.; White, D.G.; McDermott, P.F.; Walker, R.D.; Rhodes, B.;
Fedork Cray, P.J.; Simjee, S. and Zhao, S. ( 2006):
Comparison of subtyping methods for differentiating Salmonella
enterica serovar typhimurium isolates obtained from food animal
sources.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (10) : 3569 – 3577 .
Freeksen, E. and Rosenfeld, M. (1980):
Final cure of salmonella carriers. Proceedings of
World Congress Food Borne Infection and Intoxication. Berlin ( West
) 29 – 6 – 37 Inst. Vet. Met.
Garriaga, M.; Marcos, B.; Martin, B.; Vaciana-Nogues, M.T.; Bover-Cid,
S.; Hugas, M. and Aymerich, T.(2005) : Starter cultures and high pressure processing to improve the hygiene
and safety of slightly fermented sausages.
J. Food Prot . 68 (11): 2341-2348.
Gashe, B. A.; and Mpuchane, S. (2000):
Prevalence of salmonella on beef products at butcheries and their
antibiotic resistance profiles.
J. Food sci, 65 (5) : 880 – 883.
Gast, R.K.; Holt, P.S. and Murase, T. (2005):
Penetration of Salmonella heidelberg into egg yolk in an in vitro
contamination model.
Poultry Sci. Ass. 5 : 621 – 625 .
- 103 -
Genigeorgis, C. and Lindbroth, S. (1984):
The safety of pasterma, an American type dried beef with respect to
salmonella.
Proceeding of the European meeting of meat research workers, 3 (2 :
5 ) : 217 – 218.
Ghafir, Y.; China, B .; Korsak, N .; Dierick, K.; Collard, J. M.; Goodard,
C.; De Zutter, L. and Daube, G. ( 2005 ):
Belgian surveillance plans to assess changes in salmonella prevalence
in meat at different production stages .
J. Food Prot. 68 (11) : 2269 – 77
Gobran, R. A. (1985):
Enterobacteriaceae in meat products in Upper Egypt.
M. V. Sc., Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Assuit Univ.
Gomez, T. M.; Motarjemi, S.Y.; Miyagawa, F.; Kaferstein, and Stohr, K.
(1997):
Food borne salmonellosis.
World Health Stat. Q. 50:81–89.
Gonezy, Z. (1981):
Determination of certain microbiological parameters in commercially
packages sliced meat products.
Elelmiszervizsgalati – koezlemenyek, 27(1): 23-30.
Gouda, H. I. (1991):
Indicator organisms in some meat products.
M. V. Sc. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Alex. Univ.
Gracey, J.; Collins , D.S. and Huey, R.I. (1999) :
Meat Hygiene 10th ed ., WB Saunders Company LTD, London,
New Yourk, Toront, Edinburgh .
Guiney, D.G.; Fang, F.C.; Krause, M. and Libby, S. (1994):
Plasmid-mediated virulence genes in non-typhoid salmonella serovars.
FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 124:1–9 .
Gulig, P.A.; Danbara, H.; Guiney, D.G.; Lax, A.J.; Norel, F. and Rhen, M.
(1993):
Molecular analysis of spv virulence genes of the salmonella virulence
plasmids.
Mol. Microbiol. 7:825–830 .
Haeghebert, S.; Le Querrec, F.; Vaillant, V.;Delarocque, A.E. and
Bouvet,P.(1998):
- 104 -
Les toxi-infections alimentaires collectives en France en 1997.
Bull. Epide´miol. Hebdomadaire 41:177–181.
Hartgen, H.; Beck, H.; Hauner, G. and Henner, S. (1989):
Critical considerations on detection of presumptive coliforms in
minced meat.
Fleishwirtschaft, 69(12): 1779-1785.
Hassan, M. ( 1983 ) :
Accuracy of diagnosis of diarrheal disease by stool examination
M.V.Sc. Thesis ( Meat Hygiene ), Fac. Vet., Alex.Univ.
Hassanin, Z.A.W.; Jihan, M. B.; Salem,G.H. and Hussein, K. E.(2008):
Incidence and plasmid analysis of salmonella strains isolated from
different poultry farms in Egypt.
Egypt.J. Appl. Sci., 23 (1) : 1-14.
Hassanin, Z.A.W.; Waffa, M.M.H.; Shalaby, M.H. and Salem, G.H. (2007):
The use of plasmids profiles, resistance to antimicrobial agents and
virulence to differentiate between salmonella strains of avian origin.
J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass. 67 (4) : 125 – 139 .
- 105 -
Hefnawy, Y. (1980):
Studies on the sanitary improvement of processed meat (hamburger)
manufactured in Egypt.
Ph. D. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Assuit Univ.
Heida, J. (1982):
Preliminary survey of the occurrence of salmonella in hard sausage
(not subjected to heat treatment).
Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1097(19): 726-730.
Helms, M.; Vastrup, P.; Gerner-Smidt, P. and Mobak, K.(2002): Excess mortality associated with antimicrobial drug-resistant
Salmonella typhimurium.
Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8 : 490-495 .
Helmuth, R.; Stephan ,R.; Bunge, C.; Hooge, B.; Steinbeck, A. and Bulling,
E. (1985) :
Epidemiology of virulence associated plasmids and outer membrane
protein patterns with seven common salmonella serovars.
Infect. and Immun., 48 : 175-182.
Helmuth, R.and Schroeter, A.( 1994): Molecular typing methods for S. enteritidis.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 21: 69 – 77 .
Hill, W.E. (1996):
The polymerase chain reaction applications for the detection of food
borne pathogens .
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 36 :123 -173.
Holmberg, S.D.; Wachsmuth, I.K.; Brenner, F.W.H. and Cohen, M.I.
(1984) :
Comparison of plasmid profile analysis, phage typing, and
antimicrobial susceptibility testing in characterizing Salmonella
typhimurium isolates from an outbreak.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 19 : 100-104.
Ibrahim, A.A.S (1999):
The use of plasmid DNA fingerprinting and protein profile analysis in
characterization of chicken pathogenic Escherichia coli.
M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Ibrahim, A.A.S. (2007):
Restriction enzyme and plasmid profile analysis of Salmonella
typhimurium of poultry origin.
Ph. D. Thesis (Microbiology), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
- 106 -
Ibrahim, G. F. and lyons, M. J. (1987):
Detection of salmonellae in food with an enzyme immunometric assay.
J. Food Prot. 50(1): 59-61.
ICMSF (1978):
Microorganisms in foods, their significance and methods of
enumeration, 2nd
Ed. Univ. of Toronto Press. Toronto .
ICMSF (1980):
Microbiological ecology of foods. Vol. 1. factors affecting life and
death of microorganisms .
Academic Press, New York, London, Sydney
Inova, I.; Monov, G.; kholodenko, V.; Tanev, M. and Radulova, I. (1981):
Study of presence of salmonellae and coliforms in minced meat and
sources of its contamination.
Veteri Nauki, 18(6): 69-75.
Irene, B. H.; Nutt, J.D. and Steven, C. R. ( 2009 ):
Food borne pathogens and disease salmonellosis outbreaks in the
United States due to fresh products, sources and potential intervention
measures.
Food borne pathogens and disease, 6(6): 635-648.
Jiang, W.; Han, W. and Wang, S. (1998):
Plasmid finger printing method for studying the molecular
epidemiology of porcine colibacillosis.
Chinese J. Vet. Sci., 28 (2) : 21 – 23 .
John, H. S. (1982):
The salmonella problem current status and future direction.
J. Food Prot. 45 (7) : 661 – 666.
- 107 -
Jordan, E.; Egan, J.; Dullea, C.; Ward, J.; Mc Gillicuddy, K .; Murray,
G.; Murphy, A .; Bradshaw, B. ; Leonard, N .; Rafter, P. and Mc
Dowell, S.(2006):
Salmonella surveillance in raw and cooked meat and meat products in
the Republic Ireland from 2002 to 2004.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006. 20.
Kado, C.I. and Liu,S.T.(1981):
Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small
plasmids.
J. Bacteriol . 145 : 1365 – 73 .
Kakhria, R.; Duck, D. and Lior, H.(1991): Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada.
Epidemiol. infect., 106 : 25 – 32 .
Kakhria, R.; Woodward, D.; Johnson, W. M. and poppe, C. (1997): Salmonella isolated from humans, animals and other sources in
Canada, 1983 – 92.
Epidemio. Infect. 119 : 15-23 .
Kappeurd, G.; Gustavan, S.; Hellesness, J. and Hansen, A. H. (1990):
Outbreaks of S. typhimurium infection traced to contaminated
chocolate and caused by strain in lacking the 60 mega dalton virulence
plasmid. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 28 ( 12 ) : 2597 – 2601.
Kasprowiak, R . and Hechelmann, H. (1992):
Weak points in the hygiene of slaughtering , cutting and processing
firms .
Fleischwirschaft, 72 (3) : 287 – 292 .
Kauffmann, G. (1974):
Kauffmann white scheme .
WHO , BD 172 , 1 , Rev.1 Acta.Path.Microb.Sc.61:385.
Khalafalla, F. A. (1988): Sanitary status of meat, meat products and fish in Beni -Suef
governorate.
Ph. D. Thesis(Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Koonse, B.; Burkhardt, W.; Chirtl, S. and Hoskin, G.(2005): Salmonella and the sanitary quality of aqua cultured shrimp.
J. Food Port. 68 : 2527 – 32 .
Koutikoyski, A. and Kasijanenko, A.I. (1991):
Present status of salmonellosis in the Soviet Union .WHO
- 108 -
Collaborating Center for Veterinary Sanitation and Food Hygiene,
Moscow, USSR.
Labie, C. (1980):
Salmonella and hygiene of food of animal origin in France.
Report of WHO / WAVFH round table conference on the present
status of the Salmonella problem ( prevention and control ).
Bilthoven, Netherlands.
Lavigne, C. (1986):
The Canadian salmonella and food borne disease program. 2ed
World
Congress.
Laxi, A.G.; Barrow, P.A.; Jones, P.W. and Walls, T.S. (1995) :
Current perspectives in salmonellosis.
Br. Vet. J., 151 : 351 – 377 .
Le Jeune, J. T . and Christie, N. P. (2004):
Microbiological quality of ground beef from conventionally reared
cattle and raised without antibiotics.
J. Food Prot. 67 (7) : 1433 -7 .
Lehmann, S.; Selbitz, H. J.; Hagenau, K. and Liebermann, H. (1990):
Initial results of determining the plasmid profile of salmonellae of
veterinary importance.
Archiv fur Experimentelle nVeterinarmedizin .44: 2, 319-327.
Levine, P.; Rose, B.; Green, S.; Ransom, G. and Hill, W. (2001): Pathogen testing of ready –to-eat meat and poultry products collected
at federally inspected establishments in the United States,1990 to
1999.
J. Food Prot. 64 (8):1188-93.
Libby, J. A. (1975):
Meat Hygiene, 4th Ed. LEA and Febriger, Philadelphia .
Lindenberge, A. M.; Liungh, A.; Ahrne, S.; Lofdahl, S. and Molin, C.
(1998):
Enterobacteriaceae found in high numbers in fish , minced meat and
pasteurized milk or cream and the presence of toxin encoding genes.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 39 ( 112 ) : 11 – 17 .
Lotfi, A.Y.; Youssef, H.; El-Khatieb, T.; Seddik, I.; El-Timmawy, A. and
Ali, G. (1988): Enterobacteriaceae in meat products in Upper Egypt.
Assuit Vet. Med. J., 17:77 .
- 109 -
Luiz Ade, F.; Moreira, F.C .; Correa Ede, F.; Falcao, D.P. (2004):
Monitoring of the dissemination of salmonella in the chicken
frankfurter sausage. Production line of a sausage factory in the state of
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Department de Pesquisas Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias , Unicastelo ,
Campus VIII , Descalvado , SP , Brazil .Mem Inst. Oswaldo Cruz .
99(5) 477-80.
Macdonald, L.K. and Patricia, D. M. (1986):
Food borne disease outbreaks.Annual summary (1982) .
J. Food prot., 49 ( 11 ): 932 - 939.
Madden, J.M. (1989) :
Increase in the number of cases of Salmonella enteritidis in the United
States due to whole chicken eggs and the implications to food
handlers.
J. Food Prot. 52, 753.
Mahoney, D. B. and Campbell, R. C. (1983):
A survey of the microbiological quality of meat available from
supermarkets in Lae.
Science in New Guinea, l0: 69-77.
Martinez, S. B. and Felipe, L. (1987):
Presence of different serotypes of salmonella in meat products and the
environment.
Cienciany lecnicaen La Agriculture, Veterinaria 6(2): 7-15.
Mates, A. (1983):
Microbiological survey of frozen ground beef and a proposed standard.
J. Food Prot. 46(2): 87-89.
Mattick, K.l.; Bailey, R.A.; Jorgensen, F. and Humphery, T.J. (2002):
The prevalence and number of salmonella in sausages and their
destruction by frying, grilling or barbecuing.
J. Appl. Microbiol. 93 (4) : 541 – 547.
- 110 -
Mc Laughlin, J. B.; Castordale, L. J.; Gardner, M. J.; Ahmed, R . and
Gessner, B. D . ( 2006 ):
Outbreak of multi -drug resistant Salmonella typhimurim associated
with ground beef saved at a school potluck .
J. Food Port., 69 (3) : 666 – 70 .
McCormick, A. (1986):
Surveillance of food poisoning and salmonellosis in England and
Wales 1980 – 1984.
2ed
World Congress Food Borne Infection and Intoxication , Vol.1.
McEwen, S.A.; McClure, L.H. and Martin, S.W. (1988) : Farm
inspection scores and milk quality criteria as indices of salmonella in
bulk milk.
J. Food Port. 51 : 12, 958-962 .
Mead, P. S.; Slutsker, L.; Dietz, V.; McCaig, L. F.; Bresee, J. S.; Shapiro,
C.; Griffin, P. M. and Tauxe, R. V.( 1999): Food-related illness and death in the United States.
Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:607–625.
Mellata, M.; Jacquemin, E.; Backour, R. and Mainil, J. (1998):
Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains of bovine and avian
origin isolated in Algeria.
Ann. De Ia Med. Vet., 142 (2) : 129 – 138 .
Meyers, A.J.; Deavid, S.; Lynn, P.E. and Stanley, F. (1976):
Simple agarose gel electrophoretic method for the identification and
characterization of plasmid DNA.
J. Bacteriol., 127 (3) : 1529 – 1537 .
Mills, L.; Woolcick, J.B. and Cox, J.M. (1995):
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20 : 85 – 88 .
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries Food UK.(1997): Salmonella in livestock production.
New Haw, Surrey, UK: Central Veterinary Laboratory.
Mira, E. K. (1989):
Hygiene status of beef produced in new Cairo abattoir.
M.V.SC. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
- 111 -
Moffatt,C.R.;Combs,B.G.;Mwanri,L.;Holland,R.;Delroy,B.; Cameron,S.
and Givney,R.C. (2006):
An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 64 gastroenteritis
linked to catered luncheons in Adelaide, South Australia, June 2005.
Commune Dis. Intell .30(4):443-448.
Mohamed, A. A. and Ali, S. M. (1998): Occurrence of salmonella and Yerisina enterocolitica in some meat
products.
Assuit Vet. Med. J., 38 (76) : 29 – 39.
Mohamed, A. S.(1988):
Salmonella in locally produced meat products. M. V.
Sc., Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Molla, B.; kleer, J. and Sinell, H. (1994):
Detection of salmonella in food by immuno-magnetic separation.
Archiv -Fur-Lebensmittelhgiene, 45(5): 112-113.
Morelle, G. (1989): A plasmid extraction procedure on a miniprep scale.
focus , 11 : 7 – 8 .
Mousa, M.M.; Awad, H.A.; Yassien, N.M. and Gouda, H.I. (1993) :
Microbial quality of some meat products.
Vet. Med. J. ( Giza), 41 : 3 , 59 – 62 .
Murugkar, H.V.; Rahman, H.; Kumar, A. and Bhattacharyya, D. (2005) :
isolation, phage typing and antibiogram of salmonella from man and
animals in Northeastern India.
Indian J. Med. Res.; 122 : 237 – 242 .
Nabbut, H. N. ( 1993 ):
The salmonella problem in Lebanon and its role in acute
gastroenteritis.
J. Food Prot. 56 ( 3 ) : 270 – 272 .
Nashed-Heba, F. (1993):
Salmonella and enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes in meat products.
M. V. Sc. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Moshtohor, Zagazig
Univ., Benha branch.
National Center for Epidemiology (2006):
Epinfo, 49, pp.. 629-632 (in Hungarian).
- 112 -
Negamireanu, T. and Cotulbea, M. (1986):
Food poisoning produced by salmonella species.
2ed
World Congress Food Borne Infection and Intoxication.
Neil and Holmes (1988) :
Genetic of toxigenic bacteria.
In bacterial Toxin (ed. M.C. Hard degree and A.T.Tu.), New York,
Marcel Dekker. pp. 383 – 416 .
Ng, D. P.; Goh, K. T.; Yeo, M.G. and Poh, C.L.(1997):
An institutional outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in Singapore.
Southeast Asian.
J.Trop.Med.Public Health.28(1):85-90
Nikbakht, G. and Tadjbakhsh, H. (2004):
Study of salmonella plasmid virulence genes (spv) in Salmonella
enterica serovars isolated in Iran.
J. Fac. Vet. Med. Univ. of Tehran, Iran .59:2, Ar 137-Ar 140.
Nogrady, N.; Kardos, G.; Bistyak, A.; Turcsanyi, I.; Meszaros, J.; Galantai,
Z.; Juhasz, A.; Samu, P.; Kaszanyitzky, J. T.; Paszti, J. and Kiss,
I. (2008):
Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella infantis isolates
originating from different points of the broiler chicken-human food
chain in Hangary .
Int. J. Food Microbiol.127 : 162-167.
Norman, T.S. and Carl, S.C. (1985):
Salmonella growth in cooked beef at selected cooling rates.
J. Food Prot. 48 ( 2 ) : 1046 – 1049.
O’Brien, T.F.; Diagiorgio, J.; Porsnnet, K.C.; Kass, E.H. and Hopkins, J.D.
(1993):
Plasmid diversity in E. coli isolated form processed poultry and
poultry processors.
Vet. Microbiol., 35 : 243 – 255 .
- 113 -
O’Brien, T.F.; Hopkins, J.D.; Gilleece, E.S.; Medeirose, A.A.; Kent, R.L.;
Blackburn, B.O.; Holmes, M.B.; Rearlon, J.P.; Vergemont, J.M.;
Schell, W.L.; Christenson, E.; Bisssett, M.L. and Morse, E.V.
(1982) :
Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in salmonella from
animals and humanbeings in the United States.
New England J. Vet. Med., 307 : 1 - 6.
Oloya, J.; Doetkott D. and Khaitsa M.L. ( 2009 ) :
Antimicrobial drug resistance and molecular characterization of
salmonella isolated from domestic animals, humans, and meat
products .
Food Borne Pathogens and Disease. 6(3): 273-284.
Olsen, J.E. (2000):
Molecular typing of salmonella in domestic animals.
publishing.CAB international. Wallingford. UK.
Olsen, J.E.(1990):
An improved method for rapid isolation of plasmid DNA from wild-
type gram-negative bacteria for plasmid restriction profile analysis.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 10: 209 -12 .
Ouf- Jehan, M. (2001):
Microorganisms of sanitary importance in some meat products and
their additives.
Ph. D. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Palic, A.; Gojmerac, T. and Cikovic, N. (1982):
Correlation of physico-chemical and bacteriological tests on the ageing
of “tea” sausage.
Technologija Mesa 23(9): 242-244.
Perales, L. and Audicana, A. (1988) :
The role of hen‟s eggs in outbreaks of salmonellosis in North Spain.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 8, 175- 180 .
Philippe, V.; Axel, C .and Paul, B.(2005):
Emergence of salmonella epidemics : The problems related to
Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis and multiple antibiotic
resistance in other major serotypes.
Vet. Res . 36 :267-288.
Plym, L. F. and Wierup, M. (2006):
Salmonella contamination, a significant challenge to the global
marketing of animal food products
Rev.Sci.Tech.Off.Int.Epiz.,25(2),541-554.
- 114 -
Poeta, A.; Possidente, R. and Giaccone, V. (1993):
Microbiological quality of fresh meat and meat products in butcher‟s
shops.
Industrie. Alimentary 32(321): 1200-1205,1211.
Popoff, M. Y.; Bockemuhl, J. and Gheesling, L. L. (2004): Supplement 2002 (no. 46) to the Kauffmann-White scheme.
Res. Microbiol. 155:568–570.
Poppe, C.(1994): Salmonella enteritidis in Canada.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 21 : 1 – 5 .
Poppe, C.; McFadden, K.A, and Demczuk, W.H.(1996):
Drug resistance, plasmids biotypes and susceptibility to bacteriophages
of salmonella isolated from poultry in Canada.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30-325-344.
Przybylska, A. ( 1990 ) :
Food borne infection in Poland 1945 – 1989.
peregland. Epidemiologiczyme, 44 : 309 – 316.
Rachmanin, P. and Koulikoviskii, A. ( 1990 ) :
Epidemiology of salmonellosis and preventive measures in the USSR.
Veterinarya 10 ( 7 ) : 40 – 44 .
Radloff, R.; Bauer, W. and Vinograd, J. (1967) :
A deybouyant – density method for the detection and isolation of
closed circular duplex DNA : the closed circular DNA in Hela cells.
proc. Natl. A. Cad. Sci. U.S.A. 57 : 1514 – 1521 .
Radu, S.; Mutalib, S.A.; Rusul, G.; Hassan, Z. and Yeang, L.K. (2001) :
Molecular characterization of Salmonella weltevreden transfer of
plasmid and antibiotic resistance.
Micriobiol. 104 (407) : 39 – 47 .
Rafael, R .and Jospa, C. (1999):
The virulence plasmids of salmonella
International Microbiol. 2:177-184
Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) (2005): Annual report of the functioning of the RASFF 2002, 2003, 2004.
Available at: http:// europa.eu.int/ comm/ food/ rapidalert/ resources/
publications_en.htm_(accessed in 2006).
Reanney, D. (1976):
Extrachromosomal elements as possible agents of adaptation and
- 115 -
development.
Bacteriol. Rev., 40 : 552 – 590 .
Rebecca, O.; Teresa, Q.; Denise, D.; Clara, W.; Paul, W.; Salim, M. and
Seamus, F. (2006):
Antimicrobial resistance in non typhoidal salmonella from food
sources in Colombia:Evidence for an unusual plasmid localized class 1
integron in serotypes typhimurium and anatum.
Microbial drug resistance. Mary
Ann. Lieber Inc. (12) 4 : 269-277.
Rheinbaben, K. E. and Hadlok, R. M. (1984):
Product associated microflora of meat products.
Fleischwirtschaft 64 : 1483-1486.
Ridley, A.M.; Threlfall, E.J. and Rowe, B. (1998):
Genotypic characterization of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by
plasmid analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis .
J. Clin. Morcobiol. 36 (8) : 2314-2321 .
Roberts, D. ( 1990 ) :
Sources of food infection.
Lancet – British – edition – 336 : 8719 , 8759.
Roberts, T. A.; Britton, C.R. and Hudson, W.R. (1980):
The bacteriological quality of minced beef in the UK.
J. Hygiene 85(2): 211-217.
Rodrigue, D. C.; Cameron ,D. N.; Puhr, N. D.; Brenner, F. W.; St. Louis,
M.E.; Wachsmuth, I .K . and Tauxe, R. V. (1992):
Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial
resistance patterns of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in the United
States.
J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 4, 854-857.
Rosicky , B. and Sixl, W. (1994):
Salmonellosis. Current information for physicians, veterinary surgeons
and food-technology.
Scientia Medica, Praha, 200 pp (In Czech) .
Rychlik, I.; Gregorova, D. and Hradecka,H. (2006):
Distribution and function of plasmids in Salmonella enterica.
Vet. Microbiol. 112 (1) : 1-10.
Rychlik, I.; Sisak, F. and Lany, P. (1993):
Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis and S.typhimurium by
plasmid profile analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis of
- 116 -
chromosomal DNA.
Veterinarni Medicina. 38: 7, 433-439.
Saleh, A. A. (1991):
Hygienic and economic aspects of some microorganisms affecting
production and quality of some meat products.
M. V. Sc. Thesis (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Alex. Univ.
Samadpour, M.; Barbour, M.W.; Nguven, T.; Cao, T.M.; Buck, F.;
Depavia, G. A .; Mazengia, E.; Yang, P.; Alfi, D.;Lopes, M. and
Stopforth, J.D. ( 2006 ) :
Incidence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Echerichia Coli O
157, salmonella , and Listeria monocytogenes in retail fresh ground
beef , Sprouts , and mushrooms .
J . Food Prot. 69 (2) : 441 – 3 .
Sambrook, J.(1982): Molecular Cloning .
A Laboratory Manual. New Yourk : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
382 – 9 .
Scalzo, S.; Corkill, J.E.; Shanks, D.J.; Fleeiwood, A.; Murphy, M. and Hart,
A. (2004):
Phenotypic and genotypic changes in Salmonella enterica subspecies
enterica serotype typhimiurium during passage in intestines of broiler
chickens fed on diet that included ionophore anticoccidial
supplements.
J. Clin. Microbiol., 42 (8) : 3399-3405 .
Schmidt, U. (1983):
Occurance and growth of salmonella in fresh Mettwurst sausage.
Mitteilung sblatt der Bundesanstalt fuer fleis chforschung.
Kulmbach (80): 5539-5542.
Schmidt, U. (1989):
Salmonella in Bratwurst sausage made from a finely comminuted
emulsion.
Fleishwirtschaft 69(80):1251.
Schwarz, S. and Liebisch, B. (1994) :
Use of ribotyping, IS200 typing and plasmid analysis for the
identification of Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar
typhimurium vaccine strain Zoosaloral H and its differentiation from
wild type strains of the same serovar .
Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie.281:4,442-450.
- 117 -
Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health
(SCVPH) (2003):
European Union (EU)/SANCO. Opinion of the SCVPH on
salmonellae in food stuffs. Adopted on 14-15 April. SCVPH, Brussels.
Shaltout, F.A.(1998):
Incidence of proteolytic and psychrotrophic organisms in some meat
products.
Alex .J. Vet. Sci. 14(2):97-107.
Sorensen, O.; Donkersgoed, J.; Van, M.c.; Fall, M.; Manninen, K.; Gensler,
G.; and Ollis, G. (2002):
Salmonella spp. shedding by alberta beef cattle and the detection of
salmonella spp. in ground beef.
J. Food Prot., 65 (3) : 484 – 491.
Stanisich, V.A. (1988) :
Identification and analysis of plasmid at the genetic level in Method in
Micrabio.
Vol. 21 ( Eds Guinsted and P.M. Bennett), Academic Press, London,
p. 11 – 47 .
Steven, L.F.; David, G.W.; Patrick, F.M.; Robert. D.W.; Bobbie, R.; Paula,
J.F.; Shabbir, S. and Shaohua. Z. (2006):
Comparison of subtyping methods for differentiating Salmonella
enterica serovar typhimurium isolates obtained from food animal
sources.
J. Clin. Microbiol., 44(10) ,3569-3577.
Stiles, M. (1990) :
Salmonella enteritidis : an appraisal of its association with eggs and
food borne illness. Canadian
Egg Markting Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
Stock, K.; and Stolle, A. (2001): Incidence of salmonella in minced meat produced in a European Union
– approved cutting plant.
J. Food Prot. 64 (9) : 1435 – 1438.
Stokes, E.G.(1980): Clinical bacteriology.
4th
Ed. London, Edward, Arnold, Pub. LT.D.
Suh, D.K. and Song, J. (2006) :
Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolated from
human and chickens by repetitive sequence- PCR finger printing,
- 118 -
antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles.
J. Vet. Sci., 7 (1) : 37 – 41 .
Suzuki, S.; Ohae, K.; Nakamura, M.; Sato, S.; Koeda, T.; Ohishi, K. and
Maramatsu, M. (1989): Demonstration of the correlation of a 36-mega dalton Salmonella
serovar enteritidis plasmid to virulence in mice by reintroduction of
plasmid.
Japanese J. Vet. Sci.; 51 : 203 – 205.
Suzuki,S. ; Ohishi ,T.; Tamura ,Y.;Muramatsu,M. ; Nakamura, M. and
Sato ,S. (1992) :
The role of 36 mega dalton plasmid of Salmonella enteritidis for the
pathogenesis in mice .
J.Vet. Med. Sci. 54 : 5, 845 - 850.
Tauxe, R. V. (1991): Salmonella: a postmortem pathogen.
J. Food Prot. 54: 563–568.
Tegegne,M. and Ashenafi,M.(1998): Microbial load and incidence of salmonella species in 'kitfo',
traditional Ethiopian spiced, minced meat dish.
Ethiop. J. Hluth. Dev., 12, 135 – 140.
Thorns, C.J.( 2000):
Bacterial food borne zoonoses.
Rev. Sci. Tech. 19, 226-239 .
Threlfall ,E. J.; Hall, M. L. M.; Ward, L. R. and Rowe, B. (1992):
Plasmid profiles demonstrate that an upsurge in Salmonella berta in
humans in England and Wales is associated with imported poultry
meat .
European J.Epidemiol.8:1, 27-33.
Threlfall, E. J. and Frost, J. A. (1990): The identification, typing and fingerprinting of salmonella, laboratory
aspects and epidemiological applications.
J. Appl. Bacteriol., 68 : 5 – 16 .
Threlfall, E.J.; Hampton, M. D.; Schofield, S.L.; Ward, L.R.; Frost, J. A.
and Rowe, B. (1996): Epidemiological application of differentiating multi-resistant
Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 by plasmid profile.
Commun. Dis. Rep. Rev. 6 : R 155 – R 159 .
- 119 -
Tiwari, N. P. and Kadis, V. W. (1981):
Microbiological quality of some delicatessen products.
J. Food Prot. 44: 821-831.
Todd, E.C.D. ( 1983 ):
Food borne diseases in Canada a 5 years summary.
J. Food Prot. 46 ( 7 ) 650 – 657 .
Todd, E.C.D. (1989):
Food borne and water borne disease in Canada.
J. Food Prot. Vol. 52 (6) : 436 – 442 .
Tolba, K.S. (1986) :
Antibiotic resistant microorganisms in some meat products.
M.V.Sc., Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Tolba, K. S. (1994):
Microflora in locally processed frozen meat.
Vet. Med. J. Giza 42(2): 99.
Towner, R.1. and Cockayne, A. (1993) :
Molecular methods for microbial identification and typing.
1st Ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
Trevejo, R.T. (1995):
Food borne outbreaks in California. 1993 – 1994.
Vet. Public Health, Sect., Div. of Communicable, Disease Control,
California, Dept. of Health services, CA, USA, Dairy. Food and
Environmental Sanitation 15 ( 10 ) : 611 – 615.
Turnbull, P. C. B. and Rose, P. (1982):
Campylobacter jejuni and salmonella in raw meats. A public Health
Laboratory Services Survey.
J. Hygiene 88: 29-37.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1993):
Proc. World Congress on meat and poultry inspection.
Texas, 10-14 October. USDA, Washington, DC.
Van Asten, A.J.A.M. and van Dijk, J.E. (2005):
Distribution of „classic‟ virulence factors among salmonella spp.
Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 44 (3), 251-259.
Van, T.T.H.; Moutafis,G.; Tran. L.T. and Coloe, P.J.(2007):
Antibiotic resistance in food borne bacterial contaminants in Vietnam.
Appl.and Environ. Microbiol. 73 (24) : 7906-7911.
- 120 -
Vassiliadis, P.; Trichopoulos, D.; Pateraki, K. And Papaiconomon, N.
(1978):
Isolation of salmonella from minced meat by these of a new procedure
of enrichment.
Apl. Bakt.; Parasiten Und Infektion Skranxheiten Und Hygiene, 166 :
81.
Vizmanos, M.F.C. and Baldrias, L.R. (1999):
Occurrence of salmonella in fresh pork, beef and poultry in Laguna (
Philippines ).
Summary of proceedings of the 1998 regional research and
development symposia. Los Banos, Lagunea ( Philippines ).
Wachsmuth, I.K.; Kiehlbauch, J. A.; Bopp, C. A.; Cameron, D.N.;
Strochbine, N. A.; Wells., J. G. and Blake, P.A. (1991):
The use of plasmid profiles and nucleic acid probes in epidemiologic
investigations of food born diarrhial dieases.
Inter. J. Food Microbiol., 12 (1) : 77 – 89 .
Wall, P.G.; Morgan, D.; Lamden, K.; Ryan, M.; Griffin, M.; Threlfall, E.J.;
Ward, L.R. and Rowe, B. (1994): A case control study of infection with an epidemic strain of multi
resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in England and Wales.
Commun. Dis. Rep. Rev. 4 : R 130 – R 135 .
Waters, V.L. and Crosa, J.H. (1991) : Colicin virulence plasmids.
Microbiol. Rev., 55 : 437 – 450 .
White, D. G.; Zhao, S.; Sudler, R.; Ayres, S.; Friendman, S.; Chen, S.; Mc
Dermott, P.F.; Mc Dermott, S.; Wagner, D. D.; and Meng, J.
(2001):
The isolation of antibiotic-resistant salmonella from retail ground
meats.
New England Journal of Medicine, 345 (16) : 1147 – 1154.
Wierup, M. (2002):
Strategies for avoiding health problems of farm animals, sustainable
animal production.
In Proc. Workshop on Sustainable Animal Production (F. Ellendorff,
V. Moennig, J. Ladewig & L. Babiuk, eds), Institute for Animal
Science and Animal Behaviour and Federal Agricultural Research
Centre (FAL).227, 103-105.
Willshaw, G. A.; Smith, H. R. and Anderson, E. S. (1979): Application of agarose gel electrophoresis to the characterization of
- 121 -
plasmid DNA in drug-resistant enterobacteria.
J. Gen. Microbiol. 114 : 15-25
Wilson, N.R.; Dyett, E.J.; Hughes, R.B. and Jones, C.R.V. (1981):
Meat and meat products factors affecting quality control.
Applied Science Publishers LTD England.
Woltersdorf, W. and Mintzlaff, H. ( 1996 ):
Improvement in the handling hygiene of back-splitting saws.
Fleischwirtschaft, 76 ( 5 ) : 482 – 485 .
World Health Organization (WHO) (1980):
Report of the WHO/World Association of Veterinary Food Hygienists
(WAVFH) round table conference on the present status of the
salmonella problem (prevention and control), Bilthoven, the
Netherlands, 6-10 October. WHO/VPH/81.27. WHO, Bilthoven.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1988):
Salmonellosis control the role of animal and product hygiene.
Report of WHO Expert committee on salmonellosis control Barking,
Essex. IGGII, OSA, UK. Applied Science, Publishers, Ripple Road.
Wray, C. and Wray,A. (2000):
Salmonella in domestic animals.
CABI publishing, CAB international, Wallingford, UK.
Wray,C.;McLaren,I.M.and Jones, Y. E.(1998):
The epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium in cattle: plasmid profile
analysis of definitive phage type (DT) 204c.
J. Med. Microbiol. 47:483–487.
Wyatt, C. J. and Guy, V. (1980):
Relationships of microbial quality of retail meat samples and sanitary
conditions.
J. Food Prot. 43(5): 385-389.
Youssef, H.; Hefnawy, Y.; Ahmed, S. H. and Abd El-Rahman, H. (1984):
Bacteriological evaluation of raw minced meat in Assuit city.
Fleischwirtschaft 64(5): 590-592.
Zaki, E. M. S. (2003):
Risk assessment of ready prepared meat products.
Ph.D. Thesis(Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
Zein El-Abdin, Y.; El-Mossalami, E.; Hamdy, M.; Yassien, N. and Hassan,
A. (1992):
Minimization of bacterial load of meat in aviation catering plant.
- 122 -
Proceedings of the 3rd
World Congress Food borne Infection and
Intoxication, Berlin, Vol. 11, 823-831.
Zhao, S.; Fedorka, P.J.; freidman, S.; McDermott, P.F.; Walker, R.D.;
Qaiyumi, S.; Foley, S.L.; Hubert, S.K.; Ayers, S.; English, L.;
Dargatz, D.A.; Salamone, B. and White, D.G. (2005) : Characterization of Salmonella typhimurium of animal origin obtained
from the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system.
Food born pathog. Dis . 2 : 169 – 181 .
Zhao, T.; Doyle, M.P.; Fedorka – Cray, P. J.; Zhao, P.; and Ladely, S.
(2002): Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT 104 A
in retail ground beef.
J. Food Prot., 65 (2) : 403 – 407.
