9.2 Manifest Destiny “Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” -John L. O’Sullivan,1845 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Americans believe it is their destiny to expand the US borders to the Pacific. •Objectives: •1. To summarize the reasons American settlers headed west during the mid-1800s •2. To describe the impact of westward expansion on Native Americans •3. To Identify the westward trails and some of the people who used them.
Transcript
9.2 Manifest Destiny
“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-John L. O’Sullivan,1845
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Americans believe it is their destiny
to expand the US borders to the Pacific.
• Objectives:• 1. To summarize the reasons
American settlers headed west during the mid-1800s
• 2. To describe the impact of westward expansion on Native Americans
• 3. To Identify the westward trails and some of the people who used them.
John Gast’s “American Progress,” 1872
WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION?How would you RANK them?
Locate harbors that could be used to expand trade with China
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Black Hawk War
• Americans in Illinois and Indiana wanted the Natives in the area to move west
• Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe had vision to rebel
• 4 month rebellion – began in Illinois, spread to Wisconsin
• Ended in June 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered 200 Sauk and Fox people
Settlers and Native Americans
1851: Fort Laramie Treaty•Cheyenne Arapaho, Sioux, and Crow agree to allow settlers to move through the Great Plains.
•Natives agreed not to attack settlers and the U.S. agrees to pay the Natives and to respect their boundaries.
•Frequently violated by U.S.
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Map drawn by Father Pierre de Smet,SJ to help clarify the division of lands negotiated in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. DeSmet came to the treaty talks with the Assiniboin, Arikara, Hidatsa and Crow of the upper Missouri River. (Library of Congress)
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TRAILS WESTSanta Fe Trail•Trade route from
Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe
•a distance of over 780 miles.
•Used primarily from 1821 to 1848.
•“Wagon Trains”•Mad dash for Santa Fe
Oregon Trail• 1836 – Marcus and Narcissa Whitman• Set up mission schools and educate Natives• Fertile land – followed Lewis and Clark’s path• Thousands began to move West• Independence, MO – Portland, Oregon
“Prairie Schooners”
Joseph Smith and the Mormons
• All American religion, created in U.S.• Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.• Polygamy unpopular
• 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith
• Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847, est. frontier cooperative theocracy
• Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896
JOSEPH SMITH“Affected by the great religious excitement taking
place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches.
In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March 1830. Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.”
Brigham Young
“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young wason the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.”
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE SANTE FE, THE OREGON TRAIL, AND THE MORMON TRAIL
Map: The Election of 1844
The Election of 1844The election of 1844 demonstrated one incontestable fact: the annexation of Texas had more national support than Clay had realized. The surging popular sentiment for expansion that made the underdog Polk rather than Clay the man of the hour reflected a growing conviction among the people that America's natural destiny was to expand into Texas and all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Objectives:1.To explain why Mexico encouraged American settlement of Texas
2. To describe the struggle between Mexico and the Anglo settlers over Texas
Expansion in TexasFACTORS INVOLVED IN AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN
TEXAS:
1. Conflict with Native Americans deters Mexicans from moving to Texas.
2. Mexico gains independence from Spain, expands trade with US.
3. Mexico gives land grants to empresarios, such as Stephen Austin, to encourage Americans to settle in Texas.
Why did the Mexicans have such a difficult time controlling their land?
Stephen Austin by BrandShown here with his trusty dog and gun, Stephen F. Austin leans against a tree and considers the vast domain granted to him by the Spanish government. Austin was one of the leading landowners in Texas, as well as a leader of the Texas Revolution. (Archives Division, Texas State Library)
Why were the Texans and Mexicans at odds?• 1. Had to convert to Catholicism• 2. Refrain from settling within 60 miles of America• 3. All official business conducted on Spanish• 4. SLAVES
1. Mexico bans slavery, moves to restrict it in TX.2. 1830: Mexico bans new immigrants from US, high taxes on
US goods, moves in troops to TX3. 1833: Austin is Arrested by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna,
President of Mexico. 4. 1835: Austin wins repeal of the Immigration ban (G.T.T.)5. American immigration increases (1K a month in 1835)6. Santa Anna increasingly dictatorial.7. Texas Revolution begins in 1835
ANALYZE THE REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE TEXAN SETTLERS
MEXICO SETTLERS
GOALS
ACTIONS
OUTCOMES
Map: Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, 1835-1836
Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, 1835-1836Sam Houston's victory at San Jacinto was the decisive action of the war and avenged the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad.
• Santa Anna moves 4000 troops to Texas to put down Anglo rebellion• William Travis moves Anglo forces to the Alamo.• 12 day siege of Alamo ends, all 187 defenders die
• ALAMO VIDEO• “Let’s make their victory worse than defeat!” – Col. William Travis
• March 2, 1836, Texans declare independence• Santa Anna executes 445 rebels at Goliad• Sam Houston captures Santa Anna at San Jacinto River• Santa Anna recognizes independence of
Fall of the Alamo by Robert Jenkins OnderdonkAlthough they were greatly outnumbered, Texas forces held off a siege at the Alamo by the Mexican army under Antonio López de Santa Anna. The old mission's walls were eventually breached, however, and the Texans were overcome in hand-to-hand fighting. This painting is an artist's conception of the last moments of battle, before the remaining Texans were finally defeated. (Friends of the Governor's Mansion)
• Sam Houston and 900 men surprised the Mexican Army at San Jacinto
• “Remember the Alamo!!!!!”
• Kill 630 Mexicans in 15 minutes!
• Capture Santa Anna and force him to sign the treaty of Velasco
Republic of Texas
• Mexico regretted the treaty, but the U.S., France and Britain recognized the Republic of Texas
• July 1836 – Sam Houston elected first president
• Some wanted to annex Texas but others did not.
• WHY??• Who finally tipped the balance in
favor of annexation?
Q: Why would the North not want Texas in the union?
A: For many reasons…1. Slavery was allowed in Texas2. Making TX a state would upset the Missouri Compromise
more Sectionalism3. Mexico might be moved to war
Even though Texas has been annexed, its boundary is still in dispute!
San Jacinto Battle Flag, 1836Texans believed that their war for independence paralleled the Revolutionary War. The lady of liberty on this banner, carried by Texans in 1836, brings to mind similar images that stirred patriots during the American Revolution. (Archives Division, Texas State Library)
Polk and Dallas FlagThis campaign banner celebrating the candidacy of James K. Polk and George M. Dallas on the Democratic ticket carries a subtle message conveying the party's platform. Surrounding Polk's picture are twenty-five stars, one for each state in the Union. Outside the corner box, a twenty-sixth star stands for Texas, which Polk promised to annex. (Collection of David J. and Janet L. Frent)
Excerpt from Polk’s Inaugural AddressI regard the question of annexation as belonging exclusively to the United States and Texas. They are independent powers competent to contract, and foreign nations have no right to interfere with them or to take exceptions to their reunion. Foreign powers do not seem to appreciate the true character of our Government. Our Union is a confederation of independent States, whose policy is peace with each other and all the world. To enlarge its limits is to extend the dominions of peace over additional territories and increasing millions. The world has nothing to fear from military ambition in our Government. …. Foreign powers should therefore look on the annexation of Texas to the United States not as the conquest of a nation seeking to extend her dominions by arms and violence, but as the peaceful acquisition of a territory once her own, by adding another member to our confederation, with the consent of that member, thereby diminishing the chances of war and opening to them new and ever-increasing markets for their products.
