1
Shielded Metal Arc Welding What Is Welding?
Process of joining metals / alloys
The process performed by Heat with or without Pressure Filler metal may or may not be used
The joint will be homogeneous
Classification of Welding
Pressure Welding – With Heat & Pressure
Fusion Welding – With Heat & mostly with Filler
Pressure Welding Process Metal parts heated to forging temperature Heating by Oven, Oxy fuel flame or Electric Resistance
Pressure applied on heated parts – by Hammer, Hydraulic Press or Mechanical lever The Parts remain permanent homogeneous joint
Types of Pressure Welding Forge Welding Resistance Butt / Flash Butt / Stud Welding
Resistance Spot Welding
Resistance Seam welding
Fusion Welding Process
Metal parts locally heated to melt along the joint. Heating by oxy fuel flame or electric Arc.
Invariably filler metal added to molten pool.
On cooling, molten puddle solidifies to permanent homogeneous joint.
Types of Fusion Welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding- SMAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW Gas Metal Arc Welding – GMAW (MIG / MAG / FCAW) Submerged Arc Welding – SAW Gas welding – Oxy Fuel Gas Electron Beam Welding – EBW Laser Welding Thermit Welding
SMAW Process An electric Arc struck between electrode and base metal joint Base metal melts under arc
Electrode tip melts in drops and transfers to molten pool of BM Electrode with Arc moves along the joint keeping constant arc length
On cooling pool solidifies
Arc
Base Metal
Flux
Coating
Core Wire
Pool
+
_
2
Equipment, Accessories & tools
Power Source
Welding Cables, Holder & Earthing Clamp Head Screen, Hand gloves, Chipping Hammer & Wire Brush
Types of Power Source Inverter- DC
Thyristor – DC Diesel Generator Set -DC
Rectifier – DC
Transformer – AC
Characteristic of Power Source
Electrode Consumable
Metallic Wire Coated with Flux Conducts Current and generates Arc
Wire melts & deposited as filler in joint
Flux Coating on Electrode Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride
Titanium Dioxide
Sodium Silicate Ferrosilicon
Iron Powder Alloying Elements
Binding Material
Function Of Flux in welding Stabilizes Arc Prevents contamination of weld metal
Cleans the weld from unwanted impurities
Increases fluidity of molten metal Generates inert gas shielding while metal transfers
Forms slag after melting & covers weld Allows deposited metal to cool slowly
Introduces alloying elements in the weld
Increases deposition efficiency Minimizes the spatter generation
Helps in even & uniform bead finish
Manual weldingAutomatic / Semi Automatic
welding
Drooping – Cons. A Linear – Cons. V
V V
A
Vertical
CurveHorizontal
Curve
V1
V2
A1 A2
V1V2
A1 A2
3
CS & LAS Electrode Sizes & Recommended Currents
Apex. Cost of CS & SS Electrodes
ASME Classification of Electrodes
SFA 5.1
E 7018 E = Electrode 70 = UTS in 1000 psi (60/70/80/90/100/ 110) 1 = Position (1= all, 2= only 1G, 1F & 2F, 4= All with 3G Down) 8 = Type of coating & Current + Polarity (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
ASME Classification of CS / LAS Electrodes
SFA5.5 E7018A1 =70,000 PSI, E8018B2 = 80,000 PSI E9018D1 = 90,000 PSI, E10018D2 = 100,000 PSI
SFA 5-1 E7018 = All Position E7028 = Only 1G, 1F & 2F E7048 = All Position with 3G Down E7018 = Type of coating, Current & Polarity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
No
Core Wire (in mm)Gage
Current
Time required for burning in seconds
Average electrodes
consumed in 8 Hrs shift
Dia Length
1 2 300 14 40 – 60 A 50-55 ---
2 2.5 350 12 60 – 85 A 60-65 ---
3 3.15 450 10 100 – 130 A 80 -85 120 - 140
4 4 450 8 130 – 180 A 85-90 110 - 120
5 5 450 6 150 – 210 A 90-95 80 - 90
6 6.3 450 4 240 – 250 A 95-100 60 -70
Electrode Quality
AWS Classification
Core Wire ( in mm ) Cost Per Piece
( in Rupees) Dia Length
CS
E6013 3.15 450 3.00
E7018 3.15 450 6.30
SS
E308L 3.15 350 22.30
E309 3.15 350 31.60
4
ASME Classification for CS Electrodes
ASME Classification for LAS Electrodes - SFA5.5
ASME Classification of SS Electrodes SFA 5.4 E308L-15 E316H-16 E317-26 E310Mo-16 E309Cb-16 E347–17 E = Electrode 308, 316, 317, 310, 309,347, 318 etc = Chemical Composition L, H, Mo, Cb = Low carbon, High carbon, Moly, Columbium (optional) 1 = All position, 2 = Only Flat & Horizontal fillet 5, 6 &7 = Type of coating + current & polarity
Baking Of Basic Coated Electrodes Bake the loose electrodes in a baking Oven
Baking temperature 250° C to 300° C
Baking time 2 Hrs to 3 Hrs
AC or DC , Elec + VeAllLow Hydrogen Potassium, Iron PowderE6018 / E7018
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - Ve AllHigh Titania PotassiumE6013
AC or DC , Elec – VeAllHigh Titania SodiumE6012
AC or DC , Elec + VeAllHigh Cellulose PotassiumE6011
DC , Elec + VeAllHigh Cellulose SodiumE6010
Current & PolarityWelding Position
Type of Coating/CoveringAWS
Classification
DC, Elec + VeAllLow Hydrogen SodiumE7015
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - VeAllIron Powder TitaniaE7014
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - VeF & H FilletHigh Iron Oxide, Iron PowderE6027 / E7027
AC or DC , Elec – VeF & H FilletHigh Iron OxideE6022
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - VeF & H FilletHigh Iron OxideE6020
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - VeAllIron Oxide Titania PotassiumE6019
AC or DC , Elec + VeAll With V DownLow Hydrogen Potassium, Iron PowderE7048
AC or DC , Elec + VeF & H FilletLow Hydrogen Potassium, Iron PowderE7028
AC or DC, Elec + Ve / - VeF & H FilletIron Powder TitaniaE7024
DC, Elec + VeAllLow Hydrogen Iron PowderE7018M
AC or DC, Elec + VeAllLow Hydrogen PotassiumE7016
Mn= 1.0 – 1.8%1.5Mn, 0.5Mo, 0.9NiManganese Moly electrodeE9018- D3
Max. limit of alloy1Mn,0.5Ni,0.3Cr,0.2Mo,0.1VGeneral LAS electrodeE8018- G
Mn= 1.65 – 2%1.75Mn, 0.35Mo, 0.9NiManganese Moly electrodeE9018- D2
Mn= 1.0 – 1-75 %1.5Mn, 0.35Mo, 0.9NiManganese Moly electrode E9018-D1
1.5NiNickel steel electrode E8018-C4
1Ni,0.15Cr. 0.35Mo, 0.05VNickel steel electrodeE8018-C3
3.5NiNickel steel electrodeE8018-C2
2.5NiNickel steel electrodeE8018-C1
C ≤ 0.05%5Cr. 0.5MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B6L
C=0.05 – 0.1%5Cr. 0.5MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B6
C= 0.07 – 0.15%0.5Cr. 1Mo, 0.05VChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8016-B5
C ≤ 0.05%2Cr. 0.5MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8015-B4L
C ≤ 0.05%2.25Cr. 1MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B3L
C= 0.05 – 0.12%2.25Cr. 1MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B3
C ≤ 0.05%1/1.25Cr. 0.5MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B2L
C= 0.05 – 0.12%1/1.25Cr. 0.5MoChrom.Moly Electrode E8018-B2
C= 0.05 – 0.12%0.5Cr. 0-5MoChrom.Moly ElectrodeE8018-B1
C ≤ 0.12%0.5% MoCarbon Moly Electrode. E7018-A1
RemarksAlloy ContentType of LAS ElectrodeAWS
5
Reduce the temperature to 100° C Hold the electrodes at this temperature till use
Alternatively 15 baked electrodes can be packed in vacuum sealed foils and stored out side Consume all 15 electrodes within 2 Hrs after breaking the sealing
Unused / left over electrodes to be re-baked
Why Baking?
To remove the moisture (H2O) from coating which will avoid possible cracking of weld?
How Does Moist Electrode Generate Crack Within Weld? Moist electrodes introduce atomic hydrogen at high temperature in weld On cooling, atomic hydrogen try to form molecules
The attraction / force results in stresses and fine cracks
Cracks occur within hardened metal - HAZ Known as “Hydrogen Embrittlement” , “Under Bead Crack”, HIC, Delayed Crack, Cold Crack.
Important Terminologies used in Critical Welding Operation Preheating
Post Heating or Dehydrogenation Intermediate Stress relieving
Inter pass Temperature Post Weld Heat Treatment
What Is Preheating? Heating the base metal along the weld joint to a predetermined minimum temperature
immediately before starting the weld. Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil
Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible Temperature to be verified by thermo chalks prior to starting the weld
Why Preheating?
Preheating eliminates possible cracking of weld and HAZ
Applicable to
Hard enable low alloy steels of all thickness Carbon steels of thickness above 25 mm.
Restrained welds of CS & LAS of all thickness
Preheating temperature vary from 75°C to 300°C depending on harden ability of material,
thickness & joint restraint
How does Preheating Eliminate Crack?
Preheating promotes slow cooling of weld and HAZ
Slow cooling softens or minimise hardening of weld and HAZ of CS & LAS Soft material not prone to crack even in restrained condition
What Is Post Heating/Dehydrogenation?
Raising the pre heating temperature of the weld joint to a predetermined temperature range (250° C to 350° C) for a minimum period of time (3 Hrs) before the weld cools down to room
temperature. Post Heating applicable to joints welded with Preheat
Post heating performed when welding is completed or terminated any time in between.
Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible
Temperature verified by thermo chalks during the period
Why Post Heating? Post heating eliminates possible delayed cracking of weld and HAZ Applicable to
o Thicker hard enable low alloy steels
6
o Restrained hard enable welds of all thickness Post heating temperature and duration depends on harden ability of material, thickness &
joint restrain
How does Post Heating Eliminate Crack? SMAW introduces hydrogen in weld metal Entrapped hydrogen in weld metal induces delayed cracks unless removed before cooling to
room temperature Retaining the weld at a higher temperature for a longer duration allows the material to
remain comparatively soft. This allows hydrogen to come out of weld / to grain boundaries in molecular form without
cracks
What Is Intermediate Stress Relieving? Heat treating a subassembly in a furnace / locally along the weld joint to a predetermined
cycle immediately on completion of critical restrained weld joint / joints without allowing the
welds to cool down from pre heat temperature. Rate of heating, Soaking temperature,
Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness ISR applicable to joints welded with Preheat
Applicable to Highly restrained air hard enable material
Why Intermediate Stress Relieving?
Restrained welds in air hard enable steel highly prone to crack on cooling to room temperature.
Cracks due to entrapped hydrogen, hardened HAZ and built in stress “Intermediate stress relieving” makes the joint free from crack prone by
o Relieving built in stresses
o Relieving entrapped hydrogen.
o Softening HAZ.
What Is Inter- Pass Temperature?
The temperature of a previously layed weld bead immediately before depositing the next
bead over it Temperature to be verified by thermo chalk prior to starting next bead on base metal
adjacent to weld bead.
Applicable to o Stainless Steel
o Carbon Steel & LAS with minimum impact
Why Inter Pass Temperature?
Control on inter pass temperature avoids overheating, there by
Refines the weld metal with fine grains Improves the notch toughness properties
Minimize the loss of alloying elements in welds Reduces the distortion
What Is Post Weld Heat Treatment?
Heat treating an assembly on completion of all applicable welding, in an enclosed furnace with controlled heating/cooling rate and soaking at a specific temperature for a specific time.
Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness
Applicable to All type of CS & LAS
Why Post Weld Heat Treatment? Welded joints retain internal stresses within the structure
HAZ of welds remains invariably hardened
7
“Post Weld Heat Treatment” relieves internal stresses and softens HAZ. This reduces the cracking tendency of the equipment in service
Welding Terminologies used in Qualifications Heat Input
Heat Affected Zone – HAZ Dilution
Overlap In Weld Overlay Tempering Bead
What Is Heat Input In Welding? The extent of heat energy generated in Joules per unit length while making each weld bead.
“Heat Input” is the Function of Welding Current, Arc Voltage, And the Welding Speed
It is measured in Joules - Heat Input in Joules / mm
= (A x V x 60) ÷ Travel Speed in mm / min
Why Control On Heat input? “Heat Input” controls the grain size of weld metal.
Lower the Heat input finer the grain size.
Finer the Grain size Better the impact properties
“Heat Input” Also controls Dilution, width of HAZ, Geometry of Bead size & distortion
What Is Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
A small volume of BM adjacent to weld fusion line, which is totally changed in its structure due to intense heat of each weld bead, is known HAZ
What Is Significant Of HAZ? It is a part and parcel of weld joint
It is inevitable It has properties different from BM & Weld Metal
What Is Dilution in Weld In all Fusion welding, a small portion of BM very close to the welding heat gets melted and
added to weld zone / fusion zone. Dilution is the ratio of molten base metal volume (Area) to
the volume (Area) of total fusion zone % Dilution = (Area of Diluted BM ÷Total Fused Area) × 100
Weld Zone
HAZDiluted BM
Diluted BM
Weld Zone
Fusion Line
Weld Zone
HAZDiluted BM
Diluted BM
Weld Zone
Fusion Line
Weld / Fusion Zone
Fusion Line
HAZ
Diluted BM
8
What Is Significant Of Dilution Weld metal chemistry changes depending on the extent of dilution
Chemical elements influence Physical properties of the joint. Weld chemistry influences corrosion resistance of weld overlays
What Is Overlap In Weld Overlay?
The extent of covering or over lapping of previous weld bead by the adjacent bead.
What Is Significant Of Overlap In Weld Overlay?
Overlap of 40 to 50% results in Less Dilution & more weld overlay Thickness per layer
Less dilution results weld metal chemistry more towards filler metal chemistry
What Is Temper Bead Technique? In a multi pass groove & Fillet Welds, each bead & its HAZ are getting tempered (heat
treated) by the welding heat of the next bead. Thus all beads & their HAZ, except those in last layer, are tempered.
Temper beads are the specially & carefully welded temporary beads on the top of final weld reinforcement without allowing to generate any HAZ within the BM. Temper beads are to be
ground flush with the required reinforcement.
Temper Bead Temper Bead T1 & T2 Not To Generate HAZ In BM Temper Beads To Be Ground Flush
Weld Zone
HAZDiluted BM
Diluted BM
Weld Zone
Fusion Line
40 to 50 % Over Lap
Less DilutionMore Dilution
10 to 15 % Over Lap
More Thickness
Less Thickness
40 to 50 % Over Lap 10 to 15 % Over Lap
Less Dilution More DilutionMore Thickness
Less Thickness
T2T1
21
3 34 4
55
T1 & T2 To be ground Flush
HAZ
Rqd. Reinforcement
9
Common Defects in SMAW 1. Crack 2. Lack of Fusion
3. Slag 4. Porosity 5. Pinhole 6. Piping
7. Undercut 8. Overlap
9. Lack of Penetration 10. Excess Penetration 11. Spatters 12. Suck Back
13. Under Flush 14. Burn Through 15. Uneven Bead 16.Stray Arcing
Crack
Lack of Fusion
Slag
Porosity
Cause Remedy
1) Wrong Consumable
2) Wrong Procedure
3) Improper Preheat
4) Excessive Restrain
1) Use Right Electrode
2) Qualify Procedure
3) Preheat Uniformly
4) Post heating or ISR
crack
Cause Remedy1) Inadequate Current
2) Wrong Electrode angle
3) Improper bead placement
1) Use Right Current
2) Train /Qualify welder
3) Train/Qualify Welder
Lack Of Fusion
Cause Remedy
1) Inadequate Cleaning
2) Inadequate Current
3) Wrong Electrode angle
4) Improper bead placement
1) Clean each bead
2) Use Right Current
3) Train / Qualify welder
4) Train / Qualify Welder
Slag
Cause Remedy
1) Damp Electrode
2) Damaged coating
3) Wet surface of BM
4) Rusted core wire
1) Bake the electrodes
2) Replace the electrodes
3) Clean & warm the BM
4) Replace the electrodes
Porosity . .
10
Pinhole
Piping
Undercut
Overlap
Cause Remedy
1) Damp Electrode
2) Damaged coating
3) Wet surface of BM/WM
4) Rusted core wire
1) Bake the electrodes
2) Replace the electrodes
3) Clean & warm the BM
4) Replace the electrodes
Pinhole
•
Cause Remedy
1) Damp Electrode
2) Damaged coating
3) Previous beads wet
4) Rusted core wire
1) Bake the electrodes
2) Replace the electrodes
3) Clean & warm the weld
4) Replace the electrodes
Piping
•
Cause Remedy
1) Excess Current
2) Excess Voltage
3) Improper Electrode
angle
5) Eccentric Coating
1) Reduce the Current
2) Reduce Arc length
3) Train & Qualify the
Welder
5) Replace the electrode
Under cut
Cause Remedy
1) Wrong Electrode Angle
2) Inadequate current
1) Train & Qualify welder
3) Increase the current
Overlap
11
Lack of Penetration*
* Applicable to SSFPW
Excess Penetration*
* Applicable to SSFPW
Spatters
Suck Back*
* Applicable to SSFPW in 4G, 3G & 2G
Cause Remedy
1) Excess Root Face
2) Inadequate Root opening
3) Over size electrode
4) Wrong Electrode angle
5) Improper bead placement
6) Improper weaving
technique
1) Reduce Root Face
2) Increase Root Opening
3) Reduce electrode size
4) Train / Qualify Welder
5) Train / Qualify Welder
6) Train & Qualify Welder
LOP
Cause Remedy
2) Excess root opening
3) Excess Current
4) Inadequate root face
5) Wrong Electrode angle
2) Reduce root gap
3) Reduce Current
4) Increase Root face
5) Train / Qualify Welder
Excess Penetration
Cause Remedy
1) Excess Current
2) Excess Voltage
3) Wrong Polarity
4) Wet Electrodes
5) Rusted BM surface
6) Rusted Core wire
7) Eccentrics coating
1) Reduce to Right Current
2) Reduce Arc length
3) Correct the polarity
4) Use Baked electrodes
5) Clean BM surface
6) Replace the electrodes
7) Replace the electrodes
Spatters
• • •
Cause Remedy
1) Excess weaving in root
2) Excess Current
3) Inadequate root face
4) Wrong Electrode angle
1)Reduce weaving
2) Reduce Current
3) Increase Root face
4) Train / Qualify Welder
Suck Back
12
Under Flush
Burn through*
Uneven Bead Finish
Stray Arcing
Cause Remedy
1) Inadequate weld beads in
final layer
2) Inadequate understanding on weld reinforcement requirement
3) Wrong selection of Electrode
size for final layer
1) Weld some more beads
in final layer
2) Train / Qualify welder
3) Train / Qualify Welder
Under flush
Cause Remedy
1) Excess Current
2) Excess Root opening
3) Inadequate Root face
4) Improper weaving
1) Reduce the Current
2) Reduce root opening
3) Increase root face
4) Train / Qualify Welder
Burn trough
Cause Remedy
1) Improper bead
placement
2) Excess Voltage
3) Excess / inadequate
current
1) Train & Qualify the
Welder
2) Reduce Arc length
3) Train & Qualify the
Welder
Uneven bead finish
Cause Remedy
1) Wrong Arc Striking Practice
2) Inadequate Skill of Welder
1) Train the Welder
2) Train the Welder
Arc Strikes
13
Good Engineering Practices in Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Do Welding with properly baked electrodes
Basic coated CS electrodes to be baked to 250°C to 300°C for two hours
Baked electrodes to be directly used on job or to be retained in a hold over oven at 100°C
until use Unused balance electrodes shall be returned to baking oven
Do not weld with damp Electrodes Do not try to heat electrodes by touching the job (Short circuiting)
Do not use electrodes with damaged coating
Do not use electrodes with cracked coating Do not bend the electrodes after holding it in the holder
Do not weld on groove / surface with mill scale or rusting Prior to welding, clean the weld groove with power wire wheel
Do not weld with unidentified electrodes
Do not leave balance electrodes unattended on shop All connections with earthing and welding cables shall be tight fitted
Earthing clamp shall always be tightly connected to the job Burn the full length of electrode below 50 mm in stub length
Earthing cable shall directly connect to the job with an earthing clamp.
Tacks for set up shall be minimum 5 times the electrode diameter Weaving shall be limited to three times the electrode diameter.
Only trained & qualified welders shall be employed for welding Do not direct fan or blower to welding arc
Remove paint if any from the area near welding While welding in open, area shall be covered to protect from rain water & breeze
Weld edge preparation shall be free from serrations
Use poison plates between the job material & structural supports. Do not damage parent metal while removing temporary supports.
Locations where from temporary supports are removed shall be touched up by welding / grinding and PT checked.
Remove visible defects from welds before placing the subsequent beads
Do not weld over a visible crack Electrodes kept outside more than 2 Hrs shall be returned to baking oven
Maximum 15 electrodes at a time shall be taken from oven for welding When preheat is required, heat from opposite side of welding.
Use temperature indicating crayons for checking temperature Does not Weld more than specified weld size- Fillet / Reinforcement?
Safety Precautions in SMAW Welders shall use safety devises – Hand gloves, Head screen with right glass & Safety shoes
Welders shall use full sleeve boiler suit Use welding glass-DIN 11/12 up to 250 Amps and 13 above 250 Amps
Do not look at the arc with naked eyes Do not throw Stubs on ground. They shall be placed in stub collector.
Do not keep electrode in the holder when work is not in progress
Do not touch the electrode held on holder and the job when the power source is on Keep welding cables duly wound near power source when no welding is done
Acetone / inflammable liquids (Chemical for dye penetrate test) shall not be brought near welding
Gas cutting unit / fuel gas cylinders shall be away from welding area
Wet safety Shoes or wet hand gloves shall not be worn while welding Do not breath welding fumes
When working in confined area, ensure adequate ventilation / exhaust Gas cutting torch / preheating burner shall not be taken inside confined area unless the flame
is lit When not in use, switch off the power source from electric supply
14
Commonly used SS Electrodes
(Undiluted weld metal composition- SFA5.4)
0.030.041.00.5- 2.5---3.0-4.012-1418-210.08E317 – 16
0.030.041.00.5- 2.5---3.0-4.012-1418-210.04E317L – 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2,5---2.0-3.011-1417 - 200.04 – 0.E316H - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2,5---2.0-3.011-1417 - 200.04E316L – 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2,5---2.0-3.011-1417 - 200.08E316 – 16
0.030.030.751.0 – 2.5 ---2.0-3.020 – 22.525 - 28 0.12E310Mo - 16
0.030.030.751.0 – 2.5 ---0.7520 – 22.525 - 28 0.35 – 0.45E310H – 16
Cu= 0.75 mAX
0.030.030.751.0 – 2.5 0.7 - 10.7520 – 22.525 - 28 0.12E310Cb – 16
0.030.030.751.0 – 2.5 ---0.7520 – 22.525 - 28 0.08-0.20E310 - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---2.0-3.012 - 1422 - 250.12E309Mo - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.7512 - 1422 - 250-12E309Cb - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.7512 - 1422 - 250.04E309L - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.7512 - 1422 - 250.04 – 0.15E309H – 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.7512 - 1422 - 250.15E309 - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.759 - 1118 - 210.04E308L - 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.759 - 1118 - 210.04 – 0.08E308H – 16
0.030.041.00.5 – 2.5---0.759 - 1118 - 210.08E308 - 16
SPSiMnCbMoNiCrCAWS
@ N=0.08 – 0.20, # N=0.10 – 0.25, € N=0.08 – 0.25 , ¥ N=0.2 – 0.3
0.041.00.5 – 2.0--2.9 – 3.98.5 – 10.524 - 270.04E2593 – 16 €
0.041.00.5 – 2.0--3.5 – 4.58 – 10.524 - 270.4E2594 – 16 ¥
0.041.00.5 – 1.5---2.9 – 3.9 6.6 – 8.524 - 270.06E2553 – 16 #
0.041.00.5-2.0--2.5 – 3.58.5 – 10.525.5 -23.50.04E2209 - 16 @
0.041.01.00.5 – 1.50.750.615 - 180.1E430Cb – 16
0.040.91.0--0.750.615 - 180.1E430 - 16
0.040.91.0--0.4 – 0.74.5 - 511- 12.50.06E410NiMo - 16
0.040.91.0---0.750.711- 13.50.12E410 - 16
0.041.01.00.5 – 1.50.750.611 - 140.12E409Cb – 16
0.041.00.5 – 2.5 8*C0.759 - 1118 - 210.08E347 - 16
0.041.00.5 – 2.56*C2.0 – 3.011 - 1417 - 200.08E318 - 16
PSiMnCbMoNiCrCAWS