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8/9/2019 930AMEng101 Causal Commas
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Eng 101 SP15Commas
Causal Techniques
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Commas
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Commas
6 basic rules
1. Separate items in lists of 3+2. Before a coordinating conjunction
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 9 rules)
4. Between consecutive adjectives
5. Omissions6. Conventions
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Commas
1. Separate items in lists of 3+
Please buy eggs milk bread and cereal atthe store.
*MLA uses the Oxford comma (APA &
AP do not)I like playing tennis rollerblading and
trying to beat my dad at putt-putt.
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Commas
2. Before a coordinating conjunction
My sister’s name is Lily and my brother’sname is Lucus.
I rushed home and I finished my homework
before soccer practice.I am very good in Spanish, and in French.
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Commas3. Around information that is not essential to
the meaning of the sentence (this covers 9
rules) After conjunctive adverbs
After introductory phrases & clauses
Before and/or after an interjection
Before and/or after Latin abbreviations (e.g.) Before and after parenthetical expressions
When adjectives come after a noun
With titles when they come after person’s
name Before and after appositives
Around a direct address
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Commas3. Around information that is not essential
to the meaning of the sentence (thiscovers 8 rules)
I didn’t study very much; nevertheless I madea good grade.
Since my mother forgot to pack me a dessertI ate your cookie.
Laney ran fast and got home before hermother.
My English teacher kind of heart and generous of spirit will surely give me an Aif I learn all these comma rules.
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Commas
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 8 rules)
I’ve told you twice boys and girls to do
your homework.Wow what a beautiful dress.
I love sports e.g. baseball basketball and
football.They usually cost if you get a good deal
about $200.
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Commas
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 8 rules)
Arith Metic Ph.D. is my math teacher.
Katie Stevens the best ballerina in the performance shone as the star of the
evening.
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Causal Techniques
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What are the elements of a
Causal essay? Purpose
Patterns
Reasoning Errors
Ethics
Thesis and details
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Purpose Cause
◦ Probes the reasons why actions, events,attitudes, and conditions exist
Effect
◦
Examines consequences of causes Explain historical events, natural
happenings, actions and attitudes ofindividuals and groups
Help readers anticipate theconsequences of personal actions,natural phenomena, or governmentpolicies
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Patterns Single cause produces several effects
Might discuss cause then effects or
effects then cause
I. Poor language skills
II. Body
A. Can’t keep up with required
reading
B. Can’t take adequate notes
C. Can’t write competent papers
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Patterns Several causes produce one effect
◦ Might discuss effect then causes or causes
then effect
I. Decrease in U.S. zinc production
II. BodyA. produced more cheaply abroad
B. replaced on cars by plastics, lighter
metalsC. cannot be recycled
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Patterns Causal Chain
◦
Each event is effect of preceding one and thecause of the following one
◦ Help explain how devices function and howsome social changes proceed
◦ Similar to process analyses which is
concerned with HOW events occur...causal isconcerned with WHY events occur
II. Body
A. sleep late
B. miss breakfastC. become hungry and distracted
D. perform poorly on exam
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Patterns Multiple Cause-Multiple Effect
◦ Sequence of causes and effects is too complex to fit
image of chain◦ Present causes then effects or effects then causes
Topic: accident
II. Body
A. causes of the accident1. driver ran stop sign
2. Bushes and unlit headlights impairedvision
3. Wet pavement caused skiddingB. Effects of the accident
1. missed the movie
2. Unnerved so missed classes next day
3. Other driver lost license
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Reasoning Errors
Ignoring multiple causes
An effect rarely stems from a singlecause
Mistaking chronology for causation
Don’t assume that just because oneevent followed another that the firstnecessarily caused the other(chronology)
Confusing causes and effects Pam and Paul married because they fell
in love; in reality it was an economicnecessity, and love came later.
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EthicsForcing a particular outcome by uncovering only
certain causes
Report blaming poor instruction for highstudent failure rate neglects oversized classes,socioeconomics
Carefully weighed importance of chosen causes
If a few, but not most, of the classes in theproblem school system are oversized, thenreport shouldn’t stress their significance
Discuss every important effect (even one thatdamages point)
Report emphasizing the beneficial effects of jogging must discuss potential for energy
Consequences of people acting upon essay
Call to action
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Thesis & DetailsThesis statement
Identifies the event to be explained oreffects to be considered
Explains importance of understandingthe causes or effects
Offers a summary of the major causesor effects
Details
Not just a bare-bones discussion ofcauses and effects or a list
Vivid description used
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For Tuesday...Apply your assigned causal elements to each of
the following readings. Be prepared toextensively discuss your findings with the class.
Knapp’s “Why We Keep Stuff”
Mooney’s “The Science of Why We Don’t Believe
Science”Luscombe & Stinchfield’s “Why We Flirt”
*pages are listed in the syllabus
9AM Essay #2 due
Begin working on Newsletter submission #2 (dueMarch 17)
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9:30AM Purpose
Ty, Brittany, Michael B., Sara, Michael C
Patterns
De’maun, Chaunte, Meagan, Rachel, Max
Reasoning Errors
Donte, La’Tae, Bobby, Matt, Ronaldo
Ethics
Cody B,A’nesshea, Drew, Gene, Nancy
Thesis & Details
Lori, Jenna, Cody W. Chantel, Mark
Apply your assigned elements to each of the followingreadings. Be prepared to extensively discuss your findings
with the class.Knapp’s “Why We Keep Stuff”
Mooney’s “The Science of Why We Don’t Believe Science”
Luscombe & Stinchfield’s “Why We Flirt”
*pages are listed in the syllabus