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95-752 Introduction to Information Security Management

Tim Shimeall, Ph.D.tjs@cert.org412-268-7611

Office Hours by Appointment

Course website: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/95-752

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Course Covers

Introduction/Definitions

Physical security

Access control

Data security

Operating system security

Application security

Network security

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Student Expectations

• Grading:– 2 Homeworks– Midterm– Paper/project

• All submitted work is sole effort of student

• Students are interested in subject area

• Students have varied backgrounds

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Information Revolution• Information Revolution as pervasive at the

Industrial Revolution

• Impact is Political, Economic, and Social as well as Technical

• Information has an increasing intrinsic value

• Protection of critical information now a critical concern in Government, Business, Academia

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A Different Internet

• Armies may cease to march• Businesses may be bankrupted• Individuals may lose their social identity• Threats not from novice teenagers, but

purposeful military, political, and criminal organizations

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Computer Terms (1)

Computer – A collection of the following:Central Processing Unit (CPU): Instruction-

processing

Memory(RAM) : Transient storage for data

Disk: More permanent storage for data

Monitor: Display device

Printer: Hard copy production

Network card: communication circuitry

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Computer Terms (2)

Software: Instructions for a computerOperating System: interaction among

components of computer

Application software: common tasks (e.g., email, word processing, program construction, etc.)

API/Libraries: Support for common tasks

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Vulnerability (2001)Out-of-the-box Linux PC hooked to Internet, not announced:[30 seconds] First service probes/scans detected[1 hour] First compromise attempts detected[12 hours] PC fully compromised:

– Administrative access obtained– Event logging selectively disabled– System software modified to suit intruder– Attack software installed– PC actively probing for new hosts to intrude

• Clear the disk and try again!

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Why is Security Difficult

• Managers unaware of value of computing resources

• Damage to public image

• Legal definitions often vague or non-existent

• Legal prosecution is difficult

• Many subtle technical issues

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Objectives of Security

• Privacy – Information only available to authorized users

• Integrity – Information retains intended content and semantics

• Availability – Information retains access and presence

Importance of these is shifting, depends on organization

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Security Terms

Exposure - “actual harm or possible harm”

Vulnerability - “weakness that may be exploited”

Attack - “human originated perpetration”

Threat - “potential for exposure”

Control - “preventative measure”

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Classes of Threat

• Interception

• Modification

• Masquerade

• Interruption

Most Security Problems Are People Related

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Software Security Concerns

• Theft

• Modification

• Deletion

• Misplacement

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Data Security Concerns

• Vector for attack

• Modification

• Disclosure

• Deletion

“If you have a $50 head, buy a $50 helmet”

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Network Security Concerns

• Basis for Attack

• Publicity

• Theft of Service

• Theft of Information

Network is only as strong as its weakest link

Problems multiply with number of nodes

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Motivations to Violate Security

• Greed

• Ego

• Curiosity

• Revenge

• Competition

• Political/Idiological

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People and Computer Crime

• Most damage not due to attacks“Oops!”“What was that?”

• No clear profile of computer criminal• Law and ethics may be unclear

“Attempting to apply established law in the fast developing world of the Internet is somewhat like trying to board a moving bus” (Second Circuit, US Court of Appeals, 1997)

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Theory of Technology Law

• Jurisdiction: – subject matter – power to hear a type of case

– Personal – power to enforce a judgment on a defendant

• Between states: Federal subject matter• Within state: State/local subject matter• Criminal or Civil

– Privacy/obscenity covered now

– intellectual property covered later

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Privacy Law

• Common law: – Person’s name or likeness– Intrusion– Disclosure– False light

• State/Local law: Most states have computer crime laws, varying content

• International law: patchy, varying content

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Federal Privacy Statutes• ECPA (communication)• Privacy Act of 1974 (Federal collection/use)• Family Educational Rights & Privacy Act (school records)• Fair Credit Reporting Act (credit information)• Federal Cable Communications Privacy Act (cable

subscriber info)• Video Privacy Act (video rental information)• HIPAA (health cared information)• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (corporate accounting)• Patriot Act (counter-terrorism)Plus state law in more the 40 states, and local laws

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Federal Obscenity Statues

• Miller tests (Miller v. California, 1973):– Average person applying contemporary community

standards find appeals prurient interest– Sexual content– Lack of literary, artistic, political or scientific value

• Statues:– Communications Decency Act (struck down)– Child Online Protection Act (struck down)– Child Pornography Protection Act (struck down –

virtual child porn; live children still protected)

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Indian Trust Funds

• Large, developing, case: Cobell vs. Norton– http://www.indiantrust.com/

• Insecure handling of entrusted funds

• Legal Internet disruption

• Criminal contempt proceedings

• Judicial overstepping

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Three Security Disciplines• Physical

– Most common security discipline– Protect facilities and contents

• Plants, labs, stores, parking areas, loading areas, warehouses, offices, equipment, machines, tools, vehicles, products, materials

• Personnel– Protect employees, customers, guests

• Information– The rest of this course

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How Has It Changed?

• Physical Events Have Cyber Consequences

•Cyber Events Have Physical Consequences

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Why Physical Security?

• Not all threats are “cyber threats”• Information one commodity that can be stolen

without being “taken”• Physically barring access is first line of defense• Forces those concerned to prioritize!• Physical Security can be a deterrent• Security reviews force insights into value of what

is being protected

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Layered Security• Physical Barriers

• Fences• Alarms• Restricted Access Technology

• Physical Restrictions• Air Gapping• Removable Media• Remote Storage

• Personnel Security Practices• Limited Access• Training• Consequences/Deterrence

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Physical Barriers

• Hardened Facilities• Fences• Guards• Alarms• Locks• Restricted Access Technologies

– Biometrics– Coded Entry– Badging

• Signal Blocking (Faraday Cages)

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Outer Protective Layers

• Structure– Fencing, gates, other barriers

• Environment– Lighting, signs, alarms

• Purpose– Define property line and discourage trespassing– Provide distance from threats

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Middle Protective Layers

• Structure– Door controls, window controls– Ceiling penetration– Ventilation ducts– Elevator Penthouses

• Environment– Within defined perimeter, positive controls

• Purpose– Alert threat, segment protection zones

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Inner Protective Layers

• Several layers• Structure

– Door controls, biometrics– Signs, alarms, cctv– Safes, vaults

• Environment– Authorized personnel only

• Purpose– Establish controlled areas and rooms

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Other Barrier Issues

• Handling of trash or scrap• Fire:

– Temperature– Smoke

• Pollution:– CO– Radon

• Flood• Earthquake

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Physical Restrictions• Air Gapping Data

• Limits access to various security levels• Requires conscious effort to violate• Protects against inadvertent transmission

• Removable Media• Removable Hard Drives• Floppy Disks/CDs/ZIP Disks

• Remote Storage of Data• Physically separate storage facility• Use of Storage Media or Stand Alone computers• Updating of Stored Data and regular inventory

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Personnel Security Practices• Insider Threat the most serious

• Disgruntled employee• Former employee• Agent for hire

• Personnel Training• Critical Element• Most often overlooked

• Background checks• Critical when access to information required• Must be updated• CIA/FBI embarrassed

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Activities or Events

• Publications, public releases, etc.

• Seminars, conventions or trade shows

• Survey or questionnaire

• Plant tours, “open house”, family visits

• Governmental actions: certification, investigation

• Construction and Repair

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NISPOMNational Industrial Security Program

Operating Manual• Prescribes requirements, restrictions and other

safeguards for information• Protections for special classes of information:• National Security Council provides overall policy

direction• Governs oversight and compliance for 20

government agencies

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Methods of Defense

Overlapping controls– Authentication– Encryption– Integrity control– Firewalls– Network configuration– Application configuration– Policy