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A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865ndash1881

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORYThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past Defined by theme period andor region each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading The essays are written in a clear provocative and lively manner designed for an international audience of scholars students and general readers

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORYA Companion to the American RevolutionEdited by Jack P Greene and J R Pole

A Companion to 19th-Century AmericaEdited by William L Barney

A Companion to the American SouthEdited by John B Boles

A Companion to American Indian HistoryEdited by Philip J Deloria and Neal Salisbury

A Companion to American Womenrsquos HistoryEdited by Nancy A Hewitt

A Companion to Post-1945 AmericaEdited by Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig

A Companion to the Vietnam WarEdited by Marilyn B Young and Robert Buzzanco

A Companion to Colonial AmericaEdited by Daniel Vickers

A Companion to American Foreign RelationsEdited by Robert D Schulzinger

A Companion to 20th-Century AmericaEdited by Stephen J Whitfield

A Companion to the American WestEdited by William Deverell

A Companion to the Civil War and ReconstructionEdited by Lacy K Ford

A Companion to American TechnologyEdited by Carroll Pursell

A Companion to African-American HistoryEdited by Alton Hornsby Jr

A Companion to American ImmigrationEdited by Reed Ueda

A Companion to American Cultural HistoryEdited by Karen Halttunen

A Companion to California HistoryEdited by William Deverell and David Igler

A Companion to American Military HistoryEdited by James Bradford

A Companion to Los AngelesEdited by William Deverell and Greg Hise

A Companion to American Environmental HistoryEdited by Douglas Cazaux Sackman

A Companion to Benjamin FranklinEdited by David Waldstreicher

A Companion to American Legal HistoryEdited by Sally E Hadden and Alfred L Brophy

A Companion to the US Civil WarEdited by Aaron Sheehan-Dean

A Companion to the Meuse-Argonne CampaignEdited by Edward G Lengel

A Companion to American Sport HistoryEdited by Steven A Riess

WILEY BLACKWELL PRESIDENTIAL COMPANIONSA Companion to Franklin D RooseveltEdited by William Pederson

A Companion to Richard M NixonEdited by Melvin Small

A Companion to Theodore RooseveltEdited by Serge Ricard

A Companion to Thomas JeffersonEdited by Francis D Cogliano

A Companion to Lyndon B JohnsonEdited by Mitchell Lerner

A Companion to George WashingtonEdited by Edward G Lengel

A Companion to Andrew JacksonEdited by Sean Patrick Adams

A Companion to Woodrow WilsonEdited by Ross A Kennedy

A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy AdamsEdited by David Waldstreicher

A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837ndash1861Edited by Joel H Silbey

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865ndash1881Edited by Edward O Frantz

A COMPANION TO THE

RECONSTRuCTION PRESIDENTS

1865ndash1881

Edited by

Edward O Frantz

This edition first published 2014copy 2014 John Wiley amp Sons Inc

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley amp Sons Ltd The Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK

Editorial Offices350 Main Street Malden MA 02148-5020 USA9600 Garsington Road Oxford OX4 2DQ UKThe Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK

For details of our global editorial offices for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at wwwwileycomwiley-blackwell

The right of Edward O Frantz to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise except as permitted by the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 without the prior permission of the publisher

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names service marks trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book

Limit of LiabilityDisclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and editor have used their best efforts in preparing this book they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required the services of a competent professional should be sought

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to the Reconstruction presidents 1865ndash1881edited by Edward O Frantz pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4443-3928-4 (cloth)1 United StatesndashPolitics and governmentndash1865ndash1877 2 Johnson Andrew 1808ndash1875 3 Grant Ulysses S (Ulysses Simpson) 1822ndash1885 4 Hayes Rutherford B 1822ndash1893 5 Reconstruction (US history 1865ndash1877) I Frantz Edward O editor of compilation author E668C696 2014 9738ndashdc23 2013046018

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Cover image L-R Portrait of Andrew Johnson by E F Andrews 1880 Ulysses Grant by Henry Ulke 1875 Rutherford Hayes by Daniel Huntington 1884 All Wikimedia CommonsCover design by Richard Boxall Design Associates

Set in 1113pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services Pondicherry India

1 2014

Contents

Notes on Contributors viii

Introduction 1

Part I Andrew Johnson 5

1 Andrew Johnson before the Presidency 7Glenna R Schroeder-Lein

2 Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 24Erik Mathisen

3 Andrew Johnson Race the Constitution and Democracy 42Aaron Astor

4 The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 62Luis Fuentes-Rohwer

5 Foreign Affairs and Andrew Johnson 85Richard Zuczek

Part II ulysses S Grant 121

6 Ulysses S Grant Birth to the MexicanndashAmerican War 123Pamela K Sanfilippo

7 Ulysses S Grant Star on the Rise 1861ndash1863 140Brian Steel Wills

8 Ulysses S Grant The Making of a Military Politician 1861ndash1865 165Brian Holden Reid

9 The General-in-Chief 1864ndash1865 188William B Feis

vi contents

10 Ulysses S Grant Goes to Washington The Commanding General as Secretary of War 214James J Broomall

11 The 1868 and 1872 Elections 235Andrew Prymak

12 Looking for the Popular Culture of Grantrsquos America 257Woody Register

13 Reconstruction during the Grant Years The Conundrum of Policy 275Thomas R Pegram

14 Flames in the West American Expansion Federal Indian Policy and the Transformation of Indigenous Lives in the Age of Grant 295Eric J Morser

15 Avoiding War The Foreign Policy of Ulysses S Grant and Hamilton Fish 311Stephen McCullough

16 Grant and Historical Memory 328John F Marszalek

17 Grant and Heroic Leadership 343Frank J Williams

18 Engagement Rather Than Escape Ulysses S Grantrsquos World Tour 1877ndash1879 353William M Ferraro

Part III Rutherford B Hayes 387

19 Crushing the Traitors Rutherford B Hayes in the Civil War 389John R Lundberg

20 Rutherford B Hayes The Road to the White House 403Allan Peskin

21 Election of 1876Compromise of 1877 415Marc-William Palen

22 Hayes and Civil Service Reform 431Ari Hoogenboom

23 The Shattered Dream The Shock of Industrialization and the Crisis of the Free Labor Ideal 452Eric Leif Davin

contents vii

24 Lifting the Veil of Obscurity Lucy Webb Hayes Americarsquos First ldquoFirst Ladyrdquo 475Katherine E Rohrer

Part IV The Age of Reconstruction 497

25 Edison and the Age of Invention 499David Hochfelder

26 Centennial Celebrations 517John Hepp

27 Community Responsibilities Citizenship Rights Gender and Power in the Reconstruction Era 538Michelle Kuhl

28 Playing on a New Field The US Supreme Court in Reconstruction 562Roman J Hoyos

29 Scandal Corruption 581Robert W Burg

30 Ex-Presidents in the Age of Reconstruction 601Edward O Frantz

Index 617

Notes on Contributors

Aaron Astor is Associate Professor of History at Maryville College in Maryville Tennessee He is the author of Rebels on the Border Civil War Emancipation and the Reconstruction of Kentucky and Missouri 1860ndash1872 (2012) and earned his PhD in History at Northwestern University in 2006 He is currently writing a book on the 1860 election as seen from the grassroots in four distinct American communities in Vermont Ohio Tennessee and Mississippi

James J Broomall is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History at the University of North Florida and author of a forthcoming essay on the post-Civil War South in the edited volume Creating Citizenship in the 19th Century South A scholar of the nineteenth century he has both presented on and written about this topic in numerous forums and is currently writing a manuscript-length study of white southern men during the Civil War era

Robert W Burg holds a PhD in History from Purdue University (2005) He has taught in the University of Wisconsin system most recently at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Currently he is working on a manuscript entitled ldquoBurying Corruption Liberal Republicans and the Politics of Reconstructionrdquo

Eric Leif Davin teaches Labor History at the University of Pittsburgh He is the author of Crucible of Freedom Workersrsquo Democracy in the Industrial Heartland 1914ndash1960 (2010) and Radicals in Power The New Left Experience in Office (2012)

William B Feis is Professor of History at Buena Vista University in Storm Lake Iowa and author of Grantrsquos Secret Service The Intelligence War from Belmont to Appomattox (2002) and co-authoreditor (with Allan R Millett and Peter Maslowski) of For the Common Defense A Military History of the United States of America from 1607 to 2012 (3rd edn 2012)

notes on contributors ix

William M Ferraro has been with the Papers of George Washington at the University of Virginia since 2006 and is now an Associate Professor and Associate Editor Prior to beginning his current position he performed all the primary editorial work on the documents related to Grantrsquos trip around the world as they appear in volumes 28 and 29 of John Y Simon (ed) The Papers of Ulysses S Grant

Edward O Frantz is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Institute for Civic Leadership amp Archives at the University of Indian-apolis He is the author of The Door of Hope Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy 1877ndash1933

Luis Fuentes-Rohwer teaches at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law His scholarship focuses on the intersection of race and democratic theory as reflected in the law of democracy in general and the Voting Rights Act in particular His dis-sertation entitled ldquoThe Rise of a Concept Judicial Independence in the American National Context 1787ndash1833rdquo examines the way that the concept of judicial independence gained traction soon after the US Constitution came into being as a necessary counterpoint to the rise of political parties His courses at Indiana include voting rights legal history constitutional law and legislation

John Hepp is Associate Professor of history at Wilkes University and author of The Middle-Class City Transforming Space and Time in

Philadelphia 1876ndash1926 (2003) and co-editor (with Leonard Schlup) of Selections from the Papers and Speeches of Warren G Harding 1918ndash1923 The Twenty-Ninth President of the United States of America (2008)

David Hochfelder is Associate Professor of History at University at Albany SUNY Before that he worked for six years as Assistant Editor of the Thomas A Edison Papers Rutgers University He is the author of The Telegraph in America 1832ndash1920 (2012) and is presently working on an economic social and cultural history of thrift in the United States from Franklin to the Great Recession He has a PhD in History from Case Western Reserve University and a BSc and MSc in Electrical Engineering from Northwestern University

Ari Hoogenboom is Professor of History emeritus at Brooklyn College and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York He became interested in civil service reform while working on his PhD at Columbia University under David Herbert Donald and his dissertation was his first book Outlawing the Spoils (1961) He continued his interest in administrative history by studying with his wife Olive the Interstate Commerce Commission Americarsquos first regulatory agency and they published A History of the ICC From Panacea to Palliative (1976) Because civil service reform was an important issue in the Hayes administration Hoogenboom was asked to write The Presidency of

x notes on contributors

Rutherford B Hayes (1988) and then published Rutherford B Hayes Warrior and President (1995) Hoogenboom also co-authored with Philip S Klein A History of Pennsylvania (1973 rev edn 1980) and edited for Facts on File Encyclopedia of American History The Development of the Industrial United States 1870ndash1899 (2003 rev edn 2010) His recent book Gustavus Vasa Fox of the Union Navy A Biography (2008) is the product of a life-long interest in the Civil War and naval history

Roman J Hoyos is an Associate Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles He is currently working on a book manuscript entitled ldquoThe Rise and Fall of Popular Sovereignty Constitutional Conventions Law and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Americardquo

Michelle Kuhl is an Associate Professor in the history department at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh She has published articles on WEB Du Boisrsquos short stories the silencing of sexual assault in the anti-lynching movement and African-American concerns about black masculinity after the defeat of the Plains Indians In Oshkosh she teaches courses on womenrsquos history African-American history and the Gilded Age and Progressive era

John R Lundberg earned his PhD in nineteenth-century US history from Texas Christian University He is the author of Granburyrsquos Texas Brigade Diehard Western Confederates as well as more than half a dozen articles on

the Civil War He currently teaches as an Associate Professor of History at Tarrant County College in Fort Worth

John F Marszalek is Giles Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History and Executive Director and Managing Editor of the Ulysses S Grant Association Mississippi State University He has published widely in nineteenth-century American history particularly the Civil War

Erik Mathisen is a Lecturer in American Studies at the University of Portsmouth He has written about the political history of the Civil War and Reconstruction eras with a particular emphasis on how black and white southerners reacted to the growth of the modern state during the war and its aftermath He is also revising a book manuscript entitled The Loyal Republic Traitors Slaves amp the Remaking of Citizenship in Civil War America

Stephen McCullough is an Assistant Professor of History at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania He graduated from New Mexico State University with a BA and MA and the University of Alabama with a PhD in history He is currently turning his dissertation ldquoForeshadowing of Informal Empire Ulysses S Grant and Hamilton Fishrsquos Caribbean Policy 1869ndash1877rdquo into a book He is also presently undertaking research on the United States and the Nigerian Civil War and Biafran Genocide 1966ndash1970 A native of Albuquerque NM he currently lives in West Grove PA

Eric J Morser earned his doctorate in United States History from the

notes on contributors xi

University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2003 He is the author of Hinterland Dreams The Political Economy of a Midwestern City (2011) and teaches at Skidmore College

Marc-William Palen is a Lecturer in Imperial and Global History at the University of Exeter and a Research Associate at the US Studies Centre University of Sydney His articles on Gilded Age politics and foreign relations have appeared in Diplomatic History and the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Thomas R Pegram is Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland He is the author of One Hundred Percent American The Rebirth and Decline of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s (2011) Battling Demon Rum The Struggle for a Dry America 1800ndash1933 (1998) and Partisans and Progressives Private Interest and Public Policy in Illinois 1870ndash1922 (1992)

Allan Peskin is Professor Emeritus at Cleveland State University He is the author of biographies of James A Garfield and Winfield Scott has edited Volunteers the diaries of two Mexican War soldiers North into Freedom the memoirs of an Ohio free Negro and has written numerous articles on various aspects of nineteenth-century America

Andrew Prymak is a PhD candidate at the Pennsylvania State University His research interests concern the political economy during the Civil War and Reconstruction His dissertation ldquoAn Empire of Union The American Civil War as an

Imperial Project 1861ndash1868rdquo addresses the question of how northern Republicans understood war and Union victory from both a continental and global framework

Woody Register is the Francis S Houghteling Professor of American History and teaches US history and American Studies at the University of the South He is the author of The Kid of Coney Island Fred Thompson and the Rise of American Amusements (2001) and with Bruce Dorsey Crosscurrents in American Culture A Reader in United States History (2008)

Brian Holden Reid is Professor of American History and Military Institutions Kingrsquos College London and since 2010 Academic Member of College Council In 2004ndash2005 he was the first non-American to serve as a member of the Lincoln Prize Jury Panel His books include The Origins of the American Civil War (1996) Robert E Lee Icon for a Nation (2005 2007) and Americarsquos Civil War The Operational Battlefield 1861ndash1863 (2008)

Katherine E Rohrer is a doctoral candidate in history at the Uni-versity of Georgia Her research interests include the nineteenth-century South specifically with regard to race relations gender and religion She has published an article in the Journal of Southern Religion as well as numerous schol-arly book reviews and encyclo pedia entries

Pamela K Sanfilippo is Site Historian at Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site in St Louis

xii notes on contributors

Missouri She is author of ldquoSunlight and Shadow Womenrsquos Spaces at White Havenrdquo in Her Past Around Us ldquolsquoMy Farm in Which I Have Great Interestrsquo Essays on the People and Property at White Havenrdquo (manuscript 1999) and has served as guest editor for the 2002 issue (volume 25) of CRM titled ldquoAmericarsquos Civil War Challenges Perspectives Opportunitiesrdquo

Glenna R Schroeder-Lein formerly an Assistant Editor of The Papers of Andrew Johnson is the manuscripts librarian for the non-Lincoln manuscripts at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield Illinois She is the author of Confederate Hospitals on the Move Samuel H Stout and the Army of Tennessee (1994) The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine (2008) and Lincoln and Medicine (2012) and the co-author (with Richard Zuczek) of Andrew Johnson A Biographical Companion (2001)

Frank J Williams founding Chair of the Lincoln Forum is the former Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court and one of the nationrsquos most prominent authorities collectors and leaders in the Lincoln field He served for 14 years as president of the Lincoln Group of Boston and for 9 as president of the Abraham Lincoln Association ndash all while working as well as president of the Ulysses S Grant Association

The author of over 14 books he is also a popular lecturer Williams has authored Judging Lincoln and with Harold Holzer Lincolnrsquos Deathbed in Art and Memory The ldquoRubber Roomrdquo Phenomenon His recent book Lincoln as Hero was an alternate History Book Club selection LSU Press has published The Emancipation Proclamation Three Views (co-authored with Harold Holzer and Edna Greene Medford) A member of the board of directors of the US Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation he lives with his wife Virginia in Hope Valley RI

Brian Steel Wills is the Director of the Center for the Study of the Civil War Era and Professor of History at Kennesaw State University in Georgia His numerous works include George Henry Thomas As True as Steel (2012) The Confederacyrsquos Greatest Cavalryman Nathan Bedford Forrest (1998) The War Hits Home The Civil War in Southeastern Virginia (2001) and Gone with the Glory The Civil War in Cinema (2006)

Richard Zuczek is Professor of History at the US Coast Guard Academy He the author of State of Rebellion South Carolina during Reconstruction Andrew Johnson A Biographical Companion and editor-in-chief of the two-volume Greenwood Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865ndash1881 First Edition Edited by Edward O Frantzcopy 2014 John Wiley amp Sons Inc Published 2014 by John Wiley amp Sons Inc

introduction

Few historical eras have produced more thorough revision than the period of Reconstruction Once seen as a nadir from which white Southerners valiantly struggled to escape its horrors set the scene for DW Griffithrsquos 1915 epic film The Birth of a Nation That film and the corresponding treatment of the era in historical circles by the Dunning School helped to cement a negative interpretation of Reconstruction that dominated historical and popular understanding for generations

For decades scholars battled against that prevailing interpretation In some cases as with WEB Du Bois they did so with energetic and analytic success but to little effect within scholarly or popular imagination It took the publi-cation of historian Eric Fonerrsquos majestic Reconstruction Americarsquos Unfinished Revolution in 1988 to dramatically overhaul the prevailing interpretation Fonerrsquos synthesis helped to recast the era away from a story that considered Reconstruction chiefly through white Southern eyes Looking primarily to Du Bois for motivation (eg Du Bois 1935) Foner also saw the Reconstruction era as a tragedy but for different historical actors It was a moment of great historical possibility and the failure for Americans of the 1860s and 1870s to do more to champion African American causes meant that subsequent gen-erations would have to complete that work nearly a century later during the Civil Rights Movement

If interpretations as varied as Dunningrsquos and Fonerrsquos have dramatized scholarly debate within the field it is little wonder that scholars have strug-gled to interpret the presidents and presidencies of the Reconstruction Era Following Fonerrsquos lead some maintain that Reconstruction was more

2 introduction

process than time period and would argue that Abraham Lincoln was the first Reconstruction president For matters of editorial consistency Lincoln is the subject of his own volume in this series The men who followed in his footsteps Andrew Johnson Ulysses S Grant and Rutherford B Hayes rarely occupy the upper echelon in presidential rankings Whether they followed Dunning or were more sympathetic to Foner many historians have found it easy to dismiss these presidents as incompetent corrupt or incapable

If a historian were looking for a case study to demonstrate historical revisionism one could hardly do better than to consider the reputations of Johnson Grant and Hayes All three at various times have received the scorn not just of their contemporaries but also of academics Andrew Johnsonrsquos defining traits according to one biographer were ldquopreternatural stubbornness and racismrdquo (Gordon-Reed 2011 5) Ulysses S Grant accord-ing to one of his most distinguished biographers was ldquopeculiarly ignorant of the Constitution and inept in handling men His mental endowment was not great and he filled his state papers with platitudes rather than thoughtsrdquo (Hesseltine 1935 viii) Henry Adams famously referred to Rutherford B Hayes as ldquoa third-rate nonentity whose only recommendation is that he is obnoxious to no onerdquo (see many places including Brands 2011 383)

Yet for each Gordon-Reed Hesseltine or Adams students can find another scholar who is able to see virtue where others see vice to see someone who is misunderstood rather than incompetent One prominent study written in 1929 saw Andrew Johnson as a tragic figure ldquohonest inflexible tender able forceful and tactless his was a complex naturerdquo (Bowers 1929 44) Historian Sean Wilentz meanwhile maintains ldquoNo great American has suffered more cruelly and undeservedly at the hands of historians than Ulysses S Grantrdquo (Wilentz 2010) While Hayes might still suffer in general obscurity others have been tempted to see him as a representative figure of his age whose life and leadership serve as an apt microcosm of the time (Barnard 1954)

One previous study of presidents of this era bears special mention at this juncture Brooks Simpsonrsquos The Reconstruction Presidents (1998) Simpsonrsquos attempt to analyze the roles that Lincoln Johnson Grant and Hayes played as Reconstruction presidents stands out for its commitment to context policy-making and complexity In particular Simpson hoped to curb the trend of evaluating presidential leadership through the prism of twentieth-century racial attitudes ldquoA scholarship grounded in seeking out moral shortcomings may assuage a scholarrsquos consciencerdquo Simpson wrote ldquobut in the end it marks no improvement upon a search for flawless heroesrdquo (Simpson 1998 6) Thus he avoided many of the extremes found in other assessments of presidential leadership during Reconstruction

Because of the complexity of events historical writing also has tended to obscure events and processes that happened concurrently Given the nuance

introduction 3

that made Reconstruction differ in time and place it has been even harder for historians to analyze other developments between 1865 and 1881 At best foreign policy for instance has been an afterthought The emergence of the industrial order celebrated in some circles in other historical hands had been cited as proof that Americans ndash particularly political parties ndash abandoned ideology and principle in the pursuit of mammon (Beatty 2008) The old relationships between capital and labor and the scale of American businesses were also rapidly changing as was the composition and nature of the Supreme Court Finally Americansrsquo obsession with the Civil War and all things Lincoln has meant that many historical works deserving of wider circulation have instead remained hidden

The essays in A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents therefore come at a particularly welcome time Taken as a whole they help not only to understand the presidents who wrestled with problems during Reconstruction but also to situate the study of administrations within historical context Arranged chronologically by president these essays treat the historiographic debates surrounding the presidents as well as their lives and times Readers will understand why each presidentrsquos reputation has waxed and waned but also will gain a deeper appreciation for the context in which the presidents operated Essays on the culture of Victorian America on gender and the political process on Western policy and the Supreme Court all help to provide greater historical context than many readers of such a volume might anticipate Moreover for a volume with so much emphasis on presidents a variety of vital non-presidential actors rise to the surface In keeping with the trend of the series each author has also indicated research opportunities for future scholars thereby demonstrating that much work remains to be done

I have not singled out any of the essays here to do so it seems would be disingenuous Each of the authors in this volume found time during extremely busy schedules to write their pieces often on incredibly tight deadlines They did so with grace and aplomb Their dedication to our common craft humbles me and I hope this volume is a testament to our ability to collaborate

references

Barnard H (1954) Rutherford B Hayes and His America Bobbs-MerrillBeatty J (2008) Age of Betrayal The Triumph of Money in America 1865ndash1900

Vintage BooksBowers CG (1929) The Tragic Era The Revolution after Lincoln Houghton

MifflinBrands HW (2011) American Colossus The Triumph of Capitalism 1865ndash1900

AnchorDu Bois WEB (1935) Black Reconstruction in America Harcourt Brace

4 introduction

Foner E (1988) Reconstruction Americarsquos Unfinished Revolution 1863ndash1877 Harper amp Row

Gordon-Reed A (2011) Andrew Johnson Times BooksHesseltine WB (1935) Ulysses S Grant Politician Dodd MeadSimpson BD (1998) The Reconstruction Presidents University Press of KansasWilentz S (2010) ldquoThe Return of Ulyssesrdquo The New Republic httpwww

newrepubliccombookreviewthe-return-ulyses-s-grant accessed December 6 2013

Part I

Andrew Johnson


Andrew Johnson before the Presidency

Glenna R Schroeder-Lein

Andrew Johnson is currently one of the least popular of United States presidents because of his racial views his conservative stance during Recon-struction and his impeachment As a result of his extensive office-holding experience at all levels of government beginning in 1829 however Johnson was actually one of the best prepared presidents He served nine terms as alderman of his hometown Greeneville Tennessee (two of those terms also as mayor) two terms in the Tennessee House of Representatives and one term in the state senate five terms in the US House of Representatives two terms as governor of Tennessee more than four years of a term as US senator three years as military governor of Tennessee and six weeks as vice president of the United States before Abraham Lincolnrsquos assassination catapulted Johnson into the presidency

These offices and most other aspects of Johnsonrsquos pre-presidential life are rarely the focus of an entire book Most book-length studies are devoted to Johnsonrsquos controversial presidency his impeachment or Reconstruction generally Pre-presidential material is often part of a biography or larger subject study Otherwise Johnsonrsquos experiences have been studied in arti-cles as incidents of local history As a result many aspects of Johnsonrsquos career have been treated most thoroughly in articles in Tennessee and other history journals Many of these studies seek to relate Johnsonrsquos pre- presidential attitudes and actions to those he displayed as president Indeed it is often hard to separate the material simply by whether Johnson was holding the office of president or not because he did not change character when he assumed a new office

Chapter One

8 glennA r schroeder-lein

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh North Carolina on December 29 1808 the second son of Jacob and Mary McDonough Johnson a poor white handyman and laundress respectively Jacob died of an illness on January 4 1812 Even though Mary remarried later that year the family remained poor Andrew was apprenticed to a tailor in 1818 or 1822 (the sources vary) but fled his apprenticeship in 1824 before the end of his term In 1826 he settled in Greeneville Tennessee where he practiced his trade and married Eliza McCardle the following year Never a public figure Eliza supported Andrew in his political career and bore him five children Martha (1828) Charles (1830) Mary (1832) Robert (1834) and Andrew Jr known as Frank (1852) Although Eliza was disabled by tuberculosis from the 1850s on she survived until 1876

Almost no materials survive from before Andrew Johnson became involved in state politics in the 1830s Johnson learned to read while he was an apprentice and probably also gained limited writing skills His wife who was much better educated than Johnson certainly helped him to hone his skills but not a lot of writing was necessary during his early years as a tailor and small-town politician

On February 1 1857 Johnson suffered a serious injury to his right arm in a train accident near Augusta Georgia Pain from this broken arm ham-pered Johnsonrsquos writing for the rest of his life restricting his output when he did not have a secretary available In addition many of his antebellum papers were evidently destroyed during the Civil War when the Johnson home in Greeneville was confiscated by the military and used as a hospital Consequently good documentary evidence is sparse or non-existent for some areas of Johnsonrsquos life making newspaper reports important

The Papers of Andrew Johnson (16 volumes) edited by LeRoy P Graf Ralph W Haskins and Paul H Bergeron (1967ndash2000) is the key published primary source for the study of Johnson Volumes 1ndash7 are within the pre-presidential scope of this chapter The Papers include anything available written by Johnson such as letters other documents and speeches as reported in newspapers and Congressional publications The majority of the material contained in all the volumes was written to Johnson and includes representative examples of all types of correspondence Much of it involved letters of recommendation and requests for assistance with pensions and patronage Graf Haskins and Patricia P Clark elaborated on one aspect of this in a calendar summarizing all the correspondence to Johnson from the pension office in ldquoThe Pension Office to Congressman Andrew Johnson A List 1843ndash1853rdquo (1966)

The first volume of The Papers of Andrew Johnson covers the longest timespan 1822ndash1851 because of the dearth of early materials Volume 7 the shortest chronologically in the pre-presidential series spans just ten months July 1 1864 to April 30 1865 and includes the first two weeks of Johnsonrsquos presidency All seven volumes contain extensive biographical

Andrew Johnson before the Presidency 9

introductions based on the documents a practice not continued in the presidential volumes While the student of Andrew Johnson may well need to consult the microfilmed Johnson papers from the Library of Congress and the relevant series at the National Archives the published Papers are an essential first step to expedite any research

Volumes 5ndash8 of the 8-volume set of The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953) edited by Roy P Basler contain correspondence from Lincoln to Johnson much of which can also be found in the Johnson papers The Papers of Abraham Lincoln a digital editing project located at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield Illinois which is gathering scans of all materials by and to Lincoln has probably found additional LincolnndashJohnson correspondence but access to this database is not yet open to the public

Andrew Johnson A Bibliography (1992) by Richard B McCaslin a former assistant editor with The Papers of Andrew Johnson is an exhaustive annotated list of any books and articles published before 1990 that contain even a little material about Andrew Johnson Arranged chronologically but also topi-cally as appropriate the book has information on Johnson-related manu-script collections as well as sections on material pertaining to Johnsonrsquos political associates Of course the main emphasis of the bibliography is on the presidency but information on Johnsonrsquos earlier career is as extensive as possible

There have been several fairly recent historiographical articles on Johnsonrsquos impeachment or Reconstruction generally Several older articles although intended mainly to interpret historiansrsquo changing attitudes toward Johnson and his presidency in various eras have some small sections that are also relevant to the pre-presidential period Carmen Anthony Notarorsquos ldquoHistory of the Biographic Treatment of Andrew Johnson in the Twentieth Centuryrdquo (1965) analyzes three general perspectives on Johnson that Notaro saw reflected in the historical literature up to the early 1960s While these are mainly views about the presidency there is some discussion of Johnsonrsquos humble origins As with Notaro Willard Haysrsquos very astute two-part discussion ldquoAndrew Johnsonrsquos Reputationrdquo (1959 1960) focuses on Johnsonrsquos presidency but mentions his activities as military governor and his support for the homestead bill

Andrew Johnson A Biographical Companion (2001) which despite its title is actually an encyclopedia was written by former assistant editors for The Papers of Andrew Johnson Glenna R Schroeder-Lein and Richard Zuczek One hundred and eighty-two entries cover family relationships political offices attitudes and contextual events Of these about sixty-four deal in whole or part with pre-presidential topics or matters such as Johnsonrsquos attitudes toward blacks which began in the pre-presidential period This volume is a good starting-place for the new researcher a quick review for the more experienced or a place to check particular


information Each entry has references for that topic and there is also an extensive bibliography at the end

There were few biographical studies of Johnson before the late 1920s A Supreme Court ruling helped to spur interest in Johnson The court ruled that President Woodrow Wilson had had the right to remove an Oregon postmaster from office without consulting the US Senate The ruling seemed to vindicate Johnsonrsquos actions as president in the 1860s This apparent vindication led to a more positive attitude toward Johnson generally and three major biographies of the former president published in three years Robert W Winston Andrew Johnson Plebian and Patriot (1928) Lloyd Paul Stryker Andrew Johnson a Study in Courage (1929) and George Fort Milton The Age of Hate Andrew Johnson and the Radicals (1930) All three tried to rehabilitate Johnsonrsquos reputation showing his heroic rise from poverty his self-education his determined democracy his advocacy for the common man and his devotion to the Union and the Constitution Of the three Winston judged by some to be the most balanced devoted more space roughly half the book to the period before the presidency Milton and Stryker both allotted less than a quarter of their books to the earlier period

Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power (1980) is a thoughtful short biography of Johnson written by James E Sefton Spending half the volume on the pre-presidential period Sefton was rather sympathetic to Johnson but clearly presented the future presidentrsquos liabilities such as his rigidity and vituperative style of dealing with opponents Sefton believed that Johnsonrsquos experiences as an apprentice and during the early years after he abandoned his apprenticeship had an important effect in developing Johnsonrsquos personal pride and anti-elitism characteristics that were evident throughout his political career Sefton tried to view Johnson from the perspective of Johnsonrsquos time rather than the 1970s

Hans L Trefoussersquos Andrew Johnson A Biography (1989) is the only full biography of Johnson written in the late twentieth century and is still considered the standard in 2012 After several decades of writing about Johnsonrsquos Radical Republican enemies such as Benjamin F Butler and Benjamin F Wade Trefousse nevertheless did try to be fair to Johnson although clearly the president was not Trefoussersquos favorite person The biography which is about half pre-presidential is also stronger in that period because Trefousse was able to use the pre-presidential volumes of The Papers of Andrew Johnson in his research (The first presidential volume number 8 was published the same year as Trefoussersquos biography)

A recent short biography Andrew Johnson (2011) was written by Annette Gordon-Reed Like most of the volumes in Henry Holtrsquos American Presidents Series this one was authored by someone who was not an expert in the period Unfortunately Gordon-Reed a specialist in Thomas Jefferson and his alleged relationship with his slave Sally Hemings made her lack of


enthusiasm for Johnson clear beginning with the dedication page Five of the bookrsquos eight chapters pertained to the pre-presidential period and like most of the book seemed to draw heavily on Trefoussersquos Johnson biography Quotations were apparently taken from Trefousse rather than Johnson pri-mary sources Johnson is generally acknowledged by most historians to have been a racist However because Johnson did not go against his own character or the general spirit of the time period in order to act for the benefit of blacks as Gordon-Reed decided he should have done she could hardly find a good thing to say about him at any point in his career She also speculated on many topics such as his relationship with his female slave

Because there are limited Johnson sources of a personal nature most accounts of his family life tend to be rather basic short parts of biographies Several helpful articles elaborate on a few family matters Ernest Allen Connally in ldquoThe Andrew Johnson Homestead at Greeneville Tennesseerdquo (1957) stud-ied the history of Andrew Johnsonrsquos home in Greeneville which remained in the family until sold to the federal government in 1942 In ldquoWilliam P Johnson Southern Proletarian and Unionistrdquo (1956) Andrew Forest Muir discussed what could be discovered about Johnsonrsquos older brother who remained poor with a sizeable family in Texas More recently former Johnson papers editor Paul H Bergeron examined the life of Johnsonrsquos second son Robert including some information about the oldest son Charles as well ldquoRobert Johnson The Presidentrsquos Troubled and Troubling Sonrdquo (2001) studied Robertrsquos rela-tionship to his father among other topics and covered Robertrsquos entire life (d 1869) About half the article relates to the pre- presidential period when Robert assisted his father politically before Robert was derailed by alcoholism Schroeder-Lein and Zuczekrsquos Biographical Companion also contains short articles on Johnsonrsquos parents children and grandchildren

In ldquolsquoJacobrsquos Ladderrsquo The Religious Views of Andrew Johnsonrdquo (1993) Edward R Crowther studied Johnsonrsquos speeches and writings to determine that Johnson had some basic Christian and Biblical knowledge that he some-times used effectively However Johnson never discussed any details of religious doctrine (such as baptism) nor was he associated with any particular church or denomination His ldquoreligionrdquo which was very individualistic seemed to focus on promoting democracy and the common man more of a civil religion than Christianity Johnsonrsquos closest approximation to a religious affiliation was his active membership in the Masonic order

Politics was the key aspect of Johnsonrsquos life from 1829 on Tennessee was a somewhat unusual place to practice politics because of its division into three parts east middle and west These pronounced divisions were both geographic and economic contributing to different perspectives on many issues East Tennessee Johnsonrsquos section a mountainous area with smaller farms and fewer slaves tended to be less respected by the other two divisions Any study of Johnson must take into account the influence of the fragmented state politics on his attitudes


Some of Johnsonrsquos interactions with other East Tennessee politicians have been examined in several articles Thomas B Alexanderrsquos ldquoStrange Bedfellows The Interlocking Careers of TAR Nelson Andrew Johnson and WG (Parson) Brownlowrdquo (1952) presented a triple biography of the three with the emphasis on Nelson who was less known Brownlow and Nelson were Whigs during the antebellum period while Johnson was a Democrat ndash obviously causing political conflict All three were Unionists during the secession crisis although Nelson eventually supported the Confederacy Only the last six pages of the article deal with the postwar period

Ralph W Haskins further addressed the notorious conflict between Johnson and Brownlow in ldquoInternecine Strife in Tennessee Andrew Johnson Versus Parson Brownlowrdquo (1965) Brownlow an East Tennessee newspaper editor tended to be at his most vituperative in his pre-war critiques of Johnson as the two disagreed on many political issues and also ran against each other for a seat in the US House of Representatives in 1845 (Johnson won) Brownlow often represented himself as a faithful Christian and Johnson as an ldquoinfidelrdquo During the Civil War however Brownlow worked with Johnson in his Unionist endeavors and as military governor

Johnsonrsquos terms as alderman and in the state legislature have been exam-ined briefly in biographies and the Schroeder-Lein and Zuczek Biographi cal Companion In 1843 Johnson began his first term in Congress As a Congressman Johnson was a strong promoter of legislation that would provide homesteads that is a certain number of acres of unoccupied land in the Western states at a low price per acre to actual white settlers Although his promotion of these ideas has been discussed at least in passing in vari-ous biographies an older article by St George L Sioussat ldquoAndrew Johnson and the Early Phases of the Homestead Billrdquo (1918) put Johnsonrsquos interests in the context of previous US land distribution policy

When Johnson was gerrymandered out of reelection to the seat in Congress that he had held for ten years he ran for and was elected to two terms as governor of Tennessee In that period Tennessee governors did not have a great deal of authority and the legislature did not necessarily act as the governor recommended so Johnson was limited in what he could accomplish WM Caskey published two articles on Johnsonrsquos governorship ldquoFirst Administration of Governor Andrew Johnsonrdquo (1929) and ldquoThe Second Administration of Governor Andrew Johnsonrdquo (1930) In each arti-cle Caskey spent quite a bit of time discussing the intricacies of the respective gubernatorial election The second election (1855) involved Johnsonrsquos strong opposition to the Know-Nothing party Although the first article focused more on what the legislature did during Johnsonrsquos term than on what he was doing as governor Caskey nevertheless expressed a more pos-itive view of what Johnson was able to accomplish as governor than some later writers have done


H Blair Bentley wrote his dissertation on Johnson as governor and later published articles on two specific aspects of his governorship ldquoAndrew Johnson and the Tennessee State Penitentiary 1853ndash1857rdquo (1975) sug-gested that Johnsonrsquos little-known involvement with the state penitentiary may have been the most important aspect of his governorship Johnson opposed training the convicts in various trades which then brought them into competition with the skilled ldquomechanicsrdquo who already practiced those crafts Johnsonrsquos solution to the problem was very vague however He and the legislature had a number of conflicts over the appointment of the three penitentiary inspectors among the few patronage appointments allowed the governor

Although Johnson has been called the ldquoFather of Public Education in Tennesseerdquo Bentley argued in ldquoGovernor Andrew Johnson and Public Education in Tennesseerdquo (1988) that while Johnson strongly advocated education in his annual message of 1853 he did not influence the passage of the common school bill by the legislature in any other way Thus Bentley believed that Johnson did not deserve the title

Johnson chose not to run for a third and due to term limits final term as governor a post that would have been a political dead end Instead he became a candidate for senator Robert G Russell in ldquoPrelude to the Presidency The Election of Andrew Johnson to the Senaterdquo (1967) exam-ined Johnsonrsquos motivations as well as how the campaign developed so that enough Democrats were elected to the legislature and then elected Johnson senator a crucial step on his path to the presidency It is clear because of this election that Johnson had the support of the common Democrats rather than the state leaders of his party

Johnsonrsquos focus on the common man whom he supported and saw as his main constituency as well as his disdain for elites and his frequent quarrels with party leaders can hardly be overemphasized His antebellum back-ground of failing to work well with party leadership surely contributed to Johnsonrsquos problems as president

Lack of support from party leaders was a major factor in the defeat of Johnsonrsquos presidential ambitions at the Democratic national convention in Charleston South Carolina in 1860 as detailed by Robert Russell in ldquoAndrew Johnson and the Charleston Convention of 1860rdquo (1975) Yet the Democratic divisions in Charleston ultimately benefitted Johnson because they led to the election of Abraham Lincoln to the secession of the Southern states and to Johnsonrsquos vigorous and public opposition to seces-sion This stance gave Johnson great publicity in the North and eventually enough support to be selected as vice president in 1864

Johnsonrsquos Unionism during the secession crisis and Civil War which was important in furthering his political career has been the subject of a number of articles ldquoTennesseersquos Congressional Delegation in the Sectional Crisis of 1859ndash1860rdquo (1960) by Mary R Campbell gave a brief background on all


the Tennessee senators and members of the House of Representatives who began their session in December 1859 just after the execution of John Brown for his raid on Harperrsquos Ferry The only section of this article focusing on Johnson concentrates on a Unionist speech he gave on December 12 1859 in response to a request for a committee to investigate John Brownrsquos raid

LeRoy P Graf in ldquoAndrew Johnson and the Coming of the Warrdquo (1960) analyzed how Johnsonrsquos attitudes in the 1850s foreshadowed his views at the outbreak of the war and eventually as president Graf enumerated and elaborated five areas (1) Johnson was a spokesman for ldquothe peoplerdquo (2) he was a faithful Democrat but often not in step with aspects of the party (3) he was a Southerner who was in the South but not of the South (4) he was a personally ambitious man and (5) he was a champion of the Constitution and the Union Graf who ultimately spent about thirty years editing docu-ments from Johnsonrsquos pre-presidential period has summarized Johnsonrsquos attitudes well

In ldquoAndrew Johnson and the Preservation of the Unionrdquo (1961) Ralph W Haskins elaborated on the ways Johnson worked for the Union both behind the scenes promoting a border state convention and in very public ways in the Senate where he introduced constitutional amendments supported compromise proposals and made several important speeches Those Unionist speeches on December 18 and 19 1860 February 5 and 6 1861 and March 2 1861 (all summarized by Haskins) brought Johnson many letters of support from across the North and some execration from secessionists and other Southerners including some Tennessee Democrats George C Rable in ldquoAnatomy of a Unionist Andrew Johnson in the Secession Crisisrdquo (1973) gave an excellent overview of Johnsonrsquos speeches activities and attitudes (to the extent they can be determined from the sources) in 1860ndash1861

Two more articles deal with particular aspects of Johnsonrsquos activities during the secession crisis In ldquoThe Merchant and the Senator An Attempt to Save East Tennessee for the Unionrdquo (1974) Barry A Crouch discussed the financial efforts of Boston merchant Amos A Lawrence to keep East Tennessee in the Union Lawrence admired Johnson and attempted to send him money to help Tennessee Johnsonrsquos supposed letters requesting funds turned out to be forged however probably by the postmaster of Knoxville They created quite a scandal but ultimately did not discredit Johnson who was proved to be innocent

Another prospective means to retain Tennessee in the Union may have been the judicious usage of federal appointments in that state James L Baumgardner pointed out in ldquoAbraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson and the Federal Patronage An Attempt to Save Tennessee for the Unionrdquo (1973) that Lincoln evidently chose Andrew Johnson over the WhigConstitutional Unionist John Bell to advise him on Tennessee patronage Baumgardner


suggested that this was a mistake because Johnsonrsquos influence was not statewide but mainly in East Tennessee

In December 1861 Congress established the Joint Select Committee on the Conduct of the War to investigate aspects of the conflict that were not going well Andrew Johnson was one of two War Democrats appointed to the seven-member committee which was dominated by Radical Republicans Johnson served actively until he resigned on March 12 1862 because Lincoln had appointed him military governor of Tennessee The most thorough book on the committee as a whole is Bruce Taprsquos Over Lincolnrsquos Shoulder The Committee on the Conduct of the War (1998) However Tap merely men-tioned Johnsonrsquos activities on the committee a few times The same is true of Hans L Trefoussersquos ldquoThe Joint Committee on the Conduct of the Warrdquo (1964) which generally examined the committeersquos actions in relationship to its reputation and referred to Johnson only in passing The most thorough study of Johnsonrsquos activities during his few brief months on the committee is ldquoAndrew Johnson as a Member of the Committee on the Conduct of the Warrdquo (1940) by Harry Williams

With Charity for All Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997) by William C Harris is a study of Abraham Lincolnrsquos wartime Reconstruction efforts examined individually and comparatively by state because Lincoln did not enforce any standard method of Reconstruction Harris spent several chapters discussing Tennessee and Andrew Johnson the first appointed military governor For a variety of reasons especially because of the military situation in the state Johnson was unable to produce a quick restoration of Tennessee as Lincoln had hoped Another briefer comparative approach that provides a good introductory overview for Tennessee and West Virginia and includes the basics on Johnson is ldquoUnionism and Wartime Reconstruction in West Virginia and Tennessee 1861ndash1865rdquo (2010) by Robert Hodges

Peter Maslowski in a two-part article ldquoFrom Reconciliation to Reconstruction Lincoln Johnson and Tennesseerdquo (1983) examined the pluses and minuses of Lincolnrsquos appointment of Johnson as military governor (he already had many enemies in the state) and Johnsonrsquos goals and often unsuccessful actions as military governor Maslowski included several good concise explanations of some of the issues Johnson faced Unlike certain other authors Maslowski was fairly understanding about the situations that delayed Johnson and relatively positive about what the governor was eventually able to accomplish

The only book-length study devoted to Andrew Johnsonrsquos military governorship is Clifton R Hallrsquos century-old Andrew Johnson Military Governor of Tennessee (1916) Hall based his work mainly on the Johnson papers in the Library of Congress that had recently been opened for use Hall believed Johnsonrsquos ldquogreatest assets were a brilliant incisive mind and an insatiable ambitionrdquo but he lacked ldquobreadth of viewrdquo (Hall 1916 20)


Hall traced Johnsonrsquos conflicts with the military leaders Don Carlos Buell and William S Rosecrans at Nashville as well as his later cooperation with Gen George H Thomas Many of the chapters demonstrated the wide variety of matters Johnson had to supervise as military governor such as railroad construction for bringing supplies to Nashville state finances caring for destitute citizens refugees and ldquocontrabandsrdquo (escaped blacks) defend-ing citizens from military injustice and mistreatment dealing with prisoners controlling secessionists and Southern sympathizers raising troops (includ-ing blacks) and trying to promote proper local elections Hall generally affirmed the actions Johnson had taken and believed that the governor had performed as well as possible under the circumstances but the hostility of Tennesseans against the federal government generally came to be focused against Johnson personally However Hall was quite harsh in his depiction of some of Johnsonrsquos personal characteristics and attitudes which he believed were a result of the deprivation of Johnsonrsquos early life

Paul H Bergeronrsquos recent Andrew Johnsonrsquos Civil War and Reconstruction (2011) dealt only with Johnson in the 1860s the decade Bergeron believed was most crucial to Johnsonrsquos political career and focused only on Johnson as a public figure As a former editor of the Johnson papers Bergeron was well aware that Johnson had faults Nevertheless Bergeron did not think that Johnson should be so uniformly and harshly regarded as a failure simply because he was a racist as were most other white men at the time Rather other issues besides race should be studied in order to understand Johnson more fully Bergeron focused particularly on Johnsonrsquos experiences with leadership and power ndash both wielding it and competing for it ndash and clarified occasions when Johnson was actually successful The introduction first two chapters and several opening pages of chapter 3 consider Johnson before the presidency with a focus on the military governorship Although Bergeron did not deal with any period or event extensively he summarized well and commented on the issues in an informed way The rest of Bergeronrsquos book was devoted to Johnsonrsquos presidency and the first post-presidential months of 1869

Walter T Durham also dealt with Johnsonrsquos military governorship in his two-volume study of Nashville during the Civil War Nashville the Occupied City The First Seventeen Months February 16 1862 to June 30 1863 (1985) and Reluctant Partners Nashville and the Union July 1 1863 to June 30 1865 (1987) In general this study was an account of what happened to Nashville and its people under Union occupation Johnson figured in the story as his leadership and actions affected the city and its residents Although he appeared in the books rather often Johnson was only a part of the overall events not the focus Durham tended to be rather critical of Johnson because the Nashville citizens seemed to be

Several authors also examined particular events of Johnsonrsquos military gov-ernorship rather than the whole period Jesse C Burt analyzed aspects of the

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865ndash1881






































A COMPANION TO THE


1865ndash1881

Edited by

Edward O Frantz















1 2014

Contents


Introduction 1












vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One


























































































A COMPANION TO THE


1865ndash1881

Edited by

Edward O Frantz















1 2014

Contents


Introduction 1












vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































A COMPANION TO THE


1865ndash1881

Edited by

Edward O Frantz















1 2014

Contents


Introduction 1












vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One



































































1 2014

Contents


Introduction 1












vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































Contents


Introduction 1












vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































vi contents
















contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































contents vii









Index 617












































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One
































































































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One


























































































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One


















































































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One








































































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





























































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One






















































introduction




2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































2 introduction






introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































introduction 3




references





4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































4 introduction




Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One





















































Part I

Andrew Johnson






Chapter One


























































Chapter One























































































































































































































































































































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