9789088903533 - Boomert 2015 - The Indigenous Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago - eBook

8/20/2019 9789088903533 - Boomert 2015 - The Indigenous Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago - eBook

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F [IN K JJON[]

]LN IGMICNGJÛ QNJQBNU JD

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]LN IGMICNGJÛ QNJQBNU JD ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj





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D[JO ]LN DI[U] UN]]BN[U ^G]IB ]JMFY

F [IN K JJON[]

]LN IGMICNGJÛ QNJQBNU JD ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj



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Qukbislnm ky Uimnstjgn Qrnss, Bnimngwww.simnstjgn.ejo

IUKG 93<-91-<<91-5>5-5Bfy-jut & ejvnr mnsicg8 Uimnstjgn Qrnss

Drjgt ejvnr ibbustrftijgs8 © Fbtigjsofgfh | Mrnfostion.ejo8 Tinw jd ejfst jdgjrtlnrg rigimfm hust wnst jd Ofrfefs Kfy.Bf Tngnzunbf0 stftun jd f Sfrfj Fonrigmifg, frtist ug`gjwg. Ufgtf EruzTfbbny, rigimfm, ef. 6911.

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“]lis Ibfgm is efbbnm ky tln pnjpbn tlnrjd Efiri, fgm ig it frn

miunrs gftijgs P..._’ Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl (6>9>)

P]JKFCJ_

“]lis isbfgm is efbbnm ^rupfigf ig tln Igmifg bfgcufcn,onfgigc kic sgfib0 it is iglfkitnm ky Efrik IgmifgsP..._’

Fgtjgij Tæsqunz mn Nspigjsf (64;<)







3. ]ln Upfgisl-Fonrigmifg drjgtinr ig ]rigimfm 93 (6>9;―64<4)Upfgisl snttbnongt fgm Fonrigmifg rnfetijg 93Linrrnyof fgm tln crnft Fonrigmifg rnknbbijg 613

<. Nurjpnfg snttbnongt fgm Fonrigmifg rnspjgsn ig 66> ]jkfcj (6>9;―ef. 6<61)Ubfvn rfims fgm tln dirst Nurjpnfg fttnopts ft snttbnongt 66>Durtlnr Mutel fgm Ejurbfgmnr vngturns 669 F pnfendub igtnrbumn8 jkfcj fs f “gnutrfb’ isbfgm 6;>Drjo ofrcigfbizftijg tj nxtigetijg 6;<

9. Oissijg vibbfcns ig Upfgisl ]rigimfm (64<4―6393) 656Nstfkbislongt jd Efpuelig oissijgs ig Upfgisl rigimfm 656 Fkjbitijg fgm rnigstftnongt jd tln oissijgs 654Djrnicg iooicrftijg fgm tln mnvnbjpongt jd f pbfgtftijg nejgjoy 6=;

61. Kritisl ejbjgizftijg fgm Fonrigmifg pnrsistngen ig 6=3 ]rigimfm (6393―prnsngt)ln ngm jd oissijg tions ig Kritisl rigimfm 6=3

Knejoigc f sofbb sncongt jd f pburfb sjeinty 6>5ln prnsngt Fonrigmifg ejoougity jd rigimfm 6>9

Npibjcun. ]ln Fonrigmifg lnritfcn jd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj 646

Cbjssfry 64>

Kikbijcrfply 635Qrn-Ejbuokifg fgm listjrie Fonrigmifg frelfnjbjcy 635Qriofry listjrie sjurens fgm ofps 63>Tfrijus listjriefb fgm fgtlrjpjbjciefb feejugts 63< Fonrigmifg eubturfb lnritfcn 6<;

Fppngmix. Igstitutijgs fgm ousnuos witl sicgidiefgt 6<> frelfnjbjciefb ljbmigcs drjo ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

Igmnx 6<3

Eurrieubuo Titfn 693



ix

Bist jd ibbustrftijgs

6. Cnjcrfpliefb situftijg jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, witl gnfrky isbfgms fgm pfrtsjd tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm.

;. Ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc ofhjr plysijcrfplie dnfturns.5. Mjon-slfpnm isbfgms ig tln Qitel Bf`n, rigimfm.=. Ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc Fonrigmifg ntlgie crjups ig

tln ejgtfet pnrijm (ef. 6>11).>. Ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc ofhjr pfbfnjgtjbjciefb fgm

frelfnjbjciefb sitns.4. Frelfnjbjciefb snttbnongt sitn ft Qbuo (UFG-4) ig tln Gfrivf frnf, rigimfm,

sljwigc slnbb oimmng mnpjsit ig pbjuclnm dinbm, mftigc tj tln Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.3. Qrn-Ejbuokifg pntrjcbypls (rje` mrfwigcs) ft Efuritf (UCN-9), gjrtl jd Ut.

Hjsnpl ig tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, rigimfm.<. Kidfeifbby elippnm, stjgn spnfrlnfm djugm ft Kieln (GF[-9) ig tln Engtrfb

[fgcn, rigimfm, mftigc tj tln Bitlie Fcn, ef. <111 KE.9. Elrjgjbjciefb elfrt jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, sljwigc tln snqungen jd prn-

Ejbuokifg eubturfb trfmitijgs, rnejgstruetnm drjo frelfnjbjciefb nxefvftijgs,fgm tlnir mftigc.

61. Tinw jd tln Jrjpueln Uwfop, mirnetby wnst jd tln frelfnjbjciefb sitn jd Ut.

Hjlg (UQF-66), rigimfm, mftigc tj tln Frelfie Fcn, ef. 4111―=111 KE.66. Crjjvnm stjgn fxn lnfm, djugm ft Kfgwfri rfen (UQF-;<), rigimfm. Jrtjirjimsnrins, Frelfie Fcn, ef. 4111―=111 KE.

6;. Kjgn prjhnetibn pjigts fgm kipjigtnm dislljj`s, djugm ft Ut. Hjlg (UQF-66),rigimfm. Jrtjirjim snrins, Frelfie Fcn, ef. 4111―=111 KE.

65. Kjttbn-slfpnm stjgn pnstbn, djugm ft Qjjgfl [jfm (TIE-;9), rigimfm.Jrtjirjim snrins, Frelfie Fcn, ef. 5111 KE.

6=. Enrfoie kjwb, sljwigc ljbbjw rio ojmnbnm ig tln djro jd fg jricigfbby rnm-pfigtnm sgf`n-bi`n ernfturn witl prjtrumigc tjgcun, djugm ft Nrig (UQF-;1),rigimfm. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.

6>. Enrfoie kirm-slfpnm lnfm buc (fmjrgj), pnrlfps rnprnsngtigc f ìgc vubturn,djugm ft Nrig (UQF-;1), rigimfm. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn,ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.

64. [nm-pfigtnm, ritufb enrfoie pjt rnst, ojmnbnm fs f snf turtbn, djugm ftCufyfcufyfrn (OFY-64), rigimfm. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn,ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.

63. Sjjmng kngel ig tln djro jd f hfcufr (:), rnejvnrnm drjo tln Qitel Bf`n(UQF-4), rigimfm. Ufbfmjim (:) snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM >11.

6<. “Lfooje`’-slfpnm wjjmng snft, rnejvnrnm drjo tln Qitel Bf`n (UQF-4),rigimfm. Ufbfmjim (:) snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, pnrlfps ef. FM >11.



x

69. Bfrcn pjttnry hfr, prjkfkby rnprnsngtigc f ofbn nddicy, djugm ugmnrwftnr ftKjokslnbb Kfy, jddsljrn Efspfr Crfgmn (Cfspfrnn) Isbfgm (UCN-53), rigimfm.Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.

;1. Slitn-jg-rnm pfigtnm, fsyoontriefb enrfoie kjttbn, sljwigc f luofg/fgiofb-bi`n dfen mnsicg, djugm ft Nrig (UQF-;1), rigimfm. Ufbfmjim snrins,

Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.;6. Qfrtifbby rnm-pfigtnm pjttnry kjwb, sljwigc f kft-slfpnm lnfm buc, djugmft Ftfcufb (TIE-51), rigimfm. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM5>1―4>1/<11.

;;. Ubftn-bi`n, tlig stjgn sbfk, mnejrftnm witl igeisnm ojtids, djugm ft Nrig (UQF-;1), rigimfm. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.

;5. @igc vubturn-slfpnm stjgn (snrpngtign:) pngmfgt, djugm ft fg ug`gjwgbjeftijg ig rigimfm. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 1―5>1.

;=. Enrfoie kjwb sljwigc twj tukn-slfpnm nxtngsijgs, ojst bi`nby usnm tj pjurtjkfeej huien igtj tln gjsn ig jrmnr tj igmuen fg nestftie-visijgfry trfgen,

djugm ft Ut. Knrgfrm (OFY-=), rigimfm. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn,ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11.;>. lrnnpjigtnm stjgns, prjkfkby usnm ig slfofgie ritufbs tj prjojtn tln crjwtl

jd djjm pbfgts, djugm ft (bndt) Ojugt Irvign 5 ( JK-69), jkfcj, fgm (riclt)Kbun [ivnr (EF[-6), rigimfm. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM5>1―4>1/<11.

;4. Bfyjut jd tln snejgm jeeupftijg ft Ofgzfgibbf 6 (UFG-6), rigimfm, sljwigctlrnn rjugm tj jvfb ljusn strueturns, kurifbs, pits, fgm lnfrtl. Frfuquigjimsnrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

;3. Igluoftijg kurifb jd f ef. tng ynfr jbm igmivimufb jd ug`gjwg snx, wlj wfs

mnpjsitnm lfbd snftnm, lfbd byigc jg tln kfe` witl dbnxnm bncs. ln sùbb wfsrnstigc jg f bfrcn pnkkbn, witl twj ojrn stjgns jg nfel simn jd tln lnfm.Ofgzfgibbf 6 (UFG-6), rigimfm, Frfuquigjim snrins, Bftn-Enrfoie Fcn,ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

;<. Qjttnry jefrigf (wlistbn), sljwigc djur ljbns, djugm ft Crfgt’s rfen 6 (UQF-;>), rigimfm. Frfuquigjim snrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

;9. Enrfoie rjbbnr stfop, usnm djr kjmy pfigtigc, djugm ft Bjs Irjs (UQF-;;),rigimfm. Frfuquigjim snrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

51. [nmmisl-krjwg, dign-wfrn pjttnry kjwbs, prjkfkby usnm djr enrnojgifbpurpjsns, djugm ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy ( JK-;5), jkfcj. rjuofssjimsnrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1―6=11.

56. Drfcongt jd f crnyisl, ejfrsn-wfrn pjttnry efubmrjg (f) fgm lfgmbnm hfr (k),kjtl sljwigc serftelnm surdfens, ojst bi`nby usnm djr mjonstie purpjsns,djugm ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy ( JK-;5), jkfcj. rjuofssjim snrins, BftnEnrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1―6=11.

5;. wj qufrtz erystfb knfms, f turqujisn pngmfgt, fgm f pjttnry knfm, djugm ftCrnft Ejurbfgm Kfy ( JK-;5), jkfcj. rjuofssjim snrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1―6=11.

55. Qfrt jd fg ig` fgm wftnrejbjur ofguseript ofp, prjkfkby mrfwg ky SibbnoOjbbngs ig 64>=, sljwigc fg Fonrigmifg vibbfcn situftnm gjrtlwnst jd tlnEjurbfgmnr djrt Hn`fks (lnrn gjt sljwg) ft prnsngt Qbyojutl, jkfcj.



xi

5=. Sftnrejbjur pfigtigc, sljwigc fg Fonrigmifg drjo rigimfm efpturigcpfrrjts, usigc tln erins jd f efptivn pfrrjt tj burn jtlnr kirms igtj f wie`nrwjrèfcn, ef. 6><4.

5>. Sftnrejbjur pfigtigc, sljwigc f diclt kntwnng pirjcuns drjo rigimfm fgmOfrcfritf, ef. 6><4.

54. Qjstefrm pieturn, sljwigc Gfpfriof Libb (prijr tj qufrryigc) fgm Licl Utrnnt,Ufg Dnrgfgmj, rigimfm, 6<91s.53. [nm, wlitn fgm kbun, Nurjpnfg “elnvrjg’ knfm, mftigc tj tln sixtnngtl engtury,

djugm ft Ofojrfb (EF[-6;), rigimfm, fssjeiftnm witl enrfoies jd tlnOfyjim snrins, Listjrie Fcn.

5<. Ofguseript ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, mrfwg ky Fgmré lnvnt, 6>>4.59. Ofp jd rigimfm, sljwigc tln bjeftijgs jd Upfgisl tjwgs,ngejoingmfs , fgm

Efpuelig oissijgs, 6>9;―6393.=1. Ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, mrfwg ky Uir [jknrt Mumbny, pukbislnm ft

Dbjrngen ig 64=4.

=6. Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl snts drnn divn Fonrigmifg elinds, elfignm ig Ut. Hjsnpl,rigimfm, ky Fgtjgij mn Knrrij, 6>9>. Nicltnngtl-engtury dfgtfsy pieturn.=;. Utftun jd Linrrnyof, Ljbbis Fvngun, Friof, rigimfm. Utnnb drfon witl

ejgerntn, digislnm ig krjgzn pfigt ky Unbwyg Kjrgnj, 6995.=5. Ejgvngtijgfbiznm pieturn jd fg Fonrigmifg ejupbn, sljwg ig efrtjueln jd

fg Ngcbisl ofguseript ofp jd Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy, jkfcj, ky Hjlg Kyrgn,6341.

==. Elurel jd tln Friof oissijg, rigimfm. Mrfwigc ky Efptfig Sibsjg, 6<53.=>. Qjrtrfits jd twj Fonrigmifgs jd tln Ufvfgf Crfgmn oissijg, rigimfm.

Ejbjurnm bitljcrfpls ky [ielfrm Krimcngs, 6<;1.

=4. Efrik ljusns, Friof, rigimfm, 691=.=3. ln Efrik Vunng jd Friof, feejopfginm ky jtlnr Efrik bfmins, ig trfmitijgfbmrnss ft tln Dirst Qnjpbns’ Lnritfcn Mfy ig Jetjknr ;16=.

=<. Ofp jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc8 (6) Fonrigmifg tjpjgyos0 (;)Ngcbisl fgm Upfgisl pbfen gfons pjigtigc tj pfst Fonrigmifg jeeupftijg jrfetivity.





xiii

Qrndfen

lis kjj` wfs writtng jg tln rnqunst jd ofgy. It djros tln jutejon jd f bjgc-stfgmigc fetivn igvjbvnongt fgm stumy jd tln frelfnjbjcy fgm igmicngjusntlgjlistjry jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Fdtnr lfvigc knng nopbjynm fs f Ungijr[nsnfrel Dnbbjw ig Frelfnjbjcy ft ln ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins (^SI),Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm, kntwnng 69<1 fgm 69<<, tln futljr lfs ejgtigunm lisfrelfnjbjciefb rnsnfrel ig tln twj isbfgms ft rncubfr igtnrvfbs, ofigby ugmnr tlnfuspiens jd tln Dfeubty jd Frelfnjbjcy jd Bnimng ^givnrsity, ln Gntlnrbfgms,tln djronr Gftijgfb Frelfnjbjciefb Ejooittnn jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, fgm tln

jkfcj Ousnuo, Uefrkjrjucl. It wfs murigc f snoigfr jg frelfnjbjciefb lnritfcnofgfcnongt ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj, jrcfgiznm ky tln Gftijgfb rust jd tlntwig isbfgms fgm ln ^givnrsity jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj (^ ) ig Ofrel ;16=,tlft tln futljr rnfbiznm tlft lis guonrjus fefmnoie writigcs jg tln frelfnjbjcyfgm ntlgjlistjry jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj gnnmnm f ojmnst jvnrfreligc snqunbnxebusivnby igtngmnm djr tln cngnrfb pukbie. Gjt bnfst iopjrtfgt, tlis wfs nxprnssnky onoknrs jd tjmfy’s igmicngjus crjups ig rigimfm djbbjwigc tln futljr’sprnsngtftijg ft tlis onntigc. lis snoigfr fgm tln prnsngt kjj` djro tln rnsubtsjd f snrins jd ejjpnrftivn vngturns kntwnng tln Efrikknfg [nsnfrel Crjup jd tlnDfeubty jd Frelfnjbjcy, Bnimng ^givnrsity, bnm ky Qrjdnssjr Ejriggn B. Ljdofg,

fgm tln Fefmnoy djr Frts, Bnttnrs, Eubturn fgm Qukbie Fddfirs jd ^ , bnm ky itQrjvjst, Mr. Dfzfb Fbi. ln pukbieftijg jd tlis kjj` wfs ofmn pjssikbn ky tlnEfrikknfg [nsnfrel Crjup jd tln Dfeubty jd Frelfnjbjcy, Bnimng ^givnrsity. lnrnsnfrel bnfmigc tj tln writigc jd tlis kjj` rnenivnm dugmigc drjo tln Nurjpnfg[nsnfrel Ejugeib ugmnr tln Nurjpnfg ^gijg’s Unvngtl Drfonwjr` Qrjcrfoon(DQ3/;113-;165) / N[E crfgt fcrnnongt Gj. 569;19 ugmnr tln mirnetijg jdQrjdnssjr E.B. Ljdofg.

Fs fg igtrjmuetijg tj tln eubturfb listjry jd tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd rigimfmfgm jkfcj, tlis kjj` is mirnetnm ig pfrtieubfr tj stumngts, listjry tnfelnrs fgmcngnrfbby spnfìgc igtnrnstnm fmubt eitizngs jd tln twig-isbfgm rnpukbie wlj wi

tj bnfrg fkjut tln rnsubts jd tln frelfnjbjciefb nxefvftijgs ig kjtl isbfgms jd tlnpfst engtury, fgm tln pieturn tlft frisns jd Fonrigmifg sjeinty fgm eubturn id tlnmjeuongtfry sjurens jd tln Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifg ejgtfet pnrijm frn ejgsubtnm. Feejrmigcby, ig writigc tlis feejugt, djr fs dfr fs pjssikbn, I lfvn trinm tj fvjimfefmnoie hfrcjg. Fs it is gjt dnfsikbn tj gncbnet fbb tnelgiefb plrfsns, f cbjssfry lfsknng fppngmnm ig jrmnr tj nxpbfig tln (bioitnm) spneidie tnroigjbjcy usnm. Knsimtnxtufb fgm djjtgjtnm rndnrngens tj tln rnbnvfgt prjdnssijgfb bitnrfturn lfvn knngjoittnm. Djr tln bfttnr, tln rnfmnr is rndnrrnm tj tln (snbnet) kikbijcrfply. Digfbby,fg fppngmix bistigc tln igstitutijgs fgm ousnuos witl sicgidiefgt frelfnjbjciefbljbmigcs drjo rigimfm fgm jkfcj lfs knng fmmnm.



xiv

ln futljr wislns tj crftndubby fe`gjwbnmcn lis mnkt tj Qrjdnssjr NonritfKrimcnt Krnrntjg, Mnpfrtongt jd Listjry, ^SI, Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm, wljontieubjusby serutigiznm tln ofguseript jd tlis kjj`, sicgfbbigc igejgsistngeinsig tln Ngcbisl tnxt fgm succnstigc guonrjus ioprjvnongts. Durtlnrojrn, I

fo igmnktnm tj fbb tljsn igvjbvnm ig tln jrcfgizftijg jd tln ;16= snoigfr jgfrelfnjbjciefb lnritfcn ofgfcnongt, wliel knefon tln igengtivn djr writigc tliskjj`, nspneifbby (ig fbplfkntiefb jrmnr)8 Mr. Dfzfb Fbi, ̂ , J’Onfrf, rigimfm0 Or. Hfbfbumig @lfg, djronrby jd tln Gftijgfb rust jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, Bfvngtibbn,

rigimfm0 Mr. Ljbbis ^.B. (“Elfb`must’) Bivnrpjjb, ^ , Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm0fgm Mr. Gnib L. Bjpigjt, Oissjuri Utftn ^givnrsity, Uprigcdinbm, OJ, ÛF. Fbsj,I wisl tj tlfg` tljsn seljbfrs fgm gjg-fefmnoies wlj fssistnm on ft vfrijus stfcnsmurigc oy ;16= stfy ig rigimfm, fgm murigc tln writigc jd tlis kjj`, gjtfkby (igfbplfkntiefb jrmnr)8 Or. Cérfrm F. Knssjg, Qfrif Qukbisligc Ejopfgy Btm., Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm0 Or. Hjlg E. Ejrrnif, Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm0 Or. Ofre E.

Mjrst, Listjrie Kuibmigcs Ejgsnrvftijg fgm Frelfnjbjcy, Mjrmrnelt Ougieipfbity,ln Gntlnrbfgms0 Qrjdnssjr Ofxioibifg Djrtn, Ejgejrmif ^givnrsity, Ojgtréfb,Efgfmf0 Or. Elristjplnr Lfrris, Bjgmjg, ^@0 Elind [iefrmj K. Lnrgfgmnz,

ln Ufgtf [jsf Dirst Qnjpbns Ejoougity, Friof, rigimfm0 Mr. Bjmnwih` F.L.E.Lubsofg, ln ^givnrsity jd Fostnrmfo, ln Gntlnrbfgms0 Mr. Bjrrfign Hjlgsjg,

ln Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, Qjrt-jd-Upfig,rigimfm0 tln bftn Qrjdnssjr Nonritus @nitl J. Bfurngen, Mnpfrtongt jd Listjry,

^SI, Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm0 Or. Mnggis E. Ginwnc, Oirfofr Unf Ousnuo,Tbnmmnr, ln Gntlnrbfgms0 Mr. Foy Utrne`nr, Bnimng ^givnrsity, ln Gntlnrbfgms0fgm Or. Bjuis Tibfig, Ousnuo jd jkfcj Listjry, Uefrkjrjucl, jkfcj. lfg`s

frn mun fbsj tj Or. Hubihfg F.O. Tnronnr, Dfeubty jd Frelfnjbjcy, Bnimng ̂ givnrsity,ln Gntlnrbfgms, djr noknbbisligc fgm digfbizigc tln ibbustrftijgs. Digfbby, I wjubmbi`n tj tlfg` oy widn, Ofrijg Kjjonrt-Lnu`nbjo, djr lnr ugrnoittigc suppjrtfgm igtnrnst murigc tln writigc jd tlis wjr`.

I wisl tj mnmieftn tlis kjj` tj Qntnr J’Kring Lfrris (695>―;165), f mnfr dringmfgm ejbbnfcun witl wljo tln futljr ej-jpnrftnm ig guonrjus frelfnjbjciefbsurvnys fgm nxefvftijgs fs wnbb fs mjeuongtfry prjhnets. Fttfelnm sueenssivnbytj tln rigimfm fgm jkfcj Listjriefb Ujeinty (Ujutl Unetijg), tln Mnpfrtongtjd Listjry jd ^SI, fgm fs f [nsnfrel Dnbbjw tj ^ , Qntnr Lfrris dubdibbnm fpivjtfb rjbn fs tln jrcfgiznr jd npjel-ofìgc frelfnjbjciefb rnsnfrel ig tln twj

isbfgms. Ojrnjvnr, ln wfs ojst sueenssdub ig nstfkbisligc fgm trfigigc f crjup jdyjugc fvjeftijgfb frelfnjbjcists wlj fssistnm lio murigc sjon jd lis nxefvftijgs,nspneifbby tljsn jd lis ̂ ynfrs. Jutrnfel tj tln cngnrfb pukbie wfs jgn jd Qntnr’sofhjr igtnrnsts, fgm fs suel tlis pukbieftijg fgswnrs tj jgn jd tln tfs`s ln lfm sntdjr liosnbd, kut wliel mun tj lis ugtionby mnftl ln wfs ugfkbn tj dubdibb.



xv

Fkkrnviftijgs

GOFC Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry, Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm

U[DQE Ufgtf [jsf Dirst Qnjpbns Ejoougity, Friof, rigimfm

]LO jkfcj Listjriefb Ousnuo, Uefrkjrjucl, jkfcj

^]] ^givnrsity jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, J’Onfrf, rigimfm

^SI ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins, Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm SIE Mutel Snst Igmif Ejopfgy

SD] Sibm Djwb rust, Qjigtn-f-Qinrrn, rigimfm

YQO Qnfkjmy Ousnuo, Yfbn ^givnrsity, Gnw Lfvng, Ejggnetieut, ÛF







;

Kjtl tln prn-Ejbuokifg (“prnlistjrie’) pfst jd tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jdrigimfm fgm jkfcj, fs wnbb fs tlnir vieissitumns ig ejbjgifb tions, wibb kn rnvinwnm

lnrn. Ft tln jutsnt it is iopjrtfgt tj rnfbizn tlft rigimfm is tln jbmnst snttbnm isbfgmjd tln Efrikknfg fgm, knsimns, wfs prjkfkby trfvnrsnm ky Fonrigmifgs nvng wlng

it wfs stibb pfrt jd tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm. ljusfgms jd ynfrs jd eubturfbmnvnbjpongt djbbjwnm ig wliel tln igmicngjus ejoougitins jd tln twig isbfgmsnxpnringenm f sicgidiefgt mnvnbjpongt jd tlnir sjeinty, igvjbvigc ejgsimnrfkbnpjpubftijg crjwtl, prjcrnss ig suksistngen prfetiens, djjm prnpfrftijg fgm oftnrifbeubturn, fs wnbb fs sukstfgtifb mnnpngigc jd spiritufb knbinds. Fs tln Fonrigmifgs lfmgjt ofstnrnm tln frt jd writigc, jur ̀ gjwbnmcn jd tln prn-Ejbuokifg pfst is ngtirnbykfsnm jg frelfnjbjciefb nxefvftijgs, murigc wliel sitns wlnrn tln igmicngjuspnjpbns bndt oftnrifb trfens frn muc up. ln dirst mjeuongts jg tln Fonrigmifgbidnwfys ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj fppnfrnm witl tln tlirm vjyfcn jd Ejbuokus tjtln Snst Igmins. ln writtng feejugts drjo tln Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifg ejgtfet

pnrijm fbsj igdjro us fkjut tln gfons jd tln igmicngjus pnjpbns bivigc ig tln twjisbfgms ft tln tion.

Cnjcrfpliefb situftijg fgm gfturfb ngvirjgongt

Uituftnm jg tln Ujutl Fonriefg ejgtigngtfb slnbd, kjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcjefg kn ejgsimnrnm tj djro f cnjcrfpliefb nxtngsijg jd tln ofigbfgm, ojrnsjfs kjtl isbfgms jgen wnrn fttfelnm ky bfgm krimcns tj Ujutl Fonrief (Dic. 6).

lis ejgtigngtfb elfrfetnr snts tlno fpfrt drjo tln jenfgie isbfgms jd tln SnstIgmins. Mun tj tlnir cnjcrfpliefb situftijg fs tln sjutlnrgojst big`s kntwnng tln

Efrikknfg frelipnbfcj fgm tln ofigbfgm jd Ujutl Fonrief, tln twj isbfgms djronmtln gfturfb cftnwfy djr luofg ojvnongt, nxelfgcn fgm middusijg jd eubturn drjotln ejgtigngt, nspneifbby tln Jrigjej Tfbbny, tj tln isbfgms jd tln Snst Igmins, fswnbb fs drjo tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst tj tln Cuifgfs fgm vien vnrsf. Fs f rnsubt, ftjgn stfcn ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions tln twig isbfgms djronm pfrt jd fg nxtngsivnigmicngjus “igtnrfetijg splnrn’, i.n. f mngsn ejgtfet gntwjr` ebjsnby `git ky tins jdìgslip, bfgcufcn, nxelfgcn, wfr, fgm eubturn, ngejopfssigc pfrts jd tln JrigjejTfbbny, tln Cuifgfs fgm tln Qfrif pngigsubf. lis rncijg is igtnrejggnetnm ky fgnxtngsivn wnk jd snf elfggnbs, rivnrs, bfcjjgs, fgm nstufrins, wliel djronm tlndfvjritn elfggnbs jd Fonrigmifg ejoougieftijg fgm trfgspjrt fgm, ejgsnqungtby,

dfeibitftnm mngsn igtnrfetijg fojgc tln igmicngjus pnjpbns bivigc lnrn. lisejgtfet gntwjr`, ig wliel Fonrigmifg pnjpbns jd vfryigc ntlgie imngtitins fgmeubturfb kfe`crjugms pfrtieipftnm, ejgtigujusby wfrrigc fgm trfmigc, nxelfgcigcpnjpbn, gnws, tfbns, sjgcs, fgm eustjos, stibb dugetijgnm ig tln nfrby ejgtfet pnrijmfdtnr 6=9<.

Djronrby ejoougieftijg tj fgm drjo rigimfm fgm jkfcj wfs bfrcnbymntnroignm ky tln prnvfibigc wigms fgm tln systno jd snf eurrngts frjugm kjtlisbfgms. ln ofhjr snf eurrngt fddnetigc tln twig isbfgms is tln Cuifgf Eurrngtwliel fpprjfelns rigimfm drjo tln sjutlnfst. Qfrt jd tlis strnfo dbjws tlrjucltln Ejbuokus Elfggnb igtj tln Cubd jd Qfrif wlibn fgjtlnr pjrtijg ojvns tj

tln gjrtl, suksnqungtby ngeirebigc jkfcj ig jrmnr tj ejgtigun dbjwigc ig f



5

cngnrfbby wnstnrg mirnetijg. Ig tln wnt snfsjg tln ngjrojus fojugtjd oummy, ynbbjwisl-krjwg drnslwftnr miselfrcnm ky tln Jrigjej

[ivnr rnigdjrens tln vnbjeity jd tln eurrngt, fgm rnmuens tln sfbigityjd tln Cubd jd Qfrif tj suel f mncrnn tlft its ejgmitijg fpprjfelnstlft jd drnslwftnr, wlibn it is gnfr-jenfgie murigc tln mry pjrtijgjd tln ynfr. ln Jrigjej jutdbjw efrrins dbjftigc ofts jd vncntftijgdrjo tln mnbtf jd tlis rivnr tj rigimfm fs wnbb fs efiofgs, bizfrms,sgf`ns fgm drnslwftnr turtbns, wlibn sioibfrby fbbicftjrs drjo tlnofigbfgm frn `gjwg tj lfvn wfslnm fsljrn jg jkfcj. Igtnrfetijgkntwnng tln twj isbfgms is dfeibitftnm ky tln eireuostfgen tlft tlngjrtlnfstnrg pfrt jd rigimfm is fbojst fbwfys witlig vinw drjosjutl-engtrfb jkfcj fgm vien vnrsf. Ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions tln

rjutn ojst drnqungtby tf`ng ky tln Fonrigmifgs bnm drjo Ofturf Kfy,Kfbfgmrf Kfy fgm Euofgf Kfy jg tln gjrtlnfst ejfst jd rigimfm tjEfgjn Kfy (tln gfon is gj ejigeimngen) fgm Bf Cuirf ig sjutlwnst

jkfcj. Igtrf-isbfgm ejoougieftijg priofriby tjj` pbfen fbjgc tlntwj isbfgms’ bittjrfb0 jvnrbfgm rjutns wnrn fppfrngtby usnm tj f ouelbnssnr nxtngt. Ebnfrby, tln isbfgm ofss nspneifbby jd rigimfm djronmkfrrinr rnmueigc igtnrijr igtnrfetijg.

Kjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcj sljw f rnofr`fkby vfrinm plysiefbof`n-up (Dic. ;). Fs f rnsubt, kjtl isbfgms jddnrnm fg nxtngsivnsnrins jd fbtnrgftivn suksistngen pjtngtifbs tj tlnir prn-Ejbuokifg

iglfkitfgts. rigimfm is cnjojrpljbjciefbby ojst ejopbnx fgm lfs

Dicurn 6. Cnjcrfpliefb

situftijg j ]rigimfm fgm

]jkfcj, witl gnfrky isbfgmsfgm pfrts j tln Ujutl

Fonriefg ofigbfgm, sljwigc

nmcn j tln ejgtigngtfb slnb

(;11 o knbjw onfg snf bnvnb).



=

f quitn mivnrsidinm bfgmsefpn witl its tlrnn ojugtfig elfigs fgm

twj igtnrvngigc bjwbfgms. ln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, wliel ejgtfigstln liclnst ojugtfigs jd tln isbfgm, risns stnnpby drjo tln ejfst fgmnddnetivnby snpfrftns tln vfbbny jd rigimfm’s ofhjr strnfo, tln Efrjgi[ivnr, fbsj `gjwg fs tln Gjrtlnrg Kfsig, drjo tln gjrtlnrg bittjrfb.It is missnetnm ky f snrins jd vfbbnys, ejgtfigigc pnrnggifb strnfos,wliel djronm nxenbbngt frnfs djr Fonrigmifg lfkitftijg. Lnoftitn(“rnm irjg stjgn’) knbjgcs tj tln usndub oignrfbs djugm ig tln Gjrtlnrg[fgcn wlibn sjurens jd bicgitn (ejfb) fgm elnrt, f lfrm fgm mngsn rje`typn usnm ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions djr tln ofgudfeturn jd sofbb tjjbs,lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ig tln Engtrfb [fgcn. ln ugmnrcrjugm jd

sjutlnrg rigimfm is rngjwgnm djr its mnpjsits jd jib fgm gfturfb cfswitl rnbftnm cnjbjciefb plngjongf suel fs tln wjrbm-dfojus QitelBf`n (Dic. 5) fgm jtlnr fsplfbt snnpfcns, djr igstfgen ig Ofyfrj, fswnbb fs tln bjw ojugms krigcigc up oum fgm trfens jd pntrjbnuo`gjwg fs “oum vjbefgjns’, wliel frn sefttnrnm tlrjucljut tln ngtirnUjutlnrg Kfsig fgm tln Ujutlnrg [fgcn. ^sndub oignrfbs jd tlispfrt jd rigimfm igebumn fsplfbtitn (ofghf` jr “cbfgen pitel’) fgmbicgitn. jkfcj ejgsists jd twj bfgmsefpn ugits, tln Ejrfb Bjwbfgms,fg nbjgcftnm ejrfb bionstjgn pbftnfu, fgm tln Ofig [imcn, f lnfvibymissnetnm engtrfb mjrsfb rimcn jd liclbfgm wliel djros tln kfe`kjgn

jd tln isbfgm. jkfcj’s cnjbjciefb of`n-up is middnrngt drjo tlft jd

Dicurn ;. Ofp j ]rigimfm fgm

]jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc ofhjrplysijcrfplie nfturns.



>

rigimfm fgm, fs f rnsubt, it yinbms sjurens jd rje` oftnrifbs usndubdjr tln prn-Ejbuokifg Fonrigmifgs, gjt djugm ig tln bfrcnr isbfgm.rigimfm fgm jkfcj pjssnss f riel gfturfb dfugf fgm f liclby

vfrinm vncntftijg ejvnr, kjtl jd wliel rndbnet tln ngtirnby ejgtigngtfbelfrfetnr jd tln twig isbfgms. Ojst ugeubtivftnm fgm gjt kuibt-jvnrpfrts jd tln twj isbfgms frn ejvnrnm ky rjpiefb [fig Djrnst (“liclwjjms’), fbtljucl ft prnsngt ouel djrnst lfs knng snvnrnby fddnetnmky ofg mun tj ebnfrigc jpnrftijgs djr ojgjerjppigc, bjccigcfgm sbfsl-fgm-kurg eubtivftijg, fgm, fs f rnsubt, tf`ns tln djro jdsnejgmfry crjwtl. Mun tj tln dfet tlft tln gjrtlnrg fgm nfstnrg

pfrts jd rigimfm rnenivn ouel ojrn rfigdfbb tlfg tln isbfgm’s wnstnrgpjrtijg, djrnsts frn mngsnst ig tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn fgm tln Engtrfb[fgcn. Fs, ejgsnqungtby, vncntftijg wfs ojrn jpng ig tln wnst fgmtlus nfsinr tj ebnfr djr fcrieubturn, tlis pfrt jd rigimfm knefon tlnofhjr frnf jd sucfr efgn eubtivftijg ig ejbjgifb tions. Djrnsts fs wnbbfs tln jtlnr nejsystnos jd tln twig isbfgms, suel fs rivnrs, swfopsfgm ofrslns, sljw f crnft vfrinty jd fgiofbs fgm kirms. Ujon jdtln bfttnr nejsystnos tf`n tln djro jd pfbo “isbfgms’ drigcigc sofbbsfvfggfs, i.n. crfssy pbfigs witl sefttnrnm trnns. ln bfgm dfugf isngrielnm ky tln fquftie bidn djros tj kn djugm ft tln igtnrdfen jd

bfgm fgm snf ig suel ejfstfb lfkitfts fs ofgcrjvns fgm ejrfb rnnds. Jd

Dicurn 5. Mjon-slfpnm isbfgmsig tln Qitel Bf`n, ]rigimfm.



4

ejursn, tln djjm rnsjurens jddnrnm ky tln snf surrjugmigc tln twj isbfgms wnrn fsiopjrtfgt tj tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj fs tljsn jd tln bfgm.

ln “licl wjjms’ djro tln lfkitft jd guonrjus kirms fgm ofoofbs, tlnbfttnr igebumigc djr igstfgen ljwbnr ojg`nys (ofefquns rjucn ), fgtnftnrs, jenbjts,

pjreupigns, tfyrfs, squirrnbs, fgm jpjssuos (ofgiejus ) wliel bivn ig tln uppnrstjrny jd tln djrnst, wlibn tln djrnst dbjjr is tln mjofig jd krje`nt mnnr (kielns ),fcjutis ( cjutis ), pfefs (bfppns ), fgm pneefrins (qung`s ). Lnrn sofbbnr fgiofbs suel fsfrofmibbjs (tftjjs ), spigy rfts, tjrtjisns, drjcs, tjfms, fgm sgf`ns frn tj kn djugm fswnbb. lie` ugmnrcrjwtl is tln dfvjuritn lfkitft jd jkfcj’s gftijgfb kirm wliel,fdtnr its rfuejus efbb, is `gjwg fs tlnejeriej. F vnry spneifb dfugf iglfkits tlnbionstjgn efvns jd rigimfm’s Gjrtlnrg [fgcn. lnsn frn jeeupinm ky tljusfgms jdkfts fgm ejbjgins jd jib kirms wliel jgby nonrcn ft giclt ig jrmnr tj dnnm jg druits,usigc sjgfr djr gfvicftigc. ypiefb swfop mwnbbnrs frn rfeejjgs, jttnrs, wftnr rfts,turtbns, fgfejgmfs, fgm efiofgs. Ft prnsngt, ofgftnns (bfofgtigs ) efg jgby kn snng

jeefsijgfbby ig sjon jd tln nxtngmnm swfops jd tln isbfgm. Jd ejursn, rigimfm’sgftijgfb kirm, tln sefrbnt ikis, is f typiefb swfop mwnbbnr wliel nspneifbby iglfkitstln ofgcrjvns jd tln Efrjgi Uwfop ig tln gjrtlwnst. Jgby f sofbb snbnetijg jd tlnfgiofbs fgm kirms jd tln twig isbfgms efg kn ongtijgnm lnrn, kut it is jkvijus tlftgj isbfgm jd tln Snst Igmins sljws suel f vfrinm bfgmsefpn fgm gfturfb dbjrf fgmdfugf fs rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Knsimns, fs kjtl isbfgms frn situftnm ft tln sjutlnrgdrigcn jd tln Efrikknfg lurriefgn zjgn, djrtugftnby mnstruetivn trjpiefb stjros jdlurriefgn djren pfss jvnr tlno jgby vnry igdrnqungtby, up tj twj tions pnr engtury.

]ln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

Qjpubfr knbind lfs it tlft ft tln tion jd Ejbuokus tln Snst Igmins, igebumigcrigimfm fgm jkfcj, wnrn jeeupinm ky twj ofhjr igmicngjus crjupigcs, Efriks

fgm Frfwf`s. ln Frfwf`s frn mnpietnm fs cngtbn fgm pnfendub Fonrigmifgswlj wnrn wnbb-mispjsnm tjwfrms tln Nurjpnfg nxpbjrnrs wlibn tln Efriks wjubmlfvn knng tlnir fgtitlnsis, knigc dinren, wfrbi`n fgm ofg-nftnrs. Jd ejursn, tlnsnstnrnjtypns frn oirrjrnm ky jur krfgm gfons Frfwf` djr elie`ng onft (“bfeìgcejurfcn’) fgmEfrik djr knnr (“ofgby, mfugtbnss’). lis ntlgie ebfssidieftijg is kfsnmjg crjss oisugmnrstfgmigc fgm prnsngts f efriefturn jd tln fetufb igmicngjus pnjpbnsbivigc ig tln Fgtibbns ft ejgtfet. It is bfrcnby kfsnm jg tln ugeritiefb feenptfgen jd

tln dirst Upfgisl ioprnssijgs jd tln jricigfb iglfkitfgts jd tln Fgtibbns, wlielwnrn tljrjuclby oixnm witl prnejgenivnm iofcns pfrtifbby succnstnm ky onminvfbtljuclt. Knsimns, tln issun wfs ejgdusnm ky tln igfkibity jd frelfnjbjcists fgmfgtlrjpjbjcists tj mistigcuisl kntwnng bigcuistie fgm ntlgie crjupigcs fojgctln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Efrikknfg. It is iopjrtfgt tj rnfbizn tlft ntlgie imngtity,tln nxprnssijg jd f dnnbigc jd knbjgcigc tj f pfrtieubfr “pnjpbn’ (gftijg), is fofttnr jd snbd-fseriptijg. Ig stftnbnss sjeintins suel fs tljsn jd tln prn-EjbuokifgEfrikknfg, ntlgie ugity wfs nxprnssnm fgm rnigdjrenm ky tln usn jd f ejoojggfon, ky pfrtieubfr djros jd kjmy jrgfongtftijg fgm mrnss, fgm ky fmlnrngen tjfg imnjbjcy igvjbvigc rnejcgitijg jd f ejoojg jricig, fgm slfrigc ljstibn dnnbigcs

tj fgm stnrnjtypnm iofcns jd jtlnr pnjpbns.



3

Ejbuokus mnseriknm tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns fs cngtbn, pfeidiefgm jkbicigc pnjpbn, gfoigc tlno igmijs , f tnro wliel suksnqungtby rnofignmig usn fojgc tln Upfgisl fs igmieftigc lfrobnss fgm mjeibn gftivns wlj ejubmkn nfsiby sukhucftnm. Slibn sjjg fdtnrwfrms tln Upfgisl fttnopts ft ejbjgizigc

Lispfgijbf wjubm prjvj`n ofssivn fronm rnsistfgen ky tln gftivns, rnofr`fkby tlnjricigfb stnrnjtypn rnofignm. Ig jtlnr wjrms, tln Fonrigmifgs turgnm jut tj kn fspnfendub, jr wfrbi`n id yju wisl, fs tln Upfgisl. Slng ig tln gigntnngtl engturyseljbfrby igtnrnst ig Fgtibbnfg igmicngjus sjeinty fgm eubturn fwf`ngnm, bigcuisfppbinm tln gfon “Isbfgm Frfwf`s’ tj tln pnjpbns jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns. lny lfmmisejvnrnm tlft tln bfgcufcn spj`ng ky ojst Fonrigmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbnsig tln ejgtfet pnrijm is rnbftnm tj tlft jd tln “Bj`õgj’ jr “Frfwf`’ (“Frufe’), ftrikfb ntlgie crjupigc ft prnsngt stibb iglfkitigc tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs,kut djronrby bivigc ig sjutl rigimfm fgm tln Bjwnr Jrigjej Tfbbny fs wnbb. Kjtlbfgcufcns, fbknit outufbby ugigtnbbicikbn, efg kn fssicgnm tj tln Gjrtlnrg Frfwf`fg

bigcuistie dfoiby wliel is wimnsprnfm jg tln ofigbfgm jd Ujutl Fonrief.;

Itis gjtnwjrtly tlft “Frfwf`’ wfs gnvnr f gfon tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns usnm djr tlnosnbvns. “ fïgj’ is fgjtlnr ejbbnetivn tnro wliel wfs ejignmdjr tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns ky gigntnngtl-engtury bigcuists. Fetufbby,tfïgj is f gftivn fmhnetivn onfgigc “cjjm, gjkbn’, djroigc tln rjjt jdtln gjug gïtfigjs wliel wfs usnm tj igmieftn tln fristjerfey ig tln linrfreliefb(elindmjo-typn) igmicngjus sjeintins jd ft bnfst Lispfgijbf fgm Qunrtj [iej.

ln usn jd tln tnro Isbfgm jr Igsubfr Frfwf`, witl tln fmhnetivn drnqungtbyjoittnm, djr tln ejgtfet-pnrijm iglfkitfgts jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns wfs fmjptnm,nspneifbby ig tln fgcbjpljgn Efrikknfg, ky tln futljrs jd listjry tnxtkjj`s djr

priofry fgm snejgmfry seljjbs fgm djr tlis rnfsjg cfignm ofhjr pjpubfrity lnrn.Ojrnjvnr, fojgcst tln cngnrfb pukbie tln fppbieftijg jd tln tnro Frfwf` tj kjtltln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns fgm tln Bj`õgj, fbsj `gjwg fs tln“ run Frfwf`s’, lfs civng risn tj tln oistf`ng knbind tlft f ebjsn ntlgie rnbftijgslipnxistnm kntwnng tlnsn crjups jd pnjpbn. Ljwnvnr, it sljubm kn `npt ig oigm tlfttln spnf`nrs jd nvng ebjsnby rnbftnm bfgcufcns ofy ejgsimnr tlnosnbvns fs knbjgcigtj quitn middnrngt ntlgie ugitins (“pnjpbns, gftijgs’). lig` djr igstfgen jd tlnNgcbisl, Uejts, Irisl, Fonriefgs, Efgfmifgs, fgm tln gftijgs jd tln fgcbjpljgnEfrikknfg, fbb spnfìgc Ngcbisl kut gnvnrtlnbnss tligìgc jd tlnosnbvns fs quitnmiddnrngt pnjpbns fgm tlus rndnrrigc tj tlnosnbvns ky ngtirnby middnrngt gfon5

lis fppbinm tj tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd prn-Ejbuokifg tions fs wnbb. Ebnfrby,tln tnro Frfwf` sljubm kn fkfgmjgnm wlng rndnrngen is ofmn tj tln Igmifgs jdtln Crnftnr Fgtibbns. It sljubm kn fppbinm jgby tj tln Bj`õgj jr Frfwf`s jd tlnofigbfgm fgm rigimfm, wlj usnm kjtl gfons tj rndnr tj tlnosnbvns. lis is gjttj sfy tlft fïgj is fg fpprjpriftn gfon djr tln ejgtfet-pnrijm iglfkitfgts jd tln

; ]is bfgcufcn dfoiby wfs efbbnm fs suel sigen tln bfgcufcn jd tln Bj`õgj jr Frfwf`s jd tln Cuifgfswfs tln strst jd its guonrjus igmivimufb onoknr bfgcufcns wliel wfs tljrjuclby mnseriknm. Id tlnspnnel jd tln rnbftnm Cjfhirj gftijg jd wnst Tngnzunbf wjubm lfvn knng tln nfrbinst wnbb mjeuongtnm Frfwf`fg bfgcufcn, it wjubm lfvn knng efbbnm igstnfm tln Cjfhirjfg dfoiby.

5 Uioibfrby, fbtljucl Ngcbisl, tjcntlnr witl djr igstfgen Mutel, Cnrofg, Mfgisl, fgm Uwnmisl,knbjgcs tj tln Cnrofgie crjup jd bfgcufcns, tln Ngcbisl wjubm gjt tlig` jd it efbbigc tlnosnbvnsCnrofgs.



<

Crnftnr Fgtibbns. Ejgtrfry tj wlft is jdtng tljuclt, tlnsn Igmifgs gnvnr nopbjynmfg jvnrfbb gfon djr tlnosnbvns, fs f sngsn jd ejoougfbity fojgcst tlno siopbymim gjt nxist. Igstnfm, ojst bi`nby tlny usnm tln gfons jd tln bjefb (elindmjo)pjbitins tj wliel tlny knbjgcnm fs snbd-fseriptijgs, ig tlis wfy nxprnssigc dnnbigcs

jd ntlgie ugity.Ejbuokus pjrtrfynm tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns fs tln ongtfbfgm knlfvijurfb jppjsitns jd tlnigmijsjd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns. fbns drjo tlnbfttnr murigc lis dirst vjyfcn tj tln Snst Igmins igmuenm tln Fmoirfb tj knbinvntlft f rfen jd knbbicnrngt, fcrnssivn fgm fgtlrjpjplfcjus (ofg-nftigc) Igmifgs,vfrijusby efbbnmefgiof , efgikf , efgïkfbns , efrïkfbns jr efrikns , wlj igstibbnm tlniglfkitfgts jd Eukf fgm Lispfgijbf witl mnfmby dnfr, jeeupinm isbfgms ruojurnmtj nxist tjwfrms tln nfst fgm sjutlnfst jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns. Jkvijusby, tlnjricigfb djro jd tln gfon ofy lfvn knngefgikf wliel wfs ojmidinm tjefgïkfbns fgmefrikns . ^gdjrtugftnby, tln vnrfeity jd Ejbuokus’ writigcs jg tlis ofttnr

is middieubt tj cfucn. ln prjkbno jd ejoougieftigc kntwnng tln Upfgisl fgmIgmifgs murigc tln dirst vjyfcn, fgm tln Fmoirfb’s jricigfb knbind tlft ln lfmont djbbjwnrs jd Eligf’s Crnft @lfg, ofy wnbb lfvn igdbungenm tln rnbifkibityfgm feeurfey jd tln gjtns ig lismifrij. It is quitn jkvijus tlft djr tln Upfgisltln gfon efrikns gnvnr lfm f spneidie, wnbb-eireuoseriknm ntlgie onfgigc8 it hustsicgidinm dinren, suppjsnmby fgtlrjpjplfcjus Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn middieubt tjsukhucftn. It wfs tlnir suppjsnm efggikfbiso wliel ig 6>15 igmuenm tln UpfgislErjwg tj futljrizn tlnir ngsbfvnongt, fs f rnsubt jd wliel, drjo tlng jgwfrms,tln Upfgisl ejbjgists ig tln Snst Igmins fppbinm tln gfonefrikns tj fs ofgy Fonrigmifg pnjpbns fs pjssikbn, kjtl ig tln Efrikknfg fgm knyjgm. Gnvnrtlnbnss,

“Efrikns’ (Ngcbisl “Efriks’) rnprnsngts tln gfon ugmnr wliel f pfrtieubfr trikfbntlgie crjup jd Fonrigmifgs lfs knejon ̀ gjwg, wliel ft ejgtfet tions iglfkitnmpfrts jd rigimfm, tln Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs, fgm tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm tln sjutlnrgojst Bnnwfrm Isbfgms.

ln prnsngt Efriks jd tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn fgm Tngnzunbf efbb tlnosnbvns“@fbi’gf’ jr “@fri’gf’ (onfgigc “pnrsjg, pnjpbn’). lnsn “Ofigbfgm Efriks’ (fbsj`gjwg fs Cfbikis) spnf` f bfgcufcn knbjgcigc tj tln Efrikfg bigcuistie dfoiby,wliel bi`n Frfwf`fg djros jgn jd tln ojst wimnsprnfm bfgcufcn stje`s jd tlnUjutl Fonriefg trjpiefb bjwbfgms. Bigcuistiefbby tln Efriks, wlj djronrbyjeeupinm tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm Cufmnbjupn, Ojgtsnrrft fgm Ut. @itts, wnrn

quitn middnrngt drjo tlnir ìgsong jg tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm. lnsn“Isbfgm Efriks’ spj`n twj vfrifgts jd wlft wfs kfsiefbby Gjrtlnrg Frfwf`fg, i.n., fdnofbn fgm f ofbn rncistnr, jd wliel tln bfttnr sljws guonrjus Efrikfg vjefkubfrkjrrjwigcs. lnir ejoojg gfon, wliel wfs rnejrmnm ig tln oim-snvngtnngtlengtury, nxprnssns strjgc dnnbigcs jd ntlgie ugity witl tln Efriks jd tln ofigbfgm,sigen tln ofbn Isbfgm Efriks usnm tln sfon gfon fs tln bfttnr tj igmieftn tlnirpnjpbn (gftijg)8 tlny efbbnm tlnosnbvns “@fbi’gfcj’ wliel is jkvijusby mnrivnmdrjo tln gfon @fbi’gf. Ejgsnqungtby, wlibn ejgsimnrigc tlnosnbvns ntlgiefbby tjknbjgc tj tln Efrikfg-spnfìgc Efriks jd tln ofigbfgm, tln Isbfgm Efriks spj`nprigeipfbby Frfwf`fg. Ig tln snvngtnngtl engtury tln Isbfgm Efrik ofbns nxpbfignm

tlis situftijg ky ebfioigc tlft tln jricig jd tlnir pnjpbn stnoonm drjo f oicrftijg



9

drjo tln ejfst jd tln Cuifgfs, ig tln prjenss jd wliel tln ofbns jd

tln jricigfb iglfkitfgts jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns wnrn ìbbnm, wlibn tlndnofbns wnrn tf`ng fs sbfvns fgm ejgeukigns. ln bfttnr wjubm lfvnprnsnrvnm tlnir jricigfb, Frfwf`fg, bfgcufcn wlibn tln ofbns bjstojst jd tlnir jwg spnnel ig tln gnw ngvirjgongt.

Ft tln tion jd tln Nurjpnfg ngejugtnr rigimfm wfs f ejopbnxoubtintlgie fgm oubtibigcufb ejgcbjonrftn jd Fonrigmifg “gftijgs’(Dic. =). It wfs gjt ugtib tln 6>91s tlft tln gfons jd tlnsn vfrijusigmicngjus pnjpbns wnrn rnejrmnm. Feejrmigc tj Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl,

rigimfm wfs iglfkitnm ky divn middnrngt Fonrigmifg crjupigcs8Efrignpfcjtj, Frfwf`, Ulnkfij, Yfij, fgm Gnpjij. Ig tln sixtnngtl

engtury tln Efrignpfcjtj bivnm ig gjrtlwnst rigimfm. lnir gfonis ebnfrby mnrivnm drjo tlft jd tln @fbi’gf, tj wliel-pf (“pbfen’) fgm-cjtj lfvn knng fddixnm, tln bfttnr knigc f tnroigfb ejoojgby fmmnmtj trikfb gfons jd Efrikfg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifgs. Fbb jd tlis succnststlft tln Efrignpfcjtj djronm f Ofigbfgm Efrik trikfb sncongt. Fpfrt drjo tln Efrignpfcjtj, twj jtlnr, gjw nxtiget, Efrikfg-spnfìgc trikfb pnjpbns iglfkitnm rigimfm ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm, tln Yfij fgm tln Gnpjij. ln Yfij bivnm ig sjutlwnst rigimfm. lnyofy lfvn knng rnbftnm nspneifbby witl tln Efrikfg-spnfìgc pnjpbnsbivigc jg tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst wlj wnrn ntlgiefbby middnrngt drjo

tln @fbi’gf (fgm @fbi’gfcj). ln mjeuongtfry sjurens succnst tlft

Dicurn =. Ofp j ]rigimfm

fgm ]jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigcFonrigmifg ntlgie crjups ig

tln ejgtfet pnrijm (ef. 6>11).



61

tln Yfij wnrn oubtibigcufb. lny wnrn tj kn djugm fbsj ig tln wnstnrg ejfstfbzjgn jd tln Cuifgfs. ln engtrfb fgm nfstnrg pfrts jd rigimfm wnrn jeeupinm kyGnpjij, kut tlny iglfkitnm strntelns jd tln Bjwnr Jrigjej vfbbny fgm mnbtf fs wnbb.

F ofigbfgm ejggnetijg is sioibfrby snng fojgc tln Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc

Fonrigmifg trikfb crjupigcs jd rigimfm8 tln Frfwf`s (Bj`õgj) fgm Ulnkfij.lnsn twj (gjw fofbcfoftnm) ntlgie crjups iglfkitnm tln engtrfb fgm wnstnrgpfrts jd tln isbfgm’s sjutl ejfst. Digfbby, f sixtl Fonrigmifg pnjpbn, tln Elfcufgns,is rnpjrtnm tj lfvn bivnm ebjsn tj tln engtrfb-wnstnrg ejfstfb zjgn jd rigimfm fkjut6411. ( ln pbfen gfon Elfcufgfs is mnrivnm drjo tlnir gfon.) ln Elfcufgns(Uifwfgi) djronm f suktrikn jd tln Sfrfj, f ofhjr Fonrigmifg crjupigc stibb

Dicurn >. Ofp j ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc ofhjr pfbfnjgtjbjciefb fgm frelfnjbjciefb sitns. Bncngm8 (6) Djssib ofoofb

sitns0 (;) Bitlie/Frelfie Fcn sitns0 (5) Enrfoie Fcn sitns0 (=) Listjrie-Fonrigmifg sitns0 (>) pntrjcbypls. @ny tj sitns8 (6) Djrnst

[nsnrvn0 (;) Bjs Kfhjs0 (5) [jkigsjg Erusjn Efvn0 (=) Kieln0 (>) Kfgwfri ]rfen0 (4) Ut. Hjlg0 (3) Qjjgfl [jfm0 (<) Jrtjirn0 (9) Ejefb 60

(61) Oib jrm 60 (66) Kjg Feejrm 6―>0 (6;) Kbfgelissnusn0 (65) Bf [nejggfissfgen0 (6=) Ut. Hjsnpl ;0 (6>) [nm Ljusn0 (64) Ufgmnrs Kfy,

Elfefelfefrn Isbfgm0 (63) Kjokslnbb Kfy, Efspfr Crfgmn Isbfgm0 (6<) Ftfcufb0 (69) Slitnbfgms0 (;1) Ofgzfgibbf 60 (;6) Ut. Knrgfrm0

(;;) Bfcjg Mjux 60 (;5) Ut. Eftlnrign’s0 (;=) Cufyfcufyfrn0 (;>) Kftçongt Erfsé0 (;4) Ofrfe ;0 (;3) Crfgt’s ]rfen0 (;<) Bjs Irjs0

(;9) Vuigfo0 (51) Qfbj Unej0 (56) Nrig0 (5;) Iefejs0 (55) Enmrjs0 (5=) Jtflnitn0 (5>) Qitel Bf`n 6―;0 (54) Kjgtjur0 (53) Ufg

Dnrgfgmj―Lfrris Qrjongfmn/Licl Utrnnt0 (5<) Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy0 (59) Bjvnrs’ [ntrnft0 (=1) Ojugt Irvign 60 (=6) Ojugt Irvign 50

(=;) Dringmslip0 (=5) Cjbmng Crjvn0 (==) Ejurbfgm [ivnr0 (=>) Erjwg Qjigt0 (=4) Ufvfgntf ;0 (=3) Ofyj0 (=<) Qrigens ]jwg 60

(=9) Friof0 (>1) Efrrnrf Isbfgm0 (>6) Cjbmng Crjvn0 (>;) Ojrucf [jfm/Nsonrfbmf0 (>5) Ofojrfb0 (>=) Efuritf.



66

bivigc ig tln mnbtf jd tln Jrigjej fgm tln wnstnrg pjrtijg jd tln Cuifgfs. lnyspnf` fg igmnpngmngt bfgcufcn (Sfrfjfg), gjt rnbftnm tj Frfwf`fg jr Efrikfg. Sfrfj drjo tln Jrigjej mnbtf visitnm sjutl rigimfm rncubfrby ugtib rnengtby. Igtln ejgtfet pnrijm jkfcj wfs, ugbi`n rigimfm, iglfkitnm ky jgby jgn Fonrigmifg

ntlgie crjup. Drjo tln nfrby sixtnngtl engtury jgwfrms it is rnejrmnm tlft Efriksjeeupinm tln sofbbnr isbfgm. Slntlnr tlnsn wnrn Ofigbfgm Efriks (@fbi’gf) jrIsbfgm Efriks (@fbi’gfcj), tlus spnfìgc Efrikfg jr kfsiefbby Frfwf`fg, is gjtngtirnby ebnfr. ln dirst pjssikibity fppnfrs tj kn tln ojst bi`nby jgn.

It sljubm kn `npt ig oigm, tlft bigcuistie fddibiftijg fgm ntlgieity frn ejgenptswliel frn fbojst ejopbntnby knyjgm frelfnjbjciefb rntrinvfb, tln rnfsjg wlyfrelfnjbjcists lfvn tj ebfssidy tlnir ugits ig tnros jd eubturfb trfmitijgs (“snrins’)rftlnr tlfg, djr igstfgen, ig tnros jd “ntlgie crjups’ jr “pnjpbns’. Knsimns, fswn lfvn snng, mun tj tln bfe` jd writtng mjeuongts ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions,igmicngjus trikfb gfons, suel fs tljsn bistnm fkjvn djr tln ejgtfet pnrijm, efggjt

kn fssicgnm tj tln prnlistjrie eubturfb trfmitijgs frelfnjbjcists frn fkbn tj imngtidy. Fgm igmnnm, tlnir bigcuistie fddibiftijgs efg jgby kn cunssnm ft. Sn frn siopbyugfkbn tj civn f gfon, suel fs Yfij, Efrik, Frfwf` jr Gnpjij, tj frelfnjbjciefbdigms wliel efg kn mftnm tj prnlistjrie tions. Ejgsnqungtby, frelfnjbjcists usngfons jd frelfnjbjciefb sitns tj rndnr tj tln eubturfb trfmitijgs tlny efg mistigcuislig tln prn-Ejbuokifg nrf. lus, tlny spnf` djr igstfgen jd tln Enmrjs fgm QfbjUnej eubturfb ejopbnxns ig rigimfm, kjtl knbjgcigc tj tln Ufbfmjim snrins, wlngrndnrrigc tj twj suksnqungt bjefb eubturfb trfmitijgs typidinm ky tln Enmrjs fgmQfbj Unej sitns jg tln isbfgm’s sjutl ejfst, wliel knbjgcnm tj jgn jvnrfreligcfgm bjgc-bfstigc trfmitijg, efbbnm Ufbfmjim fdtnr tln sitn jd Ufbfmnrj jg tln Bjw

Jrigjej [ivnr ig Tngnzunbf.

Misejvnry jd frelfnjbjciefb sitns

Igtnrnst ig tln prn-Ejbuokifg fgtiquitins jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj wfs strst rjusnm igtln snejgm lfbd jd tln gigntnngtl engtury. Murigc nxpbjrftijg survnys jd nspneifbbytln ejfstfb frnfs jd kjtl isbfgms ft vfrijus bjeftijgs, bfrcn mnpjsits jd slnbbs wnrnmisejvnrnm wliel ejubm gjt kn igtnrprntnm fs gfturfb plngjongf. Knsimns, ofgy jdtlnsn slnbb lnfps, ebnfrby tln rndusn oimmngs jd vibbfcns jr lfobnts iglfkitnm ky tlprn-Ejbuokifg iglfkitfgts jd tln twig isbfgms, yinbmnm pjttnry drfcongts fgm tjjbs

ofmn jd stjgn, kjgn, slnbb fgm/jr ejrfb, fgm jeefsijgfbby Fonrigmifg igluoftijgkurifbs. ]n seingtiste stumy jd tlnsn djronr snttbnongts tlrjucl frelfnjbjciefbnxefvftijgs wfs igitiftnm ig tln nfrby twngtintl engtury fgm lfs feenbnrftnm murigctln pfst mnefmns. j mftn sjon 511 rncistnrnm frelfnjbjciefb sitns frn `gjwg ig

rigimfm fgm jkfcj, fbtljucl sjon lfvn knng mnstrjynm ig tln rnengt pfst (Dic.>). Uitn mngsity is bjwnst ig engtrfb fgm gjrtl rigimfm fs wnbb fs igtnrijr jkfcj.]is, jkvijusby, is mun tj tln listjry jd frelfnjbjciefb igvnsticftijg ig kjtl isbfgmswliel lfs snng f ejgengtrftijg jd rnsnfrel ig sjutl rigimfm fgm sjutlwnst

jkfcj. ^gdjrtugftnby, tln bncfb prjtnetijg jd tlnsn pbfens jd eubturfb lnritfcnig tln twj isbfgms bnfvns ouel tj kn mnsirnm. Djrtugftnby, tln urcngt gnenssity jd





65

Unvnrfb middnrngt eftncjrins jd frelfnjbjciefb sitns efg knmistigcuislnm ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj. ln dirst crjup igebumnssnttbnongt sitns, yinbmigc mnnp oimmng (rndusn) mnpjsits, spne`bn

witl guonrjus digms jd Fonrigmifg oftnrifb eubturn, fgm sjibdnfturns. Djjm mnkris suel fs fgiofb fgm disl kjgn rnofigs, fs wnbbfs slnbbs, frn elfrfetnristie. Ig sjutl rigimfm suel sitns frn jdtngbjefbby `gjwg fselipelip libbs, fdtnr tln vnrgfeubfr gfon jd tlnojst pjpubfr nmikbn kivfbvn jd tln isbfgm, tln mjgfx ebfo, wliel igvfrijus igstfgens igmnnm djros tln ofhjr ejopjgngt jd tlnsn rndusnlnfps (Dic. 4). Unttbnongt sitns frn jdtng elfrfetnriznm ky guonrjusigmivimufb jr ejbbnetivn igluoftijg kurifbs. Qjttnry mnpjsitsrnprnsngt fgjtlnr eftncjry jd sitns. lny igebumn surdfen sefttnrs jdenrfoies fgm jtlnr frtidfets, bfeìgc fpprneifkbn fojugts jd djjm

rnofigs. Ig ojst efsns suel pjttnry mnpjsits igmieftn tnopjrfryefop jr kivjufe sitns, utibiznm krindby ky tln Fonrigmifgs murigclugtigc, disligc jr ejbbnetigc nxpnmitijgs. Dbigt mnpjsits, i.n. rndusn jrwjr`sljp frnfs ft wliel gj pinens jd pjttnry fgm gncbicikbn fojugtsjd djjm rnofigs frn djugm, ejgstitutn fgjtlnr typn jd frelfnjbjciefbsitns. Igmivimufb digms jd nspneifbby Fonrigmifg stjgn iopbnongtsrnprnsngt f spneifb eftncjry jd sitns8 tlny ofy igmieftn tln bjeftijgswlnrn spneifb fetivitins tjj` pbfen suel fs ofgudfeturigc efgjns,ejbbnetigc vncntfkbn djjms jr igvnrtnkrftns suel fs erfks fgm slnbbs,fgm ljrtieubturfb wjr`.

Dicurn 3. Qrn-Ejbuokifg

pntrjcbypls (rje` mrfwigcs)

ft Efuritf (UCN-9), gjrtl j

Ut. Hjsnpl ig tln Gjrtlnrg[fgcn, ]rigimfm.



6=

ln fcn jd ojst frelfnjbjciefb sitns fgm tln oftnrifb rnofigs tlny yinbmefg kn mntnroignm ky f snrins jd ontljms, igebumigc mftigc usigc tln sj-efbbnmrfmijefrkjg ontljm jd jrcfgie rnofigs, nspneifbby elfrejfb. lnrn is jgn eftncjryjd sitns, ljwnvnr, djr wliel tlis is pjssikbn jgby ugmnr nxenptijgfb eireuostfgens8

pntrjcbypls. lnsn frn Fonrigmifg rje` mrfwigcs, wliel gj mjukt jricigfbbydjronm tln engtrn jd pfrtieubfr rnbicijus enrnojgins. Ft prnsngt jgby jgn nxfopbn isstibb tj kn snng fgm visitnm, pne`nm fgm elisnbbnm ky tln prn-Ejbuokifg iglfkitfgtsjd rigimfm igtj tln surdfen jd f kic qufrtzitn kjubmnr situftnm gjrtl jd Efuritfrfvign ig tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn. It is enrtfigby jgn jd tln ojst igtnrnstigc fgmoystnrijus ojguongts tln prnlistjrie iglfkitfgts jd tln twig isbfgms lfvn bndt us.Gj rje` mrfwigcs frn `gjwg drjo jkfcj, wlibn f pntrjcbypl, wliel rnpjrtnmbydjronrby wfs tj kn snng ebjsn tj tln Bfcjg Mjux (Ofrin [jsn) [ivnr ig Ofyfrj,lfs sigen knng ejvnrnm witl f dnw ontrns jd sfgm mun tj f elfgcn ig tln rivnrknm. ln rje` mrfwigcs jd Efuritf frn tj kn djugm ig tln licl djrnst sjutlnfst jd

Nb ueueln (Dic. 3). lny ejgsist jd f guoknr jd luofg-bi`n lnfms fgm dicurns,pne`nm igtj tln rje` surdfen. Jgn engtrfb dicurn, wliel lfs knng bi`ngnm tj fprncgfgt wjofg, efg kn misenrgnm8 it lfs f mifojgm-slfpnm kjmy, rfisnm fros fgmfg jvfb lnfm ig wliel nyns, ojutl fgm gjsn frn igmieftnm ky pits. Ft bnfst tlrnnjtlnr dfens, sljwigc sioibfrby nxneutnm dnfturns, frn rnprnsngtnm. Slj ofmn tlnEfuritf rje` mrfwigcs fgm wlng rnofigs f oystnry0 tln jgby tligc wn ̀ gjw is tlfttlny frn prn-Ejbuokifg ig fcn. Knsimns, tln onfgigc jd tlnsn rje` mrfwigcs efgjgby kn cunssnm ft. Qnrlfps tlny frn rnprnsngtftijgs jd tln eubturn lnrjns, spirits jrjtlnr supnrgfturfb knigcs ig Fonrigmifg oytljbjcy. lny ofy lfvn knng elisnbbnmigtj tln rje` ky tln igmicngjus slfofg (onmieign ofg) ugmnr tln igdbungen jd

lfbbueigjcngie mrucs, wliel wnrn tf`ng tj igmuen fg nestftie trfgen ig jrmnr tjejgtfet tln spirit wjrbm.



6> ( . ― )

;. ]ln dirst snttbnrs(ef. <111―511 KE)

It wfs gjt ugtib fkjut 3111/4111 KE tlft, mun tj tln cbjkfb snf bnvnb risn fdtnrtln ebjsn jd tln Bfst Ien Fcn, rigimfm knefon fg isbfgm. Jgby f oibbnggiuo jr sjfdtnrwfrms it cjt its prnsngt ejgtjurs, ofìgc rigimfm tln didtl bfrcnst isbfgm jdtln Efrikknfg. jkfcj, tjj, is f ejgtigngtfb isbfgm, kut its bfgm krimcn witl tlnofigbfgm wfs krj`ng ft f ouel nfrbinr stfcn, pnrlfps ky 66,111 KE. lrjucljuttln digfb pfrt jd tln Bfst Ien Fcn tln bfgmsefpn jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj wfs quitn

middnrngt drjo tlft jd tjmfy. Onfg fggufb tnopnrfturn wfs sjon =―>±E bjwnrtlfg ft prnsngt fgm, ojst iopjrtfgtby, tlnrn wfs ouel bnss rfigdfbb. Fs f rnsubtdjrnsts wnrn ouel ojrn jpng fgm ofigby rnstrietnm tj tln ojugtfig rimcns jd kjtlisbfgms. Knsimns, sfvfggfs, i.n. wimn crfssbfgms witl sefttnrnm trnns, wnrn ouojrn nxtngmnm. Uofbb rnbies jd suel sfvfggfs frn tj kn djugm gjwfmfys ft jgbyf dnw pbfens, djr igstfgen ft Fripj ig tln Efrjgi Tfbbny jd gjrtl rigimfm. j fenrtfig nxtngt tlnsn Ien Fcn sfvfggfs rnsnokbnm tlnbbfgjs , i.n. tln nxtngmnm crfssypbfigs jd prnsngt Tngnzunbf fgm Ejbjokif.

lis jricigfb bfgmsefpn jd kjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcj wfs rjfonm ky f dfugfwliel is ngtirnby middnrngt drjo tlft jd gjwfmfys fs it ejgsistnm prnmjoigfgtby

jd jvnrsiznm (“oncfdfugfb’) fgiofbs wliel frn gjw nxtiget. [nofigs jd tlnsn Ien Fcn fgiofbs lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ft sitns ig sjutlwnst rigimfm, ofigby gjwdibbnm-ig strnfo elfggnbs jr pjgms wlnrn tlny efon tj mrig` fgm kftln (Dic. >). Fbb jd tlnsn bfrcn fgiofbs wnrn sbjw ojvnrs, dnnmigc jg crfssns, twics jr bnfvns

lny igebumn djr igstfgen cifgt crjugm sbjtls, tln Oncftlnriuo fgm Oybjmjg, fgmcbyptjmjgts, i.n. bfrcn ofoofbs rnbftnm tj tln prnsngt frofmibbj (tfttjj ), fgm lucntus`nm fgiofbs, fgenstjrs jd tjmfy’s nbnplfgt, `gjwg fs ofstjmjgs jr ofoouts.Ig 69>3 fg ngtirnCbyptjmjg s`nbntjg, djugm murigc miccigc djr fg jib wnbb, wfsnxefvftnm ky tln cnjbjcist Mr. @nggntl S. Kfrr ft Djrnst [nsnrvn ig sjutlwnst

rigimfm. Cbyptjmjgt rnofigs lfvn knng rnejvnrnm fbsj drjo tln dfojus [jkigsjg

Erusjn Efvn ig sjutlwnst jkfcj. Cbyptjmjgts lfm tln sizn jd f sofbb efr fgmwlng f Oncftlnriuo stjjm jg its ligm bncs fgm strntelnm itsnbd, it ejubm rnfel tlnkrfgelns jd trnns fs licl fs 5 o. Kjgns jd f Oncftlnriuo djugm ft Bjs Kfhjs ig695> frn nxlikitnm ig tln Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig. Fbbjd tlnsn “oncfdfugfb’ fgiofbs knefon nxtiget ft tln ebjsn jd tln Ien Fcn. Gjw tlnbfgmsefpn jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj elfgcnm trnongmjusby. ln ebioftie ejgmitijgsioprjvnm8 it knefon wfronr fgm ouel wnttnr. Fs f rnsubt tln nxistigc djrnstsknefon mngsnr fgm nxpfgmnm igtj frnfs djronrby ebfm witl sfvfggfs. ln bfttnrfbojst misfppnfrnm.





63 ( . ― )

efbbnm Jrtjirjim (efbbnm fdtnr tln sioibfr kutouel ojrn rnengt Jrtjirn sitn ig Ofyfrj). Fstln pnjpbn jd Kfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg lfmgjt ynt ofstnrnm tln frt jd pjttnry ofìgc,

tln nrf jd tln Jrtjirjim trfmitijg is `gjwg fstln Frelfie Fcn. lis prn-Ejbuokifg pnrijm,wliel djbbjwnm tln Bitlie Fcn, wjubm bfst djrtljusfgms jd ynfrs murigc wliel tln Jrtjirjimpnjpbns sprnfm tlrjucl tln Snst Igmins.

It wfs mun tj tln ugenfsigc nddjrts jd bjefbfvjeftijgfb frelfnjbjcists, onoknrs jd tln

rigimfm fgm jkfcj Listjriefb Ujeinty (UjutlUnetijg) bnm ky Qntnr J’Kring Lfrris, tlftig Jetjknr 6949 frelfnjbjciefb nxefvftijgs

stfrtnm ft tln Kfgwfri rfen sitn bjeftnm gnfrUfg Drfgeiqun. lny wjubm bfst wnbb igtj 6936fgm wnrn rnsuonm ky Lfrris, fssistnm ky f crjupjd yjugc vjbugtnnr frelfnjbjcists, ig ;11>. Ut. Hjlg wfs nxefvftnm fs nfrby fs 69>5 ky f tnfobnm ky tln “dftlnr’ jd Efrikknfg frelfnjbjcy,Qrjdnssjr Irvigc [jusn jd Yfbn ^givnrsity, GnwLfvng, ̂ UF. Slibn ft prnsngt tln Ut. Hjlg sitnis ejopbntnby mnstrjynm, tln gjw rnofigigcpjrtijg jd tln Kfgwfri rfen sitn wfs fequirnm

ky tln cjvnrgongt jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj ig;111, ig tlis wfy cufrfgtnnigc its prjtnetijgfs f truby gftijgfb sitn jd eubturfb lnritfcn.Mftigc jd elfrejfb fgm slnbb sfopbns drjo kjtlsitns usigc tln rfmijefrkjg ontljm nstfkbislnmtlnir fcn, kntwnng 4111 fgm =111 KE.

ln Fonrigmifgs jd Kfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg wnrn lugtnrs, dislnrs, djrfcnrs, fgm igeipingt ljrtieubturfbists(cfrmngnrs). Ky mivnrsidyigc tlnir suksistngen strftncins ig tlis wfy,tlny wnrn fkbn tj ejgsuon f bfrcn vfrinty jd djjmstudds8 tlny lfm f

“krjfm-spnetruo mint’. Djronrby it wfs tljuclt tlft ljrtieubturn wfsigtrjmuenm tj tln Snst Igmins ft f ouel bftnr mftn, kut ofgy jd tlnstjgn iopbnongts usnm ky tln Kfgwfri pnjpbn wnrn igtngmnm djr tlnprjenssigc jd pbfgt djjms. Knsimns, fgfbysis jd stfrel crfigs trfppnm igdissurns fgm pjrns jd stjgn pnstbns djugm ft Ut. Hjlg yinbmnm nvimngtlft tln Frelfie Fonrigmifgs wlj bivnm ft tlis sitn ejgsuonm ofizn(ejrg), elibi pnppnrs, fgm crjugm prjvisijgs suel fs swnnt pjtftjns,Igmifg sljt (felirf ), pnrlfps Igmifg yfo fgm ejjgtin (zfoif). lnbfttnr is f liclby tjxie, wibm tuknrjus pbfgt, wliel wfs pnrlfpstngmnm ky tln iglfkitfgts jd Ut. Hjlg. Qrjenssigc ejjgtin wjubm lfvn

igvjbvnm crigmigc tln tuknrs igtj ofsl tlft lfm tj kn bndt tj dnrongt

Dicurn 9. Elrjgjbjciefb

elfrt j ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj,

sljwigc tln snqungen j

prn-Ejbuokifg eubturfbtrfmitijgs, rnejgstruetnm rjo

frelfnjbjciefb nxefvftijgs,

fgm tlnir mftigc. Lfelnm

npisjmns ig tln ejbuogs,

ugiglfkitnm jr jeeupftijg ynt

ug`gjwg.



6<

ugtib ofccjts fppnfrnm, sicgfbbigc mntjxidieftijg. Durtlnr rnsnfrel isgnenssfry tj mnnpng jur ugmnrstfgmigc jd tln ljrtieubturfb prfetiensjd tln Kfgwfri pnjpbn. Ig fmmitijg, tlny ofy lfvn ejbbnetnm wibmdjjm pbfgts, pfbo stfrel, crfss snnms, fgm nmikbn druits. Eubtivftijgwjubm lfvn tf`ng pbfen priofriby ig sofbb-siznm ljusn jr ìtelngcfrmngs, typiefbby sljwigc f snnoigcby elfjtie pfeìgc jd eubtivftnmpbfgts, nfel jd wliel is rnprnsngtnm ky jgby f bioitnm guoknr jdigmivimufbs. lnsn ljusn cfrmngs wjubm nvngtufbby mnvnbjp igtjtrun “swimmngs’, i.n. ljrtieubturfb pbjts, cngnrfbby bnss tlfg f lnetfrnig sizn, wliel wnrn tibbnm systnoftiefbby fgm pbfgtnm witl f sofbb

guoknr jd crjugm prjvisijgs, snnm erjps fgm druit trnns. ln ebnfrigcjd tlnsn dinbms tjj` pbfen ky siopbn sbfsl-fgm-kurg tnelgiquns. Ojstjd tlno wnrn jgby prjmuetivn djr f dnw ynfrs.

Lugtigc fgm disligc wnrn iopjrtfgt suksistngen fetivitins jd tln Frelfie Fonrigmifgs bivigc ft tln nmcn jd tln Jrjpueln Bfcjjg.Lugtigc tjj` pbfen priofriby ig tln djrnsts fwfy drjo tln bfcjjg,wlnrn ofoofbs suel fs ljwbnr ojg`nys, ejoojg jpjssuos, gign-kfgmnm frofmibbjs, spigy rfts, fcjutis, pfefs, ejbbfrnm pneefrins,fgm rnm krje`nt mnnr wnrn efuclt. Disligc tjj` pbfen kjtl ig tlnJrjpueln Bfcjjg fgm tln Cubd jd Qfrif0 fbojst lfbd jd tln disl

efuclt knbjgcnm tj tln snf eftdisl dfoiby. Crfmufbby disligc knefon

Dicurn 61. Tinw j tlnJrjpueln Uwfop, mirnetby

wnst j tln frelfnjbjciefb sitn

j Ut. Hjlg (UQF-66), ]rigimfm,

mftigc tj tln Frelfie Fcn, ef.

4111―=111 KE.



69 ( . ― )

ojrn fgm ojrn iopjrtfgt ft tln nxpngsn jd lugtigc. Slibn lugtigc fgm disligcwnrn ojst bi`nby ofbn jeeupftijgs, tln ejbbnetigc jd slnbbs ofy lfvn knng typiefbbytln fetivity jd wjong fgm elibmrng. lny cftlnrnm cfstrjpjms suel fs rivnr ejgelsfgm gnritns, fgm kivfbvns igebumigc ticnr bueigfs fgm, drjo tln bfcjjg’s ofgcrjvns, Snst Igmifg erjwg ejgels, fgm twj spneins jd jystnrs, i.n. ’Ejjg jystnrs fgmEfrikknfg jystnrs. (Igmnnm, fs nfrby fs 6>9> Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl gjtnm fpprjvigcbyfkjut tln jystnrs drjo tln Jrjpueln Bfcjjg tlft tlny “wnrn vnry sfbt fgm wnbbtfstnm’.) Ig fmmitijg, kbun erfks fgm lfiry (efbbfbjj) erfks wnrn efuclt djr djjm.

ln Kfgwfri pnjpbn usnm f vfrinty jd crjugm stjgn tjjbs djr prjenssigc nspneifbbytln vncntfkbn djjms tlny eubtivftnm fgm cftlnrnm, suel fs ejgiefb pnstbns, pittnm

stjgns jr fgvibs (djr erfeìgc pfbo guts) fgm vfrijus typns jd crigmigc stjgns,igebumigc “dfentnm’ jr “simn’ crigmnrs sljwigc trfens jd crigmigc nxebusivnby rtln (gfrrjw) nmcns (djr crigmigc fgm/jr ofsligc kjtl rjjt fgm snnm erjps). lnylfm siznfkbn crjugm stjgn fxns (Dic. 66) djr euttigc trnns fgm tln ofgudfeturnjd mucjut efgjns,> wlibn tlny usnm sofbb, irrncubfr dbf`n fgm ejrn tjjbs ofmnjd qufrtz, dbigt, elnrt jr jtlnr bjefb rje` oftnrifbs djr f vfrinty jd purpjsns, n.c.euttigc onft, sefbigc disl, pryigc slnbbs jpng, serfpigc sìgs, digisligc wjjmngfrrjwslfdts, fgm prjenssigc vncntfkbn dikrns djr ofìgc kfs`nts. Knsimns, sofbb

> rnns wnrn eut ky fbtnrgftnby elfrrigc tln trug` witl strn fgm euttigc fwfy tln kurgnm wjjm.Ejgsnqungtby, tln stjgn fxns wnrn usnm fs kruisigc rftlnr tlfg fs euttigc igstruongts. Ig f sioibfrwfy mucjut efgjns wnrn ofmn.

Dicurn 66. Crjjvnm stjgn fxn lnfm, jugm ft

Kfgwfri ]rfen (UQF-;<), ]rigimfm. Bngctl 6>.6 eo.

Jrtjirjim snrins, Frelfie Fcn, ef. 4111―=111 KE.

Qrivftn ejbb.



;1

stjgn ojrtfrs wnrn usnm djr crigmigc rnm jelrn ig jrmnr tj jktfigpicongt djr n.c.kjmy pfigtigc. Kjgn dislljj`s fgm prjhnetibn pjigts

wnrn ofmn djr lugtigc fgm disligc (Dic. 6;). Ejgspieujusby sojjtlfgm pjigtnm fgtbnr tips fgm kjgn gnnmbns ofy lfvn knng usnm fspnrdjrftjrs. Erumn stjgn eljppnrs, digfbby, wnrn pnrlfps utibiznmfs wjjmwjrìgc tjjbs jr wnmcns. Fbb ig fbb tln ong fgm wjong jdKfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg lfm f sjplistieftnm tnelgjbjcy ig jrmnrtj nxpbjit tlnir ngvirjgongt, of`n tlnosnbvns f bivigc, fgm sneurn fvfrinm, kfbfgenm fgm tfsty mint.

Lfkitftijg sitns suel fs Kfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg dugetijgnmfs tln mwnbbigc pbfens (lfobnts) wlnrn nspneifbby tln wjong fgmelibmrng jd tln kfgm bivnm jg f snoi-pnrofgngt kfsis. Ujon crjup

onoknrs, nspneifbby tln ong, prjkfkby mnpfrtnm tnopjrfriby igjrmnr tj jeeupy sofbb, sjontions snfsjgfb, efops, qufrry sitnsjr wjr`sljps tj pursun spneifbiznm tfs`s suel fs kuibmigc efgjns,prjmueigc stjgn tjjbs, ejbbnetigc vitfb rfw oftnrifbs, jr ngcfcigcig suksistngen fetivitins. Uuel spneifb fetivity sitns mftigc drjo tlispnrijm lfvn igmnnm knng djugm ig sjutlwnst rigimfm. lny igebumnigmivimufb digms jd stjgn iopbnongts jr dbigt mnpjsits, i.n. wjr`sljpsdjr prjmueigc sofbb stjgn dbf`n fgm ejrn tjjbs. lft wftnrerfdt djronmfg igtncrfb pfrt jd tln Kfgwfrifg eubturfb lnritfcn is sljwg ky tlnprnsngen jd stjgn iopbnongts ft Kfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg, tln rfw

oftnrifbs djr wliel wnrn fppfrngtby prjeurnm murigc jvnrsnfs vjyfcns

Dicurn 6;. Kjgn prjhnetibn

pjigts fgm kipjigtnm

islljj`s, jugm ft Kfgwfri]rfen (UQF-;<) fgm Ut. Hjlg

(UQF-66), rnspnetivnby, ]rigimfm.

Bngctl sofbbnst frti fet =.;

eo. Jrtjirjim snrins, Frelfie

Fcn, ef. 4111―=111 KE. Lfrris

Ejbb., ^]].



;6 ( . ― )

tj tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst, jkfcj jr tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms. F ugiqun drfcongt jdf snrpngtigitn kjwb wfs djugm ft Kfgwfri rfen0 ojst bi`nby it jricigftnm jg tlnQfrif Qngigsubf jd Tngnzunbf. Bfrcn fojugts jd krj`ng fgm eruokbigc stjgns,ojstby sjdt sfgmstjgns, lfvn knng djugm ft kjtl Kfgwfri rfen fgm Ut. Hjlg. Ojst

bi`nby tlny dugetijgnm fs lnftigc (ejjìgc) stjgns, usnm ig lnfrtls djr ejjìgcbfrcn disl, cfon onft fgm nmikbn tuknrs. Ft Ut. Hjlg f pjssikbn lnfrtl wfs djugmejgsistigc jd f tlie` sfgm knm witl f ebfy engtrn. It rnsnokbns tln mjon-slfpnmlnfrtls tln prnsngt Sfrfj frn feeustjonm tj ejgstruet ig tlnir pibn mwnbbigcs.

ln nxefvftijgs jd Qntnr Lfrris ft Kfgwfri rfen wjubm bnfm tj tln ugejvnrigcjd tln s`nbntjg jd rigimfm’s jbmnst rnsimngt, tln dfojus “Kfgwfri Qnrsjg’, mftigckfe` tj fkjut >111―=5>1/=111 KE. Ebjsn fgfbysis jd tln s`nbntjg wfs rnengtbyefrrinm jut ky f spneifbist jg Efrikknfg luofg rnofigs, Qrjdnssjr Fbdrnmj Ejppfjd [jon, Itfby. Fbtljucl jricigfbby imngtidinm fs f ofbn s`nbntjg, Qrjdnssjr Ejppfejgebumnm tlft its crfeifb gfturn fgm pnbvie strueturn succnst tlft it ejubm kn tln

rnofigs jd f wjofg fs wnbb, wlj, feejrmigc tj lnr mngtfb elfrfetnristies, ofylfvn minm ft fg fcn jd fpprjxioftnby ;>―51 ynfrs. Bidtnm ngtirnby drjo tln sjib, tlns`nbntjg jd rigimfm’s jbmnst rnsimngt wfs trfgspjrtnm tj tln Xjjbjciefb Ousnuojd tln Mnpfrtongt jd Bidn Ueingens ft tln ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins, Ut. Fucustign, wlnrn it lfs knng eurftnm sigen. ln “Kfgwfri Qnrsjg’ wfs efrndubbykurinm, mnpjsitnm ig dbnxnm pjsitijg (witl kngt `gnns) fgm pjsitijgnm jg tln bndsimn, fbjgc f gjrtlwnst fxis. wj ojrtufry cidts wnrn djugm ky tln nxefvftjrsfeejopfgyigc tln s`nbntjg. F sojjtl jvfb pnkkbn wfs ngejugtnrnm ebjsn tj tlnsùbb fgm f kjgn gnnmbn pjigt ky tln lip. Jd ejursn, tln bfttnr digm strngctlngstln bi`nbiljjm tlft tlis (igluoftijg) kurifb rnprnsngts f wjofg. Crjups jd

luofg kjgns, fppfrngtby fssnokbnm fgm kugmbnm djr snejgmfry igtnrongt fdtnrnxluoftijg jd tln jricigfb kurifbs, wnrn djugm fs wnbb. lny ibbustrftn f knbind igtln fdtnrbidn fgm efrn djr tln rnofigs jd tln fgenstjrs.

]ln dirst ]jkfcjgifgs fgm bftn Frelfie tions ig ]rigimfm

It is bi`nby tlft tln dirst Fonrigmifgs jd jkfcj efon drjo rigimfm. Lfkitftijgsitns jd tln Jrtjirjim snrins frn jgby `gjwg drjo tln sjutlwnstnrg pfrt jd jkfcj,ebjsn tj tln ofgcrjvn swfops jd Kjg Feejrm Bfcjjg (Dic. >). ln bjefb Frelfieeubturn is `gjwg fs tln Oibdjrm ejopbnx, fdtnr jkfcj’s jgby slnbb oimmng sitn,

Oibdjrm 6, mftigc drjo tlis pnrijm. Knsimns, igmivimufb stjgn frtidfets jd mistiget Frelfie fddibiftijgs lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ft f guoknr jd bjeftijgs ig tln Kjg Feejrm frnf hust gjrtlnfst jd tln Oibdjrm sitn. ^gdjrtugftnby, tln dnw fvfibfkbnrfmijefrkjg onfsurnongts jd slnbbs fgm fgiofb kjgn drjo tlis sitn lfvn yinbmnmwimnby mivnrcigc mftns kntwnng 5>11 fgm 6111 KE. ln stjgn frtidfets djugm fKjg Feejrm fgm Oibdjrm 6 rnsnokbn tljsn ngejugtnrnm ft tln Qjjgfl [jfm sitnig rigimfm, fgm fbtljucl gj rnbifkbn mftns frn fvfibfkbn djr tlis bfttnr ejopbnx, itefg kn snng fs lfvigc mnvnbjpnm jut jd tln Jrtjirjim trfmitijg jd Kfgwfri rfenfgm Ut. Hjlg. Fs suel f mftn ebjsn tj fpprjxioftnby 5>11/5111 KE wjubm kn ojstbi`nby. Qjjgfl [jfm is f sitn ig tln igtnrijr jd rigimfm’s Engtrfb [fgcn wliel wfs

nxefvftnm ky Lfrris ig 6936 fgm 693;. It yinbmnm Frelfie stjgn iopbnongts suel fs





;5 ( . ― )

jd tln ofgcrjvn-drigcnm nstufry jd tln Jrtjirn (Cuftfrj) [ivnr ig Ofyfrj. Kjtljeeupy f sfgm kfr wliel snpfrftns tln Gfrivf Uwfop drjo tln Ftbfgtie Jenfg.Elfrejfb sfopbns drjo Jrtjirn lfvn knng mftnm ky rfmijefrkjg tj fkjut 9>1 KE.Ejefb 6 wfs nxefvftnm fs nfrby fs 696> ky tln Fonriefg frelfnjbjcist lnjmjjr mn

Kjjy jg knlfbd jd tln Ousnuo jd tln Fonriefg Igmifg, Gnw Yjr`, wlibn Jrtjirnwfs igvnsticftnm ky Irvigc [jusn jd Yfbn ^givnrsity ig 69>5. Kjtl sitns frn slnbboimmngs prnmjoigfgtby ejgsistigc jd ofrign kivfbvns ft ljon ig f oummy, sfgmy-kjttjo lfkitft, i.n. ofigby tricjgfb tivnbfs (wfejj) fgm bnss mjgfx ebfos (elipelip).4 Ft prnsngt nspneifbby tln bfttnr slnbbs frn ejbbnetnm ky miccigc tlno jut ig tlnigtnrtimfb zjgn ft bjw timn0 tlny frn kjibnm fgm ofmn igtj tln bjefbby rngjwgnmelipelip sjup. Ebnfrby, tlis Ofyfrj trfmitijg ofy cj kfe` fs dfr fs Frelfie tions.

ln Jrtjirn sitn yinbmnm snvnrfb ebfy lnfrtls sljwigc fkugmfgt fsl, elfrejfb, dirn-erfe`nm stjgns fs wnbb fs kurgnm slnbbs fgm kjgns. Bfrcn qufgtitins jd rnm jelrnpnkkbns fgm dbft, tfkubfr lnftigc (ejjìgc) stjgns jd bjefb sfgmstjgn wnrn djugm

ft kjtl sitns. Fpfrt drjo slnbbdisl ejbbnetigc, lugtigc, disligc fgm prjkfkby igeipingtljrtieubturn djronm ofhjr suksistngen fetivitins. [nm krje`nt mnnr, pneefrins,frofmibbjs, bfgm turtbns, erfks, fgm kirms wnrn lugtnm. It is bi`nby tlft disligejgengtrftnm jg efteligc nspneifbby igsljrn/nstufrign disl. F snrins jd pnrdjrftnmebfo slnbbs ofy lfvn snrvnm fs disligc burns jr fs gnt jr bign sig`nrs. [nbftivnbydnw ofg-ofmn frtidfets wnrn ngejugtnrnm. Fbb frn ofmn jd stjgn fgm kjgn. jjbsrnbftnm tj lugtigc fgm disligc igebumn dbft, fgcbn prjhnetibn pjigts jd kjgn fgmsofbb stjgn gntsig`nrs. Ojst iopbnongts wnrn fppfrngtby onfgt djr wjjmwjrìgcfgm tln prjenssigc jd vfrijus rfw oftnrifbs fgm pbfgt djjms. Uuel tjjbs igebumn

lfoonrstjgns, sofbb stjgn ojrtfrs, jeefsijgfbby sljwigc rnm ejbjurigc mun tjtln crigmigc jd lnoftitn, pittnm fgvibs djr tln erfeìgc jd pfbo guts, fgm crigmigcstjgns. Ojst crjugm stjgn frtidfets frn ofmn jd bjefb qufrtzitn0 tln prnsngen jdpinens jd kbfeìsl mjbnritn ft Jrtjirn succnsts ejgtfets witl jkfcj. Qinens jdqufrtz erystfb frn guonrjus ft kjtl sitns. Ft prnsngt suel qufrtz elips frn priznmslfofgie elfros tljuclt tj pjssnss eurftivn prjpnrtins fojgc tln Sfrfj fgmjtlnr Fonrigmifg pnjpbns jd tln ofigbfgm. Ojrnjvnr, qufrtz jr qufrtzitn pnkkbnsjdtng snrvn fs lnfbigc stjgns, syokjbizigc cufrmifg spirits, ig tln cjurm rfttbns usnmky tln bjefb rnbicijus spneifbist, tln slfofg, tj ejgtfet tln spirit wjrbm.

ln prnsngt Sfrfj jd tln Jrigjej mnbtf fgm gjrtlwnst Cuyfgf, jd wljo f

suktrikn, tln Elfcufgns, is `gjwg tj lfvn bivnm ig rigimfm frjugm 6411, lfvnjdtng knng snng fs tln mirnet mnsengmfgts jd tln Frelfie pnjpbns jd tln ofigbfgmfgm rigimfm. Ebnfrby, tlnir bidnwfys oust lfvn rnsnokbnm tljsn jd tln Jrtjirjimpnjpbns tj f bfrcn nxtngt. ^gtib rnengtby disligc, lugtigc fgm ejbbnetigc wibm fgmtngmnm vncntfkbn djjmstudds, nspneifbby tln stfrely pitl fgm guts jd tln ojrielnpfbo, djronm tln ofigstfy jd Sfrfj suksistngen. ln ojrieln pfbo jeeurs igofgfcnm crjvns jeeupyigc swfopy tnrrfig. Its stfrel is kf`nm igtj krnfm kysprnfmigc it jut jg stjgns jr irjg pbftns jg f dirn. ln ojrieln pfbo durtlnr yinbmsguonrjus usndub rfw oftnrifbs. ln trug` is jdtng usnm ig ljusn ejgstruetijg

4 Kjtl tlnsn gfons frn mnrivnm drjo Efrikfg tnros, stibb eurrngt ig Tngnzunbf, i.n. cufeuej fgmelipielipn .



;=

wlibn its bnfvns snrvn fs oftnrifb djr tlfteligc. F strjgc dikrn is nxtrfetnm drjotln yjugc, ugjpngnm bnfvns, wliel, fdtnr sjfìgc ig wftnr, kjibigc, wfsligc fgmmryigc, is ofmn igtj f twign, nopbjynm djr ofìgc lfooje`s, disligc tlrnfm,dnofbn bjigebjtls, fgm tln enrnojgifb lnfm cnfr jd ong. ln ojrieln pfbo

bnfvns fbsj yinbm tln oftnrifb djr vfrijus djros jd kfs`ntry. Knigc feejopbislnmofgudfeturnrs fgm trfmnrs jd mucjut efgjns, pjttnry ofìgc wfs trfmitijgfbbyug`gjwg tj tlno. Sfrfj snttbnongts frn sofbb, typiefbby ejgsistigc jd f dnw rjwsjd up tj tng rnetfgcubfr, jpng pibn mwnbbigcs, snt pfrfbbnb tj tln rivnr kfg`. Fsf wljbn, tln Sfrfj frn jdtng dnbt tj lfvn knng puslnm kfe` igtj tlnir prnsngtswfopy fkjmn ky tln ljrtieubturfbist Fonrigmifgs jd Enrfoie tions, tln fgenstjrsjd tln prnsngt Frfwf` fgm @fbi’gf.



;> 8 ( . ― / )

5. Gnw iooicrfgts8 tln dirstenrfoists (ef. 511 KE―

FM 4>1/<11)

ln bfst dnw engturins kndjrn tln knciggigc jd jur nrf sfw tln crfmufb ojvnongtjd gnw crjups jd igmicngjus pnjpbn drjo tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm tj

rigimfm fgm jkfcj (Dic. 9). Efbbnm fdtnr tln frelfnjbjciefb sitn jd Ufbfmnrj jgtln Bjwnr Jrigjej [ivnr, tlny frn `gjwg fs tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Ufbfmjimtrfmitijg. Fdtnr lfvigc ojvnm drjo tln Jrigjej tj tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst ky ef.

<11―>11 KE, tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns efon igtj ejgtfet witl tln bjefb pnjpbns jd tlnJrtjirjim trfmitijg wlj bivnm lnrn fgm jg isbfgms suel fs Ofrcfritf fgm Eukfcuf.lnsn Fonrigmifgs wnrn feejopbislnm snfdfrnrs fgm lfm knejon fequfigtnm witlrigimfm, Crngfmf fgm Bjs nsticjs. Bnfrgigc drjo tln Tngnzunbfg Fonrigmifgs

fkjut tln nxistngen jd tlnsn isbfgms fgm tln gnenssfry ofrition tnelgjbjcy fgmgfvicftijgfb rnquirnongts tj rnfel tlno, tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns suksnqungtby snttbnmig rigimfm fgm fdtnrwfrms ig jkfcj, fbsj vngturigc jut igtj tln Snst Igmins fgmdigfbby trfvnbbigc fs dfr fs Qunrtj [iej. Nvngtufbby fbb jd tln isbfgms jd tln Bns Fgtibbns fgm Qunrtj [iej wjubm kn mngsnby iglfkitnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlnUfbfmjim trfmitijg. ^gdjrtugftnby, tln rnfsjgs knligm tln Ufbfmjim oicrftijgs frn

kfmby ugmnrstjjm. Qnrlfps f ejokigftijg jd efusns prjpnbbnm tlnsn ojvnongts,wliel ofy lfvn knng efrrinm jut prigeipfbby ky sofbb crjups jd fmvngturjus yjugcong wlj wnrn fttrfetnm ky tln dfvjurfkbn snttbigc ejgmitijgs jd tln Fgtibbnfgfrelipnbfcj. ln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns igtrjmuenm tln frt jd pjttnry ofìgc tj rigimfmfgm jkfcj, fgm tlft is wly tlny frn ejgsimnrnm tj lfvn igitiftnm tln Enrfoie Fcnjd prn-Ejbuokifg tions. Knsimns, it lfs knng succnstnm tlft tlny spj`n f bfgcufcnknbjgcigc tj tln Frfwf`fg bigcuistie dfoiby.

Ufbfmjim snttbnongt sitns ig ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

Ujon sixty frelfnjbjciefb sitns ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj efg kn fttrikutnm tj tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Ufbfmjim trfmitijg. Ojst jd tlno frn lfkitftijg sitns, kutefop (“kivjufe’) sitns fgm jtlnr spneifb fetivity sitns frn `gjwg fs wnbb. ]ny frnmistrikutnm fbb jvnr rigimfm fgm jkfcj, kjtl ig tln ejfstfb zjgn fgm tln igtnrijr jdtln twig isbfgms. Jgn jd tln knst `gjwg Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitns is tj kn djugm ftQfbj Unej jg tln ejfst jd sjutlwnst rigimfm. ]is is jgn jd tln strst nxefvftnm sitnsjd tln Ufbfmjim trfmitijg ig tln isbfgm. It ejgsists jd f snrins jd slnbb oimmng mnpjsiig tln oimmbn jd Qntrjtrig’s Qfbj Unej knfel efop, jeeupyigc tln tjp fgm fg`s jdf cngtby sbjpigc sfgm rimcn. Misejvnrnm fs nfrby fs 6914, tln sitn wfs rnejcgiznfs f prn-Ejbuokifg Fonrigmifg snttbnongt ig 6963. Ky tlis tion it wfs knigc

muc djr slnbbs usnm djr rjfm crfvnbbigc ky rigimfm’s Qukbie Sjr`s Mnpfrtongt. I



;4

wfs Hjlg F. Kubbkrjj`, f Kritisl-kjrg jib cnjbjcist, wlj sueennmnm ig ejgvigeigctln ejbjgifb cjvnrgongt tj lfvn tlis stjppnm. Uuksnqungtby, Kubbkrjj` rnenivnm fcrfgt tj nxefvftn tln sitn, wliel ln mim ig 6969, tlnrnky knejoigc tln strst bjefbfrelfnjbjcist jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Ln misejvnrnm tlft tln Qfbj Unej sitn wfs kuibt

up jd twj minrngt slnbb bfynrs, nfel feejopfginm ky ofgy pjttnry slnrms, stjgn,kjgn fgm slnbb tjjbs, fs wnbb fs djjm rnofigs. Ig fmmitijg, Kubbkrjj` ngejugtnrnmlnfrtls (ojrn jr bnss jvfb, pig` frnfs ejgtfigigc fsl, elfrejfb fgm kurgnm slnbbs),fgm ig fbb nbnvng luofg kurifbs, fbb nxenpt jgn igtnrrnm ig strjgcby nxnm (“djntfb’)pjsitijg. Ig 69;1 pfrt jd tln Qfbj Unej sitn wfs mnofreftnm fs f Erjwg [nsnrvn igjrmnr tj prjtnet it drjo durtlnr mntnrijrftijg. ]is ofmn it tln strst frelfnjbjciefbsitn ig tln twig isbfgms wliel wfs fequirnm ky tln cjvnrgongt knefusn jd its eubturfblnritfcn vfbun. Ig 69=4 fgm 6949 tln sitn wjubm kn igvnsticftnm durtlnr ky QrjdnssjrIrvigc [jusn jd Yfbn ^givnrsity. Digms drjo Qfbj Unej frn nxlikitnm ig tln GftijgfbOusnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry, Qjrt-jd-Upfig.

Enmrjs, Ftfcufb, Kbfgelissnusn, Ofgzfgibbf 6, Ut. Knrgfrm, Nrig, Vuigfo, fgm Slitnbfgms, fbb ig rigimfm, fgm Cjbmng Crjvn (I), Ejurbfgm [ivnr, Dringmslip,fgm Ojugt Irvign 6, fbb ig jkfcj, frn jtlnr iopjrtfgt Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitns(Dic. >). Ky dfr ojst jd tln Ufbfmjim snttbnongt bjeftijgs jd kjtl isbfgms frn tjkn djugm ft f mistfgen jd bnss tlfg >11 o drjo f sjuren jd pjtfkbn wftnr, nitlnrf drnslwftnr strnfo jr f sprigc, fgm cngnrfbby ft ejgtjur nbnvftijgs jd bnss tlfg611 o fkjvn onfg snf bnvnb. Fbb frn situftnm jg mry fgm bnvnb jr fbojst bnvnbtnrrfig, suddieingtby licl tj nsefpn dbjjmigc ig tln wnt snfsjg. ln ofhjrity jdtlnsn sitns jeeupy frnfs ejgsistigc jd cngnrfbby dnrtibn sjibs, ejvnrnm witl snfsjgfbdjrnst, succnstigc f enrtfig prndnrngen djr vibbfcn bjeftijgs jddnrigc pjssikibitins

djr lugtigc fetivitins fgm ljrtieubturn ig tlnir surrjugmigcs. Ofgy lfkitftijgsitns frn ig tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln twj isbfgms, prjvimigc nxenbbngt ofrign disligcjppjrtugitins gnfrky. Uuel ejfstfb snttbnongts typiefbby jeeupy bjw, djrnstnm libbsjr tnrrfens ebjsn tj tln bjwnr rnfelns jd f strnfo, witl nfsy feenss tj f sfgmy knfel.

lis is tln efsn witl djr igstfgen tln Ufbfmjim snttbnongt tlft is eurrngtby knigcnxefvftnm ig tln [nm Ljusn, Qjrt-jd-Upfig. It wfs situftnm jg tln kfg` jd tlndjronr knm jd tln Ut. Fgg’s [ivnr, gjt dfr drjo its ojutl ig tln Cubd jd Qfrif. ( lnbjwnr rnfelns jd tln Ut. Fgg’s rivnr wnrn mivnrtnm tj tln nfst fs tln Mry [ivnr ig63<3.) Ft bnfst jgn lfkitftijg sitn is `gjwg drjo jgn jd rigimfm’s jddsljrn isbnts,Elfefelfefrn. F oigjrity jd Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitns frn tj kn djugm jg rimcns jr

libbtjps ig tln igtnrijr jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, sjontions fbbjwigc f ejoofgmigcvinw jd tln surrjugmigc frnfs. Uofbb crjups jd luofg kurifbs lfvn knng djugmft tln pnriplnry jd vfrijus sitns, kut nxtngmnm enontnrins frn ug`gjwg. Ojstkurifbs ejgsist jd priofry igluoftijgs witljut fppfrngt ojrtufry cidts, fbtljuclnxenptijgfb igtnrongts, prjvimnm witl jgn tj djur pjttnry vnssnbs fgm jeefsijgfbbyjgn jr twj stjgn frtidfets, lfvn knng djugm fs wnbb.

]n cngnrfb elfrfetnr jd tln Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitns ig tln twig isbfgms isrnbftivnby ugidjro. Ojst ejfstfb sitns yinbm mnnp rndusn mnpjsits ejgsistigc jd bitnrfbbytngs jd tljusfgms jd ojbbus`s (slnbbstsl), fgm erfk rnofigs, fgiofb fgm stsl kjgns, fbbdjjm mnkris, fs wnbb fs eubturfb rnbies. ]n bfrcnst oimmng feeuoubftijgs frn typiefbby

tj kn djugm jg tln sbjpns fgm ft tln djjt jd tln libb jr rimcn jg tjp jd wliel tln



;3 8 ( . ― / )

Fonrigmifg snttbnongt wfs bjeftnm jricigfbby. Jkvijusby, tln rndusn wfs misefrmnm ktlrjwigc it mjwg tln libb sbjpns. Ujontions tln oimmng mnpjsits sljw ejopbieftnmvnrtiefb strftisteftijgs, knigc kuibt up jd bfynrs jd ebjsnby-pfe`nm djjm mnkrifbtnrgftigc witl bfynrs priofriby ejgtfigigc luous, fsl, elfrejfb, fgm eubturfb

rnofigs. ]n ljrizjgtfb strueturn jd snvnrfb sitns jg rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst sljwstlft tln ejoougfb muop wfs mnbiknrftnby bjeftnm tj tln bnnwfrm simn jd tln vibbfcnMiongsijgs jd tlnsn rndusn feeuoubftijgs vfry. ]n ojst nxtngmnm oimmng ft tlnVuigfo sitn lfs knng nstioftnm tj onfsurn sjon >1Ó6> o, tljsn jd Ofgzfgibbf 6rjuclby =1Ó;1 o. Ft rigimfmifg lfkitftijg sitns suel fs Ftfcufb, Qfbj Unej fgmUt. Knrgfrm elfrejfb is nspneifbby djugm ig tln kjttjoojst bfynrs jd tln Ufbfmjimrndusn mnpjsits nxfoignm. ]is efg kn igtnrprntnm fs tln rnsubt jd tln djrnst ebnfrfgenjpnrftijgs wliel wnrn gnenssfry prijr tj tln ejgstruetijg jd tln snttbnongt.

Bfyjut jd tln vibbfcns fgm tln djro fgm strueturn (ojrpljbjcy) jd tln igmivimufbmwnbbigcs fgm jtlnr strueturns frn kfmby `gjwg. Qfrtifbby tlis is mun tj tln bfe` jd

frnf nxefvftijgs ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Knsimns, ofgy Ufbfmjim snttbnongt sitnsejgtigunm tj kn jeeupinm ky Fonrigmifgs ig bftn-prnlistjrie tions, tlus bjgc fdtnrtln misfppnfrfgen jd tln Ufbfmjim trfmitijg, wliel ejopbieftns igtnrprntftijg jdtln frelfnjbjciefb sfopbn nxefvftijgs nxneutnm ft suel “oubtiejopjgngt’ sitns. F“sigcbn-ejopjgngt’, purnby Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitn suel fs Ut. Knrgfrm sljws fbfyjut ejgsistigc jd f snrins jd miserntn, rjugm tj jvfb, fs ouel fs 631 eo tlie`,ojugm-bi`n feeuoubftijgs jd rndusn, onfsurigc up tj 6>Ó4 o, mistrikutnm jvnrfg frnf jd ft bnfst jgn lnetfrn, succnstigc tln djronr nxistngen jd f guoknr jdsofbb ljusns ebjsn tj nfel jtlnr. ln Ut. Knrgfrm sitn wfs dirst nxfoignm ky tlnMutel-Fonriefg frelfnjbjcist lnjmjjr mn Kjjy jg knlfbd jd tln Ousnuo

jd tln Fonriefg Igmifg, tlng kfsnm ig Gnw Yjr`, ig 6969. Fg frelfnjbjciefbsurvny ejgsistigc ig fbb jd 4< sljvnb tnsts ft tln Kbfgelissnusn sitn jg rigimfm’sgjrtl ejfst, ugmnrtf`ng ig 6999 ky Fggn F. Utj`ns fgm Mfvim S. Utnfmofg jdUjutlnfstnrg Frelfnjbjciefb [nsnfrel, Dbjrimf, yinbmnm nvimngen jd tln djronrprnsngen jd f Ufbfmjim vibbfcn ejoougity engtrnm frjugm f engtrfb jpng squfrn(pbfzf). ln bfttnr is igmieftnm ky fg jvfb spfen bfeìgc digms jd pjtslnrms, wlibntln surrjugmigc lfkitftijg frnf prjmuenm lnfvy qufgtitins jd suel digms. lnsitn, wliel onfsurns sjon ; lnetfrns, is bjeftnm jg f dbft tj cngtby sbjpigc kbuddjvnrbjjìgc tln Efrikknfg Unf tj tln gjrtl fgm tln Ofrifggn [ivnr tj tln wnst.Murigc nxefvftijg wjr`s djr tln ejgstruetijg jd f rjfm ig 6943, Hjlg . Bbfgjs fgm

ljofs E. Efokrimcn ngejugtnrnm f snrins jd pjst ojubms ft tln Ojugt Irvign6 sitn, wliel jeeupinm tln wnstnrg sbjpn jd f libb jvnrbjjìgc Bittbn Ejurbfgm Kfyjg jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfst. Drjo tlnsn pjst ojubms tln dbjjr-pbfgs jd twj eireubfrUfbfmjim ljusns ejubm kn rnejgstruetnm. ln jgby jgn jd tlnsn djronr mwnbbigcstlft wfs dubby nxefvftnm lfm f mifontnr jd 6;.< o fgm sljwnm ig fbb 6; pjsts.Ejopfrfkbn strueturns jd Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg sitns, ejopjsnm jd rjugm tj jvfbmwnbbigcs surrjugmigc fg jpng pbfzf, lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ig tln sofbbnr isbfgmjd tln Snst Igmins.



;<

Ufbfmjim enrfoies fgm Kfrrfgejim igtrusijg

ln pjttnry vnssnbs ofmn ky (ojst bi`nby tln wjong jd) tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbnsknbjgc tj tln frtistiefbby ojst fttrfetivn itnos jd oftnrifb eubturn jd tln prn-Ejbuokifg Efrikknfg. Cngnrfbby spnfìgc, pjttnry drfcongts frn tln ojst

ejoojg frelfnjbjciefb digms ft sitns mftigc drjo tln Enrfoie Fcn suel fs tljsn jdtln Ufbfmjim trfmitijg. Slibn jkhnets ofgudfeturnm jd jrcfgie oftnrifbs jtlnr tlfgslnbb prfetiefbby fbwfys mnefy ig tln sjib, pjttnry fgm stjgn tjjbs rnprnsngt tln itnosjd oftnrifb eubturn wliel frn prnsnrvnm ugmnr fbb eireuostfgens. Kjgn frtidfets fgmdjjm rnofigs suel fs fgiofb fgm disl kjgns jdtng mnejopjsn knbjw tln surdfen.Nvng slnbbs fgm slnbb iopbnongts jeefsijgfbby pnrisl. ln sfon fppbins tj luofgkurifbs. F ejopfrisjg kntwnng tln frelfnjbjciefb rnejrm fgm, djr igstfgen, tln rielvfrinty jd itnos ofmn trfmitijgfbby ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Cuifgfs, succnststlft <1―91% jd tln jkhnets jd prnlistjrie oftnrifb eubturn lfvn mnefynm ig tln sjib,igebumigc iopbnongts, wnfpjgs, jrgfongts, mjonstie rnquisitns, ebjtlns, ousiefb

igstruongts, nte. ofmn jd jrcfgie oftnrifbs suel fs ejttjg, pbfgt dikrns, kfokjj,dnftlnrs, bnftlnr, kfr`, sìg, wjjm, fgm efbfkfsl. Ig rigimfm prn-Ejbuokifgwjjmng frtidfets lfvn knng prnsnrvnm jgby ig tln Qitel Bf`n mun tj tln prjtnetijgtln fsplfbt jddnrs fcfigst mnefy jd jkhnets ofmn jd jrcfgie oftnrifbs. Ebnfrby, jurioprnssijg jd tln pfst Fonrigmifg oftnrifb eubturn ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj, jr djrtlft ofttnr tln ngtirn Snst Igmins, is liclby s`nwnm.

Fs tj ofgudfeturn, djro fgm mnejrftijg, tln Ufbfmjim nfrtlngwfrn is liclbyelfrfetnristie fgm mntfibnm rnsnfrel jg tln elrjgjbjciefb mnvnbjpongt jd its stybnmiddnrngens sljwg ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj lfs bnm tj tln imngtidieftijg jd twjpfrfbbnb snrins jd bfrcnby suksnqungt stfcns (“stybns’ jr “ejopbnxns’) efbbnm fdtnr tln

pjttnry jd typiefb sitns8 Enmrjs, djbbjwnm ky Qfbj Unej ig rigimfm, fgm Ejurbfgmfgm Ojugt Irvign, sueennmnm ky Dringmslip ig jkfcj. ln tnro Enmrjsfg (fdtnrtln Enmrjs ejopbnx) is jdtng usnm fs fg jvnrfreligc plrfsn mngjtigc fbb jd tln bjefbUfbfmjim “ejopbnxns’ jd tln Snst Igmins fgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd Ujutl Fonrief.Cngnrfbby spnfìgc, Enmrjs, Nfrby Qfbj Unej, fgm Ejurbfgm knbjgc tj tln NfrbyEnmrjsfg npisjmn (fbsj `gjwg fs tln Nfrby Enrfoie F plfsn), wliel efg knmftnm kntwnng ef. 511 KE tj FM 5>1. lny frn djbbjwnm ky Bftn Qfbj Unej fgmDringmslip kntwnng ef. FM 5>1 fgm 4>1/<11, elfrfetnrizigc tln Bftn Enmrjsfgnpisjmn jr Nfrby Enrfoie K plfsn (Dic. 9). ln rnejgstruetijg jd tlis drfonwjr`jd Ufbfmjim elrjgjbjcy wfs igitiftnm ky Qrjdnssjr Irvigc [jusn jd Yfbn ^givnrsity

djr rigimfm fgm ky Cnjddrny L.U. Kuslgnbb jd Efokrimcn ^givnrsity djr jkfcj igtln 69=1s fgm 69>1s. It wfs suksnqungtby nxpfgmnm ky Qntnr Lfrris fgm tln futljrdjr kjtl isbfgms. ln igmivimufb Ufbfmjim “ejopbnxns’ jd tln twig isbfgms efg knfddibiftnm witl ejopfrfkbn pjttnry fssnokbfcns nbsnwlnrn ig tln Snst Igmins.

Ufbfmjim pjttnry wfs ofgudfeturnm ky efrndubby fttfeligc ebfy ejibs tj nfel jtlnrjg tjp jd f wjjmng kjfrm, fdtnrwfrms sojjtligc tln wnt vnssnb surdfen witl sofbbpjbisligc stjgns, mryigc, fgm stgfbby strigc tln vnssnbs ig fg jpng strn. Ig jrmnr tjprnvngt krnf`fcn murigc strigc, prijr tj ojmnbbigc, tln pjttnry ebfy wfs tljrjuclbyoixnm (“tnopnrnm’) witl nitlnr eruslnm slnbb, qufrtz sfgm, sibtstjgn, jr stgnbycrjugm pjtslnrms (crjc). ]n Ufbfmjim vnssnb rnpnrtjirn fgm its jrgfongtftijg frn

nxenptijgfbby vfrinm. ]n mjonstie ejgtfignrs rfgcn drjo sofbb kjttbns (durgislnm



;9 8 ( . ― / )

witl rnojvfkbn stjppnrs) fgm kjwbs jr mislns, jeefsijgfbby prjvimnm witlljrizjgtfbby prjtrumigc (“ fgcnm’) rios, tj vnssnbs witl “`nnbnm’ prjstbns, mjukbspjutnm hfrs fgm fsyoontriefbby “gne`nm’ spneiongs. Ojst jd tlnsn vnssnbs wnrn usdjr stjrfcn jr tln ejjìgc jd djjm. Jtlnrs ofy lfvn knng usnm fs snrvigc vnssnbs

jr djr mispbfyigc djjm. Djros suel fs tln kjttbns fgm mjukbn-spjutnm hfrs wnrnfppfrngtby igtngmnm djr tln `nnpigc jr trfgspjrtftijg jd biquims, nitlnr wftnr jr,ig efsn jd tln bfrcnr djros, knnr ofmn ky dnrongtigc efssfvf ef`ns. Ofgy vnssnbssljw rnm, wlitn fgm, rfrnby, kbfe` pfigtnm mnejrftivn ojtids wliel wnrn fppbinmkndjrn strigc. ]n iggnr surdfens sjontions lfvn f tlie`, kbfe` ejftigc tlft ofylfvn knng felinvnm ky kurgigc fg jrcfgie rnsig ugmnr tln igvnrtnm ejgtfignr, fs wfsmjgn trfmitijgfbby ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Cuifgfs ig jrmnr tj of`n tln pjttnrywftnrticlt. Jtlnrwisn, kbfe` picongt jg Ufbfmjim pjttnry drjo Bf [nejggfissfgenig Bjpigjt Tfbbny jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn prjkfkby mnrivns drjo kituong ejbbnetnmnitlnr ft tln Qitel Bf`n jr ft Bf Krnf ig Ofyfrj. Slitn-jg-rnm (SJ[) pfigtnm

mnsicgs frn typiefb0 tlny wnrn jdtng felinvnm ky pfrtifbby serfpigc j tln wlitn sbiig jrmnr tj rnvnfb tln ugmnrbyigc rnm picongt. ]ig-bign igeisnm ojtids wnrn fppbinmwitl f pjigtnm stybus. Xjgnm-igeisnm-erjsslftelnm (XIE) pfttnrgs frn elfrfetnristiefs wnbb fs wfvy bigns, ziczfcs, spirfbs, fgm oubtipbn, pfrfbbnb snoi-eirebns jr stnpbigns. Ojmnbbnm jrgfongtftijg, stgfbby, igebumns f knwibmnrigc vfrinty jd licltypiefb, cnjontrie, krnfst-slfpnm (“ofooibbfry’) fgm luofg- fgm/jr fgiofb-bi`n(“fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie’) seubpturnm prjhnetijgs (“bucs’), sj-efbbnmfmjrgjs , wlieljdtng surojugt M-slfpnm strfp lfgmbns. Uuel bucs jdtng sljw ljbbjw kfe`s fgmliclby ejgvngtijgfbiznm dnfturns. Imngtisteftijg jd tln igmivimufb fgiofb jr kirmspneins is misteubt. Knsimns, ofgy jd tlnsnfmjrgjs sljw ejokignm luofg-fgiofb

dnfturns. Knfutidubby ojmnbbnm nxfopbns jd tlnsn fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie lnfm bucs frnnxlikitnm ig tln Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry.Utumy jd tln stybistie mnvnbjpongt jd tln Ufbfmjim pjttnry rnpnrtjirn ig rigimfm

fgm jkfcj sljws f crjwigc ig ungen ky fgjtlnr enrfoie trfmitijg, tln Kfrrfgejim“snrins’, efbbnm fdtnr tln sitn jd Bjs Kfrrfgejs jg tln Bjwnr Jrigjej [ivnr, drjoef. FM 5>1 jgwfrms. ]n crfmufb fmjptijg jd Kfrrfgejim stybistie dnfturns (“ojmns’)ky tln Ufbfmjim pjttnrs jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj rn nets tln crjwigc igtnrfetijgkntwnng tln Ufbfmjim ejoougitins jd tln twig isbfgms fgm tln ofigbfgm Fonrigmifgsig tlis pnrijm. It is succnstivn jd drnqungt ejgtfets wliel wnrn djrofbiznm kyenrnojgifb nxelfgcns. Ig tlis wfy, fpfrt drjo ig ungeigc tln bjefb Ufbfmjim

nfrtlngwfrn, typiefbby Kfrrfgejim pjttnry vnssnbs rnfelnm mun tj nxelfgcn fs dfr fsjkfcj wlnrn tlny wnrn usnm fs ojrtufry cidts, ibbustrftigc tln licl prnsticn tlnsnnxjtie itnos lfm fojgc tln bjefb Ufbfmjim pjpubftijg. ]is Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejimnxelfgcn gntwjr` djronm pfrt jd f wimn-rfgcigc “igtnrfetijg splnrn’ ngejopfssigcpfrts jd tln ofigbfgm fgm tln twig isbfgms. Ufbfmjim―Kfrrfgejim igtnrfetijg wjubmeuboigftn ig Bftn Enmrjsfg tions, nvngtufbby rnsubtigc ig tln snttbigc jd Kfrrfgejimiooicrfgts drjo tln ofigbfgm ig sjutl rigimfm fkjut FM >11―4>1/<11. Fbtljuclspneiongs jd tln bjefb rigimfmifg Kfrrfgejim pjttnry trfmitijg, `gjwg fs tln Nrig“ejopbnx’, lfvn knng djugm fs nxelfgcn itnos ft vfrijus Ufbfmjim sitns ig tln engtrfbfgm sjutlnrg pfrts jd tln isbfgm, fgm, fs wn lfvn snng, ig jkfcj, truby sukstfgtifb

fojugts jd Nrig oftnrifbs frn `gjwg jgby drjo djur “oubtiejopjgngt’ sitns jg tln



51

Dicurn 6=. Enrfoie kjwb, sljwigc ljbbjw rio ojmnbnm ig tln jro j fg jricigfbby rnm-pfigtnm sgf`n-bi`n

ernfturn witl prjtrumigc tjgcun, jugm f t Nrig (UQF-;1), ]rigimfm. Simtl j rfcongt ;=.4 eo. Kfrrfgejim

snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Ejbb. GOFC.

Dicurn 6>. Enrfoie kirm-slfpnm lnfm buc ( fmjrgj ), pnrlfps rnprnsngtigc f ìgc vubturn, jugm ft Nrig

(UQF-;1), ]rigimfm. Simtl 4.9 eo. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Ejbb. GOFC.



56 8 ( . ― / )

sjutl ejfst. Lnrn tlny jeeur ig ejgsistngt fssjeiftijg witl Bftn Enmrjsfg pjttnry,succnstigc tlft pnjpbn jd tln Kfrrfgejim trfmitijg snttbnm jg rigimfm ky FM >11―4>1/<11 ig jrmnr tj bivn simn-ky-simn, fgm gj mjukt igtnrofrry, witl tln Ufbfmjimiglfkitfgts jd tln isbfgm.

Nrig enrfoies rnprnsngt tln frtistie fs wnbb fs tnelgjbjciefb ebiofx jd prn-

Ejbuokifg oftnrifb eubturn ig tln twig isbfgms (Dic. 6=). lny frn wnbb ̀ gjwg drjotln rnsnfrel ky tln Fonriefg frelfnjbjcist Hnssn S. Dnw`ns jd tln Ousnuo jd tln Fonriefg Igmifg ft tln Nrig sitn jg rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst ig 6965. Ojrn nxtngsivnwjr` ft Nrig wfs efrrinm jut ky Irvigc [jusn ig 69=4. Ofmn ky ejibigc fgm dirnmig fg jpng dirn, hust bi`n Ufbfmjim pjttnry, tln Kfrrfgejim nfrtlngwfrn is tlie`nrfgm strjgcnr wlibn sljwigc mfr`nr vnssnb surdfens tlfg tln bfttnr. Knsimns, “tnopnris quitn middnrngt, ejgsistigc prnmjoigfgtby jd fkugmfgt qufgtitins jd mnbiknrftnberuslnm qufrtz pfrtiebns, rnsubtigc ig f mngsn, critty ebfy pfstn. Ig Bftn Nrig tiontln ebfy is oixnm fbsj witl dign qufrtz sfgm fgm, rfrnby, drnslwftnr spjgcn spieubn(efuixï ) jr f oixturn jd tln bfttnr fgm pinens jd eruslnm qufrtz. ln Nrig vnssnb

rnpnrtjirn is bnss vfrinm tlfg tlft jd tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns. ypiefb djros igebumnrjugm jr jvfb, jpng kjwbs sljwigc nxtnrgfbby tlie`ngnm rios, trifgcubfr ig erjsssnetijg, jutwfrm-kubcigc ljbbjw rios jr lnfvy rio dbfgcns. lny frn prjvimnm witldbft jr djjtnm kfsns. Mjukbn-spjut-fgm-krimcn-kjttbns rnprnsngt tln ojst spneidieslfpn jd tln Nrig enrfoie fssnokbfcn. Hust bi`n tln Ufbfmjim nfrtlngwfrn, ojstvnssnbs wnrn igtngmnm djr ejjìgc, stjrigc, snrvigc, mryigc jr mispbfyigc djjm, fgdjr `nnpigc biquims jr usigc fs trfvnbbigc efgtnngs. Qjttnry mnejrftijg ejoprisnspfigtigc, igeisigc, pugetftijg, fgm ojmnbbigc. Fbb-jvnr rnm pfigtigc fgm pfrtifbby(kbfe`) soumcigc fgm suksnqungtby pjbisligc jd vnssnb surdfens frn elfrfetnristiefs is krjfm igeisijg jd strficlt (“rnetibignfr’) fgm eurvnm (“eurvibignfr’) bign

igebumigc mnsicgs suel fs spirfbs, serjbbs, bigns ngmigc ig erjsskfrs jr mjts, Y-slfp

Dicurn 64. [nm-pfigtnm, ritufb enrfoie pjt rnst, ojmnbnm fs f snf turtbn, jugm ft Cufyfcufyfrn (OFY-64), ]rigimfm.

Ofxiouo lniclt 61.3 eo. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Lfrris Ejbb., SD].



5;

bigns, fgm ziczfcs. Ojmnbbigc igebumns f wimn vfrinty jd ojmnbbnm-igeisnm, strjgcbyseubpturfb, cnjontrie fgm fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie lnfm bucs (Dic. 6>) fgm luofgfs wnbb fs fgiofb bioks, lfgms, ebfws fgm dnnt. ln bfttnr mnsicg nbnongts succnsttlft fgiofb-slfpnm (“nddicy’) vnssnbs tjj` f prjoigngt pjsitijg ig tln Nrig vnssnb

fssnokbfcn (Dic. 64). Ujon dign nxfopbns jd Kfrrfgejim pjttnry frn nxlikitnm igtln Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry.

Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim suksistngen fgm djjm prjenssigc

Nssngtifbby tln strivigc tjwfrms f “krjfm spnetruo’ mint ky tfppigc fs ofgy gfturfbrnsjurens fs pjssikbn djronm tln engtrfb jkhnetivn jd tln suksistngen strftncins jdtln Ufbfmjim fgm Kfrrfgejim pnjpbns. Feejrmigcby, tlny prndnrrnm snttbnongt ig fgmnxpbjitftijg jd tln kjugmfry zjgns (“nejtjgns’) kntwnng nejbjciefb frnfs (“lfkitfts’)suel tlft kntwnng wftnr fgm bfgm wlnrn f bfrcn vfrinty jd licl-qufbity nmikbns

ejubm kn jktfignm. Ky ejokigigc ljrtieubturn, lugtigc, disligc, fgm ejbbnetigcwibm vncntfkbn fgm igvnrtnkrftn djjm studds, tln Fonrigmifgs jd Nfrby Enrfoietions wnrn fkbn tj felinvn f mintfry kfbfgen kntwnng tln igput jd efrkjlymrftnsprjvimnm ky tln eubtivftijg jd stfrely rjjt erjps fgm tln rnsjurens jd prjtnigs fgmdfts wliel lfm tj kn sneurnm ky lugtigc, disligc fgm djrfcigc. Frelfnjbjciefbbytlnsn suksistngen fetivitins frn rndbnetnm ky tln jeeurrngen jd spneifb fetivity sitnsimngtidinm ky igmivimufb frelfnjbjciefb digms fgm tnopjrfry efop (“kivjufe’) sitnselfrfetnriznm ky igmivimufb digms jr ky sofbb pjttnry mnpjsits bfeìgc fpprneifkbndjjm rnofigs. Uuel tnopjrfry efops wnrn fppfrngtby utibiznm murigc disligc, erfk-efteligc, slnbb-ejbbnetigc fgm/jr lugtigc nxpnmitijgs, wlibn jtlnrs jg rivnr kfg`s

jr knfelns ofy lfvn snrvnm fs bfgmigc stfcns djr efgjns. Knsimns, igmivimufb digmsjd pjbislnm stjgn fxn lnfms prjkfkby igmieftn cfrmng sitns fs tlny ofy lfvn knngbjst jr fkfgmjgnm murigc ebnfrfgen jd swimmng pbjts ig tln djrnst. Efbeubftijgs jdtln eftelongt frnfs utibiznm djr middnrngt suksistngen strftncins ky tln Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim pnjpbns ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj succnst tlft tlnir kfsie suksistngengnnms ejubm kn sftisdinm witlig f zjgn jd sjon 6―5 ò frjugm tln lfkitftijg.Jgby ig tln efsn jd spneidie prjeurnongt fetivitins tlis tnrritjry lfm tj kn nxtngmnmfs dfr fs 5―> ò drjo tln snttbnongt.

It efg kn fssuonm tlft tln Ufbfmjim fgm Kfrrfgejim eubtivftijg prfetiensrnsnokbnm tljsn jd tln prnsngt rjpiefb Djrnst pnjpbns jd tln Ujutl Fonriefg

ofigbfgm. Feejrmigcby, ljrtieubturn fppfrngtby ejgengtrftnm jg rfisigc f wimnvfrinty jd djjm erjps fgm druit trnns ig tln igmicngjus ìtelng cfrmngs fgm swimmngstnbms. Eireuostfgtifb nvimngen fttnsts tj tln eubtivftijg jd kittnr jr swnnt efssfvf,swnnt pjtftjns fgm jtlnr crjugm prjvisijgs suel fs Igmifg yfo fgm tfggif, fbjgcwitl ofizn. Utibb ft prnsngt tlnsn erjps fgm picnjg pnfs, wliel wnrn jricigfbbyeubtivftnm ig Fdrief, frn fbbjttnm ojst spfen ig Snst Igmifg “prjvisijg crjugms’suel fs tljsn jd jkfcj. Fpfrt drjo tuknrs fgm enrnfbs, ojst bi`nby druit trnns suelfs fvjefmj, cufvf, ofoonn fppbn, fgm pfpfw wnrn crjwg. Ebnfrfgen jd swimmngsky sbfsl-fgm-kurg tnelgiquns (“ofìgc cfrmng’ fs it is efbbnm ig jkfcj) tf`ns pbfenft tln ngm jd tln mry snfsjg, pbfgtigc djbbjws wlng tln strst rfigs dfbb. Fs f rubn,

swimmngs frn usnm djr 5―> ynfrs, fdtnr wliel sjib mnpbntijg, wnnm igeursijg jr igsnet



55 8 ( . ― / )

pnsts djren vfeftijg. Tfrijus tjjbs wnrn usnm djr tln prjenssigc jd vncntfkbn djjmsig Nfrby Enrfoie tions. Bfrcn, tlie` enrfoie pbfttnrs (crimmbns) snrvnm djr kfìgcefssfvf jr ofizn ef`ns, wlibn wjjmng ojrtfrs fgm ejgiefb stjgn pnstbns wnrn usnmdjr prjenssigc rjjt erjps jtlnr tlfg efssfvf fs wnbb fs ojist jr bnfdy vncntfkbn djjms.

Uuel f ojrtfr djros jgn jd tln ugiqun wjjmng jkhnets wliel wnrn rntrinvnm drjotln Qitel Bf`n.3 Uofbb stjgn elips, jricigfbby igsnrtnm fs “tnntl’ ig wjjmng efssfvfcrftnr kjfrms, stjgn crigmigc stjgns fgm pinens jd djssib ejrfb, usnm djr sioibfrpurpjsns, lfvn knng djugm ft guonrjus Nfrby Enrfoie sitns ig tln twig isbfgms.

Lugtigc fgm disligc wnrn ofhjr suksistngen jeeupftijgs. Igmnnm, elug`s jd onftfgm disl jr erfks, pnppnrs fgmefsfrnnp, tln tlie`ngnm huien nxtrfetnm drjo kittnrefssfvf pubp, djronm tln ofhjr igcrnmingts jd tln “pnppnrpjt’ stnw, wliel tjcntlnrwitl efssfvf ef`ns djronm tln ofhjr misl jd tln rjpiefb Djrnst Fonrigmifgs. Fbtljucl bittbn is ̀ gjwg fkjut tln spneidie lugtigc strftncins nopbjynm, it is enrtfigtlft drjo Ufbfmjim tions jgwfrms tln mjc igvfrifkby feejopfginm tln igmicngjus

lugtnrs. Upnfrs, kjws-fgm-frrjws fgm pjssikby lfrpjjgs wnrn usnm djr lugtigc. Frrjwlnfms ofmn jd stjgn, kjgn jr disl spigns lfvn knng djugm ft vfrijus sitns igrigimfm fgm jkfcj fs wnbb fs stjgn frrjwslfdt pjbislnrs. Lugtigc tjj` pbfen ig

tln djrnst ngvirjgongt, fbjgc sofbb strnfos fgm gnfr jbm cfrmng pbjts, fs murigctln pnrijm jd dfbbjw fkfgmjgnm swimmngs fttrfet f vfrinty jd tnrrnstrifb cfon. [nmkrje`nt mnnr, ejbbfrnm pneefrins, fcjutis, pfefs, gign-kfgmnm frofmibbjs, kbfe`nfrnm jpjssuos, tjrtjisns, fgm icufgfs wnrn tln tnrrnstrifb ofoofbs fgm rnptibnsprndnrrnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj ig Nfrby Enrfoie tions. Ig

jkfcj nspneifbby pneefrins wnrn liclby rfg`nm prny, fs f rnsubt jd wliel tlny wnrnprjkfkby jvnrnxpbjitnm. Fquftie ofoofbs fgm rnptibns igebumigc ofgftnns fgm snf

turtbns wnrn sioibfrby tfrcntnm. [nm ljwbnr ojg`nys fgm tfpirs wnrn efpturnm bnsdrnqungtby0 kirms wnrn rfrnby efuclt. Disligc tjj` pbfen ky usigc ljj`s fgm bigns,dislpjts, disligc-gnts, kjws-fgm-frrjws, lfrpjjgs, fgm prjkfkby ky disl pjisjgigc.Dislljj`s, igebumigc kipjigtnm jgns, ofmn jd kjgn fgm stigcrfy spigns, fgm gntwniclts, succnstigc tln usn jd snigns (mrfcgnts), lfvn knng djugm ft snvnrfb sitns. Ig

rigimfm ojst disligc jeeurrnm ig tln igsljrn-nstufrign ngvirjgongt wlnrn spneinssuel fs snf eftdislns, oubbnts, sgjj`s, tfrpjgs, hfe`s, slfr`s, fgm rfydisl wnrnefuclt. Disligc wfs ouel ojrn mivnrsidinm ig jkfcj wlnrn tln igsljrn-nstufrign,tln jddsljrn-pnbfcie fs wnbb fs tln ofrign kfg`s/rnnds lfkitfts wnrn nxpbjitnm,prnmjoigfgtby tln bfttnr ngvirjgongt, efteligc ofigby pfrrjtdislns, tugfs fgm

ofe`nrnbs, tjfmdislns, surcnjgdislns, sgfppnrs, dbyigcdislns, fgm gnnmbndislns. is bi`nby tlft rnnd spneins suel fs pfrrjtdislns fgm sgfppnrs wnrn jvnrnxpbjitnmJkvijusby, disligc, jr djr tlft ofttnr fquftie trfvnbbigc ig cngnrfb, wfs iopjssikbnwitljut prjpnr mucjut efgjns. Gjgn lfs knng djugm ig frelfnjbjciefb ejgtnxtig tln twig isbfgms, kut ig fbb djur, gnfrby imngtiefb, wjjmng pfmmbns lfvn knrntrinvnm drjo tln Qitel Bf`n. Jgn jd tlno is nxlikitnm ig tln Gftijgfb Ousnuofgm Frt Cfbbnry.

3 wj bfrcn pjtslnrms djugm ft tln Cjbmng Crjvn (I) sitn ig jkfcj sljw mnpjsits jd f tlie`,efrkjgiznm vncntfkbn ef`n, pjssikby efssfvf, fmlnrigc tj tlnir iggnr simns. ]nsn vncntfkbn rnsimunssljw f krfgelnm erfeìgc fgm stkrjus fppnfrfgen. Cjbmng Crjvn (I) yinbmnm fbsj f pinen jd dugcus,succnstigc tlft ouslrjjos djronm fg iopjrtfgt mintfry suppbnongt.



5=

Fpfrt drjo eubtivftnm djjm pbfgts, tln Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim Fonrigmifgsejgsuonm f vfrinty jd (sjontions tngmnm) wibm druits fgm vncntfkbns suel fs pfbosnnms. Utjgn fgvibs (“pittnm stjgns’) wnrn usnm tjcntlnr witl sofbb lfoonrstjgnsig jrmnr tj erfe` suel guts. Ejbbnetigc tnrrnstrifb fgm fquftie igvnrtnkrftn djjm

sjurens suel fs erfks, ojbbus`s fgm snf ureligs (“snf nccs’) durtlnr fmmnm tj tlnNfrby Enrfoie mint. [nofigs jd bfgm erfks, kjtl kbun erfks fgm lfiry (efbbfbjj)erfks, frn drnqungt ig tln Ufbfmjim sitns jd kjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Ojbbus`sfrn tln ojst ejoojg djjm rnofigs ngejugtnrnm. Guonrjus spneins jd cfstrjpjms,kivfbvns fgm elitjgs ( pferj) wnrn ejgsuonm ky tln Nfrby Enrfoie pnjpbns ig tlntwj isbfgms. Mnnr kjgn fwbs, jeefsijgfbby ofmn jd slfrpngnm fgtbnr knfos stibbsljwigc tln kurr, ofy lfvn knng usnm fs pie`s djr pryigc jut tln cfstrjpjm fgiofbdrjo its slnbb. ln slnbb ejgtngts jd tln igvnsticftnm oimmngs succnst tlft f dnwpfrtieubfr ojbbus` spneins wnrn tfrcntnm wlibn f vfrinty jd jtlnrs wnrn ejbbnetnm jgbyfs pnjpbn efon ferjss tlno wlng snfreligc djr tln prndnrrnm spneins. Jg rigimfm’s

sjutl fgm nfst ejfsts sfgmy-knfel kivfbvns fs mjgfx ebfos (elipelip) fgm tricjgfbtivnbfs (wfejj) wnrn prndnrrnm gnxt tj ofgcrjvn spneins suel fs Efrikknfg (“trnn’)jystnrs, tubip oussnbs fgm Snst Igmifg erjwg ejgels. nrrnstrifb sgfibs djronm foigjrity. ln slnbbdisl spneins ejbbnetnm ig jkfcj middnrnm ofr`nmby drjo tljsn igrigimfm mun tj tln missioibfr kijtie elfrfetnr jd tln ofrign ngvirjgongt frjugm

tln sofbbnr isbfgm. Lnrn rnnd spneins suel fs qunng ejgels (bfokis ) wnrn cftlnrnmnxtngsivnby, fgm rje`y-sljrn cfstrjpjms suel fs Snst Igmifg tjp slnbbs (wlnb`s ) fgmelitjgs. Ufgmy-kjttjo kivfbvns fs vngus ebfos, ofgcrjvn jystnrs fgm oussnbs fgmcfstrjpjms suel fs erjwg ejgels wnrn tfrcntnm fs wnbb.

Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim pjpubftijg, sjeinty fgm rnbicijg

Fbtljucl fppfrngtby tln prn-Ejbuokifg pnjpbns wnrn quitn sueenssdub ig tfppigctln gfturfb rnsjurens jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, it is middieubt tj of`n ojrn tlfgnmueftnm cunssns fkjut luofg pjpubftijg sizn fgm mngsity ig tln twj isbfgmsig Nfrby Enrfoie tions. Fssuoigc tlft tln Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim vibbfcns wnrniglfkitnm ky sjon 6>1 pnjpbn nfel, tln tjtfb pjpubftijg jd tln twig isbfgms ig tlispnrijm ejubm lfvn knng sjon 4111 pnrsjgs, prjvimnm tlft fbb sitns frn ejgtnopjrfryfgm `gjwg (wliel is ugbi`nby). Ft fgy rftn, tln crfmufb igernfsn jd tln guoknrjd lfkitftijg sitns tlrjucljut Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions is succnstivn jd stnfmy

pjpubftijg crjwtl, spbittigc jd vibbfcns fgm igernfsigc pjpubftijg mngsity. lnpfttnrgs jd snttbnongt, suksistngen fgm pjpubftijg jd tln Nfrby Enrfoie pnjpbnsig tln twj isbfgms ebjsnby rnsnokbn tljsn jd f rfgcn jd prnsngt fgm djronr “trikfb’sjeintins jr “bjefb crjups’ typiefb jd tln Ujutl Fonriefg trjpiefb bjwbfgms. Uuelsystnos rnprnsngt nssngtifbby ncfbitfrifg sjeintins ejgsistigc jd f snrins jd snoi-igmnpngmngt bjefb ejoougitins, nfel jdtng ofmn up jd jgby f dnw ìgslip crjupsjr nxtngmnm dfoibins, igtncrftnm ky gjg-rnsimngtifb ebfgs (mnsengt crjups), nbfkjrftngntwjr`s jd trfmn fgm nxelfgcn, pjbitiefb fgm oibitfry fbbifgens, fgm “rncijgfbdinbms’ jd enrnojgifb fgm slfofgie ejjpnrftijg. Igmivimufb trikfb systnos jdtngslfrn f ejoojg eubturn, bfgcufcn, tnrritjry, fgm gfon, tlus djroigc snpfrftn

ntlgie crjups fgm pjbitins. Mivisijg jd bfkjur is priofriby kfsnm jg snx fgm fcn



5> 8 ( . ― / )

wlibn snoi-spneifbists jpnrftn jgby jg tln ejoougity bnvnb. Utftusvfriftijg is sofbb8 bnfmnrslip is tnopjrfry, pnrsjgfbiznm fgm ejgtnxt-

mnpngmngt. Mun tj pnrsjgfb qufbitins sjon lnfmong frn fkbn tjmjoigftn ig wfr fgm trfmn fs “crnft ong’, fttrfetigc bfrcn djbbjwigcstlrjucl cidt civigc, kut tlnir bnfmnrslip is gjt lnrnmitfry.

wj wjjmng frtidfets rntrinvnm drjo tln Qitel Bf`n frn fssjeiftnmwitl tlis ìgm jd stftus middnrngens witlig tln rigimfmifg Ufbfmjimejoougitins8 f kngel efrvnm ig tln djro jd fg fgiofb, pnrlfps f hfcufr, fgm fg fsyoontriefb, licl-kfe`nm snft. ln zjjojrpliekngel (Dic. 63) is efrvnm jd f sigcbn kbje` jd wjjm fgm lfs knng mftnmky rfmijefrkjg tj fkjut FM >11. It lfs f ejgefvn snft wliel is vnrysojjtl tlrjucl usn0 its ugmnrsimn stibb sljws tln jricigfb lnwigc

ofr`s. Uuel kngelns frn typiefbby ofbn-fssjeiftnm pinens jd durgiturnig tln prnsngt Fonrigmifg mwnbbigcs jd tln Ujutl Fonriefg trjpiefbbjwbfgms, jgby usnm ky tln lnfmofg jr slfofg (rnbicijus spneifbist)jd tln vibbfcn. ln licl-kfe`nm, sjonwlft “lfooje`-slfpnm’,snft drjo tln Qitel Bf`n (Dic. 6<) rnsnokbns tln elindby stjjbs tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns usnm ig ejgtfet tions fgm ofyrnprnsngt f “prjtjtypn’ jd tln bfttnr. Uuel snfts pbfynm iopjrtfgtrjbns murigc tln ejoougfb dnstivitins wliel frn jr wnrn lnbm ky tln

rjpiefb Djrnst pnjpbns jg vfrijus jeefsijgs, igebumigc tln igitiftijgritufbs jd yjugc wfrrijrs, tln kurifbs jd elinds, tln snttbnongt

jd pnfen trnftins, fgm tln ejgtrfetigc jd ofrrifcns. Efssfvf knnr

Dicurn 63. Sjjmng kngel

ig tln jro j f hfcufr (:),

rnejvnrnm rjo tln Qitel Bf`n(UQF-4), ]rigimfm. Bngctl >3.;

eo, ofxiouo lniclt ;1.6

eo. Ufbfmjim (:) snrins, Nfrby

Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM >11. Ejbb.

YQO.



54

mrigìgc, sigcigc fgm mfgeigc djronm igvfrifkbn igcrnmingts jd tlnsndètns wliel ofy lfvn bfstnm tlrnn jr djur mfys. Fetufbby, tln jgby

frelfnjbjciefb nvimngen pjigtigc tj suel vibbfcn pfrtins frn ofssivnvnssnbs usnm djr krnwigc tln efssfvf knnr tlft wfs ejgsuonm ig bfrcnqufgtitins murigc tln dnstivitins.< Fg nspneifbby rfrn nxfopbn jd suelf lucn ejgtfignr is rnprnsngtnm ky f bfrcn pnfr-slfpnm (“frykfbbjim’) hfr sljwigc f ejgvnx gne` witl fg luofg-bi`n dfen mnsicg fgm tlrnnvnrtiefb lfgmbns (Dic. 69). ln pbfenongt jd tlnsn lfgmbns succnststlft tln vnssnb ig dfet rnprnsngts f ofbn nddicy. It wfs djugm ky f seukfmivnr ft f mnptl jd > o knbjw tln surdfen jd Kjokslnbb Kfy, jddsljrnEfspfr Crfgmn (Cfspfrnn) Isbfgm ig 6991. Nxfet pfrfbbnbs jd tlis hfrfrn jgby `gjwg drjo Ufbfmjim sitns ig Qunrtj [iej.

Nbfkjrftn enrnojgins feejopfginm trfmitijgfbby “pfssfcn ritns’suel fs kirtl, igitiftijg, ofrrifcn, fgm mnftl, kut jgby tln bfttnris `gjwg frelfnjbjciefbby. Fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Ujutl Fonriefg trjpiefb djrnst tln ontljms jd mispjsfb jd tln mnfm fgm tlnfssjeiftnm enrnojgins vfry priofriby feejrmigc tj tln sjeifb stftus jdtln mnenfsnm. ln priofry kurifb jd licl rfgìgc (ofbn) igmivimufbs isjdtng ugnfrtlnm fcfig fdtnr f guoknr jd ynfrs, djbbjwnm ky snpfrftijgjd tln sùbb fgm/jr sjon bjgc kjgns djr `nnpigc ig tln mwnbbigc ig

< Gienby mnejrftnm kjwbs jd pjttnry fgm lfbvnm efbfkfslns wnrn usnm trfmitijgfbby tjsnrvn efssfvf knnr murigc tlnsn dnfsts. Djr jkvijus rnfsjgs tln cjurm mislns lfvn gjtknng rntrinvnm frelfnjbjciefbby.

Dicurn 6<. “Lfooje`’-slfpnm

wjjmng snft, rnejvnrnm rjo

tln Qitel Bf`n (UQF-4), ]rigimfm.Bngctl 33.> eo, ofxiouo

lniclt ;3.1 eo. Ufbfmjim (:)

snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn,

pnrlfps ef. FM >11. Ejbb.

GOFC.



53 8 ( . ― / )

jrmnr tj ejgsubt tln mnfm fgenstjr’s spirit wlngnvnr gnenssfry. It is sueennmnm krnkurifb jd tln rnofigmnr jd tln s`nbntjg. Ofgy Nfrby Enrfoie sitns ig rigimfmfgm jkfcj lfvn yinbmnm priofry fgm/jr snejgmfry igluoftijgs, snvnrfb jd wlielfppnfrnm tj kn feejopfginm ky ojrtufry cidts suel fs pjttnry vnssnbs, gj mjuktjricigfbby dibbnm witl djjm djr pbfeftigc tln spirit wjrbm, fgm pnrsjgfb pjssnssijgOjst s`nbntjgs sljw kurifb ig ojrn jr bnss dbnxnm (“djntfb’) pjsitijg0 jringtftijgvfrins. lnsn igluoftijgs lfvn yinbmnm jeefsijgfbby nxenptijgfb enrfoie digms8 wlibntln prn-Ejbuokifg pjttnry rntrinvnm drjo oimmng sitns wfs cngnrfbby mnpjsitnm ig

lnfviby drfcongtnm ejgmitijg, vnssnbs wnrn pbfenm ugmfofcnm fs ojrtufry cidtsig kurifbs. Uuel f digm is tln dfojus Nrig “wftnrkjttbn’, f dignby SJ[-pfigtnmfsyoontriefb kjwb, wliel wfs rnejvnrnm ky Hjlg F. Kubbkrjj` ig 69== fgm is gjwnxlikitnm ig tln Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry (Dic. ;1). jcntlnr witl itskjttbn stjppnr fgm tlrnn jtlnr, sioibfrby pfigtnm vnssnbs, it djronm tln ojrtufrycidt jd f prjkfkby ofbn kurifb.

Fgjtlnr spneifb kurifb ft tln Nrig sitn, sioibfrby nxlikitnm ig tln GftijgfbOusnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry fgm nxefvftnm ky Kubbkrjj` (ig 69=6/69=;), isrnprnsngtnm ky tln dbnxnm priofry igluoftijg jd f yjugc, prjkfkby ofbn, fmubt

Dicurn 69. Bfrcn pjttnry hfr, prjkfkby

rnprnsngtigc f ofbn n icy, jugm ugmnrwftnr

ft Kjokslnbb Kfy, j sljrn Efspfr Crfgmn

(Cfspfrnn) Isbfgm (UCN-53), ]rigimfm. Lniclt

=5.1 eo. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn,

ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Qrivftn ejbb.



5<

Dicurn ;1. Slitn-jg-rnm pfigtnm, fsyoontriefb

enrfoie kjttbn, sljwigc f luofg/fgiofb-bi`n

fen mnsicg, jugm ft Nrig (UQF-;1), ]rigimfm.

Lniclt ;5.6 eo. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie

Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Ejbb. GOFC.



59 8 ( . ― / )

wlj wfs mnpjsitnm jg lis riclt simn, feejopfginm ky f bfrcn Ufbfmjim kjwb witlljbbjw rio, wliel jricigfbby dugetijgnm fs f rfttbn, f lfoonrstjgn fgm f sofbbkjwb sljwigc f kirm-bi`n lnfm buc. Fg nxenptijgfbby riel kurifb wfs ngejugtnrnm ft Ftfcufb fgm muc up ky Qntnr Lfrris fgm tln futljr ig 69<6/69<;. It ejgtfignm fprjkfkby gjrtl―sjutl jringtnm, dbnxnm s`nbntjg jd fg fmubt wlj wfs feejopfginmky djur Ufbfmjim vnssnbs fgm f crnngstjgn jvfb (“pntfbjim’) fxn lnfm. F wlitn-pfigtkjttbn wfs djugm rnstigc jg tjp jd fg igvnrtnm kjwb wliel, ig turg, ejvnrnm tln bnckjgns jd tln mnenfsnm. wj jtlnr vnssnbs wnrn djugm ebjsn ky, igebumigc f snejg

kjwb sljwigc f kft-lnfmfmjrgj (Dic. ;6) fgm f lfooje`-slfpnm vnssnb mnejrftnm

Dicurn ;6. Qfrtifbby rnm-pfigtnm pjttnry kjwb, sljwigc f kft-slfpnm lnfm

buc fgm tfib, jugm ft Ftfcufb (TIE-51), ]rigimfm. Lniclt 61.4 eo. Ufbfmjim

snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Lfrris Ejbb., SD].

Dicurn ;;. Ubftn-bi`n, tlig stjgn sbfk,

mnejrftnm witl igeisnm ojti s, jugm ft

Nrig (UQF-;1), ]rigimfm. Bngctl >.> eo,

wimtl =.> eo. Kfrrfgejim snrins, Nfrby

Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Ejbb.

GOFC.



=1

witl SJ[-pfigtnm fgm igeisnm ojtids. Fgjtlnr Ftfcufb kurifb yinbmnm f gjrtl―sjutl jringtnm fmubt s`nbntjg jd wliel tln sùbb wfs ejvnrnm witl fg igvnrtnm jvfb-slfpnm kjwb mnejrftnm witl kft-lnfmfmjrgjs ft kjtl ngms. Ig jkfcj, tln ojstnxenptijgfb Ufbfmjim kurifbs frn `gjwg drjo Bjvnrs’ [ntrnft wlnrn f crjup jd divn

fmubt igtnrongts wfs djugm ky ljofs E. Efokrimcn ig 69=<, feejopfginm ky6< vnssnbs fgm ;3 pntfbjim stjgn fxns, igebumigc tlrnn oigifturn spneiongs.Utumy jd f snrins jd s`nbntjgs drjo tln Qfbj Unej fgm Ut. Knrgfrm sitns succnsts

tlft tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns jd rigimfm prfetienm frtidieifb sùbb ojmidieftijg wliel,tjcntlnr witl tfttjjigc, kjmy pfigtigc, kjmiby feejutrnongts, fgm mrnss, djros fontljm jd nxprnssigc stftus fgm ntlgie mistigetijgs ig Fonrigmifg sjeinty. Igmnnm,stjgn jr ejrfb rukkigc tjjbs sljwigc f rnm myn ofy lfvn knng usnm djr prjenssigclnoftitn djr kjmy pfigtigc fs wnbb fs pjttnry mnejrftijg. Enrfoie spigmbn wljrbs,rnejvnrnm drjo guonrjus sitns, pjigt tj tln spiggigc fgm wnfvigc jd (eubtivftnm)ejttjg twign fgm tln ofgudfeturn jd cirmbns, wfistkfgms fgm lfooje`s. Knsimns,

twj wjjmng wnfvigc stie`s (“snpfrftjrs’) wnrn rntrinvnm drjo tln Qitel Bf`n. F wnfbtl jd efrvnm kjgn, stjgn fgm slnbb pngmfgts, knfms fgm jtlnr jrgfongtsis `gjwg drjo tln Nfrby Enrfoie sitns ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj. ln siopbnst,jkvijusby bjefbby ofmn, jrgfongts igebumn dbft fgm kfrrnb-slfpnm kjgn, slnbb fgmpjttnry knfms, fgm pjttnry nfr pbucs fgm knfms ofmn jd disl vnrtnkrfn. F ebnfrbyofbn-fssjeiftnm eftncjry jd fmjrgongts, sljwigc prjwnss, is djronm ky pnrdjrftnmjr (ynt) ugmribbnm pneefry tus`s fgm pngmfgts ofmn jd efiofg’s fgm slfr`’s tnntl. Ft Qfbj Unej f eireubfr pngmfgt wfs djugm, ofgudfeturnm jd f prjkfkby luofgsùbb, pnrlfps tlft jd f sbfig ngnoy, wliel wfs pnrdjrftnm djur tions. Tfrijuspngmfgts frn ̀ gjwg ofmn drjo tln vfbvns jd bjefb drnslwftnr oussnbs (gfifms) drjo

wliel tln nxtnrgfb bfynr wfs rnojvnm ig jrmnr tj nxpjsn tln kribbifgt ojtlnr-jd-pnfrb ugmnrgnftl. Jtlnr pngmfgts igebumn pnrdjrftnm oigifturn fxn lnfms (“pycoyenbts’), sofbb stjgn trig`nts wliel ofy lfvn knng suspngmnm fs mfgcbnrs murigcmfgeigc enrnojgins. Fg ugojmidinm, crnyisl stjgn pngmfgt, djugm ft Ftfcufb, wfsebnfrby slfpnm tj kn suspngmnm drjo tln bjwnst pfrt jd tln gjsn.

Vuitn sjplistieftnm kjmiby fmjrgongts djugm ig rigimfm ejoprisn nxjtiefrtidfets suel fs pngmfgts ofmn jd bicgitn, jeefsijgfbby sljwigc strjgcbyKfrrfgejim igeisnm mnsicgs, wliel ojst bi`nby jricigftnm ig tln Bjwnr JrigjejTfbbny. F sioibfrby mnejrftnm, tlig sbfk jd f sbftn-bi`n rje` oftnrifb ngejugtnrnm ftNrig prjkfkby mnrivnm drjo tlis sfon rncijg (Dic. ;;). Jtlnr nxjties igebumn knfms

ofmn jd snoi-prneijus stjgns suel fs tjurofbign, snrpngtigitn jr elbjritn, fgmturqujisn, prjkfkby mnrivigc drjo tln Qfrif Qngigsubf jr nbsnwlnrn jg tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm. Drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts, ofmn jd crnng-ejbjurnm stjgn jr slnbb,lfvn knng djugm ig Ufbfmjim ejgtnxt fs wnbb. Ft bnfst jgn jd tlnsn jrgfongts is ofmnjd elbjritn. ln twj ugmjuktnmby ojst spnetfeubfr, zjjojrpliefbby seubpturnm,stjgn pngmfgts drjo rigimfm wnrn purelfsnm ig tln isbfgm ky Hnssn S. Dnw`ns ig691=. ln dirst jgn rnprnsngts fg ugimngtidifkbn fgiofb, pjssikby f turtbn, jd wlieltln bncs fgm jtlnr dnfturns frn igmieftnm ky Kfrrfgejim-bi`n krjfm-bign eurvibignfrigeisijg. ln snejgm pngmfgt, wliel is ojst bi`nby ofmn jd snrpngtigitn,rnprnsngts f ìgc vubturn efrryigc fg fgiofb ig its ebfws (Dic. ;5). It ofy lfvn

knng fg nxelfgcn itno wliel jricigftnm fs dfr gjrtl fs Tinquns, f sofbb isbfgm



=6 8 ( . ― / )

mirnetby nfst jd Qunrtj [iej, jg wlielf wjr`sljp ofgudfeturigc tlis ìgm jdìgc vubturn pngmfgts wfs bjeftnm. Bjefbknfms fgm pngmfgts ofmn jd slnbb, kjgnfgm stjgn, frn wnbb `gjwg drjo jkfcjfs wnbb. Ojst igtnrnstigcby, tln sofbbnrisbfgm fppnfrs tj lfvn knng f ofhjrknfm-ofgudfeturigc sitn tlrjucljut

Bftn Enmrjsfg tions (fgm fdtnrwfrms). Fs rnsnfrel ky Qntnr J’K. Lfrris fgm tlnfutljr lfs sljwg, mijritn djronm tlngfturfb rje` prnmjoigfgtby usnm djr tlispurpjsn. lis kbfe`-fgm-wlitn ojttbnmoftnrifb, wliel is djugm ig f wimn zjgn ferjss engtrfb fgm nfst jkfcj, wfs utibiznmtj ofgudfeturn guonrjus kuttjg- fgm kfrrnb-slfpnm knfms ft tln Cjbmng Crjvn(I) sitn ig tln sjutlnrg pfrt jd tln isbfgm. Fpfrt drjo kbfg`s fgm digislnm mijritnknfms, tlis wjr`sljp sitn yinbmnm fbsj pjbisligc stjgns wliel sljw mnnp, wimncrjjvns rnsubtigc drjo efrndubby sojjtligc tln knfms.

Mijritn knfms ofmn ig jkfcj ofy lfvn sprnfm knyjgm tln isbfgm fs tln rnsubtjd nxelfgcn rnbftijgslips witl tln Ufbfmjim pnjpbns nbsnwlnrn ig tln Snst Igmins.^gdjrtugftnby, mijritn is f rje` oftnrifb wliel jeeurs gfturfbby tlrjucljut tlnEfrikknfg fgm f pjssikbn jkfcjgifg jricig jd tln mijritn knfms djugm jg tlnjtlnr isbfgms jd tln rncijg is misteubt tj fsenrtfig. Ljwnvnr, it is fbojst enrtfigtlft jkfcj pbfynm fg iopjrtfgt rjbn ig tln mistrikutijg jd rje` oftnrifbs usnm djrtln ofgudfeturn jd euttigc tjjbs ig rigimfm. ]n sofbbnr isbfgm pjssnssns nxtngsivnsjurens jd tln ontfojrplie fgm icgnjus (vjbefgie) rje` oftnrifbs wliel wnrn usnmdjr Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim fxn fgm fmzn lnfm ofgudfeturn ig rigimfm, wlibn tlnsn rjeoftnrifbs frn fbojst ngtirnby bfeìgc ig tln bfttnr isbfgm. Knsimns, tln prnsngen jd sln

fxn lnfms (“enbts’) ofmn jd qunng ejgels, pnrlfps usnm djr efgjn ofgudfeturn, fgm jdcrigmigc fgm pjbisligc sbfks jd djssib ejrfb ft vfrijus Ufbfmjim sitns ig sjutl rigimfmofy sioibfrby pjigt tj igtnrfetijg witl jkfcj. ]is, jd ejursn, is succnstnm fbsj kytln Kfrrfgejim pjttnry vnssnbs jd enrnojgifb elfrfetnr, jricigftigc ig rigimfm jrtln Bjwnr Jrigjej Tfbbny, wliel lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ig ojrtufry ejgtnxts ftUfbfmjim sitns jg sjutlwnst jkfcj. Ig ejgtrfst, f ojtlnr-jd-pnfrb pngmfgt ofmnjd tln vfbvn jd f drnslwftnr oussnb, djugm ft Cjbmng Crjvn (I), ofy rnprnsngt fsjeifb vfbufkbn mnrivigc drjo sjutl rigimfm. Ntlgjlistjrie mjeuongts succnst tlftsuel vfbufkbns wnrn nxelfgcnm fojgc tln prn-Ejbuokifg ejoougitins jd tln SnstIgmins fgm knyjgm murigc dnfsts lnbm jg tln jeefsijg jd, djr igstfgen, tln djroftijg

jd pjbitiefb fbbifgens fssjeiftnm witl ofrrifcn pfets, kurifbs jd licl-stftus pnrsjgs,

Dicurn ;5. @igc vubturn-slfpnm stjgn (snrpngtign:)

pngmfgt, jugm ft fg ug`gjwg bjeftijg ig ]rigimfm.

Bngctl =.5 eo. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie

Fcn, ef. FM 1―5>1. Ejbb. Uoitlsjgifg Igstitutijg,

Sfsligctjg, ME.



=;

fgm igitiftijg ritufbs. Ig tlis wfy ejopbnx systnos jd igtnrntlgie rnbftijgs ejubm ̀ gittjcntlnr nxtngmnm tnrritjrins fs “igtnrfetijg splnrns’ ig kjtl tln Ujutl Fonriefgtrjpiefb bjwbfgms fgm tln Snst Igmifg frelipnbfcj. Simn-rfgcigc ejoougieftijgfgm igtnrfetijg frn igmieftnm ky, djr igstfgen, tln prnsngen jd nxfetby sioibfr igeisnm

mnejrftivn pfttnrgs jg sjon jd tln Ufbfmjim nfrtlngwfrn ngejugtnrnm ft sitns jgsjutl jkfcj (Ojugt Irvign), tln gjrtlnrg ejfstfb frnf jd rigimfm (Kbfgelissnusn),tln engtrfb ejfst jd Tngnzunbf, fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns.

Guonrjus liclby mnsirnm nxelfgcn itnos mnrivnm tlnir prnsticn ig Fonrigmifgsjeinty drjo spneidie rnbicijus ejggjtftijgs. ln prjdusijg jd fgtlrjpjzjjojrplielnfm bucs jrgfongtigc tln Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim pjttnry jd tln twig isbfgmsfmnquftnby rndbnets tln “fgioistie’ gfturn jd Nfrby Enrfoie rnbicijg, wliel engtrnmfrjugm f prjdjugm knbind ig tln tjtfb spiritufbity jd tln ugivnrsn, fgm pbfenmluofgs, fgiofbs fgm spirits jg fg nqufb bnvnb, igvjbvigc ugbioitnm trfgsdjroftijgsdrjo jgn ofgidnstftijg tj fgjtlnr. ln prjdusijg jd tlnsn fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie

lnfm bucs jg Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim pjttnry ibbustrftns tln licl vfbun pbfenm ky tlnprn-Ejbuokifg Fonrigmifgs jg ejoougieftijg witl tln spirit wjrbm ig jrmnrtj ngsurn lnfbtl, dnrtibity, sjeifb jrmnr, fgm crjup survivfb. ^tibizftijg jd tlnsnvnssnbs ig ritufbs nvng fs prjdfgn fs vibbfcn dnstivfbs jr ejoougfb onfbs snnosigmieftnm. Ofgy Nfrby Enrfoie vnssnb djros frn rnfbby nddicins, rnprnsngtigc “oytlietrfgsdjros’ jd ernfturns wliel fbsj fet fs tln ofhjr gfturfb syokjbs jd prnsngtUjutl Fonriefg oytljbjcy. lny rndbnet f ejsojbjcy wliel imngtidins f snrinsjd twjdjbm jppjsitijgs, fssjeiftnm witl f dugmfongtfbby snxufb syokjbiso. lnUfbfmjim zjjojrpliefmjrgjs igebumn liclby ejgvngtijgfbiznm rnprnsngtftijgs jdkirms fgm fgiofbs suel fs ojg`nys, kfts, mjcs, frofmibbjs, rjmngts, dnbigns, turtbns,

drjcs, bizfrms, fgm efiofgs. Knsimns, ofgy jd tlnsn lnfm bucs sljw f djro jd pietjrifbmufbiso igvjbvigc tln jeeurrngen jd mivnrcngt iofcns wlng snng drjo ejgtrfstigcpjigts jd vinw. It lfs knng succnstnm tlft tln ojst ejoojg lnfm bucs sljwg jgtlnsn vnssnbs, pjrtrfyigc druit-nftigc kfts fgm drjcs, efg kn tf`ng tj rnprnsngt tlnprnmjoigfgt iejgjcrfplie syokjbs jd tln ofbn fgm dnofbn prigeipbns, rnspnetivnby,ig Nfrby Enrfoie rnbicijg. ln jtlnr fgiofbs fgm kirms efg kn imngtidinm sioibfrby.

ln luofg ofooibbfry fmjrgjs , `gjwg drjo Ufbfmjim fgm Kfrrfgejim ejgtnxts,ebnfrby rndnr tj druitdubgnss fgm prjpfcftijg.

wj “enrnojgifb’ sitns efg kn imngtidinm ig tln twig isbfgms8 tln Qitel Bf`n,wliel rnprnsngtnm f pbfen jd jddnrigc wjjmng frtidfets fgm/jr spneidie luofg

kurifbs, fgm Erjwg Qjigt, f sofbb efvn ig sjutlwnst jkfcj. Fs witl efvns fgmbf`ns jg tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm, ojst bi`nby tln Fonrigmifgs ejgsimnrnmkjtl sitns fs pjrtfbs tj tln spirit wjrbm. Fs ig prnsngt Fonrigmifg rnbicijg, tlnvibbfcn slfofg (“bjjòfg’) dugetijgnm fs f eurnr, fmvisjr fgm snnr, ejgtfetigc tlnrnfbo jd tln spirits tlrjucl trfgens igvj`nm ky tln igtf`n jd lfbbueigjcngie mrucs.Unvnrfb digm eftncjrins efg kn imngtidinm fs slfofgie pfrfplnrgfbif. Uofbb pjttnrykjwbs sljwigc pfirs jd tukn-slfpnm nxtngsijgs, sj-efbbnm “gjstrib’ jr “sgiddigc’kjwbs, wnrn fppfrngtby usnm djr pjurigc tjkfeej jr pnppnr huien igtj tln gjsn, sjfs tj igmuen fg nestftie-visijgfry trfgen (Dic. ;=).9

9 F stgn nxfopbn, rnejvnrnm ky Kfsib N. Hjsf drjo f misturknm kurifb ft Ut. Knrgfrm, is jg nxlikit ig tlnGftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry.



=5 8 ( . ― / )

Ljbbjw pjttnryfmjrgjs ejgtfigigc sofbb ebfy pnbbnts jr tigy pnkkbns, wliel

dugetijgnm fs rfttbigc mnviens wlng ojvnm quie`by, jkvijusby rnprnsngt eurigcmnviens fgfbjcjus tj tln rfttbns ofmn jd jrcfgie oftnrifbs wliel prnsngt-mfyslfofgs usn tj igvj`n tlnir tutnbfry spirits. Jtlnr slfofgie fims djugm jg rigimfmfgm jkfcj igebumn enrnojgifb vnssnb stfgms fgm eybigmriefb, kjttjobnss vnssnwitl gnfrby ebjsnm tjps (“igengsn kurgnrs’) wliel ofy lfvn knng usnm tj ìgmbnfgm iglfbn lfbbueigjcngie mrucs. ln nddicy vnssnbs ofy lfvn dugetijgnm murigslfofgie enrnojgins fs tln tnopjrfry rnpjsitjrins djr tln slfofg’s cufrmifg spiritswlng suoojgnm djr fmvien fgm fssistfgen. Fg nxenptijgfb Kfrrfgejimfmjrgj,djugm ft Slitnbfgms, sljws fg igtrieftnby ojmnbbnm-igeisnm, sj-efbbnm “fbtnr nc(snejgm-snbd) pjrtrfyfb jd f ìgc vubturn surojugtigc fg fgtlrjpjojrplie lnfm,

ebnfrby rnprnsngtigc f slfofg `nnpigc lis lfgms tj tln elig fgm bjwnr elnn`swlibn ig trfgen. It rnefbbs Ujutl Fonriefg oytljbjciefb tfbns jd ìgc vubturns fstln prion cufrmifg spirit jd tln slfofg, tfìgc lio tj lnfvng murigc f tjkfeej-igmuenm nestftie-visijgfry trfgen.

Digfbby, vfrijus nxfopbns jd tlrnnpjigtnm stjgns (Dic. ;>), tln ojst ukiquitjuseftncjry jd Ufbfmjim slfofgie pfrfplnrgfbif, lfvn knng djugm jg kjtl rigimfmfgm jkfcj0 tln sofbbnr isbfgm prjkfkby wfs tln jricig jd tln jgby spneiong`gjwg drjo rigimfm. lnsn “tlrnnpjigtnrs’ ofy lfvn knng usnm djr slfofgieritufbs igtngmnm tj prjojtn tln crjwtl jd djjm pbfgts. F ojst igtnrnstigc digm,ibbustrftigc tln mirnet feenss jd tln jkfcjgifg Ufbfmjim Fonrigmifgs tj tln

Fgtibbnfg nxelfgcn gntwjr`s, is rnprnsngtnm ky f tlrnnpjigtnr djugm ft tln Ojugt

Dicurn ;=. Enrfoie kjwb sljwigc twj tukn-slfpnm nxtngsijgs, ojst bi`nby usnm tj pjur tjkfeej huien igtj tln

gjsn ig jrmnr tj igmuen fg nestftie-visijgfry trfgen, jugm ft Ut. Knrgfrm (OFY-=), ]rigimfm. Ofxiouo wimtl

6=.3 eo. Ufbfmjim snrins, Nfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 5>1―4>1/<11. Ejbb. GOFC.





=>- ( . / ‛ )

=. Bftn-prnlistjrie eubturfbelfgcn (ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=9<)

ln pnrijm drjo FM 4>1 tj <11 wfs jgn jd nxenptijgfb mygfoiso, kjtl jg tlnofigbfgm fgm ig tln isbfgms jd tln Snst Igmins. Ofhjr eubturfb, sjeij-pjbitiefbfgm ritufb rndjroubftijgs tjj` pbfen ig kjtl frnfs murigc tlnsn dnw engturins, tlnelfrfetnr fgm ejgsnqungens jd wliel frn stibb pjjrby ugmnrstjjm. Ejigeimngtfbbyjr gjt, tlis eubturfb wftnrslnm wfs fbsj fg npisjmn jd ebioftie elfgcn, murigcwliel engturins jd rnbftivnby fkugmfgt rfigdfbb wnrn rnpbfenm ky f pnrijmelfrfetnriznm ky mry ejgmitijgs euboigftigc ig prjbjgcnm mrjuclts fgm igernfsnm

lurriefgn drnqungey. lrjucljut tln rncijg tln Ufbfmjim igtnrfetijg splnrnmisigtncrftnm rfpimby. Ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj tln nxistigc eubturfb rnbftijgslipspjbitiefb fbbifgens fgm sjeifb gntwjr`s ejggnetigc tln twig isbfgms’ Fonrigmifgejoougitins wnrn rnmndignm nssngtifbby. Fs f rnsubt, tln strjgc eubturfb ugitykntwnng tln twj isbfgms, wliel nxistnm murigc Ufbfmjim tions, wfs mndigitnkrj`ng. jkfcj wfs gjw mrfwg igtj tln splnrn jd igdbungen jd tln rjuofssjimtrfmitijg wliel bjefbby erystfbbiznm ig tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm Kfrkfmjsrnpbfeigc tln Ufbfmjim snrins lnrn.61 Uioubtfgnjusby, tln iglfkitfgts jd rigimfmknefon igernfsigcby fddibiftnm witl tln pnjpbns jd tln Frfuquigjim trfmitijg wlieldirst oftnrifbiznm jg tln oimmbn rnfelns jd tln Jrigjej [ivnr (Dic. 9). Fdtnr lfvigc

nstfkbislnm tlnosnbvns jg tln Bjwnr Jrigjej fgm tln engtrfb Tngnzunbfg ejfst,igtnroigcbigc witl tln Kfrrfgejim trfmitijg, tln Frfuquigjim pnjpbns sprnfm tjtln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs fgm kjtl simns jd tln Cubd jd Qfrif, lnrn civigc risntj tln sj-efbbnm Cufyfkitfg suksnrins, efbbnm fdtnr tln Cufyfkitf ejopbnx jd tlnQfrif pngigsubf. Ig rigimfm f bjefb Cufyfkitfg enrfoie fssnokbfcn, tln Kjgtjurejopbnx, wjubm crfmufbby rnpbfen tln Ufbfmjim fgm Kfrrfgejim pjttnry tlrjucljuttln isbfgm, rndbnetigc tln onrcigc mun tj igtnrofrrifcn jd tln Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejimejoougitins witl crjups jd Frfuquigjim iooicrfgts. It wjubm mjoigftn tln BftnEnrfoie plfsn jd rigimfm ugtib sljrtby kndjrn tln ejgtfet pnrijm.

Frfuquigjim snttbnongt ig ]rigimfm

ln Frfuquigjim (Cufyfkitfg) iooicrftijg igtj rigimfm wfs djrnslfmjwnm kytln Kfrrfgejim enrfoies jd Bftn Nrig tions wliel mispbfy f guoknr jd dnfturnsjd Frfuquigjim mnrivftijg suel fs tln fppbieftijg jdefuïxi (drnslwftnr spjgcnspieubns) tnopnr, fgm mistigetby lfplfzfrm fgm sbjppiby nxneutnm igeisnm fgojmnbbnm mnejrftivn ojtids, ebnfrby rndbnetigc f sbfe`ngigc jd tln striet stfgmfrmjrgfongtftijg jricigfbby rncubftigc Kfrrfgejim enrfoies. ln mnvnbjpongt drjoUfbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tj Frfuquigjim is sljwg ojst ebnfrby ft tln “oubtiejopjgngt’

61 It wfs efbbnm fdtnr tln rjuofssén sitn jg Ut. Bueif ig tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms.



=4

sitns jd rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst. Lnrn, tln mngsn igtnrfetijg tfìgc pbfen ferjss tlnEjbuokus Elfggnb witl tln Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs wfsrndbnetnm ky tln mnvnbjpongt jd fg igmnpngmngt Kfrrfgejim/Frfuquigjim pjttnryfssnokbfcn ig tln sjutlnfstnrgojst pjrtijg jd tln isbfgm. lis Ut. Eftlnrign’s (II)

ejopbnx ebjsnby rnsnokbns tln sj-efbbnm Bftn Ofkfruof/Fpjstfmnrj enrfoies jdejfstfb Cuyfgf. It is elfrfetnriznm ky f prjdusijg jd pugetftnm fgm pugetftnm-igeisnm mnejrftivn ojtids, igebumigc snrins jd pfrfbbnb bigns ngmigc ig mjts,trfpnzjimfb fgm trifgcubfr rio bucs, pugetftnm fppbiqué dibbnts, ojmnbbnm-igeisnmluofg dfens, fgm fgiofb-bi`nfmjrgjs . Ut. Eftlnrign’s ofy rnprnsngt f tnopjrfryjutpjst jd pnjpbn drjo tln ejfstfb zjgn jd Cuyfgf, nstfkbislnm ig jrmnr tj dfeibitftnnxelfgcn fgm ejoougieftijg witl tln Fonrigmifgs jd sjutl rigimfm. It wjubmbfst djr f dnw lugmrnm ynfrs.

Ky FM <11 Frfuquigjim (Kjgtjur) pjttnry lfm rnpbfenm Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejimenrfoies nvnrywlnrn ig tln isbfgm. Kjgtjur nfrtlngwfrn is elfrfetnriznm ky ejfrsn

jpng kjwbs fgm siopbn hfrs witl igdbnetnm ejgtjurs, tln jrgfongtftijg jd wliel isrnmuenm tj f oigiouo (sjon ;―5% jd tln pjtslnrms). ln pjttnry ebfy is typiefbbytnopnrnm witl eruslnm slnbb drfcongts fgm, ouel bnss drnqungtby, dign qufrtzsfgm jrefuïxi . Mnejrftijg is rnstrietnm tj spfrsn pugetftnm fgm igeisnm jr cjucnmojtids. [nofr`fkby, fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie lnfm bucs, sj jktrusivn murigc Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions, lfvn fbojst ejopbntnby misfppnfrnm. lis mrfstie mnebign ig tlnqufbity jd ofgudfeturn fgm mnejrftijg jd tln bjefb rigimfmifg pjttnry fssnokbfcn,wliel ebjsnby rndbnets tln Frfuquigjim enrfoie mnvnbjpongt ig tln Bjwnr JrigjejTfbbny fgm tln nfst Tngnzunbfg ejfstfb zjgn, efg kn nxpbfignm jgby ky fssuoigc tlftpjttnry lfm bjst ouel jd its ritufb sicgidiefgen tj jtlnr itnos jd oftnrifb eubturn.

Qnrlfps enrfoies wnrn ouel bnss iokunm ky enrnojgifbiso tlfg murigc Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions fgm slfofgie rnbicijus nxprnssijg gjw ofgidnstnm itsnbd igfrtidfets ofmn jd pnrislfkbn oftnrifbs. Fbb jd tlis succnsts tlft tln trfgsitijg drjotln Ufbfmjim fgm Kfrrfgejim tj tln Frfuquigjim snrins ig rigimfm fgm knyjgmonfgt f cnguign eubturfb krnf`. Jd ejursn, tlis mjns gjt onfg tlft tln jricigfbpjpubftijg jd tln isbfgm wfs ejopbntnby rnpbfenm ky gnwejonrs. Jg tln ejgtrfry,tln crfmufb enrfoie sueenssijg wliel euboigftnm ig tln nstfkbislongt jd tlnKjgtjur ejopbnx succnsts f stnfmy mnvnbjpongt fgm eubturfb trfgsitijg igvjbvigcpriofriby f bjefbby snttbnm pjpubftijg. It wjubm nxpbfig, djr igstfgen, tln fppfrngtejgtiguity jd sjon jd tln bjefb ojmns jd bftn Ufbfmjim enrfoie tnelgjbjcy wnbb igtj

Frfuquigjim tions ft tln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn jd nfst rigimfm.Kjgtjur pjttnry lfs knng ngejugtnrnm ft >4 frelfnjbjciefb sitns, ojst jd wlielfrn snttbnongt sitns (oimmng mnpjsits), jeefsijgfbby yinbmigc igluoftijg kurifbs.Ejfstfb fs wnbb fs igbfgm sitns jeeur. Igernfsigc pjpubftijg mngsity ferjss tln isbfgmis sljwg ky tln nglfgenm guoknr jd sitns ejopfrnm tj Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions.

ln typn sitn, Kjgtjur, wfs nxefvftnm ky Irvigc [jusn ig 69=4. Frnf nxefvftijgs fttln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn, efrrinm jut ky tnfos jd Bnimng ̂ givnrsity, ln Gntlnrbfgms,kntwnng 6993 fgm ;113, lfvn yinbmnm ojst igdjroftijg fkjut Kjgtjur snttbnongtstrueturn. lnsn mics, bnm ky Ofre E. Mjrst, sljwnm tlft tlis sitn rnprnsngts fbftn Ufbfmjim lfkitftijg wliel wfs jeeupinm fcfig, fgm ouel ojrn nxtngsivnby,

ig Frfuquigjim tions. ln sitn ejvnrs ig fbb sjon ;11Ó;>1 o fgm jeeupins tln



=3- ( . / ‛ )

tjp jd f 6>-o tfbb libb ebjsn tj tln nfstnrg sljrn. ln bfyjut jd tln Frfuquigjim (Kjgtjur) lfkitftijg ejgsistnm jd djur zjgns jd fbojst

nqufb nxtngsijgs (41Ó51 o) bfeìgc djjm mnkris, surrjugmnm ky tlie`slnbb mnpjsits.66 Jgn jd tlnsn zjgns, situftnm ig tln engtrfb pjrtijg jdtln sitn, wfs igvnsticftnm ig mntfib fgm fppnfrnm tj kn elfrfetnriznmky twj ejopbntn fgm jgn pfrtifb, rjugm tj jvfb, ljusn strueturns,bjeftnm gnxt tj nfel jtlnr, fssjeiftnm witl sjon pit strueturns, fsljrt wigmkrnf`, f sofbb oimmng mnpjsit, fgm guonrjus igluoftijgkurifbs (Dic. ;4). ln dirst jd tlnsn mwnbbigcs (Utrueturn F) onfsurnm

66 ]n tjtfb fojugt jd mjgfx ebfos ft tln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn, tlus igebumigc kjtltln bftn Ufbfmjim fgm Frfuquigjim jeeupftijgs fgm gjt ejugtigc fgy jtlnr slnbbspneins, lfs knng nstioftnm ky Mnggis E. Ginwnc ft sjon >.> kibbijg igmivimufbswitl f tjtfb onft wniclt jd frjugm ;<1,111 `c.

Dicurn ;4. Bfyjut j tln

snejgm jeeupftijg ft

Ofgzfgibbf 6 (UFG-6),]rigimfm, sljwigc tlrnn

rjugm tj jvfb ljusn

strueturns, kurifbs, pits,

fgm lnfrtl. Frfuquigjim

snrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn,

ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

Ejurtnsy Ofre E. Mjrst.



=<

4Ó< o ig mifontnr fgm sljwnm jgn engtrfb pjst (jd wliel tln ljbn ejgtfignm fsnejgmfry kurifb), snvng simn pjsts fgm jgn rnpfir pjst. It wfs fssjeiftnm witlft bnfst ;1 kurifbs mnpjsitnm ioonmiftnby jutsimn its wfbbs. ln snejgm ejopbntnljusn (Utrueturn M) wfs 9Ó6; o ig mifontnr fgm sljwnm twj engtrfb pjsts fgm ft

bnfst 6> simn pjsts. It lfm f slfbbjw lnfrtl surrjugmnm ky stjgns fgm sljwnm tlnsjib ofr`s jd twj sofbb, tlrnn-bnccnm strueturns. Unvng simn pjsts jd f tlirm rjugmstrueturn, situftnm ft tln nmcn jd tln pbftnfu, ejubm kn imngtidinm. Fbb ljusns ofyrnprnsngt tln mwnbbigcs jd nxtngmnm dfoibins, nfel ejugtigc ft ojst sjon 6> tj ;1onoknrs. lny jkvijusby sljwnm f ejgn-slfpnm rjjd tlftelnm witl pfbo bnfvns.

ln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn fbsj yinbmnm sukstfgtifb igdjroftijgjg tln kurifbenrnojgins jd rigimfm’s Frfuquigjim Fonrigmifgs. Qriofry fs wnbb fs snejgmfryigluoftijgs wnrn ngejugtnrnm, ofgy sljwigc sicgs jd ritufbs suel fs tln rnojvfbjd bjgc kjgns jr sùbbs. Fppfrngtby, snvnrfb crfvns wnrn bndt jpng djr f ejgsimnrfkbnpnrijm jd tion. ln sùbb fgm sjon bjgc kjgns jd fg jvnr >1-ynfr jbm pnrsjg,

igitifbby kurinm ig snoi-dbnxnm pjsitijg igsimn Utrueturn F, wnrn rnojvnm wlngtln kurifb pit wfs lfbd dibbnm. Ig tlis sfon mwnbbigc f elibm wfs kurinm ig nxtrnonbydbnxnm, pnrlfps wrfppnm, pjsitijg. Kjtl ljusn strueturns lfm ft bnfst jgn mnpjsitijgjd kjgn oftnrifbs ig f pjstljbn, pbfenm tlnrn fdtnr rnojvfb jd tln pjst. ln engtrfbpjstljbn jd Utrueturn F lfm tln snejgmfriby igtnrrnm s`nbntfb rnofigs jd twj jbmigmivimufbs, prjkfkby f ofbn fgm f dnofbn. lny wnrn pnrlfps mnpjsitnm fdtnrtln misofgtbigc jd tln ljusn fgm ofy rnprnsngt tln oftnrifb nvimngen jd ritufbsfssjeiftnm witl tln fkfgmjgongt jd tln ljusn. Uioibfrby, f simn pjst jd UtrueturnM lfm ft its kjttjo f priofry mnpjsitijg jd f vnry yjugc elibm ig snftnm pjsitijg,feejopfginm ky f slnbb pngmfgt fgm f qufrtz erystfb pnkkbn fs ojrtufry cidts.

ln ioonmiftn surrjugmigcs jd tlis mwnbbigc sljwnm kurifbs ig (dfoiby:) ebustnrs.ln kurifb pit jd jgn vnry jbm, priofry igtnrrnm igmivimufb, pbfenm ig nxtngmnmpjsitijg, wfs rnjpngnm fdtnr sjon tion ig jrmnr tj pbfen f ejopfet kugmbn jdluofg kjgns, ejgtfigigc twj sùbbs fgm hfws, fgm sjon bjgc kjgns fgm riks, jgtjp jd tln pnbvie frnf. Digfbby, sjon kurifbs lfm dbft stjgns ugmnr tln sùbb, fros,sljubmnrs fgm/jr spigfb ejbuog (Dic. ;3).

ln Frfuquigjim suksistngen strftncins, ejokigigc ljrtieubturn witl lugtigc,disligc fgm tln ejbbnetigc jd wibm pbfgt djjms fgm igvnrtnkrftns, mim gjt fbtnr drjotljsn jd Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions. Isjtjpn igvnsticftijg jd s`nbntfb oftnrifbdrjo tln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn lfs sljwg tlft tln mint jd its iglfkitfgts wfs quitn

vfrinm, igebumigc ofrign fgm tnrrnstrifb prjtnigs fs wnbb fs rjjt fgm snnm erjps. lnfgfbysis jd stfrel crfigs trfppnm ig mngtfb efbeubus (“tfrtfr’) sljwg ky s`nbntjgskurinm ft tlis sfon sitn yinbmnm nvimngen jd tln ejgsuoptijg jd ofizn fgm ejjgtin(zfoif). ln ofizn wfs pnrlfps nftng crjugm fgm kf`nm fs krnfm. Knsimns, crjugmprjvisijgs suel fs efssfvf fgm swnnt pjtftj wjubm lfvn knng crjwg. Igtnrnstigcby,mrfoftie elfgcns ig vncntftijg mun tj luofg-igmuenm kurgigc lfvn knng sljwgtj lfvn tf`ng pbfen ky FM 6;11 ig tln Jrjpueln Bfcjjg frnf, succnstigcnxtngsivn bfgmsefpn ojmidieftijgs ig ft bnfst tlis pfrt jd rigimfm, kut pnrlfps



=9- ( . / ‛ )

nbsnwlnrn fs wnbb, ky tln Kjgtjur pnjpbns.6;

Feejrmigc tj tln fgiofbkjgn oftnrifbs djugm ft tln Ofgzfgibbf 6 sitn, lugtigc jd tnrrnstrifbofoofbs tfrcntnm nspneifbby fcjutis, pfefs, pneefrins, fgm rnm krje`ntmnnr, bnss tfpirs, frofmibbjs, pjreupigns, erfk-nftigc rfeejjgs, fgmljwbnr jr efpuelig ojg`nys. Knsimns, fquftie ofoofbs fgm rnptibnssuel fs ofgftnns, efiofgs fgm snf turtbns wnrn efuclt. Disligctjj` pbfen ofigby ig tln igsljrn-nstufrign frnf, efteligc priofribyeftdislns, hfe`s, crugts, kjgndislns, fgm slfr`s. ln spneins jd slnbbsejbbnetnm vfry feejrmigc tj tln sitn bjeftijgs. Jg rigimfm’s nfst fgmsjutl ejfsts nspneifbby mjgfx ebfos fgm tricjgfb tivnbfs wnrn tfrcntnm

(fs ft prnsngt), gnxt tj ofgcrjvn spneins igebumigc erjwg ejgelsfgm Efrikknfg jystnrs, wlibn Frfuquigjim sitns suel fs Jtflnitn,Kjgtjur, Ufg Dnrgfgmj―Lfrris Qrjongfmn/Licl Utrnnt, fgm Ut. Hjsnpl ; yinbmnm prnmjoigfgtby ticnr bueigfs, fr` slnbbs, turrnt slnbbserjwg ejgels, dicltigc ejgels, rje` slnbbs, tubip slnbbs, ournx slnbbs,fgm Efrikknfg jystnrs, fbb ejbbnetnm jg tln sljrn jd tln Cubd jd Qfrifjr ig tln ofgcrjvn swfops drigcigc it.

6; ]is rnprnsngts jgn jd tln rnsubts jd f mntfibnm fucnrigc prjhnet ig vfrijus swfopfrnfs jg rigimfm fgm snvnrfb jtlnr isbfgms jd tln Snst Igmins, bnm ky Qntnr N. Uincnbjd Ojgtebfir Utftn ^givnrsity, Gnw Hnrsny.

Dicurn ;3. Igluoftijg kurifbj f ef. tng ynfr jbm igmivimufb

j ug`gjwg snx, wlj wfs

mnpjsitnm lfb snftnm, lfb

byigc jg tln kfe` witl bnxnm

bncs. ]ln sùbb wfs rnstigc jg

f bfrcn pnkkbn, witl twj ojrn

stjgns jg nfel simn j tln

lnfm. Ofgzfgibbf 6 (UFG-6),

]rigimfm, Frfuquigjim snrins,

Bftn-Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM4>1/<11―6=11. Ejurtnsy Ofre

E. Mjrst.



>1

Ojst typns jd stjgn, kjgn, pjttnry, fgm slnbb frtidfets rnejvnrnm drjo tln Frfuquigjim sitns jd rigimfm ebjsnby rnsnokbn tljsn jd Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tions.Qjttnry crimmbns (djr kfìgc efssfvf jr ofizn krnfm) frn ejoojg, kut enrfoie

(ejttjg) spigmbn wljrbs fgm drfcongts jd fgtlrjpjojrplie dicurigns, nspneifbby



>6- ( . / ‛ )

dnnt, jeeur spfrigcby. jjbs ofmn jd stjgn igebumn pjbislnm fxn lnfms,lfoonrstjgns, pnstbns, fgvibs, crigmigc stjgns, frrjwslfdt pjbislnrs,pjbisligc stjgns, lnoftitn rukkigc stjgns, fgm irrncubfr elnrtdbf`ns fgm sofbb ejrns wliel ugmjuktnmby wnrn usnm djr f vfrinty jd

purpjsns. Ulnbb enbts, pinens jd djssib ejrfb fgm kjgn spnfrlnfms frnrfrn. F vnry nxenptijgfb digm wfs ofmn ft Crfgt’s rfen, f rimcn tjpsitn ebjsn tj Ojrgn Mifkbj, sjon = ò igbfgm drjo rigimfm’s sjutlsljrn. Lnrn f trifgcubfr pjttnry jefrigf (wlistbn), sljwigc djurljbns, wfs ngejugtnrnm fssjeiftnm witl Kjgtjur enrfoies (Dic. ;<).Qnrsjgfb feejutrnongts frn ̀ gjwg drjo snvnrfb sitns. Kjgn pngmfgts,igebumigc f (ynt) ugmribbnm pneefry tus`, wnrn djugm ft Kjgtjur,ebjsn tj tln Cubd jd Qfrif, fgm Ofrfe ;, nfst jd Crfgt’s rfen, f slnbbknfm fs f kurifb cidt ft Ofgzfgibbf 6, wlibn f kjgn bfkrnt/nfrspjjbwfs ejbbnetnm ft Kftçongt Erfsé jg tln sjutl ejfst. Knsimns, tln Ut.

Hjsnpl ; sitn yinbmnm f tlig eireubfr pngmfgt witl engtrfb pnrdjrftijgfgm fg nbbiptiefb jgn witl ugdigislnm trfgsdixijg, kjtl ofmn jdtypiefbby Gjrtlnrg [fgcn oiefenjus selist.

Tfrijus jkhnets igmieftn bjgc-mistfgen nxelfgcn ejgtfets. lisfppbins tj, djr igstfgen, f turqujisn pngmfgt fgm f drjc-slfpnmspneiong, ofmn jd elbjritn, kjtl djugm ft Ofgzfgibbf 6. ln bfttnrjrgfongt ofy lfvn knng fttfelnm tj f ejttjg kfgm jr knbt. Kjtlnxjtie feejutrnongts ofy lfvn knng iopjrtnm drjo tln ofigbfgm,pnrlfps tln Qfrif Qngigsubf. Knsimns, f crnngselist fxn fgm mijritn rje`drfcongts djugm ft tln Jtflnitn sitn, bjeftnm jg tln Cubd jd Qfrif,

ojst bi`nby mnrivn drjo jkfcj. Ig fmmitijg, sioibfrby jkfcjgifgmijritn knfms wnrn djugm ft tln Ofgzfgibbf 6, Kjgtjur fgm Ofrfe ;sitns. Igtnrfetijg witl tln Jrigjej Tfbbny is succnstnm ky nxenptijgfbdigms suel fs eybigmriefb (rjbbnr) stfops, gj mjukt usnm djr kjmypfigtigc, wliel wnrn misejvnrnm ft Bjs Irjs jg tln sjutl ejfst, Crfgt’s

rfen fgm Ofrfe ;. ln Bjs Irjs spneiong is tnopnrnm witlefuïxi (Dic. ;9). Uuel rjbbnr stfops djronm prnsticijus jkhnets jd enrnojgifbnxelfgcn kntwnng lnfmong jd tln Frfuquigjim ejoougitins ig tlnJrigjej Tfbbny fgm tln ejfst jd Cuyfgf. Qjttnry crimmbns, typiefbbytnopnrnm witlefuïxi , ofy nqufbby rnprnsngt trfmn jkhnets jricigftigc

jg tln ofigbfgm, fs wnbb fs, igmnnm, fbb Kjgtjur pjttnry (bnss tlfg >%jd tln pjtslnrms) sljwigc tlis spneidie fmmitivn. Knsimns, nxelfgcnpjttnry mnrivigc drjo tln ejgtnopjrfry Bftn Ofkfruof/Fpjstfmnrjejoougitins jd ejfstfb Cuyfgf gjw fppnfrnm ft Iefejs fgm Nrig igtln sjutlwnstnrgojst pfrt jd rigimfm. Ejgvnrsnby, slnbb-tnopnrnmKjgtjur pjttnry lfs knng djugm ig tln Bjwnr Jrigjej Tfbbny fs wnbbfs jg jkfcj, Bjs nsticjs fgm Efrrifeju (Crngfmigns). Igtrf-isbfgmigtnrfetijg is succnstnm ky tln rnejvnry jd pjttnry tnopnrnm witlrivnr sfgm ejgtfigigc oiefselist pfrtiebns, typiefb jd tln Gjrtlnrg[fgcn, ft tln Kjgtjur sitns jd rigimfm’s sjutlnrg pjrtijg.

2 Dicurn ;<. Qjttnry jefrigf

(wlistbn), sljwigc jur ljbns,

jugm ft Crfgt’s ]rfen 6 (UQF-;>),

]rigimfm. Bngctl 4.> eo.

Frfuquigjim snrins, Bftn Enrfoie

Fcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

Lfrris Ejbb., SD].

2 Dicurn ;9. Enrfoie rjbbnr

stfop, usnm jr kjmy pfigtigc,

jugm ft Bjs Irjs (UQF-;;),

]rigimfm. Bngctl >.3 eo.

Frfuquigjim snrins, Bftn EnrfoieFcn, ef. FM 4>1/<11―6=11.

Lfrris Ejbb., SD].



>;

Igtnrnstigcby, strjgtiuo isjtjpn fgfbysns jd Ofgzfgibbf 6 s`nbntjgs ky Hfsjg N.Bfddjjg jd Bnimng ^givnrsity sljwnm tlft ft bnfst tlrnn pnrsjgs kurinm ft tlis sitnwnrn jd gjgbjefb jricig, ibbustrftigc tln wimn-rfgcigc (ofrrifcn:) ejgtfets jd tln Frfuquigjim Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm. Jgn fmubt ofbn ojst bi`nby mnrivnm drjo

nbsnwlnrn jg tln isbfgm, wlibn twj jtlnr ofbn igmivimufbs, feejrmigc tj tlnir isjtjpnsicgfturns, ebnfrby jricigftnm drjo tln ofigbfgm. Fg fmjbnsengt, igtnrrnm jg liskfe` witl tln bncs ig dbnxnm pjsitijg tjwfrms tln tjrsj, mispbfyigc tln elbjritn drjcpngmfgt rndnrrnm tj fkjvn, prjkfkby efon drjo gjrtlnfst ejfstfb Tngnzunbf, wlibnf snejgm fmubt ofbn wfs prjkfkby kjrg ig tln igtnrijr jd tln Cuifgfs. Knsimns, tlnbfttnr twj igmivimufbs, tjcntlnr witl fgjtlnr fmubt ofbn s`nbntjg, sljwnm nxenssivnmngtfb efbeubus, wliel, feejrmigc tj Lfybny B. Oie`bnkurcl jd Bnimng ̂ givnrsity, istln rnsubt jd tln lfkitufb elnwigc fgm/jr sueìgc jd pbfgt oftnrifbs ig ejokigftijgwitl bion, sioibfr tj tln prfetien jd ejef (jr pnrlfps tjkfeej) elnwigc fojgc tlnUjutl Fonriefg Igmifgs. Ky fmmigc bion pjwmnr jr jtlnr fb`fbi tj tln quim jd

pbfgts suel fs ejef, tln rnbnfsn jd tlnir fetivn gfrejtie igcrnmingts is dfeibitftnm. Itis gjtnwjrtly tlft ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm tln nfstnrgojst eubtivftijg fgm elnwigcjd ejef tjj` pbfen jg tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst. Digfbby, tln stumy jd tln Ofgzfgibbf6 s`nbntjgs igmieftnm tlft snvnrfb igmivimufbs sljwnm sicgs jd jstnjfrtlritis jd tln hjigts mun tj jbm fcn. Knsimns, mngtfb lnfbtl wfs pjjr8 efrins wfs rfopfgt wlibntjjtl bjss fgm mngtfb wnfr wnrn snvnrn.

]rjuofssjim jeeupftijg jd ]jkfcj

ln igejrpjrftijg jd jkfcj’s Fonrigmifg ejoougitins igtj tln rjuofssjim

igtnrfetijg splnrn jd tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm Kfrkfmjs onfgt f ofhjr eubturfbrnfbicgongt djr tln sofbbnr isbfgm, ejopfrfkbn tj tln trfgsitijg jd Ufbfmjim/Kfrrfgejim tj Frfuquigjim ig rigimfm. Slntlnr tln jgsnt jd tln Frfuquigjimsnrins ig rigimfm wfs mirnetby fssjeiftnm witl tln ejgtnopjrfry mnvnbjpongtdrjo Ufbfmjim tj rjuofssjim ig tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns is uttnrby ugebnfr. ln bfttnris mndigitnby gjt ejggnetnm witl ofhjr pjpubftijg ojvnongts, kut pfrtieubfrrjuofssjim enrfoie nxprnssijgs frn mupbieftnm ig rigimfm’s Kjgtjur ejopbnx. Ft

fgy rftn, fbtljucl ejgtfets kntwnng tln igmicngjus ejoougitins jd tln twj isbfgmsferjss tln Cfbbnjgs’ Qfssfcn gnvnr enfsnm, drjo gjw jgwfrms rigimfm fgm jkfcjknefon igejrpjrftnm igtj snpfrftn igtnrfetijg gntwjr`s wliel nxprnssnm middnrngt

eubturfb fgm pnrlfps fbsj ntlgie bjyfbtins. wj sueenssivn pjttnry ejopbnxnselfrfetnriznm tln rjuofssjim npisjmn ig jkfcj8 Cjbmng Crjvn (FM <11―66>1)fgm Qbyojutl (FM 66>1―6=11/6=>1), rnspnetivnby efbbnm fdtnr tln Cjbmng Crjvn(II) sitn ig tln oimmbn jd tln isbfgm’s Ejrfb Bjwbfgms fgm tln Bjvnrs’ [ntrnft sitn jg

jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfst. Ig fbb 53 sitns efg kn fssicgnm tj tln rjuofssjim trfmitijg,ojst jd wliel frn efop/kivjufe sitns. Slibn tln Cjbmng Crjvn ejopbnx igebumnsig fbb niclt sitns, fbb rnstrietnm tj tln sjutlnrg tlirm jd jkfcj, tln Qbyojutl



>5- ( . / ‛ )

ejopbnx ngejopfssns tjtfbby djurtnng sitns, tj kn djugm fbb frjugm tln isbfgm,succnstigc f enrtfig onfsurn jd pjpubftijg crjwtl fgm cnjcrfpliefb nxpfgsijgtlrjucljut rjuofssjim tions. 65

Fbb rjuofssjim sitns jd jkfcj frn situftnm rnbftivnby ebjsn tj tln prnsngt

ejfstbign. Nvng fg “igbfgm’ sitn bi`n Cjbmng Crjvn (II) is tj kn djugm ft f mistfgejd jgby 6―6.6 ò drjo tln snf. Unvnrfb jd tln snttbnongt sitns yinbmnm luofgigluoftijg kurifbs. Fbb sitns frn bjeftnm ebjsn tj f sjuren jd pjtfkbn wftnr,cngnrfbby f pnrofgngt drnslwftnr strnfo, fgm jddsljrn rnnd ejopbnxns fgm/jrofgcrjvn swfops. Jgn jd tln knst `gjwg rjuofssjim sitns, Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy,strntelns fbjgc jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfst djr sjon 53> o, ig kntwnng tln ojutlsjd twj drnslwftnr strnfos. It wfs nxfoignm ky tln futljr, djbbjwnm ky Béjgim@fongndd fgm tln @frrn` Tng rfigigc Crjup ig 699<. ln sitn efg kn mivimnmigtj f oimmng frnf wliel nxtngms tj tln snf sljrn fgm f rnsimngtifb pjrtijg >1o tjwfrm tln igtnrijr, situftnm ft f sbicltby liclnr nbnvftijg. ln mwnbbigc frnf

is elfrfetnriznm ky f pfttnrg jd pjstljbns rnprnsngtigc f prjkfkby eireubfr ljusnstrueturn fgm twj priofry igluoftijg kurifbs. Jgn jd tlnsn rnprnsngts f yjugcfmubt jd ug`gjwg snx wlj wfs kurinm ig strjgcby dbnxnm pjsitijg, prjvimnm witl fgne`bfen ejgsistigc jd twj pjbislnm slfr` tnntl. F rigc jd stjgns, pjssikby djroigctln rnogfgts jd f lnfrtl, wfs djugm jg tjp jd tlis s`nbntjg. (F rnejgstruetijgjd tlis kurifb is jg mispbfy ig tln jkfcj Listjriefb Ousnuo, Uefrkjrjucl.)Ebjsn ky, f sofbb elibm wnfrigc f gne`bfen jd tlrnn mijritn knfms wfs kurinm igsioibfrby dbnxnm pjsitijg. Igtnrnstigcby, ofgy pbfgt spneins `gjwg tj lfvn knngusnm djr onmieigfb jr jtlnrwisn eurftivn purpjsns ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns murigc tln ejgtfet pnrijm lfvn knng imngtidinm fs crjwigc ft prnsngt ig

tln frnf jd tln Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy sitn. Bjvnrs’ [ntrnft jeeupins pfrt jd f rje`ylnfmbfgm jg jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfst. rjuofssjim eubturfb rnofigs frn tj kn djugmig fg frnf jd ef. 6;1Ó<1 o ig tln engtrfb fgm gjrtlnrg pfrt jd tln prjojgtjry. Fgjtlnr iopjrtfgt snttbnongt sitn, Cjbmng Crjvn (II), ejgsists jd f snrins jd slnbboimmng mnpjsits ebjsn tj tln nmcn jd f ejrfb bionstjgn pbftnfu. F sofbb pnrofgngtdrnslwftnr strnfo pfssns ig f sofbb vfbbny knbjw tln sitn. lis strnfo noptins igtjfg nxtngmnm ofgcrjvn swfop drigcigc jgn jd jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfstfb kfys. lnrndusn mnpjsits frn stibb visikbn fs sbiclt nbnvftijgs.

ln rjuofssjim pjttnry jd jkfcj sljws f mivisijg igtj kfsiefbby twjmistiget, sfgm-tnopnrnm wfrns witl spneifbiznm dugetijgs fgm, ejgsnqungtby

middnrngt jeeupftijgfb fgm cngmnr fssjeiftijgs. ln ojst jutstfgmigc jd tlnsntwj wfrns is rnprnsngtnm ky licl-qufbity, ejopbntnby jximiznm, rnmmisl-krjwg tjynbbjwisl-jrfgcn, rnbftivnby tlig, kurgislnm pjttnry witl nvng surdfens (Dic. 51),fppfrngtby prigeipfbby snrvigc enrnojgifb jr ft bnfst gjg-mjonstie purpjsns, suelfs stjrigc fgm prnsngtigc efssfvf knnr jr djjm murigc onfbs jr dnstivn ejoougfbfgm igtnr-vibbfcn cftlnrigcs. lis iopbins tlft tlnsn licl-qufbity (dign wfrn) vnssnbswnrn priofriby fssjeiftnm witl tln ofbn splnrn jd fetivitins ig tln rjuofssjimejoougitins. ln snejgm ofhjr wfrn igebumns bjw-qufbity, igejopbntnby jximiznm,ynbbjwisl-crny tj crny, rnbftivnby tlie` fgm kfmby sojjtlnm pjttnry witl ugnvng tj

65 ]n fvfibfkbn mftf rncfrmigc tln rnofigmnr jd tln rjuofssjim sitns ig jkfcj frn igsusteingt tjfbbjeftn tlno tj nitlnr tln Cjbmng Crjvn jr tln Qbyojutl ejopbnx.



>=

kuopy surdfens fgm f critty, pjjrby `gnfmnm pfstn, wliel wfs ebnfrbyusnm nxebusivnby ig ljusnljbm ejgtnxts (Dic. 56f-k). lis bjw-qufbitywfrn typiefbby sljws nitlnr ugtrnftnm, pfrtifbby serfpnm jr fbb-jvnrserftelnm surdfens. ln bfttnr wnrn fppfrngtby fppbinm witl f kugmbnjd crfss jr twics jg tln vnssnb surdfens wlng tlnsn wnrn stibb “bnftlnrmry’. Gj mjukt tlis ejfrsn wfrn wfs fddibiftnm witl tln dnofbn splnrnjd fetivitins fgm dugetijgnm fs ejjìgc pjts, djr stjrigc biquims fgm

dnrongtigc efssfvf knnr. Dbft stjgn mises wnrn usnm fs vnssnb ejvnrs.It is gjtnwjrtly tlft surdfen serfteligc jd pjttnry, fbtljucl ebnfrbyrnprnsngtigc f eubturfb trfit mietftnm ky f bjgc-bivnm trfmitijg jdenrfoie ofgudfeturn, ofy lfvn lfm f mistigetby dugetijgfb fspnet.Mnnp, jvnrfbb serfteligc ngbfrcns tln surdfen jd f vnssnb fgm,ejgsnqungtby, tln vnssnb’s ejgtngts wibb lnft up ojrn rfpimby.

ypiefbby licl-qufbity vnssnb slfpnsigebumn slfbbjw rjugm fgm jvfbkjwbs jr mislns, rnstrietnm kjwbs, `nnbnm hfrs fgm, ig Qbyojutl tions,kiejgiefb kjwbs, fbb witl “fggubfr’ (rigc-slfpnm) kfsns. ]n bjw-qufbitypjttnry ejoprisns lfgmbnm hfrs (efubmrjgs) witl ig netnm ejgtjurs

fgm siznfkbn jpng jr ebjsnm kjwbs jr ejjìgc vnssnbs. ]n bfrcnst jdtlnsn ejgtfignrs ofy lfvn knng fkbn tj ljbm sjon 51 bitrns jd biquim.Ujon pjtslnrms drjo Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy sljw tfr, usnm djr ongmigc,fbjgc tlnir nmcns. Igmnnm, jgn spneifb vnssnb wfs fppfrngtby usnm djrtln onbtigc jd fsplfbt.6= ]n licl-qufbity wfrn is jdtng mnejrftnm witligeisnm jr cjucnm, pugetftnm jr gie`nm, stgcnrtippnm, fgm ojmnbbnmmnsicgs. Ig ejgtrfst, tln ejfrsn wfrn is rfrnby jrgfongtnm. ]n igeisnmjr cjucnm mnsicgs ejoprisn ljrizjgtfb pfrfbbnb bigns igtnrruptnm

6= Fsplfbt mnrivigc drjo ugmnrwftnr snnpfcns jsljrn Ofyfrj jeefsijgfbby wfslnsfsljrn jg jkfcj’s sjutlnfst ejfst. Djronrby it wfs usnm djr onmieigfb purpjsnsfgm kurgigc ig bfops fs wnbb fs ky stslnrong djr efubìgc tlnir efgjns.

Dicurn 51. [nmmisl-krjwg, ign-

wfrn pjttnry kjwbs, prjkfkby

usnm jr enrnojgifb purpjsns,

jugm ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy

(]JK-;5), ]jkfcj. Lniclt

6>.= fgm 3.< eo, rnspnetivnby.

]rjuofssjim snrins, Bftn

Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1―6=11. Ejbb. ]LO.



>>- ( . / ‛ )

ky bjjps, wfvy bigns fgm spirfbs wlibn tln uppnr nxtnrijrs jd tln Qbyojutl-typnkiejgiefb kjwbs elfrfetnristiefbby sljw rjws jd igeisnm snoi-eirebns. Jvfb kjwbsfrn jdtng prjvimnm ft kjtl ngms witl ojmnbbnm trifgcubfr jr trfpnzjimfb rio bucsmnejrftnm witl igeisnm fgm pugetftnm mnsicgs, prjkfkby rnprnsngtigc kft lnfmwigcs fgm tfibs. Jtlnr zjjojrpliefmjrgjs , ojstby rnprnsngtigc drjcs fgm kirms, frnrfrn. Ojmnbbnm luofg dfen mnsicgs typiefbby fmjrg gne`nm hfrs. Ujon ejfrsn wfrejgtfignrs mftigc drjo Qbyojutl tions sljw stgcnr-igmngtnm rios. [igc-slfpnm

“pjtrnsts’ wnrn usnm djr pbfeigc vnssnbs witl rjugmnm kfsns sneurnby jg tln crjug

Dicurn 56. Drfcongt j f crnyisl, ejfrsn-wfrn pjttnry efubmrjg (f) fgm lfgmbnm hfr (k), kjtl sljwigc

serftelnm sur fens, ojst bi`nby usnm j r mjonstie purpjsns, jugm ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy (]JK-;5), ]jkfcj.Lniclt (f) 6<.6 eo, (k) 6>.> eo. ]rjuofssjim snrins, Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1―6=11. Ejbb. ]LO.

f.

k.





>3- ( . / ‛ )

rje`s fs sfgmstjgns fgm oumstjgns snrvnm fs tln rfw oftnrifbs jd

crigmigc, pjbisligc fgm pjugmigc tjjbs. Fbb jd tlis succnsts tlft tlnrjuofssjim Fonrigmifgs nitlnr lfm drnn feenss tj fbb pfrts jd jkfcjjr lfm nstfkbislnm nxelfgcn rnbftijgslips witl tln bjefb ejoougitinsmjoigftigc tln sjuren frnfs jd tln rje` typns tlft wnrn nxpbjitnm.Jkvijusby, tln vfrijus rfw oftnrifbs wnrn ejbbnetnm ft bjefbitinswlnrn tlny ejubm kn pie`nm up drjo tln surdfen, djr igstfgen, igrivnr vfbbnys fgm ojugtfig cubbins, jr drjo ejfstfb ebidds wlnrn tlnrje` kjubmnrs knigc sjuclt fdtnr lfm knng nxpjsnm ky nrjsijg mun tjwftnr jr wigm.

Knsimns, tlrjucljut rjuofssjim tions jkfcj ejgtigunm tj

djro f ofhjr engtrn jd ofgudfeturigc mijritn knfms, tlus ejgtiguigctln trfmitijg nstfkbislnm ig bftn Ufbfmjim tions. Kuttjg- fs wnbbfs kfrrnb-slfpnm nxfopbns wnrn prjmuenm ft vfrijus wjr`sljps,fppfrngtby ig jrmnr tj kn nxelfgcnm fs sjeifb vfbufkbns witl tln jtlnr Fonrigmifg ejoougitins ig tln rncijg. Ofgy jd tln kfrrnb-slfpnmknfms ngejugtnrnm frn kbfg`s ig tln sngsn jd knigc ugpnrdjrftnm,tljucl sljwigc wnbb-pjbislnm simns. [fsps ofmn jd djssib ejrfb fgm felfggnbnm stjgn djugm ft Cjbmng Crjvn (II) ofy lfvn knng usnm djrsojjtligc tln knfms. Jtlnr bjefb kjmiby feejutrnongts djugm ft tln

rjuofssjim sitns jd jkfcj igebumn crnngselist fgm jelrn knfms fgm

pngmfgts, kjgn, slnbb fgm pjttnry knfms, cnjontriefb fgm kirm-slfpnmpngmfgts, slnbb fgm pjttnry nfr pbucs, fgm, digfbby, pnrdjrftnm pneefrtus`s, tln bfttnr typiefbby rnprnsngtigc ofbn fmjrgongts syokjbizigcprjwnss ig lugtigc fgm wfrrigc. ln rjuofssjim sitns fbsj yinbmnmstjgn jrgfongts ofmn jd oftnrifbs wliel frn ebnfrby nxjtie tjtln isbfgm, i.n. kiejgiefb knfms ofmn jd qufrtz erystfb, f turqujisnpngmfgt fgm f hnt nfr pbuc (Dic. 5;). lnsn jrgfongts prjkfkbyjricigftnm drjo tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm. Ebnfrby, fbtljucldrjo tln jgsnt jd rjuofssjim tions rigimfm fgm jkfcj knefonigejrpjrftnm igtj snpfrftn ofhjr igtnrfetijg gntwjr`s, ejgtfets

kntwnng tln twj isbfgms fgm tln ofigbfgm mim gjt enfsn. lis is

Dicurn 5;. ]wj qufrtz erystfb

knfms, f turqujisn pngmfgt,fgm f pjttnry knfm, jugm ft

Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy (]JK-;5),

]jkfcj. Mifontnr bfrcnst qufrtz

erystfb knfm 6.6 eo0 lniclt

turqujisn pngmfgt 1.< eo.

]rjuofssjim snrins, Bftn

Enrfoie Fcn, ef. FM 66>1-6=11.

Ejbb. ]LO.





>9- ( . / ‛ )

ljrizjgtfbby pnrdjrftnm pjttnry frtidfets rnsnokbigc pnstbns lfvn knng ngejugtnrnmft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy, jgn jd wliel is mnejrftnm witl fg fgtlrjpjojrpliedfen mnsicg sljwigc freligc nynkrjws jg its uppnr pjrtijg. Uioibfr pnstbn-bi`njkhnets drjo ejgtnopjrfry sitns ig tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm Kfrkfmjs lfvn knng

igtnrprntnm fs “bjjowniclts’. Ojrn bi`nby, tlny rnprnsngt pnstbns usnm djr pubvnrizipbfgt djjms jr pnrlfps lfbbueigftjry sukstfgens, fgm ofy lfvn knbjgcnm tj tlnbjefb slfofg’s rnbicijus/enrnojgifb pfrfplnrgfbif. Digfbby, ebnfrby ritufb vnssnbs frrnprnsngtnm ky licl-qufbity wimn hfrs sljwigc pnmnstfb-bi`n bjwnr pjrtijgs, wlielwnrn pjssikby usnm djr kurgigc lfbbueigjcngie mrucs, fgm gjstrib jr sgiddigc kjwbdjr iglfbigc tjkfeej jr pnppnr huien tlrjucl tln gjsn, sioibfrby nopbjynm murigcslfofgie lnfbigc enrnojgins.

Jg tln krig` jd tln Listjrie Fcn8 Ofyjim ig ]rigimfm fgmEfyj (:) ig ]jkfcj

ln digfb Fonrigmifg pjttnry snrins jd rigimfm, tln Ofyjim trfmitijg, iselfrfetnristie jd tln Fonrigmifg―Nurjpnfg ejgtfet pnrijm. It ofy lfvn nonrcnmsljrtby kndjrn tln tion jd Ejbuokus’ ngejugtnr witl tln iglfkitfgts jd tln isbfgm ig6=9<, pnrlfps fs tln rnsubt jd tln iooicrftijg jd Fonrigmifgs drjo tln ofigbfgm,prjkfkby tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs, igtj rigimfm (Dic. 9). Ft sjon sitns igsjutl rigimfm spfrsn fojugts jd Ofyjim pjttnry lfvn knng djugm fssjeiftnm witlKjgtjur enrfoies, succnstigc f enrtfig pnrijm jd jvnrbfp kntwnng tln bfttnr fgm tlnOfyjim trfmitijg. Ofyjim enrfoies typidy tln igmicngjus pjttnry ngejugtnrnm ftUt. Hjsnpl ;, tln sitn jd tln dirst Upfgisl snttbnongt jd tln isbfgm, fgm tljsn jd tln

Efpuelig oissijgs nstfkbislnm drjo 64<3 jgwfrm ig engtrfb fgm wnst rigimfm.It ofy lfvn knng ofmn ugtib tln oim-nicltnngtl engtury. Ig Ut. Hjsnpl (Ufg Hjsémn Jruöf ), wliel wfs djugmnm ig 6>9;, it wfs ngejugtnrnm ig fssjeiftijg witlspfrsn fojugts jd Upfgislofhjbief fgm jtlnr wlnnb-ofmn listjrie enrfoies,succnstigc tlft Ofyjim pjttnry djronm tln Upfgisl ìtelng wfrn, jktfignm drjo“bjyfb’ Fonrigmifgs jg tln isbfgm. ln prnsngt nvimngen succnsts tlft snvnrfb jd

rigimfm’s Fonrigmifg ntlgie crjups ofgudfeturnm fgm usnm Ofyjim enrfoies,igebumigc ft bnfst tln Gnpjij fgm Frfwf` (Bj`õgj). Fpfrt drjo Ut. Hjsnpl ; fgmsnvng Upfgisl―Fonrigmifg oissijg sitns, ig fbb snvng igmicngjus snttbnongt fgmefop sitns lfvn yinbmnm Ofyjim pjttnry. lny frn mistrikutnm fbb jvnr rigimfm

succnstigc tlft Ofyjim djronm tln mjoigfgt enrfoie ejopbnx jd tln isbfgm fttln tion jd tln Fonrigmifg―Nurjpnfg ngejugtnr fgm bjgc fdtnr. Ujon jd tlnsnigmicngjus Ofyjim snttbnongt sitns yinbmnm Upfgisl elnvrjg knfms mftigc drjo tlnsixtnngtl engtury.

Ofyjim pjttnry is pnrlfps tln tliggnst (jg fvnrfcn =―4 oo) fgm strjgcnstenrfoies jd prn-Ejbuokifg rigimfm fgm jkfcj. It is ofmn ky ejibigc fgm wfsdirnm ig fg jpng dirn, rnsubtigc ig igejopbntnby jximiznm vnssnb surdfens. ln bfwnrn cngnrfbby wnbb sojjtlnm. Ofyjim pjttnry is igvfrifkby tnopnrnm witlefrfipé ,tln fsl jd tln qufrtz-riel kfr` jd sofbb trnns knbjgcigc tj tlnBiefgif cngus. lisis `gjwg fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Cuifgfs fgm Fofzjgif fsejunpif (̀ wnpi ,`wnp) jr `futf . Ft prnsngt it is tln jgby oftnrifb tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln ejfstfb



41

pfrt jd tln Cuifgfs usn djr tnopnrigc tlnir pjttnry ebfy. ln kfr` is kurgnm,rnojvigc ojst jrcfgie ejopjgngts, fgm fdtnrwfrms pjugmnm.Biefgif trnns wnrnjgen igmicngjus ig rigimfm’s Gjrtlnrg Kfsig, fs spneiongs jd tlis cngus lfvn knngejbbnetnm ig tln J’Onfrf fgm Fripj sfvfggfls ig 6<46 fgm 6965, rnspnetivnby.

ln ojst elfrfetnristie Ofyjim vnssnb slfpns igebumn hfrs sljwigc slfrpby nvnrtnm,strficlt jr sbicltby juteurvigc gne`s, wliel ebjsnby rnsnokbn tln sj-efbbnm Frfwfèjjìgc vnssnbs jr “kue` pjts’ jd tln Cuifgfs. Ig ejbjgifb tions tlnsn hfrs wnrnfmjptnm fs vnssnbs tj ejj` tln dfojus pnppnrpjt ft ofgy pbfgtftijgs ig tln rncijg.

ln Ofyjim ejopbnx is durtlnr elfrfetnriznm ky jpng snrvigc kjwbs, kjttbns fgmlucn vnssnbs wliel ugmjuktnmby snrvnm fs efssfvf knnr-krnwigc ejgtfignrs. F rfrngne`nm vnssnb slfpn, djugm ft Iefejs, is imngtiefb tj f ofhjr djro typiefb jd tlnbftn-prnlistjrie tj listjrie Efyj fgm @jrifkj pjttnry jd tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgmCuifgfs, rnspnetivnby, jd wliel tln djronr rnprnsngts tln nfrtlngwfrn jd tln IsbfgmEfriks. Mnejrftijg is rnmuenm tj f oigiouo jg Ofyjim enrfoies, knigc rnstrietnm

tj f dnw gie`nm jr ugmnejrftnm wfbb jr rio `gjks fgm jeefsijgfbby sjon fbb-jvnrrnm pfigtigc jr kbfe` pfigtnm zjgns fbjgc tln vnssnb rios.ln ejgtngtijg tlft tln rjuofssjim pjttnry rnprnsngts tln enrfoies jd tln

Isbfgm Efriks, wlj frn `gjwg tj lfvn jeeupinm tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms ig tlnejgtfet pnrijm fgm stibb iglfkit sofbb pfrts jd Mjoigief, Ut. Tigengt fgm rigimfm,lfs knng prjvng tj kn ugsjugm. Ntlgjlistjriefb rnejgstruetijg jd tln Isbfgm Efrikpjttnry ejopbnx lfs sljwg tlis tj kn ebjsnby rnbftnm tj tlft jd tln prnsngt @fbi’gf(Ofigbfgm Efriks) jd tln Cuifgfs fgm its prneursjr, tln bftn-prnlistjrie @jrifkjejopbnx. lis lfs knng ejgdironm ky frelfnjbjciefb rnsnfrel ft sitns tlrjucljuttln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms yinbmigc pjttnry jd tln Efyj ejopbnx wliel efg kn tf`ng

tj rnprnsngt tln Isbfgm Efrik nfrtlngwfrn. Fpfrt drjo sljwigc its mnrivftijg drjotln @jrifkj ejopbnx, Efyj fppnfrs tj lfvn knng igdbungenm tj f enrtfig nxtngt kytln enrfoies jd tln “ fïgj’ Igmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns wlibn, sioibfrby, sjonigtnrfetijg fgm fofbcfoftijg fppnfr tj lfvn tf`ng pbfen witl tln mjonstie wfrnjd tln rjuofssjim trfmitijg. Fbtljucl sitns nxebusivnby yinbmigc Efyj pjttnry frnug`gjwg drjo jkfcj, igmivimufb pjtslnrms pnrlfps rnsnokbigc tlis fssnokbfcnlfvn knng ngejugtnrnm ft f dnw sitns. lus dfr rnejggfissfgen survnys tj imngtidy Fonrigmifg sitns sljwg jg vfrijus listjrie ofps jd jkfcj, mftigc drjo tlnsnvngtnngtl fgm nicltnngtl engturins, lfvn rnofignm ugsueenssdub. Ljwnvnr,nvngtufbby igtngsidinm snfreligc ig tln dinbm sljubm kn rnwfrmigc, fs it lfs knng ig

tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms ig tln pfst dnw ynfrs.



46

>. Fonrigmifg eubturn fgmsjeinty ig ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcjft tln tion jd tln ngejugtnrfgm tlnrnfdtnr

Sitl Ejbuokus’ tlirm vjyfcn tj tln Snst Igmins (6=9<) tln dirst s`ntelymjeuongtfry nvimngen jg tln Fonrigmifg sjeintins jd rigimfm fgm jkfcjnonrcnm, prjvimigc f ejopbntnby middnrngt sjuren jd igdjroftijg jg tln igmicngjus

pnjpbns jd tln twj isbfgms tlfg tln frelfnjbjciefb nvimngen miseussnm tlus dfr. Ojrnwrittng mftf sjjg djbbjwnm, fs ig tln wf`n jd tln Fmoirfb’s sofbb dbnnt guonrjusjtlnr misejvnrnrs, djrtugn lugtnrs, sfibjrs fgm/jr onrelfgts pfssnm ky, jr igmnnmsnt djjt jg, jgn jr kjtl jd tln twig isbfgms. Knsimns, tln Upfgisl ejbjgizftijg jdtln Crnftnr Fgtibbns fgm tln rfpim mnebign jd tln Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg ig tljsnisbfgms igmuenm fmvngturnrs tj fttnopt efpturigc Fonrigmifg sbfvns ig tln Bnssn Fgtibbns fgm jg tln ofigbfgm ejfst. Ulip’s hjurgfbs jr cjvnrgongtfb rnpjrts jg fbbjd tlnsn hjurgnys prjvimn sefttnrnm kits jd igdjroftijg jg tln vfrijus igmicngjussjeintins jd tln rncijg. ln sixtnngtl-engtury Upfgisl nddjrts tj ejgqunr rigimfmfgm nxpbjrn tln Jrigjej [ivnr fmmnm ojrn mntfibnm `gjwbnmcn, writtng mjwg

ky tln pfrtieipfgts ig tlnsn nvngts fgm tln jddieifb ejbjgifb elrjgiebnrs. Slng igtln ejursn jd tln sixtnngtl engtury guonrjus onrelfgts/privftnnrs jd tln jtlnrNurjpnfg gftijgs stfrtnm tj trfvnrsn tln Efrikknfg, trfmigc witl tln Fonrigmifgsfgm tln Upfgisl ejbjgists jr fttfeìgc tln bfttnr, nvng ojrn mjeuongtfry sjurensknefon fvfibfkbn. ^gdjrtugftnby, tln mndigitn Upfgisl snttbnongt ig rigimfm(6>9;), fgm tln nstfkbislongt jd Fonrigmifg―Upfgisl oissijg sitns ig tln isbfgm(64<3), mim gjt bnfm tj nxtngsivnby mntfibnm mnseriptijgs jd bjefb Fonrigmifg sjefgm eubturn suel fs tljsn drjo tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns. Gnitlnr wjubm tln snvngtnngtl-engtury Upfgisl, Ngcbisl, Ejurbfgmnr (Bftvifg), fgm Mutel fttnopts ft ejbjgizigc

jkfcj yinbm suel feejugts. Gnvnrtlnbnss, f rnfsjgfkby ejoprnlngsivn pieturn jd

tln trfmitijgfb bidnwfys fgm wjrbm vinw jd tln Fonrigmifgs jeeupyigc tln twjisbfgms efg kn rnejgstruetnm, id jgby tln ntlgjengtrie bngs tlrjucl wliel tlnNurjpnfgs vinwnm tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj is ejgtigufbbyrnfmhustnm fgm tlnir (jdtng limmng) jkhnetivns fgm ojtivns knligm tln pjrtrfyfb jd Fonrigmifg sjeinty fgm eubturn frn slfrpby `npt ig oigm.

Qjpubftijg fgm snttbnongt pfttnrgs

Fbtljucl snvnrfb sixtnngtl-engtury fssnssongts jd tln igmicngjus pjpubftijgsizn ig rigimfm wnrn rnejrmnm, gjgn efg kn feenptnm witljut lnsitftijg. Fdtnr f

sljrt visit ig 6>69, tln Upfgisl trfvnbbnr Dnrgægmnz mn Ngeisj efbbnm tln isbf



4;

“liclby pjpubftnm’, fgm tlis is rnpnftnm ky snvnrfb jtlnr elrjgiebnrs. Nstioftns jdrigimfm’s igmicngjus pjpubftijg rfgcn drjo ;11,111 Fonrigmifgs ig 6>5= fgm

611,111 ig 6>31 tj >1,111 ig 6><9, 5>,111 ig 6>95, fgm =1,111 ig 6>9>. Slntlnrtlis mnsengmigc snrins rn nets tln mnebigigc guoknrs jd Fonrigmifgs tlrjucljut

tln sixtnngtl engtury, jr tln bnssngigc nxfccnrftijg jd tln rnejrmigc Upfgislejgquistfmjrns igvjbvnm, jr kjtl, is jpng tj miseussijg. ]n strst nxpbjrftijg jdrigimfm fgm wlft wfs ebfionm tj kn f dubb ejugt jd tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgm

wfs ugmnrtf`ng ky its strst Upfgisl cjvnrgjr, Fgtjgij mn Knrrïj, ig 6>95. Knrrïjwislnm tj lfvn fg feeurftn nstioftn jd tln Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg jd rigimfm fsln igtngmnm tj nstfkbisl fgngejoingmf systno fgm fbbjeftn tln nxistigc igmicngjusvibbfcns fgm tlnir iglfkitfgts tj lis sjbminrs. Knrrïj frrivnm ft f guoknr jd 3111wfrrijrs fgm nstioftnm tln tjtfb guoknr jd gftivns jg tln isbfgm ft 5>,111 pnrsjgs.Ljwnvnr, it efg kn fssuonm tlft tlis stcurn is sbicltby nxfccnrftnm.64 Id tln ejgtfet-pnrijm pjpubftijg jd rigimfm wjubm kn put ft f ejgsnrvftivn nstioftn jd ;1,111

pnrsjgs, tlis wjubm pjigt tj ig fbb =1―<1 Fonrigmifg vibbfcns, nfel ejugtigc ;>1―>11 iglfkitfgts. It wjubm onfg fg jvnrfbb pjpubftijg mngsity jd =.6 pnrsjgs pnrò ; . ^gdjrtugftnby, nfrby pjpubftijg nstioftns jd jkfcj lfvn gjt knng rnejrmnm.

Jdtng tln sjutlnrg ejfstfb zjgn jd rigimfm is ongtijgnm fs tln mngsnst jeeupinmpfrt jd tln isbfgm. Ig 6=9< Ejbuokus rnpjrtnm tj lfvn snng ofgy cfrmngs fgmvibbfcns fbjgc tln sjutl sljrn fgm jgn ynfr fdtnrwfrms Fonricj Tnspueei visitnm f“bfrcn vibbfcn’ ig tlis pfrt jd tln isbfgm. Ejbuokus fbsj djugm drnslby-muc wnbbs jgtln knfel jd Iefejs Qjigt (prnsngt Ejbuokus Kfy). ln mnseriptijg jd tln kuibmigcjd f mwnbbigc jg prjkfkby tln wnstnrg sljrn jd rigimfm ig 6>64 succnsts tlft ftbnfst sjon Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgm bivnm ig bfrcn, knbb-slfpnm ejoougfb (oubti-

dfoiby) ljusns efpfkbn jd slnbtnrigc up tj 611 pnjpbn. lis ljusn rnpjrtnmbylfm f rjjd jd pfbo bnfvns fgm wfs fppfrngtby ebjsnm ngtirnby. Fbtljucl suel fsigcbn mwnbbigc ejubm lfvn ofmn up fg ngtirn vibbfcn, tln mjeuongtfry nvimngenigmieftns tlft ojst bi`nby tln Fonrigmifg snttbnongt ig wliel tlis pfrtieubfrljusn wfs kuibt ejoprisnm snvnrfb ejoougfb mwnbbigcs fgm ofy lfvn lfm up tj=11―>11 iglfkitfgts. Uioibfr oubti-dfoiby ljusns frn mnseriknm ky Ejbuokus’ernw fs elfrfetnrizigc tln Fonrigmifg vibbfcns jg tln wnst ejfst jd tln Cubd jdQfrif ig 6=9<. Feejrmigc tj Ejbuokus, tlis rncijg snnonm tj kn wnbb eubtivftnm,sljwigc “igguonrfkbn ljusns fgm pnjpbn’. Qnmrj Oærtir gjtnm tlft tln Upfgislwnrn ngtnrtfignm ig f rjugm ljusn situftnm jg f bfrcn squfrn. Murigc tlis visit tln

ong stfynm ig jgn pfrt jd tln mwnbbigc, tln wjong ig tln jppjsitn jgn. Digfbby,ig 6=99 Fonricj Tnspueei rnpjrtnm ln visitnm “f bfrcn vibbfcn stfgmigc knsimn tlnsnf’ ft tln ojutl jd f siznfkbn rivnr, prjkfkby tln Eföj Ofgfoõ, hust ferjss tlnUnrpngt’s Ojutl. ln mnseriptijgs jd tln rigimfm fgm Qfrif mwnbbigcs succnsttlft tlny rnsnokbnm ebjsnby tln trfmitijgfb oubti-dfoiby ljusns jrofbjefs jd ofgyprnsngt-mfy Fonrigmifg pnjpbns ig tln ^ppnr Jrigjej Tfbbny. Ft tln tion jd tln

64 Knrrïj’s ejugt tjj` pbfen gnfrby f engtury fdtnr tln strst ngejugtnr fgm, ejgsnqungtby, tln pjssikibityjd f bjefb mnojcrfplie mnebign mun tj Upfgisl sbfvn rfims fgm iopjrtnm misnfsns, ejopfrfkbn tj tlnjgn tlft mneioftnm tln Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns, efggjt kn nxebumnm. Jg tlnjtlnr lfgm, sjon nxfccnrftijg ky Knrrïj jd tln guoknr jd rigimfm’s Fonrigmifgs, ojst jd wljojppjsnm lio, rnofigs bi`nby. Fetufbby, ig 6>9> Knrrïj’s binutngfgt, Mjoigcj mn Tnrf, nstioftnm tlnpjpubftijg jd rigimfm ft gjt ojrn tlfg 6=,111 Fonrigmifgs.



45

ngejugtnr suel ejoougfb rjugm ljusns elfrfetnriznm f guoknr jdtln Fonrigmifg ejoougitins jg tln Bjwnr Jrigjej [ivnr fs wnbb.

]n trfmitijgfb snttbnongt pfttnrg jd tln Efriks (@fbi’gf/@fbi’gfcj/Efrignpfcjtj) Fonrigmifgs jd tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tlnofigbfgm, gjrtl rigimfm, jkfcj, fgm tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms, wlielis wnbb `gjwg drjo tln snvngtnngtl-engtury mjeuongtfry nvimngen,wfs quitn minrngt. ]n sigcbn rnbifkbn rnprnsngtftijg jd f Efrik vibbfcn

is sljwg jg f ugiqun ig` fgm wftnrejbjur ofguseript ofp mnpietigctln Ejurbfgmnr (Bftvifg) djrtrnss Hn`fks (Hfejk) jg tln bnnwfrm ejfstjd jkfcj ig 64>4. ]is ofp wfs prjkfkby mrfwg ky Sibbno Ojbbngs,tln Mutel cjvnrgjr jd tln Ejurbfgmnr snttbnongt, fgm sljws fg Fonrigmifg vibbfcn ft tln kfe` jd tln djrtisteftijg, fpprjxioftnby fttln sitn jd prnsngt-mfy Qbyojutl (Dic. 55). Feejrmigc tj tln ofp, tlissnttbnongt ejgsistnm jd f snrins jd (pnrlfps jricigfbby fkjut twngty)rjugm (dfoiby) ljusns witl ejgiefb, tlftelnm rjjds, ngeirebigc fgjpng squfrn (pbfzf), tln engtrn jd wliel wfs jeeupinm ky f rnetfgcubfrkuibmigc witl tlftelnm rjjd, fppfrngtby f ong’s (fssnokby) ljusn

suel fs tljsn mnseriknm ig guonrjus feejugts jg tln Bnssnr Fgtibbnstlrjucljut tln snvngtnngtl engtury. Uuel fg fssnokby ljusn snrvnmfs f onntigc pbfen djr tln ong jd tln vibbfcn, fs fg fros mnpjt, fpbfen tj rnenivn fgm feejoojmftn cunsts, tj ljbm ejoougfb dnfsts,fgm tj kury mnenfsnm (ofbn) onoknrs jd tln ejoougity. Ojbbngs’mrfwigc succnsts tlft tln wfbbs jd kjtl tln fssnokby ljusn fgmdfoiby luts wnrn ofmn jd ebjsnby-snt pjbns jr rnnms. ]n strueturns frnjvnrslfmjwnm ky f trnn jd ejgsimnrfkbn sizn. Mfr`-sìggnm, spfrigcbyebfm Fonrigmifgs, ljbmigc spnfrs ig tlnir lfgms, frn sljwg igsimntln vibbfcn. (^gdjrtugftnby, tln jricigfb mrfwigc, wliel wfs `npt

ig tln Knrbig frelivns, wfs bjst murigc tln Unejgm Sjrbm Sfr.) It

Dicurn 55. Qfrt j fg ig` fgm

wftnrejbjur ofguseript ofp,

prjkfkby mrfwg ky Sibbno

Ojbbngs ig 64>=, sljwigc fg

Fonrigmifg vibbfcn situftnm

gjrtlwnst j tln Ejurbfgmnr

jrt Hn`fks (lnrn gjt sljwg)

ft prnsngt Qbyojutl, ]jkfcj.Fmfptnm rjo f pljtjcrfplie

rnprjmuetijg0 jricigfb

mnstrjynm murigc tln Unejgm

Sjrbm Sfr.



4=

is gjtnwjrtly tlft fg Fonrigmifg vibbfcn ejgsistigc jd stdty ljusns is ongtijgnmig jkfcj ig 6443. Ky tln ngm jd tln snvngtnngtl engtury tln trfmitijgfb Efriksnttbnongt pfttnrg wfs sbjwby fkfgmjgnm fgm rnpbfenm ky vibbfcns ejgsistigc jd jgnjr f dnw nxtngmnm-dfoiby ljusns. Ig 639; suel f jgn-rjjonm ljusn ft Bjuis m’Jr,

jkfcj, wfs mnseriknm ky Uir Sibbifo Yjugc fs “sefrenby wnftlnr-ticlt, knigc wfttbnmfgm tlftelnm, erjwmnm witl P…_ f crnft vfrinty jd gnts djr stsligc, lfooje`s djrsbnnpigc ig, fgm minrngt sjrts jd prjvisijg, stjrns, &e &e’.

Uuksistngen fgm djjm prjenssigc

Ljrtieubturn, lugtigc, disligc, fgm tln ejbbnetigc jd igvnrtnkrftns fgm wibmvncntfkbn djjms djronm tln ofigstfy jd tln Fonrigmifg suksistngen nejgjoyig tln ejgtfet pnrijm, fs it lfm tlrjucljut ouel jd tln twig isbfgms’ prn-Ejbuokifg pfst. Ofgy djjm erjps wnrn rfisnm ig tln igmicngjus ìtelng cfrmngs

fgm swimmng dinbms (jrejguejs fs tlny frn efbbnm ig rigimfmifg Upfgisl), wlielcrfmufbby mnvnbjpnm igtj tln Fdriefg/Nurjpnfg “prjvisijg crjugms’ jd listjrietions. ln bfttnr frn jdtng stibb ofmn ky siopbn sbfsl-fgm-kurg tnelgiquns. Fdtnr5―> lfrvnsts pbjts frn cngnrfbby fkfgmjgnm, jdtng wlng tln bfgm “is bjsigc slndft’ feejrmigc tj tln jkfcjgifg nxprnssijg. ln pjst-Ejbuokifg igtrjmuetijgjd ontfb eutbfssns fgm lftelnts siopbidinm nssngtifbby cfrmng ebnfrfgen wjr` fgmofgy jtlnr fetivitins. Igmnnm, Nurjpnfg tjjbs knefon liclby mnsirnm jkhnets igejgtfet-pnrijm Fonrigmifg sjeinty. Djur erjps frn fbbjttnm ojst spfen ig ojmnrg Snst Igmifg prjvisijg crjugms suel fs tljsn jd jkfcj, igebumigc efssfvf ( yuef ),ofizn fgm swnnt pjtftjns, fbb jricigfbby eubtivftnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs, fgm picnjg

pnfs, mnrivigc drjo Fdrief. lny frn jdtng ejopbnongtnm witl jtlnr igmicngjuserjps suel fs tfggif fgm ìmgny knfgs, fgm mfslnng, fg Fdriefg tuknr spneins. Igjkfcj efssfvf fgm swnnt pjtftjns frn typiefbby pbfgtnm ig sofbb ojugms wliel

prjvimn bjjsn, wnbb-fnrftnm sjib djr eubtivftijg. Elfrbns @igcsbny’s mnseriptijg jdf rigimfmifg prjvisijg crjugm ig tln 6<31s djros tln ojst nbfkjrftn feejugtjd tln vfrinty jd djjm erjps, druits fgm usndub pbfgts rfisnm ig trfmitijgfb SnstIgmifgejguejs . Fpfrt drjo tuknrs fgm enrnfbs suel fs efssfvf, frrjwrjjt, Igmifgyfo, tfggif, fgm ofizn, ln bists druit trnns, igebumigc fvjefmjs, cufvfs, ofoonnfppbns, pfpfws, sfpjmibbfs, stfr fppbns, swnntsjp, kfgfgfs, ofgcjns, fgm jrfgcns,fs wnbb fs bncuons suel fs picnjg pnfs fgm vncntfkbns, igebumigc puopìgs,

krnfmdruit, j`rfs, fgm pbfgtfigs. Jd ejursn, pfrt jd tlnsn mjonstieftns, gjtfkbykfgfgfs, ofgcjns, jrfgcns, krnfmdruit, j`rfs, pbfgtfigs, fgm picnjg pnfs, frnpjst-Ejbuokifg igtrjmuetijgs. ln sfon fppbins tj sucfr efgn, cigcnr fgmpignfppbns wliel, tjcntlnr witl fg igmicngjus vfrinty jd djjm erjps, druits fgmvncntfkbns, frn ongtijgnm fs crjwg ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm fgm jkfcjig tln mjeuongtfry sjurens jd tln sixtnngtl fgm snvngtnngtl engturins. Uioibfrby, Fonriefg mjonstieftns suel fs ejejf, tjoftjns fgm elristjpligns, tlft mimgjt rnfel tln twig isbfgms ig prnlistjry, wnrn gjw igtrjmuenm mun tj Upfgisligtnrfetijg.



4>

Fpfrt drjo eubtivftnm djjm pbfgts, tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd tln twig isbfgmsejgsuonm ofgy wibm (jr tngmnm) druits fgm vncntfkbns. ln snnms jd vfrijus pfbspneins fgm trnns suel fs snf crfpns, wibm-elnstguts, efsliofs, ejej pbuos (dftpjr` jr lieæej), wibm fofrfgtls (kbnmjs ), fgm bjeust knrrins frn ongtijgnm fojgc

tln druits ejbbnetnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm ig tln sixtnngtl engtury, wlibnfs nfrby fs 6=9< Ejbuokus gjtnm tln ejgsuoptijg jd ljc pbuos fgm snf crfpnsfojgc tln iglfkitfgts jd Qfrif. ln igtrjmuetijg jd Nurjpnfg ontfb iopbnongtsig tln ejgtfet pnrijm sukstfgtifbby trfgsdjronm tln prjenssigc tnelgiquns jd tlneubtivftnm djjm pbfgts, gjtfkby tljsn jd crjugm prjvisijgs suel fs efssfvf. Irjg`givns rnpbfenm tln slfrpngnm kivfbvn slnbbs jr dbigt dbf`ns jd prn-Ejbuokifg tionfs pnnbigc igstruongts, wlibn irjg crftnrs rftlnr tlfg wjjmng kjfrms igbfynm witlslfrp stjgn elips wnrn usnm djr crftigc tuknrs.63 ln suksnqungt stfcns ig tlnprjenssigc jd (kittnr) efssfvf rnofignm tln sfon8 ky pbfeigc tln efssfvf pubp igtj fprnss ofmn jd twibbnm kfs`ntry (oftfpnn ), `gjwg fs tlnsnkueæg jr ejubnkrn (ejubnv )

ig ejbjgifb rigimfm, tln pjisjgjus huien ejubm kn nxpnbbnm drjo tln pubp. ln huien jr “efssfvf oib`’ (efsfrnnp), gjw mntjxieftnm, wfs tlie`ngnm jvnr f sbjw dirnfgm djronm fg nssngtifb igcrnmingt jd tln pnppnrpjt, wlibn tln pubp ejubm knpfssnm tlrjucl f sinvn fgm tln rnsubtigc dbjur (efzæki ) drinm jg f (ontfb) pbfttnr(fripj , pbftign ), `gjwg fs tln “kfìgc-stjgn’ (bftnr “kfìgc-irjg’) ig rigimfm,pbfenm jg tlrnn stjgns (tjpifs ), ig jrmnr tj kf`n lucn, dbft mises jd ugbnfvngnmkrnfm (frnpfs ). Fbtnrgftivnby, f eruokby crfigy dbjur ( dfrign ) wfs prjmuenm kyerusligc tln crftnm fgm mrinm efssfvf ig f ojrtfr. ln pnppnrpjt stnw wfs `nptky sioonrigc jg tln dirnpbfen ig f bfrcn, jpng nfrtlngwfrn pjt, `gjwg fsefgfri jr ejgfri , f tnro fdtnrwfrms usnm djr f sioibfrby nopbjynm, rjugm-kjttjonm irjg

kfsig. F oibmby igtjxieftigc Fonrigmifg mrig`, efbbnm pfiwfri ig tln Cuifgfs, wfsofmn ky dnrongtigc kurgt efssfvf witl crftnm swnnt pjtftjns fgm sjon sucfr efgn huien. It djronm f dfvjuritn knvnrfcn fojgc tln Fdriefg sbfvns. Fgjtlnr fbejljbiemrig`,oæki , wfs ofmn drjo swnnt pjtftjns wliel, djbbjwigc kjibigc, wnrn knftngtj f ofsl, oixnm witl wftnr fgm bndt dnrongtigc djr f dnw mfys. Ig tln snvngtnngtlengtury it wfs efbbnm tln “ugivnrsfb’ mrig` jd jkfcj. Ntlgjcrfplie nvimngen drjotln Cuifgfs fgm Bnssnr Fgtibbns succnsts tlft wjjmng ojrtfrs fgm stjgn pnstbnsejgtigunm tj kn usnm djr prjenssigc rjjt erjps jtlnr tlfg (kittnr) efssfvf fgmdjr ojist jr bnfdy vncntfkbn djjms. Crigmigc stjgns, ngejugtnrnm ft tln sitn jdtln nicltnngtl-engtury Ojgtsnrrftn (Ofyj) oissijg, wnrn ugmjuktnmby usnm djr

prjenssigc snnm erjps, ojst bi`nby ofizn.Ig fmmitijg tj djjm erjps, usndub pbfgts suel fs cjurms (tjtøoj ) fgm ejttjg trnns,slruks djr jktfigigc rnm picongt fgm djjm ejbjurigc/ fvjurigc (fgfttj jr rjueju),fgm onmieigfb fgm/jr lfbbueigjcngie spneins, igebumigc tjkfeej, wnrn crjwg igejgtfet-pnrijm Fonrigmifg prjvisijg crjugms fgm ìtelng cfrmngs. Ejttjg twignwfs usnm djr tln wnfvigc jd lfooje`s, wfistkfgms, cirmbns, fgm stsligc bigns jgbfrcn bjjos. Fs ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions, spiggigc wljrbs snrvnm djr spiggigcejttjg twign. Uuel f sofbb, fttisl, efbfkfsl spiggigc wljrb, fttfelnm tj f tligwjjmng slfg`, djros tln jbmnst ntlgjcrfplie jkhnet `gjwg drjo rigimfm. It wfs

63 Feejrmigc tj f oim-snvngtnngtl-engtury Mutel sjuren, tln Fonrigmifgs jd jkfcj usnm ejrfb `givns.



44

Dicurn 5=. Sftnrejbjur pfigtigc, sljwigc fg Fonrigmifg rjo ]rigimfm efpturigc pfrrjts, usigc tln erins j f efptivn

pfrrjt tj burn jtlnr kirms igtj f wie`nrwjr` efcn, ef. 6><4. F tnr Listjirn Gfturnbbn mns Igmns , ]ln Mrf`n Ofguseript,

. <5. Ejurtnsy ]ln Qinrpjgt Ojrcfg Bikrfry, Gnw Yjr`.



43

rnpjrtnmby ejbbnetnm ky tln Uwnmn Ufounb Dflbknrc fojgc tln Efriks bivigc jgtln isbfgm ig 63<4 fgm is stibb `npt ig tln Ousnuo jd Ntlgjcrfply ig Utje`ljbo,Uwnmng. Fpfrt drjo ejttjg twign, tln Fonrigmifgs usnm stkrns jd wibm sib` crfssdjr tln ofìgc jd lfooje`s, stsl bigns fgm kjw strigcs. Uib` crfss lfooje`s frn

rndnrrnm tj witl rnspnet tj tln Isbfgm Efriks bivigc jg jkfcj ig tln bftn snvngtnngtlfgm nicltnngtl engturins. Uioibfrby, tlrjucljut listjrie tions wibm stkrns wnrn usnmig rigimfm fs tln rfw oftnrifbs jd kfs`ntry8 rnetfgcubfr, twj-pinen stjrfcn kfs`ntswnrn ofgudfeturnm jd tiritn fgm ofouri (ofojj ) kusl rjpns fgm bfrcnr kfs`nts jdtln bnfvns jd tln ejejritn, ojrieln fgm fwfrf pfbos. Fonrigmifg-stybnm kfs`ntry,sib` crfss stsl bigns fgm ejttjg lfooje`s wnrn sjjg fmjptnm ky tln Fdriefg sbfvnpjpubftijg jd tln twig isbfgms fgm ejgtigunm tj kn ofmn ugtib rnengtby. Ig rigimfmtln Fdriefg sbfvns fgm drnn kbfe`s kjuclt kfs`nts, kfe`-pfe`s fgm efssfvf strfignrs,sìbbdubby wjvng ky tln Efriks jd Friof drjo tln riks jd tiritn (bfrjuofg ) bnfvns.Ig tln nfrby gigntnngtl engtury suel “Elfrfik’ jr “Ighug’ kfs`nts wnrn prndnrrnm ky

lue`stnrs tj mispbfy tlnir wfrns jg tln rjfmsimns jd jkfcj.Kjtl tln ejgtfet-pnrijm lugtigc strftncins fgm efpturnm dfugf middnrnm bittbndrjo tljsn ig tln prnlistjrie pnrijm. Unttigc dirn ig tln mry snfsjg tj tln crfssypbfigs jd rigimfm’s Gjrtlnrg Kfsig wfs ejoojg prfetien tlrjucljut ejbjgifbtions, ig jrmnr tj dfeibitftn tln lugtigc jd nspneifbby rnm krje`nt jr wlitn-tfibnm (“sfvfggf’) mnnr. Ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm mnnr wfs igvfrifkby bistnm fs cjjmlugtigc cfon ig rigimfm. Igtnrnstigcby, fs bftn fs tln snvngtnngtl engtury tln Frfwf`s (Bj`õgj) jd tln Cuifgfs wngt spneifbby tj rigimfm ig jrmnr tj eftelpfrrjts djr tlnir dnftlnrs. F rigimfm Fonrigmifg efpturigc pfrrjts, usigc tln erinsjd f trfppnm pfrrjt tj burn jtlnr kirms igtj f wie`nrwjr` efcn, is sljwg jg f

ugiqun sixtnngtl-engtury pfigtigc (Dic. 5=). Knsimns, tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs jdejbjgifb tions wnrn feeustjonm tj nxpbjit tln ejbjgins jd jib kirms ( cuæelfrj) igtln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn fgm jg tln isbnt jd Lunvfs ig tln Kjefs ky ejbbnetigc lugmrnmsjd yjugc kirms ft tln pnf` jd tlnir dftgnss, ig jrmnr tj kjib tlno mjwg tj prjmuenejjìgc fgm bicltigc jib. ln nicltnngtl-engtury oissijg Fonrigmifgs jd UfvfgfCrfgmn (prnsngt Qrigens jwg) fgm Ojgtsnrrftn (Ofyj) ig sjutl-engtrfb rigimfmspneifbiznm ig trfigigc mjcs djr lugtigc ejbbfrnm pneefrins fgm gign-kfgmnmfrofmibbjs, rnspnetivnby. ln fgiofb kjgn oftnrifbs ngejugtnrnm ft Ojgtsnrrftnigmieftn tlft tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlis oissijg lugtnm fbsj djr rnm ljwbnr ojg`nys,fcjutis, jpjssuos, fgm mnnr, fs wnbb fs pjreupigns fgm pfefs. Lugtigc mjcs djronm

f vfbufkbn frtiebn jd trfmn ig tln isbfgm, fgm tlrjucljut Kritisl ejbjgifb tions Sfrfj drjo tln Jrigjej mnbtf suppbinm tln iglfkitfgts jd rigimfm witl nxenbbngtlugtigc mjcs, rfisnm jg tln ofigbfgm, jg tlnir fggufb visits tj tln ofr`nt jd UfgDnrgfgmj. lnsn mjcs, f sljrt-bnccnm krnnm, wnrn `gjwg fs “Sfrfljjg (Cufrfjjg )mjcs’ fdtnr tln ntlgie gfon. ^gtib rnengtby it wfs eustjofry ig jej tj kftlnlugtigc mjcs witl tjkfeej, ruo fgm pfrtieubfr lnrks prijr tj f lugtigc pfrtyig jrmnr “tj slfrpng tlnir sengt’.6< Ig 6=99 Tnspueei mnseriknm tln Fonrigmifgsjd sjutl rigimfm fs “nxenbbngt frelnrs’, fgm tln ynfr kndjrn Ejbuokus lfm ont

6< Fg fgjgyojus visitjr jd tln Fonrigmifg―Upfgisl oissijgs jd rigimfm gjtnm ig 63<1 tlft tlnirigmicngjus iglfkitfgts bjvn tlnir lugtigc mjcs “kbigmby0 tlny spnf` tj tlno fgm trnft tlno fs dringms,sigcigc sjgcs tj tlno ig prfisn jd tlnir sìbbs fgm tln efpturns tlny of`n’.



4<

f crjup jd tlno wlj efrrinm wjjmng slinbms, kjws fgm dnftlnrnm frrjws “ft tlntjp jd wliel tlnrn is f slfrp kjgn witl f tljrg, bi`n f dislljj`’, fs tln Fmoirfbgjtnm. Ofgftnns (bfongtigs ) fgm snf turtbns wnrn efuclt ig fquftie ngvirjgongtsig kjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcj, wlibn ig 6>9> tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs suppbinm

tln Upfgisl witl bfgm tjrtjisns (ojrjejys ). Digfbby, mjonstieftnm Nurjpnfg fgiofbssuel fs ljrsns, efttbn, pics, cjft, fgm slnnp wnrn tf`ng tj rigimfm fgm jkfcjky vfrijus Upfgisl nxpbjrnrs fgm ky tln ngm jd tln sixtnngtl engtury tur`nys,Nurjpnfg elie`ngs, mjg`nys, fgm oubns fs wnbb fs Fdriefg cuignf djwb lfm knngigtrjmuenm tj tln bfrcnr isbfgm.

ln ejbjgifb pnrijm disligc ontljms mupbieftn tljsn jd prn-Ejbuokifg tions.ln ljj`-fgm-bign tnelgiqun wfs (fgm is) typiefbby usnm jddsljrn ig slfbbjw-

wftnr (kfg`s) frnfs fgm igsljrn ig rivnrs, pjgms fgm rfvigns. Ig tln Cubd jd Qfrifìgcdislns fgm ofe`nrnbs wnrn efuclt trfmitijgfbby witl tln ljj`-fgm-bign ontljmdrjo stftijgfry kjfts. Ft prnsngt slfr`s, crjupnrs fgm sgfppnrs frn efuclt witl

bjgc, kfitnm bigns jg tln kfg`s jdd jkfcj, fs tlny wnrn prjkfkby ig tln prnlistjrienrf. Unign disligc is stibb prfetisnm mfiby ig jkfcj. It is fmfptnm tj igsljrn-nstufrign frnfs witl sojjtl kjttjos fgm efbo snfs, typiefbby efteligc oubbnts, hfe`s fgm sgjj`s. Ejgn-slfpnm ernnbs jr dislpjts wnrn fgm frn wimnby usnm kjtlig rivnrign situftijgs fgm jddsljrn ig rnnd frnfs. Ig tln gigntnngtl engtury tln

rigimfm dislpjts, nopbjynm djr efteligc drnslwftnr disl ig tln isbfgm’s rivnrs, wnrnofmn jd kfokjj jr frrjw rnnm (wlitn rjsnfu). Disl pjisjgigc is f tnelgiqun wlielwfs djronrby wimnsprnfm kjtl ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj. ^sufbby f strnfo jr pjjbwfs dngenm jdd, fdtnr wliel f vncntfkbn disl pjisjg, jdtnglfifri rjjts, wfs fmmnmtj tln wftnr. Jd ejursn, elug`s jd disl fgm onft djronm ofhjr igcrnmingts jd

tln pnppnrpjt wliel, tjcntlnr witl efsfrnnp fgm sjon wftnr, wnrn kjibnm igtj ftlie` sjup igtj wliel efssfvf krnfm wfs mippnm. Kfìgc jg f kfrkneun (kjuefg),sojìgc, sfbtigc, fgm mryigc wnrn durtlnr onfgs jd onft fgm disl prjenssigc. Igtln bftn nicltnngtl engtury tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Cufyrif oissijg (prnsngt UfgDnrgfgmj) rnpjrtnmby prnsnrvnm disl nspneifbby ky mryigc.

Fbtljucl kfmby mjeuongtnm, tln snf-sljrn fgm rivnrign ejbbnetigc jd bfgmerfks, erfydisl, ojbbus`s, snf ureligs, fgm turtbn nccs prjvimnm nxenbbngt sukstitutnsdjr jr suppbnongts tj tln sjurens jd prjtnig-riel djjm jktfignm ky lugtigc fgmdisligc ig tln twj isbfgms. ln jgby listjrie feejugt jd slnbbdisl nxpbjitftijg ig

rigimfm mftns drjo 6<15, wlng fg Ngcbisl gfvfb jddienr rndnrs tj Isbfgm Efrik

wjong ft jej cftlnrigc ojbbus`s (prjkfkby wlnb`s) “drjo tln rje`s’, usigc “crnftkfs`nts P…_ suppjrtnm upjg tlnir kfe`s ky f kfgm prnssigc jvnr tlnir djrnlnfms’.Ig tln bftn snvngtnngtl engtury tln qufbity jd tln slnbbdisl ejbbnetnm jg tln sljrnsjd jkfcj wfs prfisnm, wlibn ig 6344 tln cftlnrigc jd jystnrs drjo tln ofgcrjvnswfops strnteligc fbjgc tln sljrn jd Kjg Feejrm Bfcjjg, fgm tlft jd qunngejgels drjo tln rnnds fgm nnbcrfss knms jd Kueejj [nnd, ky tln Isbfgm Efriks jd

jkfcj wfs rnejrmnm.



49

Ujeifb jrcfgizftijg fgm bidn eyebn

]n mjeuongtfry nvimngen jg tln strueturn jd Fonrigmifg sjeinty ig rigimfm igtln ejgtfet pnrijm is vfcun fgm sefgty. ]n nfrbinst igdjroftijg is tj kn djugmig tln Upfgisl sjurens jg tln rnsistfgen jd tln rigimfmifg Fonrigmifgs fcfigst

tln fttnopts jd Fgtjgij Unmnöj tj snttbn jg tln isbfgm ig tln 6>51s. ]n ejg ietnvjbvnm drjo fg fbbifgen ejgebumnm kntwnng tln Upfgisl fgm Ofbufgf (Ofrufgf),fg Frfwf` (Bj`õgj) elind fgm “bjrm jd ofgy pnjpbn’ wlj lnfmnm tln “prjvigen’ jdElfejofr (Elfejofrn, Elfejofri), ngejopfssigc ojst jd sjutl fgm sjutlwnst

rigimfm. Fg Frfwf` vibbfcn efbbnm Efrfj (Efyfj, Efrjwf) is ongtijgnm fs situftnmjg tln sjutl ejfst, ebjsn tj Qugtf Eurfj, drjo fs nfrby fs 6><; ugtib wnbb igtj tlnsnvngtnngtl engtury. Fssistnm ky Ofbufgf, tln Upfgisl fttnoptnm tj cnt f djjtljbmig fgjtlnr pfrt jd tln isbfgm, tln ejugtry jd f elind efbbnm Kfueugfr wlj lnfmnmf “prjvigen’ efbbnm Euoueurfpj (Efojrjefkj, Efojejrfkj), situftnm jg tlngjrtlnfstnrg sljrn jd tln Cubd jd Qfrif. F vibbfcn witl tlis gfon is rnejrmnm ig

tln mjeuongtfry sjurens tlrjucljut tln sixtnngtl fgm snvngtnngtl engturins. ]nEfrikfg tjpjgyo Euoueurfpj, onfgigc “pbfen jd tln sib` ejttjg trnn’, stibb nxistsfs Oueurfpj, tln gfon jd f rnsimngtifb qufrtnr ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig, ebjsn tj tln ojutljd tln Ofrfvfb [ivnr. Fppfrngtby, Kfueugfr wfs tln elind jd tln Efrignpfcjtj(Ofigbfgm Efriks) iglfkitigc tlis pfrt jd tln isbfgm. Ln is rnejrmnm fs f “bjrm jdofgy pnjpbn fgm f vfbifgt pnrsjg’ fgm sueennmnm ig ejgebumigc fg fbbifgen witvfrijus jtlnr Fonrigmifg elinds jd rigimfm fgm Qfrif ig jrmnr tj stclt j Unmnöj.]n Upfgisl sjurens succnst tlft ft tln tion Ofbufgf fgm Kfueugfr rnprnsngtnm

rigimfm’s ojst iopjrtfgt Fonrigmifg elinds jr lnfmong (fefrnwfgf , fquirivfgj).Qrjkfkby tlny sljubm kn snng fs trikfb “crnft ong’ ig tln prjenss jd nvjbvigc igtj

tln bnfmnrs jd sofbb elindmjos (“rfg` sjeintins’), ig wliel bnfmnrslip wjubm knejonlnrnmitfry. Ft fgy rftn, Kfueugfr fbbinm liosnbd witl jtlnr vibbfcn elindtfigs jd nqufbstftus, tlus djroigc f tnopjrfry oibitfry ejgdnmnrfey fcfigst tln Upfgisl ugmnrlis ejoofgm. Kfueugfr’s “prjvigen’ rnpjrtnmby wfs mngsnby pjpubftnm fgm lfm twjbfrcn vibbfcns situftnm jg tln Cubd jd Qfrif, fgm nvng ojrn tjwfrms tln igtnrijr. Itwfs rubnm ky tlrnn jr djur bjefb elinds (efeiquns ) jd wliel Kfueugfr wfs pfrfojugt.Lis fsengmfgey oiclt lfvn jricigftnm drjo lis mjoigfgt pnrsjgfb qufbitins ig wfrfgm trfmn, fs f rnsubt jd wliel ln wfs fkbn tj fttrfet f bfrcn djbbjwigc tlrjucl cidtcivigc. j f enrtfig nxtngt lis bnfmnrslip ofy lfvn knng lnrnmitfry, fs it is rnejrmnmtlft murigc jgn jd tln sìroislns fg Fonrigmifg efptfig, f gnplnw jd Kfueugfr

fgm “tln lnir tj fbb jd lis bfgms’, wfs ìbbnm. ]is succnsts oftribignfb iglnritfgenfbtljucl it is ugebnfr wlntlnr tlis gnplnw wfs f sistnr’s jr f krjtlnr’s sjg.Bittbn is `gjwg fkjut tln sjeij-pjbitiefb jrcfgizftijg jd tln jtlnr Fonrigmifg

pnjpbns, tln Gnpjij, Ulnkfij, Elfcufgns, fgm Yfij, bivigc ig rigimfm ft tln tion jdtln ngejugtnr. Ojst bi`nby, tln strueturn jd tlnir sjeintins wjubm gjt lfvn mnviftnmofr`nmby drjo tljsn jd tln Frfwf`s (Bj`õgj) fgm Efrignpfcjtj. Fbb elindtfigsfppfrngtby fttnoptnm tj ngbfrcn tlnir djbbjwigc ky ejgtrfetigc ofrrifcns witlofgy wivns, fs nfel gnw ofrrifcn ernftnm f fgjtlnr snt jd fddigfb rnbftivns drjowliel suppjrt ejubm kn nxfetnm. Ky pukbie mispbfy fgm mistrikutijg jd cidts, jdtnnxjtie cjjms jktfignm murigc wfr fgm/jr trfmn nxpnmitijgs, tlnsn “crnft ong’ wnrn

fkbn tj kuibm tlnir igdbungen fgm kigm tlnir djbbjwigc. Elinds ejubm kjjst tlnir



31

prnsticn ky ljbmigc mrigìgc pfrtins ft igitiftijg ritufbs jd yjugc wfrrijrs, kurifbs jdelinds, wfr ejugeibs, tln snttbnongt jd misputns kntwnng gniclkjurigc vibbfcns, kjftbfugeligcs, fgm ofrrifcn enrnojgins. Igmnnm, f rntigun wfs ernftnm ky fofssigccjjms fgm mistrikutigc tlno murigc bfrcn pukbie dnfsts. Fbb tlis bnm tj f mneimnmby

mygfoie pjbitiefb bfgmsefpn ig wliel bnfmnrslip wfs liclby ejopntitivn. lis ìgmjd sjeij-pjbitiefb jrcfgizftijg wfs typiefb fbsj jd @fbi’gf/@fbi’gfcj sjeinty ig tlnCuifgfs, jkfcj fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns. Feejrmigc tj Elfrbns mn [jelndjrt, tlnIsbfgm Efriks jd tln 64>1s lfm twj crfmns jd wfr elinds0 tln “fmoirfbs’ (ukutø),ejoofgmigc fg ngtirn dbnnt, wnrn nspneifbby rnspnetnm. lnsn “crnft ong’ lfm tlnriclt jd viribjefb rnsimngen djr tlnosnbvns fgm tlnir sjgs, sioubtfgnjusby rnenivigcsnrviens drjo tlnir sjgs-ig-bfw. ln wfr elind liosnbd mim gjt lfvn tj snrvn lisig-bfws. Frfwf` (Bj`õgj) sjeifb strueturn wfs ojrn djrofbby igtncrftnm tlfgtlft jd tln Efriks fs tlnir trfmitijgfb systno jd kbjjm rnbftijgslip wfs kfsnm jgnxjcfojus, oftribignfb ebfgs (prnseriknm ̀ igslip crjupigcs).69 Qrjspnetivn Frfwf`

elinds (fmuofsi ) lfm tj ugmnrcj pfigdub igitiftijg ritufbs murigc ejoougity dètns,bi`n tln Efriks. Elinds wnrn typiefbby pjbycygjus. Feejrmigc tj f snvngtnngtl-engtury Upfgisl sjuren, Frfwfèfeiquns lfm six jr snvng wivns, jrmigfry Frfwf`sjgby twj jr tlrnn. Jgn jd tlnsn Frfwf` “crnft ong’, Frfejrfiof, wlj bivnm igEfrfj vibbfcn jg tln sjutl rigimfm ejfst ig tln nfrby 6411s, jgen wngt tj tlnUpfgisl snttbnongt jg Ofrcfritf witl six wfr efgjns ig jrmnr tj kfrtnr gjt bnsstlfg ;= jd lis wjong djr tln suo jd 4111 pnsjs wjrtl jd fxns, `givns fgm jtlnrtrfmn cjjms. ln fbtnrftijg jd tln Fonrigmifg kurifb eustjos ugmnr Nurjpnfg(Elristifg) igdbungen wfs nxprnssnm ky Bjuis, fg Isbfgm Efrik bivigc witl lis dfoibyjg jkfcj ig 639;. Ln gjtnm tlft djronrby f mnenfsnm ofbn wfs kurinm ig sittigc

pjsturn, ljbmigc lis kjw fgm frrjws, kut gjw ln is igtnrrnmfu bjgc nt“mrjit ’(“strntelnm jg tln kfe`’).ln Fonrigmifg mivisijg jd bfkjur wfs kfsnm jg snx fgm fcn0 snoi-spneifbists

jpnrftnm jgby jg tln ejoougity bnvnb. Uuksistngen fetivitins suel fs tln ebnfrigcjd ejguejs , lugtigc fgm disligc wnrn typiefbby ofseubign tfs`s ig Fonrigmifgsjeinty, fs wfs ljusn kuibmigc, kfs`ntry ofìgc, wjjm efrvigc, fs wnbb fs kjgnfgm stjgn wjrìgc djr tjjbs, wnfpjgs fgm durgiturn. Lnfvy bfkjur suel fs ebnfrigccfrmngs, kjft ejgstruetijg, pubbigc tln snign tj sljrn, fgm ljusn kuibmigc wfsjdtng ejoougfb wjr` ig wliel f crjup jd ofbn ig-bfws, gniclkjurs fgm dringmsejbbfkjrftnm, knigc rnwfrmnm witl djjm fgm mrig`s fdtnr ejopbntijg jd tln tfs`,

fgm jd ejursn tln rneiprjefb ejooitongt jd duturn fssistfgen ky tln kngndieifry.lis djro jd tnfowjr` is stibb djugm ig tln twig isbfgms, `gjwg ig rigimfm fs cfyfp ( cfifppn ), f tnro mnrivnm drjo Efrikfg cfyfpj, fgm ig jkfcj fsbngm-lfgm .Qbfgtigc, wnnmigc fgm lfrvnstigc wnrn typiefbby dnofbn jeeupftijgs, fs wnbb fsdjjm prnpfrftijg, spiggigc fgm wnfvigc ejttjg, fgm pjttnry ofìgc. Ejbbnetigcwibm vncntfkbn djjmstudds fgm igvnrtnkrftns wnrn tfs`s jd kjtl wjong fgm elibmrng.It is gjtnwjrtly tlft fojgc tln prnsngt-mfy pnfsfgtry jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, fswnbb fs nbsnwlnrn ig tln Snst Igmins, tln trfmitijgfb mivisijg jd bfkjur kntwnng

69 ]n prnsngt Frfwf̀ Ufkæijgj ebfg jd tln Cuifgfs ofy lfvn nofgftnm drjo tln Ulnkfij (Ufpfij,Uuppfyn, Unpjyn), fg mistiget ntlgie crjup wliel jricigfbby bivnm ig tln Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm jg tlnejfst jd sjutl rigimfm.





3;

Dicurn 5>. Sftnrejbjur pfigtigc, sljwigc f stclt kntwnng pirjcuns rjo ]rigimfm fgm Ofrcfritf, ef. 6><4. Fdnr Listjirn

Gfturnbbn mns Igmns , ]ln Mrf`n Ofguseript, . >4. Ejurtnsy ]ln Qinrpjgt Ojrcfg Bikrfry, Gnw Yjr`.



35

fojgc tln bjefb “crnft ong’.;6 Igmnnm, [fbncl gjtnm tlft tln Fonrigmifgs “wfrrnojrn djr wjong, tlnPg_ nytlnr djr cjbm jr mjoigijg’. Ejopntitijg djr trfmn rjutnsdjronm fgjtlnr efusn jd wfr. Ig tln 6>91s tln Jrigjej Frfwf` wfr elind Frfofif(Frofcj, Frofij), f gnplnw jd elind Frfejrfiof jd sjutl rigimfm, djuclt witl

tln Sfrfj jd tln Eföj Ofgfoõ, wlj tlrnftngnm tln ojgjpjby jd Frfwf` trfmnkntwnng tln Bjwnr Jrigjej [ivnr fgm rigimfm ky snbbigc efgjns djr tjkfeejig tln bfttnr isbfgm. Jg tln jtlnr lfgm, ft tln sfon tion trfmn fgm enrnojgifbnxelfgcn pnrsistnm ugigtnrruptnmby kntwnng fgtfcjgistie gniclkjurigc pnjpbns jrejgcbjonrftns jd ntlgie crjups suel fs tln Frfwf`s (Bj`õgj), wlj wnrn fbbinmwitl tln Ulnkfij fgm Gnpjij, fgm tln @fbi’gf/@fbi’gfcj/Efrignpfcjtj, djroigcnfel jtlnr’s “dfvjuritn ngnoins fgm djrofb pfrtgnrs’. Igmnnm, ig 64;< Mutelsfibjrs ont Isbfgm Efriks drjo Crngfmf wlj wnrn jg fg fppfrngt rfimigc/trfmigcnxpnmitijg ig Gnpjij ejugtry ig nfst rigimfm. Uuel rfims tjj` pbfen fs bftn fs tln64=1s wlng tln Drngel cjvnrgjr jd Cufmnbjupn sngt f ousquntnnr tj Efptfig

Kfrjg jd tln Isbfgm Efriks jd Mjoigief ig jrmnr tj suppjrt tln bfttnr murigc fgfttfe` jg tln Frfwf`s jd rigimfm. ln trfmitijgfb wnfpjgry ejgsistnm jd wjjmngebuks, stibb `gjwg ig rigimfm fskjutju (drjo Efrikfgfputu), kjws fgm pjisjgnmfrrjws, `npt ig quivnrs, spnfr-tlrjwnrs, sbigc-stjgns, wjjmng spnfrs, fgm rjugm jrsqufrisl slinbms (kue`bnrs). Ig 6=99 Tnspueei mnseriknm tln Fonrigmifgs jd sjutl

rigimfm fs “vnry vfbifgt fgm ngnrcntie pnjpbn’ wlj wnrn “nxenbbngt frelnrs’. Upfgm frrjws sljwigc pjigts ofmn jd slfr`’s tnntl fgm spigrfy spigns frn ongtijgnmfojgc tln wnfpjgs nopbjynm ky tln rigimfm Igmifgs murigc tln vfrijus kfttbnstlny djuclt fcfigst tln Upfgisl ig tln 6>51s. Ig fmmitijg, tln Fonrigmifgs jd

rigimfm, Qfrif fgm knyjgm lfm pjisjgnm frrjws kjtl djr lugtigc ojg`nys fgm

djr wfrdfrn. ln rigimfm wfrrijrs ofy lfvn usnm tln huien jd tln ofgelignnb trnntj pjisjg tlnir frrjws bi`n tln Isbfgm Efriks.Ig jrmnr tj diclt tlnir jvnrsnfs ngnoins, tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm kuibt

bfrcn wfr efgjns jr pirjcuns ( pirfcufs ) ejgsistigc jd f ljbbjwnm-jut bjc tj wlielpbfg`s lfm knng fmmnm tj igernfsn tln drnnkjfrm. Ig 6=9< Ejbuokus sfw “f bfrcnefgjn’ witl ;> ong jddsljrn sjutlwnst rigimfm, wlibn jgn ynfr bftnr Tnspueeirnpjrtnm f pirjcun jd ;4 “pfens’ ig bngctl jdd tln isbfgm’s wnst ejfst. F ugiqunpfigtigc sljws f diclt kntwnng suel f rigimfmifg pirjcun fgm f wfr efgjn drjoOfrcfritf ig tln bftn sixtnngtl engtury (Dic. 5>).;; ln Frfwf`s jd rigimfm fgmtln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs ejgsimnrnm it “tln crnftnst cbjry tj wfcn wfr’ witl

tln efrikns , witl wljo tlny frn “ig tln uttnrojst ngoity’, fs f Upfgisl jksnrvnrdrjo Ofrcfritf gjtnm ig tln 6>>1s. Jg tln fpprjfel jd tln mry snfsjg tlny wjubmdjro f dbnnt jd tlirty tj djrty pirjcuns, nfel efpfkbn jd ljbmigc tlirty tj didty ong. Fdtnr bjgc prnpfrftijgs fgm mnbiknrftijgs tlny wjubm sfib fbjgc tln ejfst fgm ngtnrtln rivnrs jd tln Cuifgfs ig jrmnr tj bjj` djr ljstibn dbnnts jd mucjuts jr vibbfcnstj rfim. Id tln Bj`õgj ont f dbnnt jd @fbi’gf (Ofigbfgm Efrik) pirjcuns, f gfvfb

;6 Qrnpfrftijgs djr f rfim kncfg wlng fg jbm wfr bnfmnr igvitnm lis fssjeiftn vibbfcn lnfmong tj tf`npfrt ig fg igtngmnm rfim ky sngmigc tlno `gjttnm ejrms jr gjtelnm stie`s djr rne`jgigc tln guoknrjd mfys rnofigigc ugtib f ejoougfb ejugeib fgm dnfst igitiftigc tln djrfy wjubm kn lnbm. Uuel strigcswitl `gjts djr rne`jgigc tion wnrn stibb usnm ky tln oissijg Igmifgs jd rigimfm ig tln 63<1s.

;; Uofbb typns jd mucjut efgjns (“ejrifbs’), typiefbby sljwigc pjigtnm stnos fgm stnrgs, wnrn usnm djrstsligc.



3=

kfttbn djbbjwnm. Uuel fg ngcfcnongt kntwnng dbnnts jd @fbi’gf, bnm ky f elind efbbnmjefurfof, fgm Frfwf`s ugmnr Frfofif tjj` pbfen ft tln ojutl jd tln Sfigi

[ivnr ig gjrtlwnst Cuyfgf ig 6>94. ln Frfwf` wjg, fgm fdtnrwfrms jefurfoflfm tj sngm f pirjcun witl lfooje`s, efssfvf, ejttjg, fgm six dnofbn sbfvns fs fg

fggufb trikutn tj Frfofif wlj bivnm jg tln sjutl kfg` jd tln [ïj Crfgmn, tlnnfstnrgojst jutbnt jd tln Jrigjej.[fims jd ngnoy vibbfcns igvfrifkby bnm tj tlnir mnstruetijg ky kurgigc. Jbmnr

iglfkitfgts wnrn usufbby ìbbnm murigc tlnsn rfims, kut yjugc ong fgm wjongwnrn jdtng efpturnm fgm tf`ng ljon fs sbfvns ( pjitjs ). ln Frfwf`s eut tln lfir jdtlnir Efrik sbfvns sj fs tj sljw tlnir stftus. ln efptivns jdtng ofrrinm tj Frfwfòng jr wjong fgm, feejrmigc tj f sixtnngtl-engtury Upfgisl jksnrvnr, ig tliswfy knefon Frfwf`s tlnosnbvns. Ln fmmnm tlft tln Efriks trnftnm tln Frfwf`sioibfrby. F dnw ofbn efptivns wnrn ìbbnm enrnojgifbby murigc ejoougfb dnfsts.Uùbbs jd mndnftnm ngnoins wnrn eurftnm fs trjplins wlibn dbfcnjbnts wnrn ofmn jut

jd tln bjgc kjgns. Feejrmigc tj f snvngtnngtl-engtury sjuren, tln Isbfgm Efriksjd Crngfmf enbnkrftnm f vietjry jg tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln ofigbfgm fgm rigimfmwitl f mrigìgc fgm mfgeigc pfrty, murigc wliel tlny “nft pfrt jd tln prisjgnrsjd wfr, P…_ wliel tlny rftlnr mim jut jd ofbien, elnwigc jgby jgn ojutldub fgmspittigc it jut fcfig P…_ rftlnr fs f rnbicijus ighugetijg’. Ejopfrfkbn sixtnngtl-fgm snvngtnngtl-engtury rnpjrts jg tln efggikfbistie prfetiens fkjugm ig tlnmjeuongtfry rnejrms jg tln Efriks fs wnbb fs tln Frfwf` fgm jtlnr pnjpbns jd tlnrncijg. lnir djro jd ritufb efggikfbiso ofy lfvn knng ejggnetnm witl tln gjtijgjd cfigigc tln pjwnr fgm strngctl jd tln ngnoy jgn lfs sbfig. Ljwnvnr, wlntlnrfbb jd tlnsn rnpjrts frn igmnnm trustwjrtly is middieubt tj mneimn. Gj mjukt, ofgy

feeusftijgs jd efggikfbiso efg kn snng fs Upfgisl iopnrifb prjpfcfgmf, snrvigc tlnpurpjsn jd Fonrigmifg ngsbfvnongt.Bjgc-mistfgen nxelfgcn kntwnng tln Fonrigmifg ejoougitins jd rigimfm fgm

tljsn jd tln ofigbfgm fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns ejgtigunm witljut enssftijg ig spitnjd tln jtlnrwisn ljstibn rnbftijgslips fojgc tln ntlgie crjups ig qunstijg. ]nritufbiznm nxelfgcn jd buxury frtiebns (“sjeifb vfbufkbns’), ft tln jeefsijg jd nvngtssuel fs tln djroftijg jd pjbitiefb fbbifgens fssjeiftnm witl ofrrifcn pfets fgm ritufbsnrviens, wfs igvfrifkby feejopfginm ky trfmn ig utibitfrifg frtiebns. ]n sjeifbonelfgiso tlrjucl wliel ojst nxelfgcns wnrn ofmn tjj` tln djro jd djrofbtrfmn pfrtgnrslips kntwnng prjoigngt onoknrs jd tln ntlgie crjups jr trfmigc

ejoougitins ejgenrgnm, wlj ky nxelfgcigc gfons knefon nfel jtlnr’s cuftifjs (“dringms, fbbins’), big`nm ky (“ebfssisteftjry’) ìgslip. ]n ofhjr sjeifb vfbufkbnsnxelfgcnm ig tln frnf tlrjucljut tln ejgtfet pnrijm igebumnefrfeub ï nfr, gjsn fgmkrnfst jrgfongts, drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts fgm knfms ofmn jd crnng-ejbjurnm rje`fgm lucn strigcs jd ft slnbb knfms, `gjwg fsurunkn jr quiripæ . Fbb mnrivnm drjotln ofigbfgm fgm djugm tlnir wfy up tln isbfgms tlrjucl rigimfm fgm/jr jkfcj. Fmjrgongts ofmn jd tligby lfoonrnm pbftns jdefrfeub ï, slfpnm fs “nfcbns’ (kirmsjd prny) fgm “ernsengts’, jeefsijgfbby snt ig drfons jd pjbislnm kbfe` wjjm, wnrnnspneifbby prnsticijus jkhnets. Ofgudfeturnm ig tln Ejbjokifg Fgmns, tlny rnfelnmtln twig isbfgms ky nxelfgcn tlrjucl tln Jrigjej Tfbbny jr tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst



3>

fgm tln Cubd jd Qfrif.;5 Fgiofb-slfpnm pngmfgts, prnmjoigfgtbyrnprnsngtigc drjc-slfpnm ernfturns, fgm knfms ofmn jd crnng-ejbjurnmrje` oftnrifbs, jeefsijgfbby gnplritn, rnfelnm tln Jrigjej [ivnr fgm

Bnssnr Fgtibbns drjo tln Cuifgfs fgm Fofzjgif. ]ny djronm ofhjrnxelfgcn itnos fs f onfgs jd fbbifgen djroftijg, mnftl ejopngsftijgfgm krimn wnfbtl. It is bi`nby tlft jkfcj pbfynm f rjbn ig tln nxelfgcnjd tlnsn drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts fgm knfms, fs djr tln Efriks tlisisbfgm djronm f lfbd-wfy stftijg kntwnng tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgmsfgm tln Cuifgfs. Ig 64>= tln cjvnrgjr jd tln Ejurbfgmnr ejbjgyjg tln isbfgm gjtnm tlft “ofgy sfvfcns frrivn lnrn witl efgjns drjoUt Tigengt, wlj prjennm drjo lnrn tj tln ofigbfgm, fgm drjo tlnofigbfgm tlny ejon lnrn fs wnbb’. Digfbby,quiripæ slnbb knfms rnfelnm

rigimfm, tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns fgm tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn drjo tln

Jrigjej Tfbbny. Lucn qufgtitins wnrn wjrg ky Fonrigmifg wjongtlrjucljut tln rncijg fs jstngtftijus mispbfys jd wnfbtl. Ig Upfgisltions tlnsn strigcs jd slnbb knfms knefon stfgmfrmiznm ig bngctl fgmsizn, gjw mnvnbjpigc igtj f djro jd “ejoojmity ojgny’ jd wliel tlnvfbun igernfsnm witl mistfgen drjo tln ofgudfeturigc engtrns ig tlnTngnzunbfg bbfgjs8 ig tln nicltnngtl engtury jgn strigc bjgc ngjucl

;5 Slng visitigc rigimfm ig 6>9=, Uir [jknrt Mumbny pie`nm up tln ruojur tlft fg Fonrigmifg efbbnm Krfij, wlj bivnm ig tln Frfwf` vibbfcn jd Efrfj jg tln isbfgm’ssjutl ejfst, wfs “vnry nxpnrt ig tln onbtigc jd P…_ jrn igtj tln ontfb jdefbeurin ’. Sisldub tligìgc jkvijusby igtnrdnrnm witl Mumbny’s snfrel djr tln bjefb cjbm wlielwjubm lfvn knng prjenssnm ky tlis Krfij, fs tln sj-efbbnm cjbm sfopbns ln ejbbnetnmdrjo rigimfm fbb turgnm jut tj kn djjb’s cjbm (irjg pyritns).

Dicurn 54. Qjstefrm pieturn,

sljwigc Gfpfriof Libb (prijr tj

qufrryigc) fgm Licl Utrnnt, Ufg

Dnrgfgmj, ]rigimfm, 6<91s.



34

tj ngeirebn f ofg’s cirtl wfs wjrtl djur cjbmrnfbns jg tln Jrigjej fgm niclt jgrigimfm. ]ny efg kn ejopfrnm witl tln ugidjro rjbbs jd elnwigc tjkfeej wliel

wnrn usnm fs f ojgntfry stfgmfrm ky tln Isbfgm Efriks ig tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns.Guonrjus jtlnr prjmuets wnrn trfgsoittnm vif rigimfm fgm/jr jkfcj kntwnng

tln ofigbfgm fgm tln isbfgms. Ig tln 6>31s it wfs jksnrvnm tlft tln Fonrigmifgs jdrigimfm visitnm tln Jrigjej Tfbbny ig jrmnr tj nxelfgcn ejgel truopnts (kjtutjs ),pnfrbs, sfbt fgm (ontfb) fxns witl tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd tln ofigbfgm, sjonjd wliel lfm trfvnbbnm ojrn tlfg 511 “bnfcuns’ ig tlnir efgjns tj tlis ngm. lnejgel truopnts, mnrivigc drjo jkfcj jr rigimfm’s gjrtl ejfst, wnrn usnm djrsicgfbbigc murigc wfr nxpnmitijgs. Qnfrbs wnrn vfbufkbns wliel wnrn jktfignm ft tlnpnfrb jystnr knms jd tln isbfgms jd Eukfcuf fgm Ofrcfritf. Ejbuokus sfw pnfrbsfojgc tln iglfkitfgts jd tln Qfrif Qngigsubf. Slng fs`nm wlnrn tlny efon drjo,tln Fonrigmifgs pjigtnm tj tln wnst fgm gjrtl. Ufbt, prjmuenm ky nvfpjrftigcsnf wftnr, wfs trfmnm ig tln djro jd krie`s drjo tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst, gjtfkby tln

Frfyf Qngigsubf, tj rigimfm fgm tln Jrigjej Tfbbny. Knsimns, ofigbfgm frtiebnssuel fs hfcufr pnbts fgm ebfws fs wnbb fs dnftlnr lnfmmrnssns djugm tlnir wfy up tjrigimfm fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns. ln Frfwf` jd tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn, rigimfm

fgm tln Bjwnr Jrigjej wnrn nspneifbby gjtnm djr tln bjgc-mistfgen trfmn hjurgnystlny ugmnrtjj`, pfmmbigc jg tln rivnrs jd tln ofigbfgm fgm fbjgc tln Ftbfgtiefgm Efrikknfg ejfsts. Drjo ft bnfst tln 6>61s jgwfrms tln Frfwf`, Yfij fgmGnpjij efrrinm jut f bivnby trfmn witl tln Upfgisl jg tln pnfrb isbfgms, nxelfgcigcdjjmstudds, ofigby efssfvf krnfm, fgm igmicngjus sbfvns, djr irjg iopbnongts. Igtln 6>>1s f Upfgifrm jd Ofrcfritf hjignm tln Frfwf` jg f trfmigc hjurgny, bfstigcig fbb nbnvng ojgtls, wliel wngt drjo Ofrcfritf vif rigimfm tj tln Jrigjej

Tfbbny fgm bbfgjs fgm tlng tj tln Nssnquikj ig tln Cuifgfs. ln Frfwf` vibbfcnEfrfj (Efrjwf) jg tln sjutl ejfst jd rigimfm fgm tln Yfij snttbnongt jd Qfriej(Qfrfejf, Qfrfejwn, Qfrrfejw), situftnm pnrlfps ft tln ojutl jd tln Cufpj[ivnr sjutl jd prnsngt-mfy Ufg Dnrgfgmj, djronm igmispngsfkbn ligcns ig tlis Fonrigmifg trfmigc systno kntwnng tln ofigbfgm fgm tln pnfrb isbfgms. Ky tlistion tln Frfwf` fbrnfmy usnm pirjcuns witl sfibs, bi`n Upfgislknrcfgtigns .

lrjucljut ejbjgifb tions Sfrfj Fonrigmifgs jd tln Jrigjej mnbtf fggufbbyvisitnm sjutl rigimfm jg f pibcriofcn tj Gfpfriof Libb, wliel djros tln fkjmnjd tlnir ofhjr eubturn lnrj Lfkuri, tln igvngtjr jd tln efgjn fgm tln pfmmbn,tlnrnky rnngfetigc tln rjutn tf`ng ky lio, lis ojtlnr fgm lnr sistnr murigc tlnir

oytliefb dbiclt drjo tln ofigbfgm tj rigimfm.;=

Igmnnm, ojst bi`nby tln gfonGfpfriof, jricigfbby Fgfpfriof (dirst rnejrmnm ig 6>94), is jd Sfrfjfg mnrivftijg,onfgigc ig tlnir bfgcufcn “cufrmifg jd tln wfvns’ (Dic. 54). Gfpfriof Libb issfernm tj tln Sfrfj, wlj snn it fs f pntridinm wjrbm trnn, wliel fssuonm tln slfpnjd fg isjbftnm ojugtfig fgm bfgmofr` snrvigc fs tln ljon jd tlnir gjrtlnrg “nfrtlspirit’, tln “Kuttnrdby Crfgmdftlnr’, wliel knefon Lfkuri’s pjrt jd rnducn. Jg tlnirvjyfcns tj Gfpfriof Libb, wliel wfs mnebfrnm f gftijgfb bfgmofr` ig 69<4, tln Sfrfj ejbbnetnm qufrtz erystfbs fgm pinens jd qufrtzitn djr tlnir slfofg’s rfttbns,

;= Ig tln 69=1s tln Tngnzunbfg cjvnrgongt iopjsnm rnstrietijgs jg trfvnb tj rigimfm fgm djrkfmn tlnsnpnrijmie visits ky tln Sfrfj. Gnvnrtlnbnss, irrncubfr efgjn trips jd Sfrfj tj rigimfm frn ofmn ugtibft prnsngt.



33

ejgsimnrnm tj djro tln nokjmiongts jd tln bfttnr’s cufrmifg spirits. Uioubtfgnjusby,tlny trfmnm ojg`nys, knnswfx, kfs`nts, pfrrjts, lugtigc mjcs, fgm lfooje`sdjr tjkfeej, rjueju, oirrjrs, ejttjg ebjtl, ebjtligc, fgm ljusnljbm cjjms ft tlnofr`nt jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj. jkfeej, wliel efggjt kn crjwg ig tln mnbtf, is nssngtifb

tj tln Sfrfj fs tlnir ngtirn slfofgie systno is kfsnm jg it. Igmnnm, fs Uir Sfbtnr[fbncl gjtnm ig tln 6>91s, ig lis tion tln Sfrfj jktfignm tjkfeej ky nxelfgcndjr efgjns drjo tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm. Ig tln oim-nicltnngtl engturyit wfs murigc jgn jd tlnsn trips tj rigimfm tlft tln Sfrfj fmjptnm tln vijbig,gjw tlnir ojst iopjrtfgt ousiefb igstruongt, drjo tln Upfgisl. Ebnfrby, djr tln Sfrfj tln erjssigc jd tln Ejbuokus Elfggnb onfgt f liclby spiritufb pibcriofcntj fg isbfgm witl f oytliefb furf, wliel dnfturns prjoigngtby ig tlnir tfbns jdpriojrmifb tions. lny efbb rigimfm kurjhj, siopby onfgigc “isbfgm’, succnstigctlft tj tln Sfrfj rigimfm wfs tln prjtjtypiefb isbfgm,tln isbfgm. Uioibfrby, tlnjtlnr Fonrigmifg pnjpbns jd rigimfm rndnrrnm tj it fs`firi , Frfwf`fg djr “isbfgm’,

iopbyigc f ejopfrfkbn pnrspnetivn.;>

[nbicijg8 ejsojbjcy fgm slfofgiso

Fbtljucl tln Upfgisl drjo tln jgsnt jd tlnir snttbnongt ig rigimfm fttnoptnm tjigtrjmuen tln Elristifg dfitl fojgc tln igmicngjus pnjpbns ugmnr tlnir ejgtrjb,ig 64;9 tln pfrisl prinst jd Ut. Hjsnpl ejopbfignm tlft ojst Fonrigmifgs jd tlnisbfgm wnrn “bivigc bi`n kfrkfrifgs usigc tlnir dfbsn imjbftrins fgm tlnir onmieiong spnfìgc witl tln mnvibs’. lis bfst nxprnssijg wfs gj mjukt igspirnm ky tlnsuppjsnmby spirit-igmuenm vjien fbtnrftijgs tln igmicngjus slfofg ( pnfi-ofg,

pifyn ) usnm murigc lis eurigc ritufbs. Fgm igmnnm, tln fgioistie knbind ig tln tjtfbspiritufbity jd tln ugivnrsn ejupbnm witl slfofgie enrnojgifbiso rnofignm tlnfxis jd Fonrigmifg rnbicijg ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj ugtib wnbb igtj tln gigntnngtlengtury. Dugetijgigc fs f eurnr, fmvisjr fgm mivignr, fbsj mirnetigc tln enrnojginsjd tln bidn eyebn fgm pnrdjroigc ritufbs tj prjojtn tln crjwigc jd djjm erjpsfgm fetigc fs f cfon-`nnpnr ky ofciefbby ejgtrjbbigc tln fvfibfkibity fgm dnrtibityjd wibm cfon, tln vibbfcn slfofg rnprnsngtnm tln bjefb crjup ig tfìgc mndngsivnjr fccrnssivn ofciefb fetijg fcfigst its ngnoins. It is rnejrmnm tlft ig tln 6>51sslfofgs pnrdjronm ofciefb ritns tj ngsurn f sueenssdub jutejon jd Kfueugfr’srfims jg tln Upfgisl bnm ky Unmnöj, tfìgc tjkfeej jr sgiddigc pjwmnr jd eruslnm

yjpf (ejljkf ) snnms “ig jrmnr tj `gjw tln duturn’. ln slfofg’s nynsiclt wfs dnbttj kn fopbidinm ky visijgfry pjwnr mun tj lis ejpijus usn jd lfbbueigjcngie mrucs. Feejrmigcby, Sfrfj slfofgs wnrn rndnrrnm tj fs “bjjòng’ ig tln jej ejoougityjd tln 69=1s. Fs ibbgnss is snng fs f syoptjo jd sjeifb fgm ejsoie mislfrojgy, tlnslfofg’s eurigc fpprjfel is kfsnm jg cnttigc tln fssistfgen jd lis cufrmifg spiritsky slfìgc lis rfttbn (ofrfe , ofrfef ) murigc f gjeturgfb snssijg ig wliel ln visitstln spirit wjrbm ig jrmnr tj mispnb tln spirit efusigc tln sie`gnss.;4 ^gtib rnengtby

;> ]nrn nxists fg ignrfmiefkbn kut oistf`ng knbind ig rigimfm tlft`fïri jr `féri onfgs “bfgm jd tlnluooigckirm’, f oisejgenptijg tlft wfs stfrtnm ky N.B. Hjsnpl ig tln 6<51s.

;4 Ig tln pfst dnw engturins tln Fonrigmifg slfofg’s rfttbn lfs knejon f pjpubfr sneubfr ousiefbigstruongt (slfe-slfe ), usnm ig rigimfm ky pfrfgc fgm efbypsj ousieifgs.



3<

ejopfrfkbn imnfs wnrn stibb fbivn fojgc rurfb djb` ig rigimfm wlnrn ibb lnfbtl wfsfseriknm tj nvib huokins , wliel ejubm kn nxpnbbnm jgby ky tln pnrsjgfb spirits jd tlnbjefb prfetitijgnr jd ofcie.

Fs f cfon-`nnpnr tln slfofg lfs tj onmiftn jg knlfbd jd lis pnjpbn witl

tln Ofstnr jd Fgiofbs, f kusl spirit ejgtrjbbigc tln guoknr jd fgiofbs ìbbnm kyluofgs. Ig jrmnr tj ejopngsftn djr tln cfon tf`ng drjo tln djrnst ky lugtigc,sjubs jd mnenfsnm luofgs lfvn tj kn pbnmcnm ky tln slfofg tj tln Ofstnr jd Fgiofbs wlj fets fs kjtl tln prjtnetjr fgm tln prjernftjr jd cfon ig tln liclwjjms. F sioibfr spirit pnrsjgfcn bivigc ig mnnp pjjbs, tln Ofstnr jd Disl, cjvnrgstln ugmnrwftnr wjrbm fgm ejopfrfkbn gncjtiftijgs lfvn tj kn ofmn witl lio ignxelfgcn djr f cjjm disligc snfsjg. ln slfofg lfs tj hjurgny spiritufbby tj kjtljd tlno ig jrmnr tj onmiftn. ln luofgs wljsn sjubs frn jddnrnm tj tlnsn “ofstnrs’frn tljuclt tj lfvn knng tf`ng ky feeimngt jr misnfsn. ln Ofstnr jd Fgiofbs is`gjwg fs Qfpf-Kjis (Ernjbn Drngel djr “dftlnr jd tln djrnst’) ig tln djb`bjrn jd

rigimfm, jkfcj fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns. Ln is iofcignm fs f sljrt, knfrmnm fgmlfiry ernfturn witl f luofg kjmy, fg fgiofb-bi`n, ljrgnm lnfm, fgm ebjvng ljjds.Bnfvns frn suppjsnm tj crjw drjo lis knfrm.Qfpf-Kjis efrrins f lugtigc ljrg ig lislfgm wliel ln sjugms wlngnvnr ln rnseuns jgn jd tln fgiofbs ugmnr lis prjtnetijgdrjo lugtnrs. Ln eurns wjugmnm fgiofbs fgm tf`ns vngcnfgen jg lugtnrs wljìbb kut tf`n ljon jgby pfrt jd tln cfon ky ofìgc tlno bjsn tlnir wfy. Ln issuppjsnm tj kn efpfkbn jd trfgsdjroigc igtj f mnnr. ln Ofstnr jd Disl is `gjwgfs tln Ofit-sjuren (Ernjbn Drngel djr “ofstnr jd tln sprigc’) ig rigimfm djb`bjrn.

ln Drngel Ernjbn gfons jd tlnsn spirit elfrfetnrs rndbnet tlnir jricig ig IsbfgmEfrik eubturn fgm tlnir igtrjmuetijg tj rigimfm ky tln sbfvn pjpubftijg drjo tln

Drngel Snst Igmins wlj efon tj tln isbfgm witl tln Drngel iooicrftijg jd tln63<1s fgm 6391s. ln Upfgislonstizjs fgm Fdriefg sbfvns jd rigimfm fgm jkfcjwnrn prjdjugmby igdbungenm ky tln rnbicijus vinws fgm ejsojbjciefb ejgenpts jdtln bjefb igmicngjus pnjpbns, bnfmigc tj guonrjus djros jd sygerntiso kntwnngnbnongts jd tln Nurjpnfg, Fdriefg fgm Fonrigmifg knbind systnos.

Fgjtlnr Fonrigmifg jtlnrwjrbmby elfrfetnr, wliel knefon fssioibftnm witltln spirit pfgtlnjg jd tln Fdriefg sbfvns ig tln Snst Igmins, is Ofofg-Mbj (ErnjbnDrngel djr “ojtlnr jd tln wftnrs’) jd prnsngt rigimfm fgm jkfcj djb`bjrn. @gjwgfs tln wftrfofof fojgc tln rurfb pjpubftijg jd tln Cuifgfs, sln is cngnrfbbyiofcignm fs f knfutidub, bjgc-lfirnm wjofg, tln bjwnr kjmy jd wliel rnsnokbns

f sgf`n, wlj bivns ig pjjbs fgm rivnrs. Uln is knbinvnm tj prjtnet tln wftnrs jdtln strnfos drjo tljsn wlj pjbbutn tlno. Ig tln Fonrigmifg oytljbjcy jd tlnofigbfgm Ofofg-Mbj fets fs f ofhjr dnrtibity spirit fgm fs f prjtnetrnss jd wjongig elibmkirtl. Uln lfs gj gfvnb, rndbnetigc tlft sln wfs gnvnr kjrg, fgm is knbinvnmtj rubn tln lnfvngby wftnrs witl tln efiofg fs lnr cufrmifg spirit. ln onrofimsfgm dfiryofims jd jkfcjgifg djb`bjrn rnprnsngt rnbftnm elfrfetnrs. Onrofims,wlj bivn ig tln snf, frn ejgsimnrnm tj kn ofbn, sljwigc f luofg uppnr pjrtijgfgm f bjwnr lfbd ig tln djro jd f disl. lny frn suppjsnm tj oftn witl dfiryofimswlj iglfkit efvns knligm wftnrdfbbs, rivnrs fgm snernt ojugtfig pjjbs. Dfiryofimslfvn jgn djjt ig tln slfpn jd f mnnr’s ljjd, ligtigc ft tlnir mifkjbiefb mispjsitijg,

fgm fbwfys try tj burn ong ig jrmnr tj tf`n “ln slfmjw’. Efvns fgm pjjbs jr bf`ns



39

frn igvfrifkby snng fs ngtrins tj tln “Jtlnr Sjrbm’. Fgenstrfb spirits frn knbinvnmtj iglfkit nspneifbby efvns wliel tlny bnfvn jgby ft giclt. Fs f rnsubt, ig rigimfmfgm jkfcj kfts frn jdtng fssuonm tj nokjmy tln cljsts jd tln mnenfsnm, gjtfkbytln wlitn jr huokin kft. ln gjeturgfb knlfvijur jd tln dnrrucigjus pycoy-jwb

(jr huokin kirm) fgm tln jibkirm ( cuæelfrj), bjefbby `gjwg fs tlnmifkbjtig(“bittbnmnvib’), wliel iglfkits efvns tlrjucljut tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, pbfen tlno igtjtln sfon eftncjry. ln pycoy-jwb is rncfrmnm fs f kirm jd ibb jong. Feejrmigctj f Sfrfj oytl, tln jwb fgm tln kft frn fddigns fgm lugt tjcntlnr. ln lfkitjd rjjstigc ig ljbbjw trnns suel fs tln sib`-ejttjg trnn ( drjofcinr ) fmms tj tlnsupnrgfturfb qufbitins fseriknm tj kfts. Djb` knbind fttrikutns tln sjontions gjisynruptijgs jd oum vjbefgjns suel fs ln Mnvib’s Sjjmyfrm ig sjutl rigimfm tj tlnfetivitins jd tln ofgy huokins tlft “ejon jut lnrn ft giclt’. Ig jej it wfs djronrbyeustjofry tj jddnr tln dirst druits jd f lfrvnst tj tln fgenstrfb prjtnetjr huokins .;3

ln sygerntie Fonrigmifg―Fdriefg spirit pfgtlnjg is igvfrifkby big`nm tj tln

sib`-ejttjg (`fpj`) trnn (Frfwf`fg8enikf 0 Efrikfg8̀uof`f ), wliel rnprnsngts jgnjd tln tfbbnst trnns ig tln trjpiefb djrnst. lrjucljut tln Snst Igmins tln ofssivnkrfgelns jd tlis trnn frn knbinvnm tj kn iglfkitnm ky guonrjus, jdtng ofbnvjbngt, huokins , gjtfkby cljsts jd tln mnenfsnm (fgenstrfb spirits). j tln Fonrigmifgstln sib` ejttjg trnn is syokjbie jd tln wjrbm trnn, tln sj-efbbnmfxis ougmi , wlielrnprnsngts tln engtrfb strueturfb nbnongt tlft ejggnets tln vfrijus splnrns jdtln ejsojs ky knigc rjjtnm ig tln ugmnrwjrbm fgm sprnfmigc its erjwg igtj tlnenbnstifb (lnfvngby) wjrbm. ln trnn ofy lfvn fequirnm tlnsn fssjeiftijgs fs itigvfmns jpng spjts ig tln djrnst, djr igstfgen fkfgmjgnm vibbfcns fgm enontnrins.Ojugtfigs frn jdtng knbinvnm tj rnprnsngt pntridinm wjrbm trnns0 tj tln Sfrfj jd

tln Jrigjej mnbtf tlis fppbins tj Gfpfriof Libb, tln gjrtlnrgojst sitn jd tlnirugivnrsn. Kjtl ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj sib`-ejttjg trnns frn trnftnm witl rnspnetfgm ernmitnm witl guonrjus onmieigfb prjpnrtins. lny dicurn ig vfrijus tfbns witlsupnrgfturfb fssjeiftijgs suel fs tln stjry jdCfgc-cfgc (“jbm wjofg, crfggy’)Ufrfl, f rnspnetnm fgm wisn witel witl trnongmjus pjwnr jgen bivigc ft CjbmngBfgn, jkfcj. Sisligc tj dby kfe` tj Fdrief fdtnr tln mnftl jd lnr luskfgm, slnebioknm igtj f sib`-ejttjg trnn kut djugm tlft sln lfm bjst tln frt jd dbyigc fsf rnsubt jd lfvigc nftng sfbt. Igmnnm, sbfvns wlj rndrfignm drjo nftigc sfbt wnrnknbinvnm tj kn fkbn tj dby kfe` tj tlnir ljon ig Fdrief. Fkstfigigc drjo sfbt cjnskfe` tj tln Isbfgm Efriks, wlj knbinvnm tlft tln sfbigity jd tln snf is efusnm ky

tln dfet tlft rfig djros tln urign fgm swnft jd f lucn, mfgcnrjus fgfejgmf-hfcufrspirit fssjeiftnm witl tln rfigkjw.;< Feejrmigc tj jkfcj djb`bjrn, nftigc sfbt bnfmstj tln bjss jd ofciefb pjwnrs, fgm sjon didty ynfrs fcj sfbt wfs stibb tfkjj fojgctln vibbfcnrs jd tln jej frnf, ofgy jd wljo jricigftnm ig jkfcj.

;3 Ig tln 64>1s jkfcj wfs efbbnm Fbjukférf ky tln Isbfgm Efriks, succnstigc tlft tln ejgtjur jd tlnisbfgm rnoigmnm tlno jd tln ojgstrjus “knhnwnbbnm’ sgf`n, `gjwg fsfbbjònkérf , tln Ofstnr Kjf( Ofçtrn ]ètn-Eling), wliel wfs djronrby fssuonm tj bivn ig f efvn jg tln nfst ejfst jd Mjoigief.

;< ]is ofbnvjbngt hfcufr-sgf`n lykrim is sjontions iofcignm fs lfvigc twj lnfms, kjtl jd wliel frnkurinm ig tln nfrtl, hust fs tln rfigkjw.



<1

Fbtljucl rigimfm is rndnrrnm tj ig snvnrfb oytliefb tfbns jd tln Sfrfj fgm Frfwf` jd tln Jrigjej mnbtf fgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs, jgby jgn oytlis `gjwg wliel wfs mjeuongtnm fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs djronrby bivigc jg tlnisbfgm. lis trfmitijg nxpbfigs tln jricig jd tln Qitel Bf`n, wliel wfs `gjwg

fs pielng (“dbjw, strnfo’) ig bjefb Frfwf`fg. (It lfs gjtligc tj mj witl Ngcbisl“pitel’.) ln oytl wfs rnejrmnm ky N.B. Hjsnpl ig 6<5<, kut pnrlfps wfs fbbumnmtj fs nfrby fs tln 63;1s. Feejrmigc tj Hjsnpl’s feejugt, djronrby tln frnf jd tlnbf`n wfs mry bfgm iglfkitnm ky Fonrigmifgs jd tln Elfiof trikn. lny lfm eljsngtlis spjt tj kuibm tlnir vibbfcn fs tln bfgm fkjugmnm ig pignfppbns, wlibn jg tlnejfst guonrjus jystnrs fgm jtlnr nmikbn slnbbs wnrn tj kn djugm fgm lnrn tln dignstturtbns fgm disl ejubm kn efuclt. lnrn wnrn ejugtbnss kirms fs wnbb. Ljwnvnr, tlnElfiof jddngmnm tln Cjjm Upirit ky ìbbigc ofgy luooigckirms, wliel wnrnfetufbby fgioftnm ky tln sjubs jd tlnir mnfm fgenstjrs. Jgn giclt tln Cjjm Upiritpugislnm tlno djr tlis oisejgmuet ky lfvigc tln wljbn vibbfcn sig` kngnftl tln

nfrtl fgm tln gnxt ojrgigc gjtligc rnofignm jd it, kut, ig its pbfen, tln QitelBf`n lfm sprugc up. Hjsnpl lnfrm tln tfbn drjo fg jbm ofg jd pfrtby Fonrigmifgmnsengt, efbbnm Unöjr rigimfmf, wlj wfs kjrg fgm krnm ig tln vibbfcn jd Bf Krnf,ebjsn tj tln Qitel Bf`n. ^gtib wnbb igtj tln gigntnngtl engtury Bf Krnf lfm frnbftivnby bfrcn Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg8 fg 6<6> engsus nstioftnm tlnir guoknr ft6;9. Fgjtlnr tfbn rnbftnm tj tln Qitel Bf`n wfs rnejrmnm ig tln 6<91s. Feejrmigctj tlis trfmitijg, tln bf`n djros tln ngtry tj tln wjrbm jd tln mnfm. Ig jrmnr tjvisit tlnir mnsengmfgts, tln sjubs jd mnenfsnm Fonrigmifgs wlj lfm knng virtujustlrjucljut tlnir nfrtlby nxistngen wjubm jeefsijgfbby bnfvn it ig tln slfpn jdluooigckirms, kut tln sjubs jd kfm Fonrigmifgs wjubm tf`n tln slfpn jd vubturns.

Ejopfrisjg jd tln Qitel Bf`n oytl witl tljsn jd tln ofigbfgm Fonrigmifgssljws tlft it is ebjsnby rnbftnm tj f oytljbjciefb eyebn tjbm ky tln Frfwf` jd tlnejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs, wliel gfrrftns tln vieissitumns jd Frfwfgibi, tln dirst Frfwf` slfofg. Feejrmigc tj tlis tfbn, jricigfbby tln Frfwf` bivnm jg fg isbfgm,`firi , wliel igmnnm ofy rndnr tj rigimfm. Fdtnr Frfwfgibi lfm jktfignm lis dirstsfernm rfttbn drjo f dnofbn wftnr spirit fgm bnfrgnm tln usn jd tjkfeej djr eurigc,lis krjtlnr ejooits fmubtnry witl tln slfofg’s widn. Frfwfgibi gjw elfgcnm igtjf luooigckirm, sigcigc fs id efbbigc lis krjtlnr’s gfon. ln bfttnr sljjts ft tlnkirm, kut is gjt fkbn tj ìbb it, fgm bjjìgc knligm gjw snns tlft wlnrn lis ljusnjgen stjjm, f kic bf`n lfs djronm fgm ln is jg f sofbb isbfgm ig tln oimmbn jd tlis

bf`n. Ig jgn vnrsijg jd tln tfbn suksnqungtby Frfwfgibi’s krjtlnr is ioprisjgnm kyfg nvib spirit, kut is digfbby rnseunm ky tln slfofg wlj djrcivns lio lis fmubtnrjusknlfvijur.

ln `ny nbnongt jd tln rigimfmifg vnrsijg jd tln oytl is, jd ejursn, tlnìbbigc jd tln luooigckirms. lis bittbn kirm djros f ejoojg nbnongt ig ofgy Fonrigmifg oytliefb tfbns jg tln ofigbfgm. It is f enbnstifb kirm wliel is ebjsnbyfssjeiftnm witl tln Uug, tln ofbn prigeipbn, tjkfeej, fgm tln slfofg. lnfssjeiftijg jd tln luooigckirm (ejbikri , quibiknn ) witl tjkfeej jricigftns drjo itslfkit jd gnstbigc ig tjkfeej pbfgts fgm sueìgc tln tjkfeej dbjwnrs wliel frn riel iggnetfr. Feejrmigc tj f Sfrfj oytl, tln dirst Sfrfj slfofg sngt tln luooigckirm

jvnrsnfs tj cnt snnms jd tln tjkfeej pbfgt drjo tln jgby pbfen wlnrn tlis wfs



<6

suppjsnm tj crjw, fg isbfgm wliel wfs imngtidinm ky tln Sfrfj fs rigimfm. lndfet tlft f pfrtieubfr Fonrigmifg pnjpbn, tln Elfiof, fppnfrs ig tln rigimfmifgvnrsijg jd fg jricigfbby Frfwf` oytl fs tln vijbftjrs jd tln ugivnrsfbby feenptnmbfws jd eubturn, bncitioiznm ky tln spirit wjrbm, pnrlfps rndbnets tln fgiojsity

wliel snnos tj lfvn nxistnm kntwnng tln Elfiof fgm tln jtlnr Fonrigmifgs jdrigimfm ig listjrie tions. Ig dfet, Elfiof Fonrigmifgs mim gjt tf`n up rnsimngenig rigimfm ugtib tln nfrby nicltnngtl engtury. Jricigfbby tlny bivnm jg tln QfrifQngigsubf fgm ig tln Euofgæ rncijg jd nfstnrg Tngnzunbf, kut dbnm drjo lnrnmun tj tln nddjrts jd Frfcjgnsn Efpuelig prinsts tj ejgengtrftn tlno ig oissijgvibbfcns. Ig rigimfm tlny snttbnm nspneifbby ig tln frnf jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, fs dfrfs Euofgf fgm jej, fs wnbb fs tln wnst-engtrfb pfrt jd tln isbfgm. ln tjpjgyoEfrfpielfiof stibb rnoigms jd tlnir prnsngen ig tln bfttnr frnf. lny ojvnm tj

jkfcj fs wnbb. Sitl rnspnet tj tln bftn gigntnngtl-engtury tfbn jg tln Qitel Bf`n,it is gjtnwjrtly tlft ig Fonrigmifg tljuclt kirms witl mfr` fgm mubb pbuofcn

suel fs vubturns frn ejgsimnrnm tj kn fssjeiftnm witl tln ugmnrwjrbm, f ejggnetijgwliel is strngctlngnm ky tlnir lfkit jd nftigc efrrijg. Digfbby, it is bi`nby tlft tlnCjjm Upirit rnprnsngts f Elristifg nbnongt ig tln oytl.

Ig Fonrigmifg knbind tln luooigckirm is snng fs f enbnstifb kirm, rnprnsngtigcf onssngcnr jd tln Uug fgm fetigc fs f ebjsn lnbpnr jd tln slfofg (tln “mjetjr’). Itis, ejgsnqungtby, `gjwg fs tln “mjetjr kirm’ fojgc tln Frfwf` fgm Sfrfj fs wnbbfs ig rigimfmifg djb`bjrn. Jtlnr fgiofb fgm kirm spneins frn sioibfrby ejgsimnrnmtj kn syokjbie jd pfrtieubfr ejsojbjciefb prigeipbns fgm fssjeiftijgs. ln drjc, djrigstfgen, is typiefbby fssjeiftnm witl wftnr, dnofbn dneugmity fgm tln ugmnrwjrbIts erjfìgc is fg ugdfibigc sicg jd rfig fgm tln knciggigc jd tln wnt snfsjg. Fs

wn lfvn snng, drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts, ofmn jd crnng-ejbjurnm rje`, wnrn nxelfgcnmdrjo tln Cuifgfs tj tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns, tln Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm rigimfm fgmjkfcj wnbb igtj listjrie tions. lny wnrn knbinvnm tj cufrm fcfigst sgf`n kitns

fgm prnvngt ibbgnssns bi`n npibnpsy, kbjjmy dbux fgm ìmgny stjgns. Fs suel twnrn vfbunm itnos jd trfmn kntwnng tln Fonrigmifgs fgm Nurjpnfg sfibjrs. Knsimntln Isbfgm Efriks usnm tlnsn pngmfgts djr fssistigc wjong ig elibmkirtl. lis isejgdironm ky tln cngnrfb gjtijgs fssjeiftnm witl tln ejbjur crnng wliel, fs fpjsitivn eftncjry, dubdibbs tln dnofbn dugetijg jd gurturigc dneugmity. Ig Fonrigmifoytljbjcy tlnsn drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts wnrn tljuclt tj lfvn knng ofgudfeturnmky tln “wjong-witljut-ong’, wftnrspirits bi`n Ofofg-Mbj wlj nxelfgcnm tlno

djr cjbmng jkhnets witl luofgs. lny wjubm lfvn djronm tln oftnrifbizftijg jdwftnr fgm its virtuns. Djr tlis rnfsjg tlnsn drjc-slfpnm pngmfgts wnrn tljuclt tjkn prjtnetivn fcfigst ibbgnssns wliel bnm tj f stiddngigc jr lfrmngigc igsimn tlnkjmy ky prjojtigc dbuimity fgm sjdtgnss. Knbind ig tln lnfbigc qufbitins jd spneidrje` typns wfs jksnrvnm fs nfrby fs tln 6>91s wlng Uir [jknrt Mumbny gjtnm tlfttln Frfwf` jd rigimfm lfm f stjgn, `gjwg fslfrjwf , wliel wfs “cjjm djr tlnlnfm feln’. lrjucljut listjrie tions imnfs bi`n tlnsn wnrn ejoojgby slfrnmfojgc Fonrigmifgs, Nurjpnfgs fgm Fdriefgs fbi`n.





<5 ― ( ― )

4. ]ln Fonrigmifg―Nurjpnfgstruccbn djr ]rigimfm fgm]jkfcj (6=9<―6>9;)

ln gfrrftivn jd tln nfrby Fonrigmifg―Nurjpnfg rnbftijgslip ig tln twig isbfgmsis jgn jd jricigfbby pnfendub ngejugtnrs wliel sjjg elfgcnm igtj vijbngt ebfslns,fgm jd foiefkbn onntigcs fgm trfmn fetivitins fs wnbb fs vijbngt sbfvn rfims. ln diUpfgisl fttnopts ft snttbnongt ig rigimfm wnrn rnpubsnm sueenssdubby. Ig tln diengtury jd Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifg ejgtfet tln igmicngjus jppjsitijg tj Upfgisl

ejbjgifb fokitijgs wfs pnrsjgidinm ky f ofhjr Fonrigmifg elindtfig, Kfueugfr,wlj ig tln 6>51s sueenssdubby sjuclt wfys fgm onfgs tj ngsurn bjefb Fonrigmifgigmnpngmngen ky ejgdrjgtigc tln igvfmnrs. Fbtljucl ig jkfcj fetufb fttnopts ftNurjpnfg snttbnongt mim gjt ejoongen ugtib tln nfrby snvngtnngtl engtury, tlnisbfgm’s igmicngjus pjpubftijg wfs mneioftnm ky sbfvn rfimnrs (igminrjs ) drjo tlndirst mnefmns jd Upfgisl prnsngen ig tln Efrikknfg.

]ln dirst Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifg ngejugtnrs ig ]rigimfm fgm]jkfcj

It wfs murigc Ejbuokus’ sljrt rnejggfissfgen jd rigimfm ig Fucust 6=9< tlfttln dirst (dbnntigc) onntigc kntwnng tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgm fgm Nurjpnfgnxpbjrnrs tjj` pbfen. Fdtnr lfvigc pfssnm Cfbnjtf Qjigt tln Fmoirfb sfibnm quie`byfbjgc rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst, jgby tfìgc ig wftnr hust wnst jd Nrig Qjigt.;9 Fbtljucl gj Fonrigmifgs sljwnm up, tln frnf snnonm wnbb pjpubftnm, “efrndubbyeubtivftnm, licl fgm knfutidub’. Fdtnr lfvigc ngtnrnm tln Cubd jd Qfrif, Ejbuokusfgeljrnm lis tlrnn-vnssnb dbnnt djr sjon mfys knyjgm Iefejs Qjigt ft wlft is gjwefbbnm Ejbuokus Kfy. Lnrn tln Fmoirfb gjtienm tln fpprjfel jd f bfrcn pirjcunwitl ;> yjugc igmicngjus wfrrijrs. Fppfrngtby wisligc tj of`n ejgtfet, tlnyrnstnm tlnir jfrs ft f sljrt mistfgen, sljutigc tj tln Upfgisl. j fttrfet tlno tj

ejon ebjsnr, Ejbuokus gjw lfm lis sfibjrs pbfyigc jg f tfokjurign fgm f `nttbn-mruo wlibn tln slips’ kjys mfgenm tj tln rlytlo. lis, ljwnvnr, wfs tf`ng ky tln Fonrigmifgs fs f sicg jd wfr fgm tlny sngt tln Upfgisl f sljwnr jd frrjws wlieltln bfttnr fgswnrnm witl sjon erjss-kjw sljjtigc. ln sìroisl ngmnm wlng tln Fonrigmifgs sjuclt slnbtnr knligm jgn jd tln jtlnr vnssnbs jd Ejbuokus’ dbnnt,wljsn pibjt huopnm igtj tln pirjcun fgm lfgmnm its prnsuonm efptfig f efp fgmf ejft. lis snttbnm tln ofttnr, kut tlnrn wfs gj snqunb fs Ejbuokus djrkfmn lis

;9 Ejbuokus’ frrivfb ig rigimfm is rnngfetnm fggufbby jg Nofgeipftijg Mfy (djronrby MisejvnryMfy) ky tln vibbfcnrs jd Crfgm Elnoig ft Ojrucf. Ljwnvnr, it is enrtfig tlft wftnr wfs tf`ng igky onoknrs jd tln Fmoirfb’s ernw ouel durtlnr tj tln wnst, knyjgm Nrig Qjigt, wlibn Ejbuokusliosnbd mim gjt cj fsljrn fgywlnrn jg tln isbfgm.



<=

ernw tj djbbjw tln Fonrigmifgs, wlj wngt fsljrn fgm sicgnm tln Upfgisl tj ejonfbjgc. Igstnfm, tln Fmoirfb rfisnm fgeljr fgm ejgtigunm lis hjurgny ky erjssigctln Cubd jd Qfrif fs dfr fs tln Mrfcjg’s Ojutls, drjo wlnrn ln sicltnm fg isbfgm“witl vnry licl crjugm’, ebnfrby jkfcj. Ln efbbnm itKnbfdjron , “knefusn drjo f

mistfgen it snnonm knfutidub’. Uuksnqungtby Ejbuokus rnejggjitrnm tln ejfst jdQfrif wlnrn lis ernw visitnm sjon Fonrigmifg vibbfcns, wljsn iglfkitfgts snnonmdringmby fgm ngtnrtfignm tln Nurjpnfgs. ln bfttnr gjtienm witl igtnrnst tlft tln Fonrigmifgs wnrn fmjrgnm witl ejbbfrs fgm krfenbnts jd cufgïg fgm jrgfongts jdpnfrbs. ln Upfgisl jktfignm f ojmnst fojugt jd tlnsn pnfrbs ky nxelfgcn. Jgojvigc jut jd tln Cubd tlrjucl tln Kjefs, Ejbuokus fgeljrnm djr f wlibn ftElfefelfefrn fgm sngt f kjft tj Lunvjs wlnrn lis ernw djugm sjon dislnrong’sluts. fìgc f wimn eirebn jg sfibigc jut, wliel ngfkbnm lio tj siclt Crngfmf fswnbb fs jkfcj, tln Fmoirfb gjw prjennmnm wnst igtj tln Efrikknfg Unf, pfssigcwitljut fgeljrigc tln riel pnfrbigc crjugms jd Ofrcfritf fgm Eukfcuf wlnrn tln

igmicngjus iglfkitfgts jd Qfrif jktfignm tln pnfrbs tlny wjrn fs fmjrgongts.ln gnws fkjut Ejbuokus’ misejvnry jd pnfrbs fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlnCubd jd Qfrif sjjg rnfelnm Upfig, fgm witlig jgn ynfr snvnrfb privftn nxpnmitijgswnrn nquippnm fgm biengsnm tj djbbjw ig tln wf`n jd tln Fmoirfb fgm jktfig ojrnpnfrbs tlfg tln bfttnr’s ernw lfm knng fkbn tj cftlnr. lnsn futljriznm hjurgnysjd nxpbjrftijg, ojst jd wliel ngtnrnm tln Efrikknfg ky wfy jd rigimfm fgm tlnCubd jd Qfrif, sjjg bnm tj tln misejvnry jd tln pnfrb isbfgms fgm tln frnf fbjgc tlnTngnzunbfg ejfst wlnrn pnfrbs ejubm kn jktfignm ky kfrtnr witl tln Fonrigmifgs.It ejgsnqungtby knefon `gjwg fs tln Qnfrb Ejfst. Ufmby, trfmn fgm pnfendubrnejggfissfgen sjjg turgnm tj pibbfcn, mnstruetijg fgm sbfvn-tfìgc. ln pnfrb

isbfgms wnrn dirst visitnm ig 6=99 ky Giöj fgm Cunrrf, djbbjwnm ky Jhnmf fgm mnbf Ejsf. Fonricj Tnspueei, wlj djr f tion sfibnm witl tln bfttnr twj nxpbjrnrs,igitifbby rnejggjitrnm tln ejfst jd tln Cuifgfs fgm Krfzib, tlng elfgcnm lis ejursnfgm djbbjwnm Jhnmf’s trfhnetjry ky pfssigc fbjgc rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst igtj tlnCubd jd Qfrif. Cjigc fsljrn ig sjutl rigimfm ig 6=99, Tnspueei wngt tj snn fg Fonrigmifg vibbfcn twj bnfcuns igbfgm djr f mfy. Ln mnserikns its iglfkitfgts fs knigcjd “ejurtnjus mispjsitijg fgm dign stfturn’, gjtigc tlft “tlny cj fkjut ejopbntnbygf`nm’. Ejgtiguigc lis vjyfcn, Tnspueei fgeljrnm gnfr f bfrcn snttbnongt fttln ojutl jd f bfrcn ofigbfgm rivnr, pjssikby tln [ïj Ofgfoõ. Ln wfs ìgmbyljstnm ky its iglfkitfgts, rnenivigc pnfrbs fgm pfrrjts fs cidts. lnsn Fonrigmifgs

rnpjrtnmby fssurnm lio tlft tln isbfgm pnjpbn ln dirst visitnm wnrn efggikfbs. Gjt fbbngejugtnrs murigc tlnsn nfrby Upfgisl vjyfcns wnrn fs pnfendub8 Giöj fgm Cunrrf,wlj fofssnm f djrtugn jd pnfrbs jg tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst, cjt igtj f diclt witl fdbnnt jd 6< pirjcuns ig tln Cubd jd Qfrif, ebjsn tj tln Unrpngt’s Ojutl. ln Upfgislwnrn fkbn tj snizn f efgjn witl twj Fonrigmifgs, jgn fppfrngtby f efptivn. Ig 6>11fgjtlnr fmvngturnr, Qigzõg, nxpbjrnm sjutl rigimfm fgm tln wnst ejfst jd tlnCubd jd Qfrif, gjtigc tlft tln Fonrigmifgs wlj trnftnm Ejbuokus fgm Tnspueei sjwnbb lfm knejon quitn ljstibn, tfìgc rnducn ig tln djrnsts fgm ojugtfigs fs sjjgfs tlny spjttnm lis slips. Ln rnpjrtnm mnsnrtnm fgm mnstrjynm vibbfcns, succnstigcvijbngt ngejugtnrs witl prnvijus Upfgisl sfibjrs, prjkfkby Giöj fgm Cunrrf.



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Slibn murigc tln dirst mnefmn jd tln sixtnngtl engtury tln Upfgisl trfmn witltln Qnfrb Ejfst ejgtigunm ugfkftnm, cjbm oigigc, kfsnm jg djrenm bfkjur jd tln“ fïgj’ ugmnr tln sj-efbbnmrnpfrtioingtj systno, pnf`nm ig tln yjugc ejbjgy jdLispfgijbf, civigc wfy tj sucfr efgn eubtivftijg drjo 6>6> jgwfrms. Lnrn tln

mnofgm djr sbfvn bfkjur igernfsnm strjgcby mun tj tln mrfstie mnojcrfplie mnebigjd tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs, fs tln rnsubt jd iopjrtnm Nurjpnfg misnfsns fcfigst wlieltln igmicngjus pjpubftijg lfm gj gfturfb rnsistfgen, suel fs sofbbpjx, onfsbns,fgm igdbungzf, fgm lfrsl bfkjur mnofgms fs wnbb fs jpng sbfucltnr. Knsimns, tlnmisejvnry jd tln pnfrb jystnr knms gnfr Eukfcuf (6>19), fgm tln suksnqungtUpfgisl snttbnongt jd tlis isbfgm, bnm tj f sioibfr mnofgm djr djrenm bfkjur,gjtfkby Fonrigmifg mivnrs. Fs f rnsubt, sbfvn rfimigc (rnseftn ) igtngsidinm nspneifbbyig tln “usnbnss isbfgms’ jd tln Kflfofs wlnrn tln bjefb pjpubftijg wfs rutlbnssbyefpturnm, sigen tln Buefyfgs jd tlis frelipnbfcj “wnrn nxtrfjrmigfry swioonrs’,nxpnringenm ig mivigc djr qunng ejgels. Igmnnm, ky tln 6>61s tln Kflfofs wnrn

bfrcnby mnpjpubftnm. Uioubtfgnjusby tln dirst Fdriefg sbfvns wnrn trfgspjrtnm tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns. Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln Upfgisl Erjwg wfs ejgenrgnm tj mnvnbjppnfendub trfmn rnbftijgslips witl tln igmicngjus pjpubftijg jd tln Tngnzunbfgejfst, fs tln Upfgisl snttbnrs jd Eukfcuf, f quitn kfrrng isbfgm, mnpngmnm djr wftnrdjjmstudds fgm dirnwjjm jg tlnsn Fonrigmifgs. Ojrnjvnr, wlng ig tln 6>;1sOfrcfritf wfs snttbnm ky tln Upfgisl, tln bjefb Cufiqunrï Igmifgs wnrn nxnoptnmdrjo ngsbfvnongt, f stftus tlny `npt tlrjucljut ejbjgifb tions. Fs f ejrjbbfry,ig 6>61 sbfvigc jg rigimfm wfs djrkimmng sj fs gjt tj misturk tln trfmn ig pnfrbskntwnng tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm, ejgsimnrnm tj kn “pnfendub’, fgm tljsn jdtln Qnfrb Ejfst. Fbsj, it wfs ruojurnm tlft tlnrn wfs cjbm ig rigimfm, fgm tln

Upfgisl Erjwg urcnm tln jddieifbs ig Lispfgijbf tj elne` wlntlnr tlis “snernt jdrigimfm’ wfs trun jr gjt, ky sngmigc fg nxpnmitijg tfìgc fbjgc Fonrigmifgsdrjo rigimfm, `npt fs sbfvns jg Lispfgijbf, fs igtnrprntnrs.

Ujjg, ljwnvnr, efpturn jd tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs wfs jddieifbby fbbjwnm. Igf rjyfb jrmnr jd 6>66 tln eitizngs jd Lispfgijbf wnrn civng pnroissijg tj wfcn wfrupjg, fgm tj ngsbfvn, tln Fonrigmifgs “wlj frn efbbnmefrikns ’. lnsn gftivns wnrnfeeusnm jd rnsistigc tln Upfgisl fgm dicltigc Fonrigmifgs dfvjurfkby mispjsnm tjtln bfttnr, tfìgc tlno prisjgnr fgm nftigc tlno “fs tlny rnfbby mj’. ln mnernn,wliel wfs rnpnftnm ig tln djbbjwigc ynfr, spneidinm tln snttbnongt frnf jd tlnsnefrikns fs fbb jd tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms, Kfrkfmjs, rigimfm fgm jkfcj, fs wnbb fs

pfrts jd tln ofigbfgm.51

Ig dfet tlis rjyfb jrmnr ejgdironm fgm nbfkjrftnm mnernnsjd 6>15 fgm 6>1>, futljrizigc tln ngsbfvnongt jd Fonrigmifgs “tlft frn efbbnmefgyvfbns ’ (efggikfbs). Qrjkfkby it wfs tln ofssivn rnknbbijg ig Qunrtj [iej jd

51 ]is is tln strst tion jkfcj is ongtijgnm ig tln Upfgisl mjeuongtfry sjurens ugmnr its prnsngtgfon. Ojst bi`nby tln isbfgm wfs efbbnm fs suel ky f Upfgisl sfibjr, pjssikby f sbfvnr drjo Lispfgijbf,wlj gfonm it]fkfej (jricigfbby fbsj spnbbnm fsEfkfej , ]fvfej jr ]fkfelj ) sigen jkfcj’s nbjgcftnmejgtjur, id snng drjo tln jenfg, rnoigmnm lio jd f bjgc, dft eicfr. Eicfrs suel fs tln “ fïgj’ Fonrigmifgs jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns wnrn feeustjonm tj soj`n wnrn efbbnmtfkfejs ky tln Upfgisl.It is f tnro mnrivnm drjo fg Frfkie nxprnssijg. ]n Ofigbfgm Efriks wnrn, bi`n tln Upfgisl, strue`ky tln elfrfetnristie ejgtjur jd jkfcj, efbbigc tln isbfgm^rupfigf , “onfgigc kic sgfib’ fs f Upfgislelrjgiebnr gjtnm. Fppfrngtby tlny ejopfrnm it witl tln jutbign jd tln bfrcn ofrign cfstrjpjms djugmig tln Efrikknfg.



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6>61, wliel wfs knbinvnm tj kn suppjrtnm kyefrikns drjo tln sofbbnr isbfgms, tlftbnm tln Erjwg tj urcn tln bjefb Upfgisl ejbjgists tj diclt tln bfttnr. ln Qunrtj[iefg rnvjbt fbsj bnm tj fg nxjmus jd “ fïgj’ Fonrigmifgs drjo tlnrn tj tln sofbbnrisbfgms, igmnnm fs dfr sjutl fs rigimfm. Ebnfrby, tln tnroefrikns lfm gj spneidie

ntlgie sicgidiefgen8 it hust buopnm fbb Fonrigmifg crjups wlj dinrenby jppjsnmtln Upfgisl, hustidyigc tlnir ngsbfvnongt ky feeusigc tlno jd nftigc luofg dbnsl. Fbtljucl tln Upfgisl sfibjrs wlj visitnm rigimfm fgm tln Cubd jd Qfrif rncijggj mjukt fbsj jdtng kfrtnrnm pnfendubby witl tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln rncijg djrdjjmstudds, pnfrbs, cufgïg jkhnets, sfbt, nxjtie wjjms, picongts, nte., sbfvigc gjwknefon tln ojst drnqungtby jeeurrigc plngjongjg jd Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifgigtnrfetijg. Ig tlis rnspnet tln mnsicgftijgefrikns wfs igtnrprntnm drnnby8 ig 6>69f sbfvnr drjo Lispfgijbf jktfignm 31 jr <1 sbfvns ig tln Cubd jd Qfrif rncijg wljwnrn wfr efptivns jd Fonrigmifgs ejgsimnrnm tj kn cuftifjs (“dringms, fbbins’) jdtln Upfgisl fgm, ejgsnqungtby, tlnir igmicngjus ngnoins ejubm kn snng fsefrikns ,

wlftnvnr ntlgie jr bigcuistie fddibiftijg tlny ofy lfvn lfm. Jktfigigc igmicngjussbfvns ig tlis wfy knefon ejoojg prfetien, jkvijusby igtngsidyigc tln outufbwfrdfrn fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs. Fgjtlnr Upfgifrm mnebfrnm tlft fbtljucl rigimfmwfs iglfkitnm ky cuftifjs , ofbieijus pnrsjgs mim gjt lnsitftn tj efbb tlnoefrikns .56

ln ftrjeitins jd tln ojst gjtjrijus sbfvnr wlj jpnrftnm ig fgm frjugmrigimfm, f Kfsqun efbbnm Hufg Kjgj mn Vunhj, wnrn rnejrmnm witl miscust ky tln

“Mndngmnr jd tln Igmifgs’, Dftlnr Kfrtjbjoé mn Bfs Efsfs. Ig 6>64 Kjgj fgm lisernw jd sixty ong wnrn wnbb rnenivnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs jd f vibbfcn jg rigimfmwljo tlny tjbm tlft tlny wislnm tj bivn witl tlno. Slibn tln Upfgisl wnrn trnftnmmfiby witl disl, efssfvf krnfm fgm druits, tln Fonrigmifgs kuibt f ljusn djr tlno.

lis, f bfrcn, knbb-slfpnm mwnbbigc, ejubm nfsiby feejoojmftn sjon jgn lugmrnmpnjpbn jr nvng ojrn. It lfm wfbbs jd twien f ofg’s lniclt, ofmn jd ebjsnby-sntwie`nrwjr` sj tlft it wfs iopjssikbn tj snn drjo tln jutsimn wlft wfs cjigc jgigsimn. Slng tln Fonrigmifgs wnrn kusy puttigc pfbo bnfvns fs tlfteligc jg tlnwjjmng rfdtnrs, Kjgj rnqunstnm fs ofgy fs pjssikbn Fonrigmifgs tj ngtnr tlnljusn wlj tljuclt tlft sjon dnstivitins wjubm kn lnbm. Slibn pfrt jd tln Upfgislgjw bignm up frjugm tln mwnbbigc sj fs tj prnvngt fgykjmy tj bnfvn it fcfig, jtlnrsefpturnm tln Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn igsimn. F guoknr jd tln bfttnr wnrn fkbn tjnsefpn, ljwnvnr, fgm tjcntlnr witl tljsn wlj lfm rnofignm jutsimn tln mwnbbigcdbnm igtj fgjtlnr ljusn ig tln vibbfcn. lis wfs put jg dirn ky Kjgj’s ong fs f rnsubt

jd wliel sjon jgn jr twj lugmrnm Fonrigmifgs wnrn kurgnm fbivn. Uuksnqungtby,Kjgj fgm lis ernw sfibnm fwfy witl 6<> ngsbfvnm rigimfmifgs. lny wnrn sjbmig Qunrtj [iej fgm Lispfgijbf. Jtlnr Upfgisl sbfvnrs rnpnftnm tlis onfg trie`tln djbbjwigc ynfr. [npjrtnmby rnenivnm ky tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs ynbbigc “ HufgKjgj, ofbj , Hufg Kjgj, ofbj ’, tln Upfgisl fssurnm tlno tlft Kjgj wfs gjt fojgctlno fs ln lfm knng lfgcnm djr lis erions fgm tlft tlny lfm ejon witl cjjmigtngtijgs. Burnm witl prjoisns jd cidts, tln Fonrigmifgs feenptnm tln Upfgislljspitfkby, ngtnrtfigigc tlno ig tlnir vibbfcn. Fdtnr f dnw mfys, ljwnvnr, tln bfttnr

56 Ig tlnsn ynfrs it is rnpjrtnm tlft tln gfon djr rigimfm wfs Fofefrfki. Ljwnvnr, it is ojrn bi`nby tlfttlis tnro wfs tln gfon jd fg Fonrigmifg vibbfcn jg tln isbfgm.



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summngby mrnw tlnir wnfpjgs fgm efpturnm f bfrcn guoknr jd Fonrigmifgs wljwnrn efrrinm fwfy fs sbfvns fgm sjbm ig Lispfgijbf.

Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln jricigfbby rnbftivnby pnfendub ejgmitijgs jg tln Tngnzunbfgejfst wnrn mndigitnby misturknm ky igtnroittngt sbfvn nxpnmitijgs. Fs fg Itfbif

trfvnbbnr gjtnm, tln Upfgisl jd Euofgæ wnrn “rfpfeijus djr pnfrbs, biengtijus tj tlnwjong, fgm mjigc ofgy jtlnr wfgtjg vijbngens’. ln fppfbbigc bivigc ejgmitijgsjd tln igmicngjus mivnrs jg Eukfcuf bnm tj f ejgtigujus mnofgm djr djrenm bfkjur,fgm sigen tln suppby drjo tln Kflfofs lfm mrinm up, tln ofigbfgm ejfstfb frnfwfs gjw rfimnm djr sbfvns, drnqungtby fbsj ofìgc usn jd bjefb igmicngjus fbbin Fbb tlis rnsubtnm ig f strjgcby igernfsnm wfrbi`n spirit fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs,bnfmigc tj ofhjr rnvjbts murigc wliel tln gnwby djugmnm Upfgisl snttbnongts fgmojgfstnrins wnrn mnstrjynm (6>69). ln frnf wfs rnejgqunrnm ky tln Upfgisl,gjw rnpjrtnmby wfcigc f mnfmby wfr “ky dirn fgm kbjjm’, tlrnn ynfrs fdtnrwfrmOnfgwlibn ouel jd tln ejgdusijg wliel nxistnm fojgc tln Upfgisl fkjut

nxfetby wliel Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgms fgm ofigbfgm wnrn igmnnmefrikns (fgmejubm “bncitioftnby’ kn ngsbfvnm) fgm wliel jd tlno wnrn cuftifjs (fgm sljubm knfppnfsnm), lfm knng rnsjbvnm ky fg jddieifb rnpjrt writtng ky ofcistrftn [jmricj mnDicunrjf jd Lispfgijbf (6>;1). Djbbjwigc igtnrvngtijg ky Bfs Efsfs, rigimfm wfsigebumnm ig Dicunrjf’s bistigc jd isbfgms fgm ofigbfgm frnfs iglfkitnm ky cuftifjs ,bi`n Kfrkfmjs fgm Ofrcfritf. (Fgjtlnr mjeuongt jd 6>;1 rndnrs tj Kfrkfmjsfs mnpjpubftnm fbrnfmy.) Fbtljucl jkfcj wfs gjt spneidiefbby ongtijgnm igDicunrjf’s rnpjrt, tln isbfgm wfs ejgsimnrnm fs snttbnm kyefrikns . Digfbby, ig 6>;6 fgnxpnmitijg tj rigimfm, bnm ky [jmricj mn Kfstimfs, ofmn it jkvijus tlft ig spitn jdfbb ruojurs cjbm wfs mndigitnby gjt tj kn djugm tlnrn. Fonrigmifgs drjo rigimfm,

wlj wnrn `npt fs sbfvns ig Lispfgijbf, sfibnm fbjgc fs igtnrprntnrs.ln bjgc-stfgmigc fequfigtfgen jd tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd rigimfm fgm tlnCubd jd Qfrif frnf ejgsimnrnm tj kn cuftifjs witl tln Upfgisl snttbnongts ig tlnpnfrb isbfgms fgm Euofgæ bnm tj igernfsigcby prjdjugm elfgcns ig bjefb Fonrigmifeubturn fgm sjeinty. [nmirnetijg jd ofgy jd tln igmicngjus bjgc-mistfgen nxelfgcnpfttnrgs fs tln rnsubt jd tln fvfibfkibity jd ouel mnsirnm Nurjpnfg trfmn wfrns, suelfs ontfb tjjbs, dign tnxtibns, knfms, fgm jtlnr cjjms ig tln pnfrb isbfgms, djronmtln ojst jkvijus jd tlnsn fbtnrftijgs ig tln Fonrigmifg wfy jd bidn. ln Frfwf`(Frufe) jd sjutl rigimfm, tln Bjwnr Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tlnCuifgfs drjo tln 6>;1s jgwfrms nstfkbislnm f bjgc-bfstigc trfmn rnbftijgslip witl

tln Upfgisl jd tln pnfrb isbfgms, nxelfgcigc djjmstudds fgm sbfvns djr Nurjpnfgofgudfeturns. It wjubm nvngtufbby mnvnbjp igtj f pfet jd outufb fssistfgen. lngfon Frfwf` (frufejs ) wfs rnejrmnm djr tln dirst tion ig 6>6< ig tln igstruetijgcivng tj [jmricj mn Dicunrjf, wliel twj ynfrs fdtnrwfrms wjubm bnfm tj lis rnpjrtebfssidyigc tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Snst Igmins igtj cuftifjs fgmefrikns . ln rnpjrtspnf`s jd f prjvigenqun mizn mn Frufef , situftnm knyjgm tln Cubd jd Qfrif. Itis quitn jkvijus tlft Frfwf` djronm f cngnrie tnro igejrpjrftigc f guoknr jd(gjt gnenssfriby Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc) ntlgie crjups ig tln frnf, fbb “dringmby’ tj tlnUpfgisl, igebumigc tln Bj`õgj, Gnpjij, Ulnkfij, fgm pnrlfps jtlnrs fs wnbb. FUpfgisl rjyfb jrmnr jd 6>5; spnf`s jd tlnr ïj n prjkigãif Frufef , fgm nicltnng ynfrs

bftnr f Upfgisl trfvnbbnr ongtijgs tlis sfon rivnr. Feejrmigc tj f ejgtnopjrfry



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Upfgisl ofguseript ofp jd tln frnf, [ïj Frufef is fg jksjbntn gfon jd tln prnsngt[ïj Crfgmn, tln nfstnrgojst jutbnt jd tln Jrigjej. It is bi`nby tlft fs nfrby fs tlntion jd Dicunrjf Frfwf`s fbrnfmy jeefsijgfbby visitnm Eukfcuf ig jrmnr tj kfrtnrNurjpnfg tjjbs fgm jrgfongts djr tlnir jwg prjmuets. (Ig 6>;1 sjon Frfwf`s

tjj` pfrt ig f sljrt rnknbbijg ig Eukfcuf, prjtnstigc fcfigst tln nxneutijg jd f bjefb Fonrigmifg elind efbbnm Onbeljr.) ln gfon Frfwf` ofy lfvn knng tln rnsubt jdtln eubturn-ejgtfet situftijg. Ojst bi`nby it is mnrivnm drjo f ofhjr snttbnongt jgtln Bjwnr Jrigjej, Frufefy (Frjwfefi), wliel, fs tln Upfgisl ugmnrstjjm, wfs“f dfojus pbfen, prfisnm ky tln Igmifgs jd tln ejfst’. ln gfon Frfwf` oust lfvnknng fmjptnm ky vfrijus Fonrigmifg ntlgie crjups fs it prjtnetnm tlno fcfigstUpfgisl sbfvn rfims djbbjwigc Dicunrjf’s rnpjrt.

Fttnopts ft Upfgisl snttbnongt ig ]rigimfm fgm sbfvn rfims ig]jkfcj

Fdtnr Kfstimfs’ nxpnmitijg tj rigimfm, it knefon jkvijus tj tln Upfgisl Ejugeibjd tln Igmins tlft tln gnenssity jd prnsnrvigc f bfrcn bfkjur djren ig rigimfm djrlypjtlntiefb duturn wjr` ft cjbm pbfenrs lfm nvfpjrftnm. Gnvnrtlnbnss, wlng ig 6>51tln rnqunst ky Fgtjgij Unmnöj, tlnejgtfmjr (fumitjr) jd Qunrtj [iej, tj ejbjgizntln isbfgm wfs crfgtnm, ln wfs djrkimmng tj ngsbfvn tln igmicngjus pjpubftijg,fbb jd tlis ig feejrmfgen witl Dicunrjf’s rubigc jd tng ynfrs prnvijusby. Ig dfet, tlnmnvnbjpongt jd rigimfm igtj f suppbinr jd Fonrigmifg sbfvns wfs fetufbby wlftUnmnöj, f quitn ugruby elfrfetnr, lfm ft tln kfe` jd lis oigm. Lis nddjrts tj nstfkbislf djjtljbm ig tln isbfgm, bfstigc djur ynfrs, digfbby turgnm jut tj kn ugsueenssdub,

prnmjoigfgtby knefusn jd tln dinren jppjsitijg wliel vfrijus Fonrigmifg pnjpbnsjd rigimfm fgm Qfrif, ugidinm ugmnr elind Kfueugfr, f Efrignpfcjtj “crnft ofg’bivigc ft Euoueurfpj, wnrn fkbn tj put up. Unmnöj fttnoptnm tj tf`n fmvfgtfcnjd tln ntlgie mivisijg fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm ky fbbyigc liosnbd witlOfbufgf (Ofrufgf), tln elind jd tln mngsnby pjpubftnm Elfejofrn “prjvigen’ jdsjutl rigimfm, fgm uripfri ( urpifri, irjpifri, uruquifrn), fgjtlnr ofhjr elindwlj jeeupinm f ofigbfgm vibbfcn gjt dfr drjo tln ojutl jd tln [ïj Ofgfoõ(Luyfpfri), tln wnstnrg jutbnt jd tln Jrigjej. ln bfttnr wfs sjjg kfptiznm fsMjg Mincj. Ofbufgf prjkfkby lfm f vibbfcn ig sjutlwnst rigimfm, dfeigc tln Cubdjd Qfrif. Kjtl Ofbufgf fgm uripfri ofy lfvn knng jd Frfwf` ntlgie fddibiftijg

fgm fs suel trfmitijgfbby jppjsnm tj tln Efrignpfcjtj jd Kfueugfr, wlj, ig tlnwjrms jd tln pjnt/elrjgiebnr Efstnbbfgjs wlj feejopfginm Unmnöj ig rigimfm,“wnrn knbbiejsn tj tln nxtrnon’. Unmnöj’s dfiburn tj jeeupy rigimfm wfs mun fswnbb tj lis ejgdbiets witl jtlnr, sioibfrby rutlbnss,ejgquistfmjrns suel fs Mincj mnJrmæs, tln dirst Upfgisl nxpbjrnr jd tln Jrigjej, fgm tln jddieifbs jd Eukfcuf fgmOfrcfritf, wlj dnfrnm tlft Unmnöj’s fetijgs wjubm efusn bfstigc misturkfgen jdtlnir prnefrijus rnbftijgslip witl tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd tln Tngnzunbfg ejfstfgm Cubd jd Qfrif jg wljo tlny bfrcnby mnpngmnm djr djjm, wftnr fgm sbfvns.

Ojst bi`nby Unmnöj jktfignm igdjroftijg drjo trfmnrs fgm sbfvnrs ig Qunrtj[iej fkjut wliel igmicngjus crjups ig rigimfm wnrn feeustjonm tj ej-jpnrftn

witl tln Upfgisl. Ft fgy rftn, jg frrivigc ft rigimfm ky pfssigc Cfbnjtf Qjigt fgm



<9 ― ( ― )

djrofbby tfìgc pjssnssijg jd tln isbfgm ig Gjvnoknr 6>51, ln wngt mirnetby tj onnturipfri, wlj suksnqungtby tjj` lio tj Ofbufgf, prnsngtigc kjtl elinds guonrjus

cidts suel fs pjbislnm jrgfongts, tnxtibns, Efstibifg wign, fgm irjg iopbnongts.Ig rnturg, Ofbufgf lfgmnm Unmnöj fg igmicngjus wfr efptivn. Feejopfginm ky

Ofbufgf, Unmnöj gjw wngt tj tln frnf ln wislnm tj snttbn, tlnCrfg Kflïf mn bfsUinrrfs , gj mjukt tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cubd jd Qfrif frjugm prnsngt Qjrt-jd-Upfigwliel, jd ejursn, djronm tln tnrritjry jd elind Kfueugfr. ln bfttnr rnenivnm tlnUpfgisl bnss tlfg wljbnlnfrtnmby, fgm Unmnöj quie`by humcnm tln Fonrigmifgs jgjrtlwnst rigimfm tj kn “suspieijus, ugdringmby, fgm ugtrustwjrtly’. [nturgigctj tln ofigbfgm, Unmnöj gjw kuibt f ojmnst oum-wfbbnm djrtrnss ebjsn tj tlnvibbfcn jd uripfri, fssistnm ky tln bfttnr’s pnjpbn fgm tljsn jd Ofbufgf. Fdtnrwfrmswlibn Unmnöj wfs fwfy ig Qunrtj [iej tj ngbist gnw ong fgm ejbbnet suppbins, tlisstrjgcljbm wfs tf`ng jvnr ky tln gnwby frrivnm Mincj mn Jrmæs (Dnkrufry 6>56),wlj bndt fdtnrwfrms djr lis fsengsijg jd tln Jrigjej. ^gfwfrn jd tlnsn nvngts,

Unmnöj sngt f efrfvnb witl gnw rneruits fs wnbb fs ljrsns, ofrns, efbvns, slnnpfgm pics drjo Qunrtj [iej tj rigimfm. lny fgeljrnm ft Euoueurfpj, wlnrnKfueugfr dirst rnenivnm tln Upfgisl wnbb, kut tlng fttfe`nm tljsn fsljrn ky surprisnfdtnr f wnn`, ìbbigc ;= jd tlno. ln slip fgm tln rnst jd Unmnöj’s ong nsefpnm tjEukfcuf.

It wfs f ynfr kndjrn Unmnöj fcfig fttnoptnm tj cnt f djjtljbm ig rigimfm.Cftlnrigc ong ig Eukfcuf fgm Ofrcfritf, ig bftn 6>5; ln sfibnm tj rigimfmfgm ernpt ft giclt mjwg tln ejfst witl lis ong ig six pirjcuns ig jrmnr tj tf`nEuoueurfpj ky surprisn. Fg Fonrigmifg cuimn bnm tln Upfgisl tlrjucl tln djrnsttj tln rnfr jd tln vibbfcn. Ig spitn jd tln dfet tlft Kfueugfr lfm djrtidinm lis vibbfcn

fgm `npt ejgstfgt wftel, tln giclt fttfe` ky tln Upfgisl wfs sueenssdub. ln Fonrigmifgs mndngmnm tlnosnbvns, “dicltigc tj tln pjigt fs id tlnir sjubs bndt tlnikjmins’, fgm snvnrfb Upfgisl minm knefusn jd pjisjgnm frrjws. ln Upfgisl kurgnmtln vibbfcn fgm dnw Efrignpfcjtj survivnm tln ofssfern. Uuksnqungtby Unmnötjj` pjssnssijg jd tln vibbfcn, ebnfrnm tln bfgm ky dnbbigc ofgy trnns frjugm it,put up f mjukbn stje`fmn jd prie`by pfbos surrjugmnm ky f mitel djr mndngen,fgm kuibt sjon tlirty luts djr lis ong. Cugs drjo Unmnöj’s slips wnrn pbfenm fttwj kfstijgs. Dinbms gnfr tln snttbnongt wnrn pbfgtnm witl ofizn fgm vncntfkbns^gmntnrrnm, tln Fonrigmifgs fttfe`nm tln Upfgisl jutpjst ky surprisn ig Hugn6>55, wlng “tln fir wfs dubb jd ejugtbnss frrjws’. lny ìbbnm twj Upfgifrms fgm

wjugmnm ;> jd tlno, fbsj ìbbigc divn ljrsns. Gnvnrtlnbnss, Unmnöj lnbm tln uppnlfgm. lrnn ojgtls bftnr Kfueugfr’s djren rnturgnm, gjw ngbfrcnm witl guonrjuswfrrijrs drjo rigimfm fgm Qfrif, bnm ky elinds suel fs Cuyof (Cufioæ),Qfofejf, Mifofgæ (Mifofioæ), Fofgftny, Qfrfcufgï, fgm tln cicfgtie ^tuyfgnywlj, feejrmigc tj Efstnbbfgjs, wjrn f hfcufr sìg witl its ojutl pbfenm jvnrlis lnfm. Uurrjugmigc tln djrtidinm vibbfcn, tln Fonrigmifgs wnrn fkbn tj wjugmsnvnrfb Upfgifrms, kut dbnm igtj tln djjtlibbs jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn wlng Unmnöjsngt jut lis ong ojugtnm jg tln ljrsns ln lfm bndt. lirty Fonrigmifgs wnrnìbbnm. Ky gjw tln Ejugeib jd tln Igmins mnebfrnm tlft tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfmwnrn wjrtly jd ngsbfvnongt “djr tlnir sfvfcnry’, fgm urcnm dicltigc tlnefrikns jd

rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Fbtjcntlnr it wfs f gfrrjw vietjry djr tln Upfgisl fgm ky



91

nfrby 6>5= Unmnöj lfm ejopbntnby rug jut jd suppbins, jgby Ofrufgf fgm uripfristibb sngmigc lio sjon prjvisijgs. Djrenm ky f outigy fojgc lis lugcry ong,Unmnöj lfm tj bnfvn rigimfm djr cjjm ig Fucust 6>5=. Ln bndt twj ljrsns witlOfbufgf wliel wnrn ejbbnetnm lfbd f ynfr bftnr ky Hnrõgioj mn Jrtfb, lnir tj Jrmæs’

cjvnrgjrslip, wlj usnm rigimfm tnopjrfriby fs f stjpjvnr fgm suppby kfsn djr fofigbfgm nxpbjrftivn nxpnmitijg (ngtrfmf ), snfreligc djr trnfsurn. [nbftijgs witlOfbufgf mntnrijrftnm rfpimby, ljwnvnr, prjkfkby mun tj nxenssivn mnofgms jd djjmky tln Upfgisl jg tln Fonrigmifgs, fgm Jrtfb bndt ig Huby 6>5>.

Gnvnrtlnbnss, tln jvnrfbb ejggnetijg kntwnng tln Frfwf` fgm tln Upfgisl jd tlnpnfrb isbfgms rnofignm dringmby. Ky tln bftn 6>51s jvnrnxpbjitftijg lfm nxlfustnmtln pnfrb knms jd Eukfcuf fgm its pjpubftijg crfmufbby ojvnm tj Ofrcfritf,wlnrn gnw pnfrbigc crjugms wnrn misejvnrnm fs wnbb fs gnfr Ejeln. It wfs jg tlnigitiftivn jd tln Frfwf` tlft ig 6>=> tln nxelfgcn rnbftijgslip witl tln Upfgislcjt f drnsl iopntus wlng didty pirjcuns witl Frfwf` “elinds’ frrivnm ig Ofrcfritf,

feejopfginm ky fojrisej , f sbfvn wlj lfm dbnm drjo jgn jd tln slips jd Jrmæsmurigc lis hjurgny up tln Jrigjej fgm spngt twnbvn ynfrs fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs.ln Frfwf` wnrn trnftnm wnbb fgm drjo gjw jgwfrms tlny krjuclt fggufb bjfms jd

efssfvf tj Ofrcfritf. Feejrmigc tj fg feejugt writtng ig 6>>3 ky [jmricj Qérnz mnGfvfrrntn, tlnnserikfgj (gjtfry) jd Ofrcfritf fgm fg jbm efptfig jd tlnrnseftfmjrns (trfmnrs witl Fonrigmifgs), tln Frfwf` lnfmong wnrn feeustjonm tj sngm tlnirsjgs tj Ofrcfritf ig jrmnr tj bnfrg tln Upfgisl bfgcufcn. Slng mun tj tln fksngenjd rfig tlnrn wfs f crnft gnnm jd djjmstudds ig tln isbfgm, suel f kjy wjubm knsngt ljon, fgm fdtnr jgn ojgtl guonrjus Frfwf` pirjcuns witl ;,111 bjfms jdefssfvf wjubm frrivn ig Ofrcfritf. Djr nfel bjfm, fpprjxioftnby ;= ìbjcrfos,

jgn irjg `gidn wjubm kn pfim ky tln Upfgisl. ln ernw onoknrs jd sjon jd tlnsnejgvjys stfynm djr f ynfr jg Ofrcfritf. Fpfrt drjo efssfvf krnfm, tlny suppbinm tlnUpfgisl witl prjmuets jd tln trjpiefb djrnst suel fs tioknr, prjenssnm myns, hfcufrpnbts, kirms, cuos, fgm rnsigs. Gfvfrrntn ejopfrnm tln Frfwf` witl tln cypsinsknefusn jd tlnir nfcnrgnss tj trfvnb djr trfmigc purpjsns, ofìgc nxpnmitijgs jdojrn tlfg ;11 oibns tj tln nfst fgm wnst, fbjgc tln ejfsts fgm up tln rivnrs.“ lny sfib jr cj wlnrnvnr tlny bi`n, fs pnjpbn wlj lfvn gj dnfr jr mrnfm jd fgyjtlnr gftijg jd igmijs ’. Ig 6>>= tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm wnrn fgxijus tj igtngsidytlnir rnbftijgslip witl tln Upfgisl. F elind efbbnm Jelfrfyof (Felfrfiof) dirstsngt sjon onssngcnrs tj Ofrcfritf fgm fdtnr rnenivigc prnsngts drjo Gfvfrrntn,

ln efon liosnbd. Ig tlnsn ynfrs Gfvfrrntn’s igtnrnst ig mnnpngigc tln Upfgisl― Frfwf` rnbftijgslip nvng bnm tj f crfgm selnon ky tln Kbfe` Drifrs tj nvfgcnbizntln Frfwf` jd rigimfm fgm tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn. F sneubfr pbfg tj nstfkbisl fUpfgisl ejbjgy ig rigimfm wfs fkfgmjgnm ig dfvjur jd tln Mjoigiefg prjhnet. Fpfrt drjo f sljrt visit tj tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm ky tln Kisljp jd Efrtfcngf(6>>4), djr tln tion knigc gjtligc efon jd tlis, ljwnvnr. Nxelfgcn kntwnng tlnrigimfm Fonrigmifgs fgm tln Upfgisl is sljwg ky tln rnejvnry jd rnm, wlitn fgm

kbun “bfynrnm’ elnvrjg knfms, fbsj `gjwg fs “stfr’ jr “rjsnttn’ knfms, mftigc tj tlnsixtnngtl engtury. Uuel dfentnm Tngntifg cbfss knfms lfvn knng djugm ig sjutlrigimfm ig tln ejgtnxt jd Ofyjim sitns ft Ofojrfb fgm Ojrucf [jfm/Nsonrfbmf

(Dic. 53). Ig fmmitijg, igmivimufb digms jd elnvrjg knfms lfvn knng ngejugtnrnm





9;

cuo mnrivigc drjo tln wjjm wfs knbinvnm tj kn f eurn djr syplibis.rigimfm knefon f dfvjuritn pjrt jd efbb djr tln Drngel, bi`n lnvnt,

jg tlnir wfy drjo Krfzib tj tln Snst Igmins fgm wfs usnm ky tlnodjr vietufbigc, wftnrigc fgm efrnngigc tlnir vnssnbs, fs wnbb fs trfmigcwitl tln Fonrigmifgs nspneifbby ig tln sjutlnrg pfrt jd tln isbfgm.Ig 6>4; twj Drngel slips spngt sjon tion jg rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst,fdtnr wliel pfrt jd tlnir ernw fsengmnm tln Jrigjej ig sjon sbjjps,nxelfgcigc fxns, `givns fgm jtlnr Nurjpnfg cjjms djr kirm-slfpnmjrgfongts jd cufgïg fgm ernsengts (efrfeubïs ) witl tln Fonrigmifgs.

Drngel prnmftijg jg Upfgisl pjrts fgm slippigc igmuenm tln Erjwgtj igitiftn f ejgvjy systno djr slips cjigc drjo Upfig tj tln SnstIgmins. Drjo 6>4; jgwfrms fggufbby twj dbnnts jd onrelfgt vnssnbswitl feejopfgyigc wfrslips wnrn mispftelnm tj tln Efrikknfg8 tln dbjtf (“dbnnt’), mnstignm djr tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns fgm knyjgm, fgm tlntinrrf diron (“ofigbfgm’) dbnnt, fbsj efbbnm tln cfbnjgns fs six tj nicltcfbbnjgs nsejrtnm it, sfibigc drjo tln Efgfrins tj tln ofigbfgm. lnbfttnr jeefsijgfbby ngtnrnm tln Snst Igmins tlrjucl tln jkfcj Ujugm

Dicurn 5<. Ofguseript ofp

j ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj,

mrfwg ky Fgmré ]lnvnt,

6>>4. Jricigfb ig tln

Kikbijtlìqun Gftijgfbn mn

Qfris, Drfgen.



95 ― ( ― )

jr Cfbbnjgs’ Qfssfcn kntwnng rigimfm fgm jkfcj, f gfon wliel lfs rnofignmugtib tln prnsngt.5;

ln Drngel privftnnr fetivitins ig tln rncijg ejgvigenm tln Ejugeib jd tlnIgmins tlft gnw fttnopts wjubm lfvn tj kn ofmn tj ejbjgizn rigimfm. Knsimns,

ruojurs tlft knms jd pnfrb jystnrs wnrn tj kn djugm ig tln wftnrs jd jkfcjfgm Crngfmf, wliel dirst eireubftnm ig tln 6>51s, gjw erjppnm up fcfig. lnbjefb Fonrigmifgs usnm tlnsn pnfrbs fs nfr jrgfongts fgm igsnrtnm tlno igknfm fprjgs. Fppfrngtby, tln Frfwf` trfmn pfrtgnrs jd tln eitizngs jd Ofrcfritf`npt rnpnftigc tlis igdjroftijg, wliel wfs gjtnm ig vfrijus mjeuongts fgm jgUpfgisl ofguseript ofps mftigc drjo tlis pnrijm. (Fbtljucl mnvjim jd fgy trutl,rndnrngens tj jkfcj’s prnsuonm pnfrb knms frn tj kn djugm ig tln bitnrfturn ugtibtln nfrby nicltnngtl engtury.) Igtricunm ky tlnsn rnpjrts, tln Upfgisl Erjwg gjwigejrpjrftnm jkfcj ig ejgtrfets ofmn witl fmvngturnrs igtngt jg ejbjgizigc

rigimfm. F durtlnr frcuongt tj snttbn tln isbfgm (fgm jkfcj) wnrn rncubfr

ejopbfigts ky tln Upfgisl jd Ofrcfritf fkjut fttfe`s ofmn kyefrikns jg tlis isbfgmfgm jg tln “dringmby’ Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm. Igmnnm, sixtnng pirjcuns witl efrikns drjo Mjoigief fgm rigimfm fttfe`nm tln pnfrb dislnrins jd Ofrcfritf ig 6>45. Hustprnvijusby tln Frfwf`―Upfgisl rnbftijgslip wfs mnfbt f snrijus kbjw. Ig 6>>< fsofbb ejoonreifb nxpnmitijg drjo Ofrcfritf, bnm ky Dftlnr Drfgeisej mn Fyfbf fgmcuimnm ky Frfwf`s drjo rigimfm, lfm rug igtj middieubtins ig tln Jrigjej Tfbbnywlng tln Upfgisl fttnoptnm tj ìmgfp fg igmicngjus cirb, wlnrnupjg tln wljbnpfrty wfs ìbbnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs. ln Frfwf` krjuclt tln stjry tj Ofrcfritfig 6>41, fgm it wfs gjt ugtib 6>4; tlft tlny rn-nstfkbislnm tlnir trfmn rnbftijgslipwitl tln Upfgisl jd tln pnfrb isbfgms. ln iopjrtfgen jd tln Frfwf` mnbivnrins jd

djjmstudds tj Ofrcfritf efggjt kn jvnrnstioftnm8 fs f rnsubt jd tln tnopjrfry stjpig tln suppby dfoign prjoptby strue` ig tln isbfgm. F rjyfb jrmnr jd 6>4; urcnmejgtiguftijg jd tln fttnopts tj ejgvnrt tln Frfwf`. Divn ynfrs fdtnrwfrms tlis bnmtj f sljrt-bivnm oissijg fojgc tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm wliel felinvnm bittbn.

Ebnfrby igtricunm ky tln ruojur jd tln jkfcj pnfrb knms, tln gnxt Upfgislejgquistfmjr wlj fttnoptnm tj ejbjgizn rigimfm, Hufg rjeln Qjgen mn Bnõgdrjo Qunrtj [iej, mnbiknrftnby lfm jkfcj igebumnm ig lis ejgenssijg. Frrivigcft rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst witl sjon 411 ong, igebumigc sjbminrs, dfronrs fgm fdnw ebnries, ky Mnenoknr 6>49, ln wfs fpprjfelnm ky f pirjcun witl sjon 6>―;1 Fonrigmifgs witl djjm djr kfrtnrigc. Fdtnr ngtnrigc tln Cubd jd Qfrif, Bnõg ont

twj bfrcn pirjcuns witl f elind efbbnm Ofyrjf wlj rnpjrtnmby hust efon kfe` drjof diclt witl efrikns . jcntlnr witl djur jtlnr Fonrigmifgs, igebumigc f enrtfigOfgunb wlj spj`n sjon Upfgisl, ln wngt jg kjfrm Bnõg’s slip, ejgvnrsigcfoiefkby witl tln ernw. ln gfon Ofyrjf is suddieingtby ebjsn tj tlft jd Ofyfrjdjr tln sjutlnfstnrg ejfstfb strntel jd rigimfm, stibb efbbnm Ofyfrjf ky Upfgisl-spnfìgc rigimfmifgs, tj succnst f ejggnetijg. rigimfm Frfwf`s, pjssikby

5; Mjeuongtfry nvimngen succnstigc tlft sjontions tln cfbbnjgs jd tlntinrrf stron nnt wftnrnm fgmrndrnslnm ft jkfcj djbbjwigc tln erjssigc jd tln Ftbfgtie is bfeìgc. Ljwnvnr, tln stibb nxistigcgfon Efpn Crfeifs-f-mijs (Efpn “Cjm-kn-tlfg`nm’) djr jgn jd tln nfstnrgojst prjojgtjrins jdgjrtlnfst jkfcj ofy rnprnsngt f gfvicftijgfb tnro rnbftnm tj ft bnfst tln irrncubfr pfssigc jd cfbbnjgsknbjgcigc tj tlntinrrf stron nnt, jr sfibigc fpfrt drjo it, f prfetien wliel drjo 6>3> jgwfrms wfsquitn rncubfr.



9=

Ofyrjf’s pnjpbn, efrryigc djjmstudds tj Ofrcfritf, igdjronm its snttbnrs jd Bnõg’sfrrivfb. Fdtnr visitigc f guoknr jd igmicngjus vibbfcns, Bnõg mneimnm tj kuibm f djrtfgm snttbnongt “fpfrt drjo tlnigmijs ’ ig fg frnf hust gjrtl jd tln Efrjgi [ivnr,prjkfkby ft Bfvngtibbn, fgm wfs fkbn tj nstfkbisl rnbftivnby pnfendub rnbftijgslips

witl tln Fonrigmifgs (Efrignpfcjtj) jd tln frnf. Ljwnvnr, fdtnr spngmigc fbbtln “cjjms drjo Efstibn’ fs nxelfgcn cidts witl tln bjefb iglfkitfgts, ln lfm tjcnt prjvisijgs drjo tln Frfwf` jd sjutl rigimfm. Murigc f visit tj fg Frfwf`vibbfcn tj tlis purpjsn, Bnõg’s sjg Cfreïf wfs ̀ imgfppnm ky Isbfgm Efriks wlj lfm hust efrrinm jut f rfim jg tlis snttbnongt. Cfreïf wfs tf`ng tj Mjoigief wlnrnln rnpjrtnmby stibb bivnm fs f Efrik prisjgnr tng ynfrs fdtnrwfrms. Misnfsn, lugcnrfgm mnsnrtijg mneioftnm tln Upfgisl pjpubftijg, fgm witlig bnss tlfg f ynfr fdtnrfrrivfb Bnõg fgm lis rnofigigc ong bndt rigimfm fcfig. Knsimns, fbtljucl jkfcjwfs nxpbieitby igebumnm ig lis ejgenssijg, gj fttnopt ky Bnõg tj visit tlis isbfgm lfsknng rnejrmnm. Gnvnrtlnbnss, it is bi`nby tlft jeefsijgfbby sbfvn rfims wnrn efrrinm

jut ky tln Upfgisl jg jkfcj fs it wfs fssuonm tj kn iglfkitnm kyefrikns .Onfgwlibn Upfgisl igtnrnst ig tln ejugtry jd tln Frfwf` lfm crjwg durtlnrmun tj tln rncubfr visits tln bfttnr pfim tj Ofrcfritf, fbbjwigc its eitizngs tj ejbbnetouel, tljucl sjonwlft noknbbislnm, igdjroftijg jg tln Jrigjej rncijg fgmCuifgf. Jgn jd tlnsn, Hufg mn Ufbfs, bnfrgnm drjo tln Frfwf` tlft knyjgm tlnirtnrritjry Fonrigmifgs bivnm ig f ejugtry, situftnm gnfr f bf`n, wlnrn ouel cjbm wfstj kn djugm. Ig 6>34 Hufg Ofrtïg mn Fbkuhfr, f ducitivn drjo f bjgc-djrcjttng fgmibb-dftnm Upfgisl nxpnmitijg igtj tln Jrigjej Tfbbny, frrivnm ig Ofrcfritf. Fbkuhfr,wlj lfm bivnm fojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd igtnrijr Cuifgf djr snvng ynfrs, digfbbytrfvnbbnm witl Frfwf` trfmnrs tj tln Ftbfgtie ejfst fgm fdtnrwfrms tj rigimfm.

Slng ln tjbm pnjpbn ig Ofrcfritf tlft ln lfm snng Frfwf`s trfmigc cjbmng jkhnetswitl jtlnr Fonrigmifgs ig Cuifgf, tln bncngm tlft tln cjbm-bfgm Nb Mjrfmj wfstj kn djugm gnfr f bf`n ig tln ojugtfigjus ligtnrbfgm jd Cuifgf wfs kjrg. Ujjgit bnm tj igernfsnm vjyfcigc ky Upfgisl trfmnrs fgm fmvngturnrs drjo Ofrcfritfigtj tln Jrigjej Tfbbny, nxelfgcigc ofelntns fgm `givns djr cufgïg jkhnets.Cuimnm ky Frfwf` pibjts, ig 6><; tln Crincj krjtlnrs ofmn suel f trip, jg tlnwfy efbbigc ft tln rigimfm pjrts jd Qfrfejf (Qfriej), tln snttbnongt jd tln Yfij Fonrigmifgs, fgm tln Frfwf` vibbfcn jd Efrfj jg tln sjutl ejfst. Ky gjw Ngcbislejrsfirs lfm hjignm tln Drngel ig tlnir prnmftijg jg Upfgisl slippigc, sfeìgcsnttbnongts fgm bjjtigc tln pnfrb isbfgms. Ig 6>34 jgn jd tlno, Fgmrnw Kfr`nr jd

Kristjb, spngt f wnn` ig rigimfm, trfddieìgc djr vietufbs fgm lfvigc “ejgdnrngenwitl enrtfign Igmifgs iglfkitfgts’ wlj cfvn lio “vnry dringmby fgm ejurtnjusngtnrtfignongt’. Fdtnrwfrms ln sfibnm tj Ofrcfritf. ln Ngcbisl igtrusijg wjubmrnfel npimnoie prjpjrtijgs murigc tln Fgcbj―Upfgisl wfr wliel digfbby krj`n jutig 6><>. Ljwnvnr, pbugmnrigc tln Upfgisl ejbjgins ky Drngel fgm Ngcbisl wjubmigernfsigcby cj lfgm ig lfgm witl pnfendub nxelfgcn witl tln ejbjgists. Ojrnjdtng tlfg gjt tlis “ejgtrfkfgm trfmn’ wjubm kn wnbejonm ky tln bjefb snttbnrs fstln ojtlnr ejugtry, bfeìgc ong, slips fgm ojgny tj kfe` lnr vfst rnspjgsikibitinsfgm ebfios, wfs ejopbntnby ugfkbn tj onnt tlnir gnnms.

Slibn igtnrfetigc pnfendubby witl tln Drngel fgm Ngcbisl privftnnrs jr ejrsfirs

wlj visitnm tln Cubd jd Qfrif frnf prijr tj sfibigc tj tln pnfrb isbfgms djr trfmnjr pbugmnr, tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm fgm Cuifgf ejgtigunm suppbyigc tln eitizngs



9> ― ( ― )

jd Ofrcfritf witl ofizn fs wnbb fs efssfvf krnfm fgm dbjur. Ojrnjvnr, drjo tln6>31s tln Frfwf`―Upfgisl trfmn rnbftijgslip crfmufbby knefon f pfet jd outufbfssistfgen8 tln Frfwf` suppbinm Ofrcfritf witl prjvisijgs fgm igmicngjus sbfvnsdrjo tln ofigbfgm, wlibn tln Upfgisl, ig turg, prjvimnm tlno witl irjg tjjbs fgm

wnfpjgs, fgm fssistnm tln Frfwf` ig rfimigc tln vibbfcns jd ljstibn Fonrigmifgcrjups, gjtfkby tln @fbi’gf. ^btioftnby tlis mnvnbjpongt wjubm pnrofgngtbymisturk tln trfmitijgfb nquibikriuo kntwnng wfr fgm nxelfgcn fojgc tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs. Ky gjw kjtl tln Drngel fgm Ngcbisl kncfg tj bnfvn ong fs rnsimngttrfmn dfetjrs ig sjutl rigimfm, tj dfeibitftn tln nxelfgcn fgm stioubftn tln Fonrigmifgs crjwigc jr snfreligc djr tln mnsirnm trfmn wfrns. Feejrmigcby, fDrngelofg misnokfr`nm sjon jd lis ejopftrijts jg tln isbfgm ig jrmnr tj “bnfrgtln bjefb bfgcufcn’ ig 6><>, wlibn twj ynfrs fdtnrwfrms tln Drngel Efptfig Hnfg[ntum drjo Bn Lfvrn bndt twj yjugc Ngcbislong jg rigimfm “ugmnr tln efrn jdfg Igmifg elind’ djr tlis sfon rnfsjg, tjcntlnr witl f bjfm jd cidts igebumigc ontfb

fxns, `givns, hnw’s lfrps (sofbb ousiefb igstruongts lnbm fcfigst tln tnntl jr bips),kbun fgm wlitn knfms, fgm ejbjurnm ebjtls, fbb ouel mnsirnm ky tln Fonrigmifgswj jtlnrs wnrn bndt jg tln Bjwnr Jrigjej. Ig 6>96 fgjtlnr Drngel privftnnr,

Efptfig Kjutibbinr jd Ulnrkjurc (Elnrkjurc), nxelfgcnm f ̀ gidn djr f pinen jd “cjbm’wnicligc f qufrtnr pjugm ft tln pjrt jd Qfrfejf ig sjutlwnst rigimfm. Igmnnm,it is rnejrmnm tlft ig tlnsn ynfrs Fonrigmifgs drjo rigimfm wngt tj tln Jrigjejrncijg ig jrmnr tj jktfig lfrmwjjm usnm djr slipkuibmigc, myn wjjm fgm cufgïg jkhnets, wliel wnrn fdtnrwfrms trfmnm witl tln Drngel. ln Ngcbisl fs wnbb fs tlnDrngel ejgsimnrnm sjutl rigimfm fs f ofhjr wfy-stftijg djr trfddieìgc witl tln Fonrigmifgs, rndurkisligc tlnir slips, tfìgc ig prjvisijgs, id gnenssfry rnejvnrigc

ernw onoknrs’ lnfbtl, fgm ejbbnetigc igdjroftijg fkjut tln pnfrb isbfgms. Igmnnm,tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm wnrn pfim ky tln Upfgisl jd Ofrcfritf tj wfrg tlno wlngf privftnnr frrivnm jg tln ejfst jd rigimfm. Ig 6>91 jgn jd tlnsn sngtignbs rnpjrtnmtlft six Ngcbisl slips lfm bfgmnm ong ig rigimfm fsìgc tln Fonrigmifgs fkjutOfrcfritf. Feejrmigc tj Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl, tln bfttnr gjw efbbnm tlnir elinds jr“crnft ong’ ky tln tnro “Efpitfygns’, tlus rnpbfeigc tln igmicngjus nxprnssijg fefrnwfgf , “knefusn tlny pnreniun tlft tln elindnst jd nunry slip is efbbnm ky tlftgfon’. ^gmnrstfgmfkby, tln Upfgisl jd Ofrcfritf `npt prnssigc tln Ejugeib jdtln Igmins djr tln spnnmiby snttbigc jd rigimfm kjtl djr ejoonreifb fgm strftnciernfsjgs. It wfs gjt ugtib 6>9;, ljwnvnr, tlft tlis wfs nddnetnm, fgm gjt ky tln

eitizngs jd Ofrcfritf.





93 ― ( ― )

3. ]ln Upfgisl―Fonrigmifgdrjgtinr ig ]rigimfm (6>9;―64<4)

ln crfmufbby bnssngigc rnsistfgen tj fgm ubtioftn feenptfgen jd rnstrietnm Nurjpnfejbjgizftijg ky tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs mim gjt onfg tlft tln igmicngjuspnjpbns jd tln isbfgm wnrn dubby sukhucftnm, fbtljucl it bnm tj tln noicrftijgjd snvnrfb crjupigcs tj tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln ofigbfgm fgm tj jkfcj. Ig dfet,tlrjucljut tln snvngtnngtl engtury (fgm tlnrnfdtnr) tln rnofigigc Fonrigmifgsejgtigunm tj rnprnsngt fg iopjrtfgt fgm, djr tln wnf` Upfgisl ejoougity, ugnfsypjbitiefb dfetjr, knigc tln bfrcnst pjpubftijg crjup jd tln isbfgm. ln dinren fgm

igmnpngmngt elfrfetnr jd tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs is pnrsjgidinm ig tlis pnrijmky f ofhjr igmicngjus elindtfig, Linrrnyof, wlj ky snnìgc fg fbbifgen witl tlnMutel ugsueenssdubby fttnoptnm tj nviet tln Upfgisl drjo tln isbfgm.

Upfgisl snttbnongt fgm Fonrigmifg rnfetijg

rfmitijgfb igmicngjus sjeinty wfs mndigitnby misruptnm fdtnr tln Upfgisl cjt fpnrofgngt djjtljbm jg rigimfm. Ig 6>9; Mjoigcj mn Tnrf tjj` pjssnssijg jdtln isbfgm ig tln gfon jd Fgtjgij mn Knrrïj y Jruöf, fg jbmejgquistfmjr wlj bnmsnvnrfb nxpnmitijgs jg tln ofigbfgm tj misejvnr tln oytliefb cjbmbfgm Nb Mjrfmj,

fgm lfm knejon ejgvigenm tlft tlis wfs tj kn djugm ig tln igtnrijr jd Cuifgf. Slng murigc lis hjurgny jd 6>91-6>96 Knrrïj mneimnm tj mnsengm tln Jrigjej,lis pfrty frrivnm sie` fgm fbojst stfrvnm tj mnftl ig tln vibbfcn jd tln Gnpjijelind Efrfpfgf (Efripfgf, Efnpfg, Cfrrfpfgf) jg tln bjwnr Jrigjej. ln bfttnrrnenivnm Knrrïj ig f dringmby ofggnr fgm tln Upfgisl stfynm djr six wnn`s ig lisvibbfcn. Efrfpfgf wfs fg nxpnrt ig trfmigc witl tln Upfgisl fgm Uir Sfbtnr [fbnclmnserikns lio fs “f ofg vnry wisn, suktibb, fgm jd crnft nxpnringen’. Ig lis yjutlEfrfpfgf lfm knng sngt ky lis dftlnr tj rigimfm “ky rnfsjg jd eiuibb wfrrn’ fojgctln Gnpjij. Slng stfyigc ig tln vibbfcn jd Qfriej ig sjutlwnst rigimfm, ln wngtsnvnrfb tions witl tln Yfij Fonrigmifgs tj Ofrcfritf fgm Euofgæ ig jrmnr tj

mnbivnr djjmstudds. Cuimnm ky Efrfpfgf’s pibjts, Knrrïj frrivnm ig tln Cubd jd Qfsurvnynm rigimfm djr tlrnn wnn`s, fgm mneimnm tj snttbn ig tln isbfgm fs sjjgpjssikbn, usigc it fs f sprigckjfrm tj tln ofigbfgm ig jrmnr tj ejgtigun lis snfreldjr Nb Mjrfmj. Fdtnrwfrms ln bndt djr Ofrcfritf ig jrmnr tj jktfig rnigdjrenongts,sngmigc lis binutngfgt Tnrf, wlj lfm knng sueenssdub ig cnttigc trjjps fgm suppbinsig Efrfefs, tj rigimfm ig jrmnr tj jeeupy tln isbfgm. Tnrf frrivnm ig rigimfm igOfy 6>9;, jddieifbby tfìgc pjssnssijg ft Euoueurfpj wlnrn ln ont twj (bjefb:) Fonrigmifg elindtfigs, Ofyefy fgm Qfrnej, tj wljo ln lfgmnm oibitfry sfslns,mnebfrigc tlft ln lfm ejon tj elristifgizn tlno, prjtnet tlno fcfigst tlnefrikns ,diclt tln Ngcbisl fgm Drngel trfmigc visits tj tln isbfgm, fgm prnvngt tln snbbigc



9<

jd Fonrigmifgs fs sbfvns tj Ofrcfritf.55

(Slntlnr tln purpjrt jd tlis wfs dubbyugmnrstjjm ky kjtl Fonrigmifgs is jpng tj mjukt, jd ejursn.) Ft fgy rftn, Tnrfgjw djugmnmUfg Hjsé mn Jruöf (Ut. Hjsnpl) ig tln djjtlibbs jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn,sjon 6; ò nfst jd Qjrt-jd-Upfig, mntnroigigc tln sitns jd tlnefkibmj(ejugeib)kuibmigc, tln cjvnrgjr’s rnsimngen fgm tln prisjg frjugm tln gnw tjwg’s engtrfb pbfzf (tln prnsngt sfvfggfl), fgm tlft jd tln elurel ft sjon mistfgen sjutl jd it.

55 Ky tln ngm jd tln sixtnngtl engtury tln Upfgisl jd tln pnfrb isbfgms wnrn feeustjonm tj hjig tln Frfwf`s fgm kuy dnofbn sbfvns drjo tln Efriks jd tln ofigbfgm djr tlrnn tj djur lftelnts nfel,snbbigc tlno ig Ofrcfritf witl crnft prjstt. Slibn ofìgc tln erjssigc drjo rigimfm tj tln Jrigjejmnbtf, [fbncl tjj` f efgjn wliel efon drjo tln ofigbfgm “bjmng drjo tlngen witl pnjpbn tj kn sjbm’ig Ofrcfritf.

Dicurn 59. Ofp j ]rigimfm, sljwigc tln bjeftijgs j Upfgisl tjwgs, ngejoingmfs , fgm Efpuelig oissijgs, 6>9;―6393. Bncngm8

(6) Upfgisl tjwgs0 (;) ngejoingmfs (fdnr 6364 oissijgs)0 (5) oissijgs (bjgc-bfstigc)0 (=) oissijgs (sljrt-bivnm0 ojst bjeftijgsfpprjxioftn)0 (>) jtlnr Fonrigmifg vibbfcns. @ny tj tjwgs fgm vibbfcns8 (6) Ut. Hjsnpl (6>9;―prnsngt)0 Qjrt-j -Upfig (6>9;―prnsngt)0

(5) Friefcuf (Ufg Hufg) (6>9>―6364)0 (=) ]fefricuf (6>9>―P6364_―63<4)0 (>) Eufrf (Efurf) (6>9>―P6364_―63<4)0 (4) Frfuef (Frjuef)

(6>9>―P6364_―63<4)0 (3) Cufyrif (Ufg Dnrgfgmj) (64<3―63<=)0 (<) Ufvfgf Crfgmn (Qrigens ]jwg) (64<3―6<=9)0 (9) Ufvfgntf (64<3―

639=)0 (61) Ojgtsnrrftn (Ofyj) (6311/631>―6393)0 (66) Friof (63=9―63>=, 63<4―6<=9)0 (6;) ]jej (]ln Oissijg) (63></63>9―

6<=9)0 (65) Frrnei ns (Ufbykif) (63></63>9―6<=9)0 (6=) Euofgf (63></63>9―6<=9)0 (6>) Ofturf (63></63>9―kn jrn 63<=)0

(64) Uipfrif (63>9, 63<=―6<=9)0 (63) Frngfbns (64<<―6499)0 (6<) Bjs Ejejs (Gfrivf:) (64<9)0 (69) Ofyfrj (Ut. Hjsnpl:) (6496―649<)0

(;1) Efrnirj (Cufyfcufyfrn:) (6496―649<)0 (;6) Ojrucf (6496―kn jrn 6314)0 (;;) Enmrjs (6496)0 (;5) Oueurfpj (63=9―63>6, 63>=)0

(;=) Kungfvistf (64<9―63<4).



99 ― ( ― )

Ut. Hjsnpl jeeupins f bjw libb jg tln riclt kfg` jd f trikutfry jd tln Efrjgi, tln Ut. Hjsnpl (Ofrfefs) rivnr, wliel fbbjwnm pirjcuns tj sfib uprivnr fs dfr fs lfbd f bnfcundrjo tln tjwg (Dic. 59). It wjubm rnofig tln jgby Upfgisl snttbnongt ig tln isbfgmdjr f bjgc tion, fgm rigimfm’s (ojmnst) efpitfb ugtib fs bftn fs 63>3. It wfs f bjefb

Efrignpfcjtj elind, Cjfgfcjfgfrn (Cufgfcufgfrn, Sfggfwfgfrn), wlj, prjkfkbyfppnfsnm witl Upfgisl cidts, “crfgtnm’ Tnrf tln Ut. Hjsnpl frnf (lis jwg vibbfcn:)fgm fdtnrwfrms “witl lis ong witlmrnw tj fgjtlnr pfrt jd tln isbfgm’, ojst bi`nbytln Ufg Hufg frnf, kntwnng Ut. Hjsnpl fgm Qjrt-jd-Upfig. ^gnfsy fkjut tln duturn Fonrigmifg mispjsitijg, Tnrf djrkfmn snbbigc wnfpjgs tj tlno.

Fgtjgij mn Knrrïj efon tj rigimfm bnss tlfg f ynfr fdtnrwfrms. Lis rutlbnssknlfvijur tjwfrms tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgm ignvitfkby bnm tj rnsistfgenfgm ig 6>95 Knrrïj rnpjrtnm tj tln Upfgisl Erjwg tlft ln wfs surrjugmnm kyljstibn Igmifgs “wlj lfvn trinm tj mnstrjy tlis Isbfgm P…_ I lfvn jgby 31 ong,ynt ig tlis Isbfgm frn ojrn tlfg 4111 wfr Igmifgs, tln ofhjr pfrt jd tlno ky gj

onfgs pnfenfkbn’. ln trfmitijgfb Fonrigmifg trfmigc witl tln stnfmiby igernfsigcguoknrs jd Ngcbisl fgm Drngelejgtrfkfgmistfs , drjo gjw jgwfrms hjignm ky Mutelsouccbnrs, djronm f ofhjr kjgn jd ejgtngtijg. Slibn Tnrf rnpjrtnmby prnvngtnmdjur Ngcbisl slips drjo prjvisijgigc, Knrrïj djugm twj Ngcbisl slips trfmigc djrtjkfeej witl tln Fonrigmifgs. lis igmieftns tlft, bi`n tln Isbfgm Efriks jd tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms, tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm lfm kncug prjmueigc tjkfeejdjr tln Nurjpnfg ofr`nt, rnfetigc tj tln ontnjrie risn jd sojìgc fgm tln rfpimbycrjwigc mnofgm djr tjkfeej ig tln 6>91s. Knsimns, sjon jd tln Frfwf`s jd rigimfmofy lfvn knng rnbuetfgt tj feenpt Knrrïj knefusn jd tlnir trfmigc rnbftijgslip witltln Upfgisl jd tln pnfrb isbfgms. ln bfttnr fgm tljsn jd Euofgæ, tln cjvnrgjr

jd wliel lfm knng crfgtnm witl rigimfm, jkfcj fgm Crngfmf ky tln UpfgislErjwg ig 6>9;, fttnoptnm tj drustrftn Knrrïj’s pbfgs fs dfr fs pjssikbn. Ig jrmnr tjejugtnrfet tln ljstibn fttitumn jd tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs, Knrrïj gjw fttnoptnmtj kbjw up tln trfmitijgfb igtnrntlgie middnrngens kntwnng tln Efrignpfcjtj fgmtln Frfwf`s, wliel, feejrmigc tj fg Ngcbisl sjuren, ln mim “ky tln feejoonmfeijgjd f Drynr PDrifr_, tlft lfm bivnm ft tln Isbfgm Ofrcfrittf fgm lfm sjon Humcongtig tlnir Bfgcufcn fgm Ofggnrs’. Fbsj, ln sngt Tnrf tj ejokft tlnefrikns . Ojstiopjrtfgtby, Knrrïj trinm tj kfbfgen tln guonrjus ljstibn Fonrigmifgs ig rigimfmky lfvigc ofgy Gnpjij, djbbjwnrs jd Efrfpfgf, ejon jvnr drjo tln ofigbfgm,tlus fmmigc tj tln Gnpjij fbrnfmy bivigc jg tln isbfgm. Jr, fs [fbncl put it, ln

ngejurfcnm tln snttbigc ig rigimfm jd Fonrigmifgs “jd jtlnr ejugtrins, & pbfgtnmtlnrn tj nft jut & wfst tljsn tlft wnrn gfturfb tj tln pbfen’. Fbb jd tlis nglfgenmtln stftus jd Efrfpfgf trnongmjusby, knigc fkbn tj kuibm up fg ioprnssivn rntigun.Guonrjus Nurjpnfg ofgudfeturns gjw knefon fvfibfkbn tj lio. Igmnnm, wlngKnrrïj sngt Tnrf jg f rnejggjitrigc nxpnmitijg tj Cuifgf ig 6>95, tln bfttnr dirstwngt tj Efrfpfgf’s vibbfcn, ugbjfmigc guonrjus cidts suel fs rnm kjggnts, cbfssknfms, `givns, eutbfssns, ejoks, fgm dbutns. Jricigfbby knigc f “Bjrmn jd gj jtlnrtlfg jrmigfrin pjwnr’, fs [fbncl’s binutngfgt @nyois nxprnssnm it, fdtnr “lnn lfmngtnrnm igtj dringmslippn witl Knrrnj P…_ tln Igmifgs jg fbb simns bndt sjon tlnlfkitftijgs, fgm ofgin tlnir ejoofgmnrs tj knejon lis sukhnetns, tlft tlny oiclt

lfvn tln privibncn tj trfmn witl tln Upfgifrmns djr lfelnts fgm `givns, wliel frn



611

hnwnbs jd crnft prien fojgcst tlno’. Ebnfrby, Efrfpfgf lfm knejon f “crnft ofg’,usigc lis ejgtfets witl tln Upfgisl tj (tnopjrfriby) mjoigftn tln bjwnr Jrigjejfrnf.5=

Onfgwlibn, Knrrïj fttnoptnm tj prnvngt tln privftnnrs, wlj `npt efbbigc ft

rigimfm, drjo wftnrigc, vietufbigc fgm bjfmigc tjkfeej jr jtlnr trjpiefb cjjms,usigc Fonrigmifg fuxibifrins (“ntlgie sjbminrs’) tj fssist tln Upfgisl ig fokusligctlno. Ig tlis wfy ig 6>95 niclt ernw onoknrs jd tln vnssnb jd Hfejk Slimmng, jgnjd [fbncl’s sejuts, wnrn burnm fsljrn djr f mnnr lugt ky Fonrigmifgs ig f efgjnwlibn tlnir efptfig wfs fksngt, fdtnr wliel tlny wnrn ìbbnm ky Knrrïj’s sjbminrs.

wj gftivns jd rigimfm fgm twj drjo Euofgæ sfibnm witl Slimmng tj Ngcbfgm.Knrrïj sueenssdubby fvjimnm fg ngejugtnr witl tln ouel bfrcnr pfrty jd Uir [jknrtMumbny, wlj frrivnm witl twj ofhjr vnssnbs ft Eurifpfg (prnsngt Ejbuokus Kfy)ig Hfgufry 6>9>. rfmigc witl tln Frfwf`s (drjo wljo ln ejbbnetnm wjrm bists),Mumbny nxelfgcnm lftelnts, `givns, stsl ljj`s, knbbs, fgm cbfss kuttjgs djr “lnggns,

ljcs, pbfgtfgs, pjtftjs, pigjs, tfkfeej, fgm ofgin jtlnr prnttin ejoojmitins’. Fdtnrwfrms, ln visitnm tln Qitel Bf`n, sfibnm tj Qfriej wlnrn ln ofmn f sofbb rnmjuktfsljrn, fgm ofrelnm “tlrjucl f ojst ojgstrjus tlie`n wjjm’ tj tln Frfwf` vibbfcnjd Efrfj jg tln sjutl ejfst, stgmigc, ljwnvnr, tlft fbb jd its iglfkitfgts lfm nm.Knsimns, ln sngt f kjft tj nxpbjrn tln Jrigjej, usigc Kfbtlfsfr, fg Frfwf` drjoEurifpfg wlj ejubm spnf` sjon Upfgisl, fs its pibjt. ]n bfttnr nsefpnm jg tln wfykfe` tj rigimfm (Dic. =1).

Ioonmiftnby fdtnr Mumbny lfm bndt tln isbfgm ig Ofrel 6>9>, Knrrïj sngt ftrjjp jd sjbminrs tj pugisl tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln sjutl ejfst fgm jtlnrs djrtrfmigc witl tln Ngcbisl. wj jd tlno wnrn lfgcnm fgm qufrtnrnm wlibn lnfmong

drjo fbb jvnr tln isbfgm wnrn tf`ng prisjgnr, igebumigc Efrrjfri, Ofqufriof,frrjjpfgfof, Ftnriof, fgm Cjfgfcjfgfrn, tln Efrignpfcjtj elind jd gjrtlwnstrigimfm. [fbncl rnbftns ljw Knrrïj “`npt tlno ig elfigs, & mrjppnm tlnir gf`nm

kjmins witl kurgigc kfejg, & suel jtlnr tjrongts’. ̂ gmnrstfgmfkby, wlng [fbnclfrrivnm ig rigimfm ig Fprib 6>9>, ebfioigc tlft ln wjubm sfvn tln Fonrigmifgsdrjo “tln igtjbbnrfkbn tirrfgy jd tln Upfgifrms’, ln wfs rnenivnm witl fpprjvfb kyofgy igmicngjus rnsimngts jd tln isbfgm.

[fbncl’s sjhjurg jg rigimfm wfs fetufbby pfrt jd f snfrel jg tln ofigbfgm djrNb Mjrfmj, wliel, fpfrt drjo ofìgc lis jwg djrtugn, wfs onfgt fs f onfgs jdrnejvnrigc rjyfb dfvjur. Fs jgn jd tln ojst fetivn prjojtnrs jd privftnnrigc, ln

rnfbiznm tlft fg fbbifgen witl tln igmicngjus pnjpbns jd rigimfm fgm tln Jrigjejwjubm kn vitfb djr mndnftigc tln Upfgisl ig tlis ngmnfvjur. Ig jrmnr tj ejgtfet tlnbjefb Fonrigmifgs, ln lfm jg kjfrm tln djur gftivns wlj lfm hjignm Slimmng jg tlnbfttnr’s ljon hjurgny. Jgn jd tlnsn ofy lfvn knng [fbncl’s igtnrprntnr, fdtnrwfrms

5= Efrfpfgf’s fsengmfgey wfs sljrt-bivnm. Lis dringmslip witl tln Upfgisl ejjbnm mjwg fgm turgnmigtj ngoity sigen tln bfttnr usnm lis djbbjwnrs djr rjwigc tlnir efgjns, fs cuimns fgm pjrtnrs, fgm,ojrnjvnr, tjj` ofgy Gnpjij wjong. Gjw Efrfpfgf nvng lfm f lfgm ig f sueenssdub pbjt ky @fbi’gfjd tln ofigbfgm tj ìbb f pfrty jd rjvigc Upfgifrms. ]is eut lio j drjo l is sjuren jd vfbufkbn trfmncjjms. Ig 6>94 Efrfpfgf wfs rnpjrtnm ky fg Ngcbisl trfvnbnr tj kn “sie`n, jbmn, fgm wnf`n’, fgm bndtwitl jgby f “eljisn cufrmn jd ong’ fs ky dfr ojst jd lis sukhnets lfm mnsnrtnm lio. Ln lfm minm ky6461.



616 ― ( ― )

efbbnm Hjlg jd rigimfm (jr Hjlg Qrjvjst), prjkfkby f Yfij.5> Dirstmrjppigc fgeljr ft Eurifpfg, [fbncl ioonmiftnby ejgtfetnm tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs. Digmigc tln Yfij jg lis simn, ln lfm tj ejgenmn tlftft bnfst sjon jd tln Frfwf`s wnrn stibb fssistigc tln Upfgisl, humcigctlno tj kn “f vfcfkjgm, pjjrn, fgm sofbb pnjpbn’. Igmnnm, rnpjrtnmbyigmuenm ky “cidts fgm krikns’, sjon Frfwf`s, wlj wngt fkjfrm[fbncl’s slips, fetufbby fetnm fs spins djr tln cjvnrgjr jd Ofrcfritf. Fdtnr sjon ejfstfb survnyigc, [fbncl sfibnm tj Euoueurfpj wlnrnln rfpimby kndringmnm snvnrfb Fonrigmifgs, igebumigc fg Frfwf`

efbbnm Efgtyofg wlj wfs fg fequfigtfgen jd Slimmng. Igdjronmfkjut tln situftijg ig tln isbfgm, [fbncl gjw ìbbnm f sofbb pfrty jdUpfgifrms sngt ky Knrrïj, tjcntlnr witl ;> Fonrigmifg fuxibifrins, tjonnt lio, rndnrrigc tj tln dftn jd Slimmng’s ernw fs f hustidieftijg.Uuksnqungtby, cuimnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs ig f sigcbn dibn, [fbnclofrelnm witl f lugmrnm sjbminrs tjwfrms Ut. Hjsnpl jvnr f djrnstpftl, ugmjuktnmby tln prnsngt Jbm Ut Hjsnpl [jfm fgm Nfstnrg

5> Slng feejopfgyigc [fbncl’s binutngfgt Bfurngen @nyois fs f pibjt jg lisrnejggfissfgen hjurgny jd tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn, ig Fprib 6>94, Hjlg jd rigimfmwfs ugwibbigc tj ejgtfet tln Fonrigmifgs jd gjrtlnfst rigimfm, fs “ln `gnwn gjpfrt jd tlft simn jd tln Isbfgm’.

Dicurn =1. Ofp j ]rigimfm

fgm ]jkfcj, mrfwg ky Uir

[jknrt Mumbny, pukbislnm ig

lis Mnbb’Frefgj mnb Ofrn ft

Dbjrngen ig 64=>/64=4.



61;

Ofig [jfm. Upngmigc tln giclt ig tln Efrignpfcjtj vibbfcn jd tlnioprisjgnm Cjfgfcjfgfrn, situftnm lfbdwfy tj Ut. Hjsnpl (prjkfkbyig tln Ufg Hufg frnf), ft mfwg ln fttfe`nm tln Upfgisl tjwg, ìbbigc53 Upfgifrms fgm tfìgc Knrrïj prisjgnr. Kndjrn kurgigc tln tjwg(rnpjrtnmby ft tln igsticftijg jd tln Fonrigmifgs), [fbncl drnnm tlndivn “Bjrms jr bitbn ìgcs’ wljo ln djugm “ig jgn elfign fbojst mnfmjd dfoign, fgm wfstnm witl tjrongts’ (Dic. =6). Ujon Upfgifrmswnrn fkbn tj nsefpn tj Bf Krnf wlnrn tlny djugm sjon dringmby Fonrigmifgs fgm dbnm tj Ofrcfritf. ln Efrignpfcjtj rnsnttbnm Ut.

Hjsnpl. Kndjrn bnfvigc Euoueurfpj, [fbncl fssnokbnm fs ofgy Fonrigmifgs fs pjssikbn djr f crnft ejgdnrngen, fggjugeigc tln ngmjd tln Upfgisl nopirn ig cbjwigc tnros fgm pbfeigc rigimfm ugmnrtln Ngcbisl Vunng. Uuksnqungtby, ln rnturgnm tj Eurifpfg wlnrn lnnrnetnm f sofbb djrtidieftijg. Qrjvisijgnm ky tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs,ln gjw bndt djr lis snfrel jd cjbm oigns jg tln ofigbfgm, `nnpigcKnrrïj fs f prisjgnr. Slibn erjssigc jvnr tj tln Jrigjej mnbtf, lnpie`nm up fg Frfwf`, efbbnm Dnrmigfgmj, fs f pibjt, wlj tjcntlnrwitl lis widn wfs jg lis wfy tj Ofrcfritf witl efssfvf krnfm fgmejttjg lfooje`s. [nturgigc drjo tln ofigbfgm djbbjwigc visits

tj ofhjr Fonrigmifg elinds jd tln Jrigjej ig Hugn 6>9>, [fbncl

Dicurn =6. Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl

snts rnn ivn Fonrigmifg elin s,

elfignm ig Ut. Hjsnpl, ]rigimfm,

ky Fgtjgij mn Knrrij, 6>9>.

Nicltnngtl-engtury fgtfsy

ngcrfvigc, pukbislnm ig Nmwfrm

Efvngmisl Mrf`n’s F gnw

ugivnrsfb ejbbnetijg jd futlngtie

fgm ngtnrtfigigc vjyfcns fgm

trfvnbs P…_, Bjgmjg, 634<.Ejurtnsy Cérfrm F. Knssjg.



615 ― ( ― )

ejgtigunm lis nxpnmitijg ky privftnnrigc ig tln Snst Igmins, hjignm ky vfrijus Fonrigmifgs drjo tln ofigbfgm fgm rigimfm, igebumigc jgn efbbnm ky f Drngeltrfvnbbnr tln “Ujg tj tln @igc jd tln Isbfgm jd rigimfm’.

Knrrïj, wlj feejopfginm [fbncl jg lis Jrigjej hjurgny, wfs put fsljrn ky

tln bfttnr ig Euofgæ. Ln ioonmiftnby wngt tj Ofrcfritf, cftlnrigc tln rnogfgtsjd lis trjjps, fgm rnturgnm tj rigimfm, fdtnrwfrms ojvigc tj tln ofigbfgm wlnrnln djugmnm f Upfgisl tjwg,Ufgtj ]joé mn Cufyfgf , ft tln ejgdbungen jd tlnJrigjej fgm tln Efrjgï, ejgsimnrnm tj kn tln ngtrfgen tj Nb Mjrfmj, ig Mnenoknr6>9>. Lis fksngen drjo rigimfm wfs usnm ky tln cjvnrgjr jd Euofgæ, Drfgeisejmn Timns, tj jeeupy tln isbfgm. lis wfs fg nxenptijgfbby ejrrupt elfrfetnr wlj,ljwnvnr, lfm f bncfb ebfio tj rigimfm. Ig Fprib 6>94, Mjoigcj mn Tnrf, wlj lfmknng sngt tj Upfig ig jrmnr tj rneruit ejbjgists fgm cnt tln kfeìgc jd tln Ejugeibjd tln Igmins djr Knrrïj’s ngmnfvjurs, rnturgnm jg rigimfm witl gj bnss tlfg6>11 snttbnrs, igebumigc ofgy wjong fgm elibmrng. ln dftn jd Tnrf’s nxpnmitijg

wfs mrfoftie. Dirst ln elfsnm fwfy Timns’ djbbjwnrs drjo rigimfm. Digmigc Ut Hjsnpl ig slfokbns, ln kuibt sjon luts ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig fdtnr lfvigc fppnfsnmtln bjefb Fonrigmifgs ky mistrikutigc trfmn wfrns. Uioubtfgnjusby, Tnrf sueennmnig elfsigc fwfy sjon Mutel slips (“Dbnoigcs’) wlj efbbnm ft rigimfm djr trfmn.Ljwnvnr, sjjg fbb djjm wfs nxlfustnm fgm gjtligc ejubm kn jktfignm drjo tlnrncijg’s Fonrigmifgs wlj lfm fbb witlmrfwg. Ulips witl sjbminrs fgm ejbjgistssngt tj tln Jrigjej dbnm tj Efrfefs, wlibn jtlnr snttbnrs, ofigby ofrrinm ejupbnsfgm elibmrng, wlj wngt ig pirjcuns tj tln ofigbfgm, cjt igtj f stjro jg tlnCubd jd Qfrif fgm wnrn mrjwgnm. Utibb jtlnrs wnrn ìbbnm wlibn tln wjong fgelibmrng wnrn tf`ng ky Isbfgm Efriks drjo Mjoigief wlj wnrn jg tlnir wfy tj

visit f @fbi’gf snttbnongt jg tln Cufrfpieln [ivnr jd tln wnst ejfst. Digfbby, ofgyjd tljsn wlj wnrn fkbn tj rnfel Ufgtj joé minm jd lugcnr jr misnfsn. Fgtjgijmn Knrrïj liosnbd pfssnm fwfy sjjg fdtnrwfrms, knigc sueennmnm ky lis yjugc sjgDnrmigfgm (6>93).

Ft tln knciggigc jd tln snvngtnngtl engtury tln rnbftijgslip kntwnng tlnUpfgisl fgm ojst rigimfm Fonrigmifgs wfs ft fg fbb-tion bjw. Igmnnm, fs f Mutelnxpbjrnr, Efknbifu, nxpbfignm ig 6>99, “wljsjnvnr frn ngnoins, fgm knfr ngoitytj tln Upfgifrms, frn dringms witl tln Igmifgs’. Qfrtifbby tlis wfs mun tj [fbncl’sigtnrvngtijg, kut priofriby tlis mntnrijrftijg rnsubtnm drjo Fgtjgij mn Knrrij’sfttnopts tj prnvngt Fonrigmifg trfmigc witl tln privftnnrs, fgm, ojrnjvnr, lis

nddjrts tj igtrjmuen frnpfrtioingtj systno ig tln isbfgm suel fs tlft jd Lispfgijbffgm Qunrtj [iej. Ig 6>9> it wfs rnpjrtnm tlft Knrrïj lfm mivimnm tln ngtirnisbfgm fgm civng jut snvngtyngejoingmfs tj lis sjbminrs fs f rnwfrm djr tlnirsnrviens. Feejrmigc tj Upfgisl bfw, ngejoingmfs (“ejoofgms’) wnrn bfgm crfgtsigejrpjrftigc tln rnsimngt Fonrigmifgs, ofmn tj Upfgisl snttbnrs (ngejongmnrjs )wlj wnrn pnroittnm tj nxfet kjtl trikutn ig tln djro jd djjmstudds jr ojgnyfgm bfkjur snrvien drjo tln Fonrigmifgs. Ig rnturg tln Upfgisl wnrn tlnjrntiefbbyrnspjgsikbn djr tnfeligc tlno tln prigeipbns jd Elristifgity, cngnrfbby igstruetigctlno ig Nurjpnfg wfys jd bidn, fgm rngmnrigc oibitfry snrvien, tlus prjtnetigc tln Fonrigmifgs drjo djrnicg fssfubts. Knsimns, tln Fonrigmifgs ejubm kn rngtnm jut

ky tln snttbnrs djr snfsjgfb wjr` jg pukbie wjr` prjhnets suel fs rjfm ejgstruetijg



61=

ugmnr tlnoitf (“wjr` pfrty’) selnon. Ejopubsjry bfkjur ky tln Fonrigmifgswfs tln jvnrfbb purpjsn, jd ejursn. Fbtljucl bncfbby tlny wnrn gjt rnquirnm tjwjr` djr ojrn tlfg tlrnn mfys f wnn`, fkusn jd tln systno wfs siopbn, fbb tlnojrn knefusn fejrrncimjr , fg jddieifb rnspjgsikbn djr prjtnetigc tln Fonrigmifgs

drjo nxpbjitftijg ky tln snttbnrs, jvnrsnnigc tlnoitf fs wnbb fs supnrvisigc tlntrfmn kntwnng tln Fonrigmifgs fgm tln Upfgisl, wfs gjt fppjigtnm ig rigimfmtlrjucljut tln snvngtnngtl engtury. Uioibfrby, prjvimigc prinsts (eurfs mjetrignrjs )tj tln ngejoingmf vibbfcns wfs bfrcnby gncbnetnm fs wnbb. It is gjtnwjrtly tlft tlnnopbjyongt jd Fonrigmifgs ig pnrsjgfb snrvien wfs jddieifbby djrkimmng fbtljucltlis bfw wfs jdtng misrncfrmnm. ln wljbn systno rnstnm jg tln fssuonm pjbitiefbfutljrity jd tln igmicngjus bnfmnrs, wlj ejgtrjbbnm gjoigfbby tln mfy-tj-mfyfetivitins jd tlnngejoingmf wjr`djren. ln elind jd f vibfcn fgm lis jbmnst sjgwnrn nxnoptnm drjo pfyigc trikutn.

Jgby f sofbb drfetijg jd tln igmicngjus pjpubftijg jd tln isbfgm wfs igvjbvnm

ig tln ngejoingmf systno, fs jgby djurngejoingmfvibbfcns frn rnpjrtnm ig tlnsnvngtnngtl engtury (Dic. 59). ^gmjuktnmby tlis ibbustrftns tln bioitnm pjbitiefbejgtrjb jd tln isbfgm ky tln Upfgisl fgm tln ljstibn fttitumn jd ojst rigimfm Fonrigmifgs tj tln ejbjgiznrs. Fbb tlnngejoingmfs wnrn situftnm jg tln kfg`s jdrivnrs ig tln Gjrtlnrg Kfsig, ft f mistfgen jd ft ojst 61 ò, fs tln erjw dbins, drjoUt. Hjsnpl, fgm ejggnetnm witl tln Upfgisl tjwg ky tln prnsngt Nfstnrg Ofig [jfm,tlng f krimbn pftl wliel, fs f “[jyfb [jfm’, wfs `npt jpng ky tln Fonrigmifgs. Ft prnsngt tlrnn jd tlnsnngejoingmf vibbfcns frn stibb engtrns jd pjpubftijg8Ufg Hufg mn Friefcuf (prnsngt Ufg Hufg),Ufg Qfkbj mn ]fefricuf ( fefrikn, fefriof0prnsngt fefricuf) fgmUfg Fcustïg mn Frfuef (Frufef, Frfefj0 prnsngt Frjuef). F

djurtl ngejoingmf vibbfcn, Eufrf (Efurf, Vufrn), wfs situftnm sjutl jd fefricuf,pnrlfps ft prnsngt Jrfgcn Crjvn. It is tln jgby jgn wliel mim gjt mnvnbjp igtj fojmnrg ejoougity, fbtljucl tln gfon stibb nxists fs tlft jd f rivnr fgm f vfbbny.Ojst vibbfcns wnrn rnpjrtnmby jeeupinm ky Gnpjij, wliel is ibbustrftnm ky tlndfet tlft tlnir gfons frn typiefbby Efrikfg suel fs wfs djronrby spj`ng ig tlnTngnzunbfg ejfstfb zjgn. lnsn Gnpjij wnrn prjkfkby tln djbbjwnrs jd Efrfpfgf,Knrrïj lfm ejon jvnr drjo tln ofigbfgm. Frfuef (Frufef) djros fg nxenptijg0its gfon ebnfrby igmieftns tlft its iglfkitfgts wnrn Frfwf`s. Fbb tln vibbfcn gfonsmupbieftn tljsn jd rivnrs. ln Fonrigmifgs ig tlnngejoingmfs typiefbby eubtivftnmtjkfeej djr ejgtrfkfgm trfmigc wlibn crjwigc djjm erjps suel fs ofizn, efssfvf,

knfgs fgm ejejf, fgm rfisigc elie`ng djr ejgsuoptijg ky tlnngejongmnrjs fgm djrsnbbigc tj tln Upfgisl snttbnrs ig Ut. Hjsnpl fgm Qjrt-jd-Upfig.ln fttnopts ky dftlnr fgm sjg Knrrïj tj nstfkbisl fgngejoingmfsystno

fbb jvnr tln isbfgm fgm tj supprnss fbb Fonrigmifg igmnpngmngen, fccrfvftnm kyugbioitnm sbfvn tfìgc, bnm tj fg igernfsigc dbiclt jd Fonrigmifgs drjo rigimfmtj tln ofigbfgm, nspneifbby tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn, fgm tj jkfcj. ln ofigbfgmnxjmus jd ofgy Fonrigmifgs, igebumigc Yfij, Ulnkfij fgm sjon Frfwf`s, wfsprnenmnm ig tln 6>91s ky f cngnrfbby nfstnrg ojvnongt fbjgc tln ejfst jd tlnCuifgfs fs tln rnsubt jd sbfvn rfims ky ofigbfgm Frfwf`s, tjcntlnr witl Upfgifrmsdrjo Ofrcfritf fgm Efrfefs. It dirst fddnetnm Yfij wlj lfm snttbnm gnfr tln Ojru`f

rivnr jg tln ejfst jd prnsngt Cuyfgf. Ig 6>94 f Yfij elind efbbnm Sfrnj tjbm



61> ― ( ― )

[fbncl’s binutngfgt @nyois tlft ln djronrby bivnm jg tln Ojru`f, kut tlft twjjr tlrnn ynfrs prnvijusby f Upfgisl pfrty, cuimnm ky tln Frfwf` elind Frfofif jdtln bjwnr Jrigjej, lfm ejon tj lis vibbfcn ig jrmnr tj ìmgfp “lis knst widn’, kuttlft ln lfm ìbbnm lfbd jd tlno. Gnvnrtlnbnss, tlny lfm tf`ng ofgy Yfij wjong

fgm elibmrng, fgm wlng lfbd f ynfr kndjrn fgjtlnr ofigbfgm Frfwf` lfm bnm tlnUpfgisl tj lis vibbfcn fcfig, ln lfm kurgt lis ljusns, mnstrjynm lis dinbms, fgm dbnmtj tln nfst, bnfvigc lis ejugtry “tj kn pjssnssnm ky tln Frfwfeefs’. Sfrnj tjbm@nyois tlft tln Yfij wnrn f “oicltin pnjpbn’ fgm tlft tlny “jd bftn tion wnrn Bjrmnsjd fbb tln snf ejfst sj dfrrn fs rigimfmj, wliel tlny bi`nwisn pjssnssnm’. Unvnrfbsioibfr stjrins jd Yfij wlj dbnm drjo tln wnst lfvn knng rnejrmnm, djr igstfgen tlftjd Snnpfe`nf jg tln Ofrjgi (Ofrjwihgn) rivnr kntwnng prnsngt Uurigfon fgmDrngel Cuifgf, wlj tjbm fg Ngcbisl visitjr frjugm 6461 tlft ln lfm knng kjrgjg tln Jrigjej, wfs efpturnm fgm tjrturnm ky tln Upfgifrms, kut nsefpnm fgm rfgfwfy tj tln nfst. Uioibfrby, tln Yfij fgm Ulnkfij jd sjutlwnst rigimfm ojvnm tj

tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn. Slibn ig 6>9< Efknbifu fgm jtlnr Mutel sfibjrs efrndubbyelfrtnm tlnsn pfrts jd tln isbfgm’s ejfst, trfmigc witl tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs fgmejopjsigc Frfwf`, Yfij fgm Ulnkfij wjrmbists, tlis wfs tln bfst tion tlft tln twjbfttnr ntlgie crjups frn ongtijgnm ig tln mjeuongtfry sjurens witl rndnrngen tj

rigimfm. (Efknbifu wfs hjignm ky twj Yfij drjo rigimfm jg lis ljon hjurgnytj tln Mutel [npukbie.) Uicgidiefgtby, tlrjucljut tln snvngtnngtl engtury Yfijfgm Ulnkfij frn ongtijgnm fs bivigc igtnrspnrsnm witl tln Frfwf`s fgm @fbi’gfnspneifbby ig tln nfstnrg pjrtijg jd tln Cuifgf ejfstfb zjgn. Ig tln nfrby 6411stln Yfij, Frfwf`s, fgm Ulnkfij frn bistnm ky [jknrt Lfrejurt fgm jtlnr Ngcbislnxpbjrnrs fs fojgc tln Fonrigmifg pnjpbns bivigc ig tlis rncijg tlft “lfun knngn

elfsnm fwfy drjo rigimfmj, fgm tln kjrmnrs jd Jrngjqun’, wlibn @nyois gjtnstlft ofgy jd tln Frfwf`s “mjtl fbsj lftn’ tln Upfgisl. Igmnnm, ig tln 64;1s fUpfgisl elrjgiebnr jksnrvnm tlft tln Frfwf`s “wlj wnrn fbwfys dringmby mispjsnmtj tln Upfgifrms, P…_ lfvn knng ig f stftn jd rnknbbijg djr jvnr 61 ynfrs’. Fbb ig fbbig 646; it wfs nstioftnm tlft jgby sjon =111 “lnftlng’ Fonrigmifgs wnrn bndt ig

rigimfm, witl 511 “eivibisnm’ jgns, tln bfttnr bivigc ig tlnngejoingmfs .Onfgwlibn, djbbjwigc f snrins jd fttnopts tj misejvnr tln oystnrijus cjbmbfgm

lis dftlnr lfm sjuclt, Dnrmigfgm mn Knrrïj turgnm tj prjojtigc tln eubtivftijgjd tjkfeej ig rigimfm fgm jg tln bjwnr Jrigjej, wliel sjjg prjvnm tj kn fdigfgeifbby ojrn rnwfrmigc, fbknit igsneurn nejgjoie kfsn, djugmnm fs it wfs jg

tln ejgtrfkfgm trfmn witl Upfig’s ngnoins, gjtfkby Ngcbisl, Drngel fgm Muteligtnrbjpnrs, sigen rncistnrnm slips drjo Upfig rfrnby efbbnm ft Qjrt-jd-Upfig jrUfgtj joé. Ig rigimfm ojst tjkfeej wfs crjwg frjugm Ut. Hjsnpl (witl sjonsucfr efgn fgm cigcnr) fgm tlnngejoingmfs jd Friefcuf fgm Frufef. Ig dfet,tln crjwigc mnofgm djr tjkfeej ig Nurjpn stioubftnm its crjwtl ig tln ngtirnTngnzunbfg ejfstfb zjgn, fgm tln Upfgisl ejbjgins jd tlis rncijg efon tj mnpngmngtirnby upjg tlnrnseftn (ibbieit trfmn) ig tjkfeej. Fs nfrby fs 6>9> “ rigimfmj’fgm “tjkfeej’ lfm knejon igtnrelfgcnfkbn ig Ngcbisl ejoojg usfcn nvng tljuclft tlis tion ojst tjkfeej wfs stibb jktfignm ky tln privftnnrs drjo tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs. ng tj didtnng ynfrs bftnr tln pbfgtftijgs jd rigimfm fgm tln bjwnr

Jrigjej prjmuenm sjon ;11,111 pjugms jd tjkfeej nfel ynfr fgm twngty tj tlirty





613 ― ( ― )

Linrrnyof fgm tln crnft Fonrigmifg rnknbbijg

Slibn tln rigimfm Yfij, Ulnkfij fgm guonrjus Frfwf`s dbnm tj tln ofigbfgm,ig tln dirst mnefmns jd tln snvngtnngtl engtury ofgy Efrignpfcjtj tjj` rnducnig jkfcj. Ig tln 6451s it wfs gjtnm tlft ft Ofrfefs Kfy tlnrn wfs f suppby

jd pbfgtfigs “drjo tln jbm pbfgtftijgs jd tln Efriks wlj wnrn mrivng drjo tlnP…_ isbfgm ky tln Upfgisl fgm stibb ejon lnrn nvnry ynfr ig tlnir efgjns tj bfyprjvisijgs’. Jeefsijgfbby, tln Upfgisl sngt sofbb nxpnmitijgs tj tln ofigbfgm igjrmnr tj diclt tln @fbi’gf, djr igstfgen jg tln rnqunst jd Sfrfj jd tln Jrigjejmnbtf ig 6415, fgm tng ynfrs bftnr jg tlft jd Frfwf`s drjo tln bittjrfb zjgn jdprnsngt Cuyfgf. Ig tln bfttnr efsn tln Upfgisl, fssistnm ky 511 “dringmby Igmifgsmnstrjynm f Mutel/@fbi’gf tjkfeej pbfgtftijg jg tln Ejrngtign (Ejrfgtihg) rivnrkntwnng Uurigfon fgm Cuyfgf. Ubfvn tfìgc wfs knligm ofgy id gjt fbb jd tlnsnfetivitins, fs it is gjtnm tlft tln Fonrigmifg wjong efpturnm murigc tln bfttnrfttfe` wnrn `npt fs igvjbugtfry snrvfgts ig tln ljusns jd tln eitizngs jd Ut. Hjsnpl.

Ofgy rigimfm Fonrigmifgs, gjt bivigc ig tlnngejoingmfs , gjw witlmrnw fs dfrfs pjssikbn drjo tln engtrn jd Upfgisl lfkitftijg. Ig 646; f rjyfb ejooissijgnrejopbfignm tlft gjngejoingmf lfm ojrn tlfg tlirty Fonrigmifgs, wlibn kjftswnrn gjt tj kn djugm ig Ut. Hjsnpl fgm wlng tlny wnrn djugm, Igmifg rjwnrs wnrngjt tj kn cjt fs tlny lfm rntirnm igbfgm fgm mim gjt ejon tj Ut. Hjsnpl “ugbnsstlny frn dntelnm’. Ebnfrby, ofgy Fonrigmifgs lfm “limmng tlnosnbvns fgm ojvnmwnbb igbfgm’. Gnvnrtlnbnss, ig 6466 jtlnrs, gj mjukt igmuenm ky cidts jd Nurjpnfofgudfeturns, `npt up sjon djro jd ejoougieftijg witl Ut. Hjsnpl, igebumigctln iglfkitfgts jd f vibbfcn situftnm divn bnfcuns drjo Cfbnjtf Qjigt, wlj wfrgnmtln Upfgisl fkjut slips wliel pfssnm ky tln sjutl ejfst. Uioibfrby, murigc [fbncl’s

bfst vjyfcn tj tln rncijg (6463), ln nxpjsnm snvng Gnpjij wlj efon fs spinsdjr tln Upfgisl tj lis slip, kut suksnqungtby wnrn quitn wibbigc tj prjvimn liowitl efssfvf krnfm fgm jrfgcns. (Dnfrigc fg fttfe`, tln eitizngs jd Ut. Hjsnpl gjwkbje`nm tln Nfstnrg Ofig [jfm witl djrnst trnns.) [fbncl “rfisnm ig rnknbbijg fbb tlnIgmifgs wlj mwnbb jg tln snf ejfst’, fs tln Ejugeib jd tln Igmins rnejrmnm, wlibn ig64;= tln cjvnrgjr jd rigimfm ejopbfignm tlft fbb tln Igmifgs jd tln isbfgm wnrnrnvjbtigc, trfmigc “drnnby fgm jpngby’ witl tln Ngcbisl fgm tln Mutel. F Upfgislelrjgiebnr kbfonm Fonrigmifg ljstibity jg oistrnftongt ky tln Upfgisl fs wnbb fs“djrnicg igsticftijg’.

Ky tlis tion tln ejgtrfkfgm tjkfeej trfmn lfm mndigitnby ngmnm. Djbbjwigc tln

kjjo ynfrs kntwnng 641= fgm 646;, crfmufbby dnwnr Mutel fgm Ngcbisl vnssnbstibb efbbnm ft rigimfm djr bjfmigc tjkfeej. (Djr tln bfttnr tln ejgtrfkfgm trfmnlfm knejon quitn igsneurn, sigen fdtnr tln Fgcbj―Upfgisl pnfen trnfty jd 641=privftnnrigc bfe`nm jddieifb kfeìgc.) lny wnrn jeefsijgfbby hjignm ky f Drngelslip tfìgc ig trjpiefb lfrmwjjm. F sigcbn visit tj Qjrt-jd-Upfig ky wfrslipsejgvnyigc tlntinrrf diron dbnnt (646;), ig jrmnr tj elfsn fwfy tln ejgtrfkfgmtrfmnrs, rnofignm witljut ouel nddnet. Feeusnm jd trfmigc witl tln ngnoy fgmsnbbigc Fonrigmifg sbfvns, Knrrïj rnfetnm ky frrfgcigc spjrfmie fgm krutfb fttfe`supjg tln djrnicgnrs tj prjvn lis bjyfbty, kut onfgwlibn ejgtigunm trfmigc witltlno ugtib tln bfst pjssikbn ojongt, nvng fdtnr tln frrivfb jd fg igvnsticftigc

humcn. Fg Ngcbisl visitjr, Uir ljofs [jn, humcnm tln situftijg quitn slfrpby



61<

wlng ln wrjtn ig 6466 tlft tln Upfgisl wnrn “nqufbby prjum, igsjbngt, ynt gnnmyfgm wnf`n8 tlnyr djren is rnputftijg, fgm tlnyr sfdnty jpigijg’. Slng ig 646=,fdtnr rnpnftnm rnqunsts, digfbby f rncistnrnm Upfgisl slip frrivnm ig rigimfm, itwfs tln dirst ig 69 ynfrs. Fgjtlnr jgn efbbnm ft tln isbfgm ig 6463. Djugm cuibty

jd trfmigc witl tln ngnoy, Knrrïj wfs tnopjrfriby mnprivnm jd lis pjst kutbftnr rnigstftnm fcfig. Ln minm ig 64;;. lrjucljut lis cjvnrgjrslip fgm bjgctlnrnfdtnr, Ut. Hjsnpl rnofignm f pjjr tjwg iglfkitnm ky ft ojst sjon 51-=1vneigjs (“ljusnljbmnrs’). Fpfrt drjo tln pukbie kuibmigcs, tln tjwg ejgsistnm jdsofbb wfttbn-fgm-mfuk ljusns “ofmn jd nfrtl stfopnm sjbim, wliel tlny efbbtfpifs ,fgm rjjdnm witl tlftel jr jtlnr ejokustikbn oftnrifb’, fs f Mutelofg jksnrvnmig 6453. Fetufbby,tfpif , wliel wfs fppbinm tj f stie` drfonwjr`, ejgsistnm jdebfy oixnm witl bjgc crfssns. ln nfrtlng dbjjrs wnrn pbfstnrnm witl f oixturn jdebfy, mugc fgm mrinm crfss.53 F wftel ljusn wfs `npt ft tln ejgdbungen jd tln Ut. Hjsnpl rivnr fgm tln Efrjgi ig jrmnr tj prnvngt djrnicg pirjcuns drjo fsengmigc

tln rivnr tj tln tjwg, wlibn fg Fonrigmifg `npt wftel jg tln ojugtfig jd Nbueueln jvnrsnnigc Ofrfefs Kfy. Frelfnjbjciefbby, tln pjvnrty jd tln Upfgislsnttbnrs is ibbustrftnm ky tln rnejvnry jd jgby rnbftivnby sofbb fojugts jd tln dignst,ejbjurdub (kbun, wlitn, ernfo, ynbbjwisl, fgm jrfgcn) Upfgisl tfkbnwfrn fvfibfkbnft tln tion, tln tig-ngfonb cbfznmofhjbief , ft nxefvftijgs efrrinm jut ig tln engtrnjd Ut. Hjsnpl ky Hjlg O. Cjccig jd tln Dbjrimf Utftn Ousnuo fgm Irvigc [jusn jd Yfbn ^givnrsity ig 69>5. ln dirst Upfgisl iglfkitfgts jd tln tjwg usnmofhjbief tlft wfs slippnm mirnetby drjo Unvibbn, Fgmfbusif, wlibn drjo tln 64=1s jgwfrmsit wfs iopjrtnm drjo Onxiej. Fs gjtnm fkjvn (Elfptnr =), tln jrmigfry ìtelngwfrn usnm ky tln Upfgisl ig Ut. Hjsnpl ejgsistnm jd Ofyjim pjttnry, jktfignm

drjo tln bjyfb Fonrigmifgs jg tln isbfgm, prjkfkby tljsn jd tln ngejoingmfs .Durtlnr frelfnjbjciefb digms ngejugtnrnm ft Ut. Hjsnpl igebumn drfcongts jd jbivn hfrs (kjtihfs ), pipn kjwbs, cbfss, fgm ontfb, fbb jd wliel frn middieubt tj mftn. Mutelfgm Ngcbisl igdbungens frn sljwg ky f sigcbn mnbdt pjtslnrm, f [lngisl sfuenr pbftn(64>9-63>1), f Cnrofg stjgnwfrn kjttbn jr dbfs`, fgm f mnejrftnm Ngcbisl pipnkjwb mftigc tj tln 64>1s.

Upfig’s snbd-iopjsnm mnstruetijg jd tln tjkfeej trfmn uslnrnm ig fg nxtngmnmpnrijm jd pjvnrty fgm jeefsijgfbby mnspfir fojgc tln Upfgisl snttbnrs jd rigimfm.Drjo gjw jgwfrms tln isbfgm wfs ejgsimnrnm fs f rnojtn jutpjst ky tln ojtlnrejugtry, fg ugprjoisigc drjgtinr ejbjgy. Fbtljucl drnnmjo jd trfmigc fgm eustjo

muns lfm knng crfgtnm jg fbb tjkfeej tlft wfs slippnm tj Upfig drjo fs nfrby fs6464, rncistnrnm vnssnbs tj ejbbnet tln prjmuen rfrnby efbbnm ft rigimfm. Igmnnm, ky6455 ejgmitijgs lfm wjrsngnm sj ouel tlft tlnrn wfs f crfvn sljrtfcn jd ebjtligcfgm jtlnr gnenssitins jd bidn. Sign wfs ig suel sljrt suppby tlft it wfs iopjssikbntj enbnkrftn ofss ig Ut. Hjsnpl. ^gmnrstfgmfkby, snvnrfbvneigjs ejgsimnrnm vfeftigctln isbfgm. Knsimns, tln Upfgisl bivnm ig ejgstfgt dnfr jd fttfe`s ky Mutel jr

53 ]nsn trfmitijgfb Upfgisl ljusns frn `gjwg fs fhjupfs ig rigimfm. ]is is f tnro mnrivnm drjo tlnupi bfgcufcn jd ejfstfb Krfzib wliel wfs fmjptnm ky tln Drngel ig tln nfrby sixtnngtl engtury fgm

igtrjmuenm tj tln Snst Igmins fdtnrwfrms. It ofy lfvn rnfelnm rigimfm witl tln Drngel iooicrftijgjd tln 63<1s. Ky gj onfgs is tlis typn jd wfttbn-fgm-mfuk ljusns jricigfbby Fonrigmifg, fs is jdtngtljuclt.





661

is strngctlngnm ky f Mutel tnstiojgy stftigc tlft tln Gnpjij elind’s vibbfcn wfssituftnm 5.> bnfcuns (jgn mfy’s wfbìgc) drjo Ut. Hjsnpl. Ft fgy rftn, Linrrnyofjddnrnm tln Mutel fs ljstfcns fbb tln jbm ong, wjong fgm elibmrng jd lis triknig rnturg djr tln fssistfgen jd niclty ong witl frqunkusns. ln Mutel nstioftnmtln tjtfb strngctl jd tln Gnpjij fgm Frfwf`s ft “jvnr 411 fkbn ong’, ejgsimnrigctln Gnpjij tj kn “mnfmby ngnoins tj tln Upfgisl’, kut stftigc jd tln Frfwf`s tlfttlny “jeefsijgfbby snrvn tln Upfgifrms ky rjwigc tlnir efgjns fgm efggjt kn rnbinmupjg sj wnbb’. Fpfrt drjo prjvimigc djjmstudds tj tln jkfcj ejbjgy, wliel tln

Mutel gnnmnm vnry ouel, tln Gnpjij stfrtnm tj crjw tjkfeej djr tlno. ( rigimfmtjkfeej wfs nstnnonm ouel liclnr ig Ljbbfgm tlfg tlft eubtivftnm ig jkfcj.)Ig jrmnr tj dfeibitftn trfmn rnbftijgs witl tln Gnpjij, tln Mutel nstfkbislnm sofbbdjrtidieftijgs ig nfst rigimfm, jgn ft Cfbnrf Qjigt ig tln gjrtlnfst, pjssikby ebjsntj Ejbt’s jbm mwnbbigc ft jej, fgm fgjtlnr jgn ft Ojrucf jr Vuigfo ig tlnnfstnrg pjrtijg jd tln sjutl ejfst.

Fbtljucl it is qunstijgfkbn wlntlnr tln Mutel lfm fgy igtngtijg tj misbjmcntln Upfgifrms drjo rigimfm, fgm ojst bi`nby jgby wislnm tj nstfkbisl trfmn engtrnswitljut prjvjìgc tlno, tln Upfgisl mim gjt bjsn tion tj rnojvn tln Mutel drjokjtl rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Fetijg wfs tf`ng wlng f gnw cjvnrgjr, Mjg Mincj

Bjpnz mn Nsejkfr, frrivnm ig rigimfm. Ig Gjvnoknr 6454 Nsejkfr rnpjrtnm tj

Dicurn =;. Utftun j Linrrnyof,

Ljbbis Fvngun, Friof, ]rigimfm.

Utnnb rfon witl ejgerntn,

igislnm ig krjgzn pfigt ky

Unbwyg Kjrgnj, 6995.



666 ― ( ― )

tln Upfgisl Erjwg tlft fbb Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm wnrn ig rnknbbijg. Ln bnfrgnmfkjut tln Mutel trfmigc stftijgs drjo fg Frfwf` “wlj lfm rug fwfy jg feejugtjd tln kfm trnftongt ln lfm rnenivnm ft tln lfgms jd tln rnknbs wlj wfgtnm tj ìbblio’. ln bfttnr tjbm Nsejkfr jd fg iooigngt fttfe` jg Ut. Hjsnpl ky tln Mutel

jd jkfcj, fssistnm ky tln “rnknb Igmifgs ojrn tlfg f tljusfgm strjgc’. Slng divnjtlnr Frfwf`s, igebumigc f elind efbbnm Euricufj, efon tj Ut. Hjsnpl fs spins djrtln rnknbs, tlny wnrn mntfignm fgm djrenm tj kntrfy tln bjeftijgs jd tln Mutelsnttbnongts. [nigdjrenm ky f crjup jd didty Fonrigmifg fuxibifrins=1 fgm Upfgislsjbminrs drjo Ufgtj joé fs wnbb fs Ofrcfritf, Nsejkfr sfibnm tj tln nfst witldjur pirjcuns, djbbjwigc tln gjrtl ejfst, wlibn fgjtlnr trjjp ofrelnm jvnrbfgm,cuimnm ky twj Frfwf` “spins’ fgm Euricufj. Onntigc ft Cfbnrf Qjigt, kjtl djrensjvnrwlnbonm tln dnw mndngmnrs jd tln Mutel djrtidieftijg. Gnxt Nsejkfr fgm lisong djbbjwnm uggjtienm f Mutel vnssnb wliel lfm wfgtnm tj fgeljr ft tln djrt igjrmnr tj bjfm tln prjmuen tln Gnpjij lfm mnbivnrnm tj tln Mutel, kut, gjtieigc tlft

it lfm knng tf`ng, suksnqungtby sfibnm tj tln sofbb Mutel strjgcljbm jg tln sjutlejfst. Nsejkfr wfs fkbn tj ejgqunr tlis jutpjst fs wnbb, tfìgc efptivn prfetiefbbyfbb tln Mutelong. ln Gnpjij fbbins jd tln Mutel fbb nsefpnm, suksnqungtby tryigctj fokusl tln Upfgisl trjjps wliel ofrelnm kfe` tj Ut. Hjsnpl jvnrbfgm fdtnrmnstrjyigc ofgy Fonrigmifg suppbins fgm rfvfcigc tlnir prjvisijg crjugms.

Djbbjwigc f rnst jd tlrnn ojgtls ig Ut. Hjsnpl, ig Mnenoknr 6454 Nsejkfrofmn tln erjssigc tj jkfcj ig niclt pirjcuns witl 91 sjbminrs kut gj Fonrigmifgfuxibifrins (nopbjynm fs jfrsong), fs fbb jd tlno lfm rug fwfy. Fdtnr ejgqunrigctln Mutel ejbjgy jd jkfcj ky trieìgc tln Mutel igtj surrngmnr (snn Elfptnr <),Nsejkfr sngt fbb efptivns tj Ofrcfritf, ̀ nnpigc jgby tln twj prigeipfb jgns, tln sjg

jd tln ejbjgy’s pftrjg (“jwgnr’), Ejrgnbis mn Ojjr, fgm its snerntfry. Fbb prisjgnrsnxenpt sjon kjys wnrn lfgcnm ig Euofgæ, f crjss vijbftijg jd tln surrngmnrejgmitijgs. lnir mnftls wnrn rnvngcnm tln djbbjwigc ynfr ky Crjngnwncng, tlndfetjr jd tln Mutel ejbjgy jd Nssnquikj jg tln ofigbfgm. jcntlnr witl Efrik, Frfwf` fgm Sfrfj fuxibifrins, ln dirst ojvnm tj tln Jrigjej, wlnrn ln kurgnmUfgtj joé ig Hugn 6453, drnnigc Ejrgnbis mn Ojjr, wlj lfm knng tf`ng tj tlnofigbfgm ky Nsejkfr fgm wfs `npt prisjgnr lnrn. Slibn rndittigc ebjsn tj tlnJrigjej mnbtf, Crjngnwncng’s sofbb froy wfs strngctlngnm ky Linrrnyof fgmf crjup jd Gnpjij wfrrijrs drjo nfst rigimfm. Ig Jetjknr 6453 f oubti-ntlgieigmicngjus djren ejgsistigc jd twngty pirjcuns witl Gnpjij, Frfwf`s, Efriks, fgm

Sfrfj sfibnm up tln Efrjgi fgm tlng tln Ut. Hjsnpl rivnr, sfeìgc tln Upfgisltjwg. Jgn Upfgifrm wfs ̀ ibbnm fgm jtlnrs wjugmnm wlibn sjon kbfe` sbfvns hjignmtln Fonrigmifgs ig dicltigc tln Upfgisl.=6 ln nvngts lfm f snqunb wlng, jgn ynfrbftnr, f rnbind nxpnmitijg wfs sngt tj Nsejkfr witl djjm, ougitijgs, ebjtligc, fgmprjvisijgs wlibn f drnsl trjjp jd sjbminrs frrivnm drjo Efrfefs ig 6459. [nigdjrenm,Nsejkfr wfs gjw fkbn tj rnkuibm Ut. Hjsnpl tj f enrtfig nxtngt fgm pugisl tln

=1 ]nsn “ntlgie sjbminrs’ igebumnm f trjjp jd sj-efbbnm Elfejofr Igmifgs. ]nsn wnrn ojst bi`nby Frfwf`s drjo rigimfm’s sjutl ejfst, tln engtrfb pfr t jd it wfs efbbnm tln Elfejofrn “prjvigen’ ig tln6>51s (snn Elfptnr 4).

=6 ]n prnsngt Igmicngjus (Dirst) Qnjpbns Mfy jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj is tln fggivnrsfry jd tlnmnstruetijg jd Ut. Hjsnpl jg Jetjknr 6=, 6453.



66;

Gnpjij fgm tlnir fbbins, efpturigc tlirty Fonrigmifgs wljo ln sngt tj Ofrcfritffgm Euofgæ djr sfbn fs sbfvns. Linrrnyof’s dftn is ug`gjwg.

Djbbjwigc tlis misfstnr, tln Upfgisl efrndubby rndrfignm drjo fttfeìgc tlnsofbb Ngcbisl ejbjgins wliel wnrn suksnqungtby djugmnm jg rigimfm’s sjutl

fgm gjrtlnfst ejfsts ugmnr tln pftrjgfcn jd tln nfrb jd Sfrwie`. ln dirst wfsnstfkbislnm ft jej ig 64=1 ky f crjup jd snttbnrs ugmnr Efptfig [jknrt Ofslfo,wlj lfm knng elfsnm drjo jkfcj ky Isbfgm Efriks jd Ut. Tigengt. It wfs sljrtbivnm.Ofslfo wfs rnpjrtnmby ourmnrnm ky Efriks wlj knbinvnm tlft tln Ngcbisl wjubmfbby tlnosnbvns witl tln Frfwf`s fgm Gnpjij. Fbsj ig 64=1, fg fttnopt tj rfimUt. Hjsnpl ky Ngcbisl ejrsfirs, fimnm ky rigimfm Fonrigmifgs, turgnm jut tjkn ugsueenssdub fs tlny trinm tj fttfe` drjo tln gjrtl ejfst. ln survivjrs jd Sfrwie`’s jej jutpjst fofbcfoftnm witl fgjtlnr crjup jd snttbnrs, nxpnringenmpbfgtnrs drjo Kfrkfmjs fgm Ut. @itts, wlj nstfkbislnm f gnw ejbjgy ugmnr Ofhjr Hnrnoifl Lfrtbny “gnfr f rivnr’ jg rigimfm’s “bnnwfrm simn’, pjssikby tln sjutlwnst

ejfst. [ncubfrby rnenivigc prjvisijgs fgm foougitijg, tlis ejoougity dbjurislnmdjr divn ynfrs, `nnpigc up f dringmby rnbftijgslip witl tln Frfwf`s fgm Gnpjijjd tln rncijg. Fgjtlnr snttbnongt, djugmnm pjssikby ft Ojrucf jg tln sjutlejfst ig 64==, wfs fkfgmjgnm fdtnr f ynfr mun tj f virubngt ibbgnss wliel tjj`tln bivns jd ofgy ejbjgists. Dnfr tlft tln npimnoie wjubm stri`n tlnir ejoougityfs wnbb, Lfrtbny’s crjup rnturgnm tj Kfrkfmjs tlis vnry ynfr. Onfgwlibn, tlnUpfgisl rnbftijgslip tj tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs rnofignm prjkbnoftie. Ig 64=>tln hust djugmnm Ufgtf Lnrofgmfm ig Ut. Hjsnpl, f rnbicijus sjeinty djr bfyongnstfkbislnm tj ngdjren bfw fgm jrmnr, ebfionm tj lfvn fssistnm ig ejgvnrtigc sjon;>1 ngejoingmf Fonrigmifgs. lis ofy lfvn knng tln tjtfb guoknr jd iglfkitfgts

jd tlnsn vibbfcns, fs ig tlis vnry ynfr tln fetufb guoknr jd tlnir ljusnljbmnrs wfsft fg fbb-tion bjw8 tln bfrcnst jd tln djurngejoingmfs lfm gjt ojrn tlfg twngty jdtlno fgm tln sofbbnst jgn jgby divn.

Fbb jd tlis is quitn ugmnrstfgmfkbn ig vinw jd tln ejgtiguigc pjvnrty jd tlnUpfgisl tjwg fgm its iglfkitfgts. Ig 64=1 tln cjvnrgjr jd rigimfm ejopbfignmtj Ofmrim tlft ln wngt frjugm Ut. Hjsnpl prfetiefbby gf`nm fgm mim gjt jwgf sigcbn pfir jd sljns. Ig fbb tlnrn wnrn gjt ojrn tlfg 51 Upfgisl snttbnrs fgmtlrnn prinsts. Biengsnm Upfgisl vnssnbs lfrmby nvnr efbbnm ft tln isbfgm mun tj tlnlicl ejsts jd slippigc drjo Upfig, fgm jgby ibbieit trfmn (nspneifbby ky tln Mutel)wfs fttrfetivn. Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln prjmuetijg jd ejejf sbjwby tjj` tln pbfen jd

tjkfeej jg tln Upfgisl pbfgtftijgs frjugm Ut. Hjsnpl. Ig dfet, tln ejejf crjwgig rigimfm wfs sjjg rngjwgnm fs knigc “tln knst jd tln sjrt ig fbb tln Igmins’.Mjonstie bivnstje` rnofignm rfrn. Ofgy Fonrigmifg sbfvns, priofriby efpturnm@fbi’gf, wnrn gjw iopjrtnm drjo tln Jrigjej rncijg. Gnvnrtlnbnss, gj prjpnrofr`nt ejubm kn djugm djr tln ejejf fgm jtlnr trjpiefb erjps eubtivftnm jg tlnisbfgm. Fs f rnsubt, Nurjpnfg ofgudfeturns fgm ebjtlns rnofignm ig crnft mnofgm.Ig 644; tln cjvnrgjr jd rigimfm rnpjrtnm tj tln Upfgisl Erjwg tlft tln ejbjgywfs ig f “oisnrfkbn stftn’8 tln ejbjgists wnrn bfeìgc `givns, lftelnts, eutbfssns fgmfcrieubturfb tjjbs, wlibn tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlnngejoingmfs , gjw ejugtigc jgby<1-91 igmivimufbs, rngmnrnm “vnry igmiddnrngt snrvien’ fs tlnvneigjs wnrn ugfkbn tj

pfy tlno djr tlnir bfkjur witl irjg tjjbs fgm jtlnr prjmuets. Ig dfet, “fbb tln rnst’



665 ― ( ― )

jd tln Fonrigmifgs “lfm cjgn kfe` tj biknrty’, fgm igmnnm fbb jd tljsn jutsimn tlnngejoingmfs wnrn ig rnknbbijg. Gnvnrtlnbnss, tln cjvnrgjr ejubm igdjro Ofmrimtlft ln lfm pfeidinm tln bfttnr witl tln fim jd dringmby gftivns, “rnmueigc sjon kyìgmgnss fgm tln rnknbbijus ky djren jd fros’.

ligcs mim gjt ioprjvn ig tln 6431s fgm 64<1s. lny nvng wjrsngnm, fs gjwNgcbisl fgm Drngel ejrsfirs jr rncubfr djrens, jeefsijgfbby hjignm ky Isbfgm Efriksft rncubfr igtnrvfbs rfimnm tln mnstitutn Upfgisl ejbjgy. Jgby Mutel trfmnrs fgmsbfvnrs stibb efbbnm ft tln isbfgm ft tions. Ig 6431 tln cjvnrgjr rnpjrtnm tlft Ut. Hjsnpl wfs virtufbby mnsnrtnm fs ojst rnsimngts lfm bndt rigimfm djr Euofgæ fgEfrfefs, wlibn tln djbbjwigc ynfr ojgny tj pfy tln cfrrisjg jd Ut. Hjsnpl, ejugtigcgjt ojrn tlfg =3 ong, wfs bfeìgc fs f rnsubt jd wliel ofgy sjbminrs mnsnrtnm tlnisbfgm. ln Ejugeib jd Utftn mim gjt ejgsimnr it wjrtlwlibn tj fssist tln jutpjstejbjgy fs ig tlnir jpigijg, rigimfm mndngmnm itsnbd “ky its kfm ebioftn fgm tlkfrrnggnss jd its sjib, djr wliel rnfsjg tln Drngel lfm gjt jeeupinm it’. ln tjwg

prnsngtnm f visijg jd fkhnet pjvnrty. Igmnnm, ig 64<6 tln elurel jd Ut. Hjsnpl ismnseriknm fs fg “jbm fgm P…_ tlrnftngnm ruig’ wliel wfs “ofmn jdtfpifs ejvnrnmwitl pfbos fgm fbb P…_ rjucl fgm ugfmjrgnm fgm igmnengt’. Qjrt-jd-Upfig lfm gjtojrn tlfg tng ljusns, f elurel fgm f wftel ljusn. Ky tln 64<1s tlnrn wnrn sjon6;1 Upfgisl ejbjgists, igebumigc wlitns,onstizjs fgmoubftjs , ig tln isbfgm fgmig fbb f lugmrnm Fdriefg sbfvns. Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln jddieifb Upfgisl fttitumn tjwfrmtln bjefb Fonrigmifgs jutsimn tlnngejoingmfs crfmufbby kncfg tj elfgcn, sigengjw tln ugmnrstfgmigc kncfg tj tf`n rjjt tlft rftlnr tlfg fs f rubn fpprjfeligctlno fccrnssivnby, tln knst ontljm tj “pfeidy’ tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs wjubm knky fppnfsigc, ejgvnrtigc fgm Lispfgieizigc tlno. Ig 643< tln cjvnrgjr ebfionm

tj lfvn efbbnm tjcntlnr sjon >11 elinds, ngejurfcigc tlno tj snttbn ig tln ejfstfbzjgn jd tln isbfgm sj fs tj kn fkbn tj knttnr mndngm tln ejbjgy, fgm fbsj tj knfssioibftnm ojrn nfsiby tj Upfgisl sjeinty (fgm tlus tj kn ejgtrjbbnm witl bnssnddjrt). Ujon Fonrigmifgs rnpjrtnmby djbbjwnm lis rnqunst. F crfgm selnon tjkrigc tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm mndigitnby ugmnr Upfgisl pjbitiefb ejgtrjbtlrjucl f ejgquistf mn fbofs (“ejgqunst jd tln sjubs’), prjebfionm tj kn tln jddieifbpjbiey jd tln Upfgisl Erjwg ig 64>;, wjubm kn igitiftnm ig tln snejgm lfbd jd tln64<1s ky djugmigc Efpuelig oissijgs jg tln isbfgm.





66> ( ― . )

<. Nurjpnfg snttbnongt fgm Fonrigmifg rnspjgsn ig ]jkfcj(6>9;―ef. 6<61)

Fdtnr ojrn tlfg f lugmrnm ynfrs jd jeefsijgfb sbfvn rfims kut gj fttnopts ftNurjpnfg snttbnongt, tln snvngtnngtl-engtury Fonrigmifgs jd jkfcj wnrnejgdrjgtnm witl f snrins jd gjt bnss tlfg prjkfkby djurtnng igtnroittngt ejbjgizftijgnddjrts ky tln Upfgisl (646=), Mutel (64;<―6433), Ngcbisl (6453―64=4), fgmEjurbfgmnrs (6459―6495). Fpfrt drjo tln rivfbry fojgc tln Nurjpnfg gftijgs

tlnosnbvns, it wfs mun tj tln dinren rnsistfgen fcfigst djrnicg snttbnongt ky tln hjignm djrens jd tln jkfcjgifg Fonrigmifgs fgm tlnir fbbins ig tln SigmwfrmIsbfgms tlft fbb jd tlnsn Nurjpnfg ngmnfvjurs ft ejbjgizftijg jd tln sofbbnr isbfgmwnrn nvngtufbby druitbnss. Igmicngjus pjwnr wfgnm jgby fs f rnsubt jd tln slfrmnojcrfplie mnebign jd tln Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg ig tln ngtirn Bnssnr Fgtibbnsfgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln ofigbfgm tjwfrms tln ngm jd tln snvngtnngtl engtury.Knigc ejgtnstnm kntwnng Drfgen fgm Kritfig kut bndt ugjeeupinm ky kjtl, jkfcjknefon f rnducn frnf djr Fonrigmifgs drjo tln ofigbfgm fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbnsig tln dirst lfbd jd tln nicltnngtl engtury. lny knefon crfmufbby cfbbieiznm kyfmjptigc tln Drngel bfgcufcn fgm ouel jd its eubturn mun tj tln snfsjgfb igdbux jd

nspneifbby turtbnrs drjo tln Drngel Snst Igmins tj tln isbfgm. Fdtnr knigc enmnm kDrfgen tj Kritfig ig 6345, tln ofssivn igdbux jd wlitn pbfgtnrs fgm Fdriefg sbfvnsbnm tj tln rfpim ofrcigfbizftijg jd tln rnofigigc Fonrigmifgs fgm tlnir ignvitfkbnmnebign. Ig tln nfrby gigntnngtl engtury tln bfst survivjrs misfppnfrnm drjo tlnisbfgm ky oicrftigc tj rigimfm.

Ubfvn rfims fgm tln dirst Nurjpnfg fttnopts ft snttbnongt

lrjucljut tln sixtnngtl engtury Upfgisl igtnrnst ig jkfcj wfs jgby fs f rielsjuren jd sbfvn bfkjur. Igmnnm, wlng Bfurngen @nyois efbbnm ft jkfcj ig 6>94

ln gjtnm tlft tln cjvnrgjr jd Ofrcfritf “wngt bftnby ig f Qignssn Pbiclt sfibigc slip_tj vinwn tlis Isbfgm’. lis oust lfvn knng Qnmrj mn Ufbfzfr wlj is rnpjrtnm tj lfvnknng feeustjonm tj efpturn igmicngjus sbfvns ig rigimfm kndjrn Knrrïj snttbnmjg tlis isbfgm. @nyois wfs pnrlfps igmuenm tj visit jkfcj ky lis pibjt Cibknrt,pjssikby f Gnpjij, wlj “sjontion bivnm tlnrn’. Cibknrt tjbm @nyois tlft jkfcj “ispbngtidubb jd fbb tligcs, fgm f vnry cjjm sjybn’. Igmnnm, ln “gjtntl it djr tln knst fgdruitdubbnst crjugm tlft lnn `gjwntl’. F dnw ynfrs bftnr it wfs nspneifbby Dnrmigfmn Knrrïj wlj jrcfgisnm sbfvn rfimigc nxpnmitijgs tj tln isbfgm fbtljucl jgenln gnfrby bjst fbb jd lis pirjcuns lfbd-wfy kntwnng rigimfm fgm jkfcj mun tjkfm wnftlnr. Knrrïj rnpjrtnmby ejgtnopbftnm f “pugisligc nxpnmitijg’ fcfigst tln

@fbi’gf jd jkfcj fs nfrby fs 641; wliel wfs nddnetuftnm twj ynfrs bftnr. Fgjtlnr



664

fssfubt jd tlis ìgm tjj` pbfen ig 6414 wlng tln Upfgisl snttbnrs jd rigimfm, “ugfkbntj tjbnrftn suel mfgcnrjus gniclkjurs fgy bjgcnr’, rfimnm jkfcj’s Fonrigmifgswlj wnrn “nxtnroigftnm fgm mnstrjynm’, fbtljucl tln Upfgisl ebfio tlft jkfcjwfs mnpjpubftnm snnos nxfccnrftnm. Ft bnfst sjon wjong fgm elibmrng wnrn

efrrinm tj rigimfm fs sbfvns. ln dirst fgm jgby Upfgisl nddjrt tj djugm f ejbjgyig jkfcj wfs ugmnrtf`ng ky jgn Hufg [jmrïcunz drjo Upfig ig 646=. Ig vinw jdtln ljstibn rnbftijgslip kntwnng tln isbfgm’s igmicngjus snttbnrs fgm tln Upfgisl,it is gjt surprisigc tlft ln prjvnm tj kn ugsueenssdub ig “Ejurtigc tln Igmifgs tj frfmn’. Djrenm ky outigy fgm misnfsn fojgc lis sjbminrs, [jmrïcunz bndt tln isbfgm

fdtnr djur ojgtls, sfibigc djr rigimfm “wlnrn bfgmigc ig tlft wnf`n Ejgmitijg’ojst jd lis djbbjwnrs minm. ln Upfgisl sbfvn rfims ejgtigunm wnbb igtj tln 64;1s. Fdtnr suel fg igeursijg drjo Ofrcfritf ig 6464, tlnefrikns jd jkfcj fttfe`nmtln Upfgisl jg tln isbfgms jd Bjs nsticjs gjrtlnfst jd Ofrcfritf witl “guonrjus’mucjuts tln djbbjwigc ynfr. Digfbby, ig 64;5 six Upfgisl pirjcuns drjo tln bfttnr

isbfgm ofmn f stjp-jvnr ig rigimfm jg tlnir wfy tj jkfcj djr wlft ugmjuktnmbyoust lfvn knng fgjtlnr sbfvn rfim. Fonrigmifg rnsistfgen fcfigst tln vfrijus snvngtnngtl-engtury Nurjpnfg

fttnopts ft snttbnongt jg jkfcj wfs igmuenm ft bnfst pfrtifbby ky tln isbfgm’sdugetijg fs f lfbd-wfy stftijg kntwnng tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm tln ejfstfb zjgnjd tln ofigbfgm. Fs suel it djronm fg igmispngsfkbn big` ig tln pfttnrg jd bjgc-mistfgen trfmn fgm ejoougieftijg kntwnng tln Isbfgm Efriks (@fbi’gfcj) jd tlnBnssnr Fgtibbns fgm tlnir fbbins, tln @fbi’gf jd tln Cuifgfs fgm tln Tngnzunbfgejfstfb zjgn (snn Elfptnr >). Ig tlis rnspnet it is gjtnwjrtly tlft ig tln 6451s

jkfcj rnpjrtnmby wfs iglfkitnm ky @fbi’gf, wlibn Crngfmf wfs slfrnm kntwnng

@fbi’gf fgm @fbi’gfcj. Fs nfrby fs 6>99 @nyois nxpbfignm tln dfet tlft jkfcjwfs “gjt gjwn iglfkitnm’ (ky tln Upfgisl) “knefusn tln Elfrikns jd Mjoigief frnnvibb gniclkjurs ugtj it’ wlibn, sioibfrby, ig tln 64;1s Uir ljofs Sfrgnr, tlnNgcbisl cjvnrgjr jd Ut. @itts, ejgsimnrnm jkfcj ugsuitfkbn djr snttbnongt fs itwfs tjj ebjsn tj tln Upfgisl jd rigimfm fgm tjj ouel Efrik trfddie wfs pfssigcky. Igmnnm, it is rnejrmnm tlft ig tlis pnrijm @fbi’gf drjo tln ofigbfgm rncubfrbyvisitnm tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms wlibn Isbfgm Efriks trfvnbbnm tj tln Cuifgfs fgm tlnTngnzunbfg ejfstfb zjgn ig jrmnr tj hjig tln @fbi’gf djr wfr fgm trfmn nxpnmitijgstj tln Frfwf`. Igtnrnstigcby, vfrijus snvngtnngtl-engtury gfrrftivns rnejrmnmfojgc tln Isbfgm Efriks jd Ut. Tigengt jg tlnir jricigs ongtijg jkfcj fs jgn jd

tln dirst isbfgms tlny snttbnm jg tlnir oytliefb ojvnongt drjo tln Cuifgfs igtjtln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms. lnsn tfbns ebnfrby rndbnet tln isbfgm’s pjsitijg igtnronmiftnkntwnng tln Ujutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns.

It wnrn tln Mutel wlj, igmuenm ky tln sjfrigc prien jd tjkfeej jg tln ljonofr`nt, wnrn tln dirst wlj fttnoptnm tj nstfkbisl fg Nurjpnfg snttbnongt jg

jkfcj kfsnm jg tln eubtivftijg jd tjkfeej (64;<). ln Mutel wnrn fttrfetnm tjjkfcj ky its nxenbbngt gfturfb lfrkjurs fgm, fkjvn fbb, its erueifb cnjcrfpliefb

situftijg kntwnng tln Efrikknfg isbfgms fgm tln Mutel pjssnssijgs jg tln ejfst jdtln Cuifgfs fgm Krfzib. Knsimns, tln knbind tlft tjkfeej wjubm crjw knttnr ig]fkfej isbfgm tlfg fgywlnrn nbsn ig tln trjpies ofy lfvn djronm pfrt jd jkfcj’s fppnfb

tj tln Nurjpnfg pjwnrs ig tlnsn ynfrs. ln Mutel ejbjgy jd jkfcj wfs digfgenm



663 ( ― . )

ky fg ngtnrprisigc onrelfgt fgm kurcjofstnr (“ofyjr’) jd Dbusligc (Tbissigcng)ig tln prjvigen jd Xnnbfgm, Hfg mn Ojjr, wlj lfm fbrnfmy nstfkbislnm f snrins jdtrfmigc pjsts fbjgc tln ejfst jd tln Cuifgfs fgm tln Bjwnr Fofzjg, fgm fequirnmtln nxebusivn riclt tj knejon tln pftrjg jd f ejbjgy jd drnn snttbnrs jg jkfcj drjo

tln Mutel Snst Igmif Ejopfgy (SIE) jd wliel ln wfs f pfrtieipfgt. Slibn tlnprigeipfb erjp tj kn crjwg wfs tjkfeej, tln ejbjgists lfm tln riclt tj efrry jg“tln igbfgm trfmn’, i.n., witl tln igmicngjus jkfcjgifgs. ln SIE stipubftnm tlfttln snttbnrs lfm tj knlfvn prjpnrby tjwfrms tln Fonrigmifgs, “gjt tj rjk tlno fgmnspneifbby gjt tj ejooit fmubtnry’ witl tln igmicngjus wjong. Ig fbb f lugmrnmsnttbnrs nstfkbislnm tlnosnbvns ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy jg jkfcj’s bnnwfrm ejfst. Fofhjr djrtidieftijg wfs ejgstruetnm jg tjp jd f stnnp ebidd ig prnsngt-mfy Qbyojutl,Djrt Ginuw Tbissigcng (“Gnw Dbusligc’), hust gjrtl jd tln ojutl jd tln Ejurbfgm[ivnr, wlibn f snejgm, oigjr strjgcljbm wfs kuibt ft Kbfe` [je`. Jg tln dbft bfgmfbjgc tln sljrn jd tln kfy, ig kntwnng kjtl djrts, f sofbb snttbnongt mnvnbjpnm. ln

frnf frjugm it wfs ebnfrnm jd vncntftijg fgm krjuclt ugmnr tjkfeej eubtivftijg.ln ejbjgy wfs efbbnmGinuw Sfbelnrng fdtnr tln Xnnbfgm isbfgm jg wliel Dbusligcis situftnm.

Ojst bi`nby, tln rnbftijgslip kntwnng tln Mutel ejbjgists fgm tln jkfcj Fonrigmifgs wfs strfignm. Mrfwigcs jd tln djrtidieftijgs sljw cugs prjtnetigcfcfigst fpprjfelns drjo tln snf fs wnbb fs drjo tln igtnrijr jd tln isbfgm, i.n., kytln bjefb Fonrigmifgs. Bfkjur jg tln tjkfeej dinbms wfs jrcfgiznm ig oibitfrydfslijg fgm ejgtigufbby “f vnry cjjm wftel’ wfs ̀ npt, nspneifbby ft giclt, jkvijusbytj prnvngt knigc surprisnm ky igmicngjus fttfe`s. Utibb ig 64;< fg nspneifbby ljstibngejugtnr tjj` pbfen sjonwlnrn jg jkfcj’s wigmwfrm ejfst wlng f Xnnbfgm

wfrslip, wliel efbbnm ft tln isbfgm djr wftnrigc fgm rndrnsligc, bjst >= ong jd itsernw fdtnr sìroislns witl uggfonm Fonrigmifgs. Knsimns, fppfrngtby tln ejbjgywfs rncubfrby fttfe`nm ky Isbfgm Efriks drjo Crngfmf fgm Ut. Tigengt. lis ofynvng lfvn bnm tj f tnopjrfry fkfgmjgongt jd tln snttbnongt ig 6451. wj ynfrsbftnr Mutel sfibjrs ngejugtnrnm twj ngsbfvnm ong fgm f wjofg jg Mjoigief wljlfm knng ìmgfppnm jg jkfcj ky tln Isbfgm Efriks.Ginuw Tbissigcng wfs jeeupinmky f crjup jd sjon ;11 gnw snttbnrs ig 6455. Fs lfs knng gjtnm fkjvn (Elfptnr3), tln Mutel gjw fddibiftnm tlnosnbvns witl Linrrnyof, tln dfojus bnfmnr jd tlnGnpjij jd nfst rigimfm, fgm nstfkbislnm sofbb djrtidieftijgs lnrn djr tln slipongttj Ljbbfgm jd tjkfeej crjwg djr tlno ky tln Fonrigmifgs. Dnnbigc tlrnftngnm ky

tln Mutel―Gnpjij fbbifgen, Nsejkfr, tln Upfgisl cjvnrgjr jd rigimfm, mneimnm tjstri`n dirst ky ejgqunrigc tln Mutel trfmigc pjsts ig nfst rigimfm. Ig Mnenoknr6454 ln ofmn tln erjssigc tj jkfcj witl f djren jd 91 Upfgisl sjbminrs. Bfgmigcft Efgjn Kfy, tlny ofrelnm jvnrbfgm tj Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy fgm surprisnm tlncfrrisjg jd tln sofbb djrt ft Kbfe` [je`. Fdtnrwfrms tln Upfgisl surrjugmnm DjrtGinuw Tbissigcng, euttigc jdd Mutel feenss tj tln Ejurbfgm [ivnr. Ky ofìgcouel gjisn fgm stftijgigc crjups jd sjbminrs ft wimn mistfgens frjugm tln djrtrnss,Nsejkfr wfs fkbn tj of`n its cfrrisjg knbinvn tlft it wfs surrjugmnm ky supnrijrdjrens. ln Mutel surrngmnrnm jg tln ejgmitijg jd f drnn pfssfcn tj Ut. @itts. Fs wnlfvn snng, tln Upfgisl crjssby vijbftnm tln pnfen fcrnnongts, ubtioftnby bnfmigc tj



66<

tln sfeìgc jd Ut. Hjsnpl ky f oubti-ntlgie djren jd Fonrigmifgs, igebumigc Gnpjijugmnr Linrrnyof, fgm tln Mutel, ig 6453.

Qrjkfkby stibb ig 6453 f sljrt-bivnm Ngcbisl fttnopt ft snttbnongt ig jkfcjwfs ofmn ky f Quritfg ebnrcyofg drjo Kfrkfmjs. Ljwnvnr, sljrtby fdtnr fgeljrigc

ft tln isbfgm, fg nxpbjrigc pfrty wfs fttfe`nm ky (bjefb:) Efriks wlnrnupjg tlnsurvivjrs tjj` jdd. wj ynfrs fdtnrwfrms tln Mu`n jd Ejurbfgm igitiftnm tln dirstjd snvnrfb snvngtnngtl-engtury nddjrts lis pnjpbn ofmn tj jeeupy jkfcj. Ft tlntion Ejurbfgm, gjw pfrt jd Bftvif, wfs f crjwigc ofrition pjwnr jg tln KfbtieUnf, ejoofgmigc f ejgsimnrfkbn onrelfgt dbnnt fgm gfvy. Qrjkfkby kfe`nm kyMutel kfg`nrs, Mu`n Drinmriel jd Ejurbfgm sngt f slip tj jkfcj “feejojmftnmwitl trfmn tj kuy it jd tln Igmifgs, fgm tj tf`n pjssnssijg jg it ig lis [iclt’.

ln Mu`n rnpjrtnmby ejgebumnm f “Uigistnr Ejgtrfet P…_ witl yn Igmifgs’ fgm tlnbfttnr “cfun lio f ebnfrn pjssnssijg’ jd tln isbfgm, kut tln dnw lugmrnm Ejurbfgmnrsnttbnrs sjjg “ojubmrnm tj gjtligc’, prjkfkby mun tj misnfsn. lis sfon ynfr tln

dirst jd f snrins jd Ngcbisl nddjrts tj snttbn jg jkfcj wfs ofmn ugmnr tln pftrjgfcnjd tln Nfrb jd Sfrwie`. Ojst jd tlno wnrn sljrt-bivnm. F dnw lugmrnm pnjpbnbnm ky Efptfig Ofslfo nstfkbislnm f ejbjgy ig fg ug`gjwg pfrt jd tln isbfgm ig6459, kut lfm tj fkfgmjg tlnir snttbnongt mun tj fttfe`s ky Isbfgm Efriks drjoUt. Tigengt tln djbbjwigc ynfr. lny sfibnm tj rigimfm, nstfkbisligc tlnosnbvns djrsjon tion ig tln jej frnf (snn Elfptnr 3). F gnw crjup wfs sngt ugmnr EfptfigOfrslfbb tj jkfcj ig 64=;. Qrjkfkby snttbigc ft prnsngt Efrfpusn Kfy jg tlnwigmwfrm ejfst, tlny pbfgtnm tjkfeej fgm igmicj, kut wnrn “jdtng misturknm ky tlnEfriknns fgm ft bngctl djr wfgt jd Uuppbyns wnrn djrenm tj quitt’ ig 64=5, bnfvigcdjr Uurigfon wlnrn tlny wnrn ofssfernm ky tln @fbi’gf twj ynfrs bftnr. F digfb,

sioibfrby ugsueenssdub, fttnopt ft ejbjgizigc jkfcj wfs ugmnrtf`ng ky f crjupjd onrelfgts ugmnr tln Sfrwie` pftngt ig 64=4. It prjkfkby mim gjt bfst bjgcnrtlfg f dnw ojgtls.

Uioubtfgnjusby witl tln bfst twj Ngcbisl nddjrts tj snttbn ig jkfcj, f snejgmEjurbfgmnr ejbjgy wfs nstfkbislnm ig tln sjutlwnstnrg pfrt jd tln isbfgm. Ig 64=;Mu`n Hfejk (Hn`fks), wlj lfm hust sueennmnm lis dftlnr Drinmriel, sngt f dnwlugmrnm pnjpbn drjo Xnnbfgm bnm ky Efptfig Efrjg tj jkfcj wlj nstfkbislnmtlnosnbvns ugmnr Ejurbfgmnr dbfc ig tln prnsngt Kueejj/Ojugt Irvign frnf. Efrjg,wlj lfm knng nopbjynm ky tln SIE ig Krfzib fgm wfs ejgsimnrnm ig Ljbbfgm tj knf sjonwlft ugtrustwjrtly elfrfetnr, wfs fmvisnm ky lis jbm ofstnrs ig tln Mutel

[npukbie “tj efrry f dfirn Ejrrnspjgmfgey witl tln Frrfwfejns’, succnstigc tlftln wfs urcnm tj rn-nstfkbisl tln trfmn ejgtfets witl tln Gnpjij fgm Frfwf` jdrigimfm wliel tln Mutel lfm ig tln 6451s. Ky fppfrngtby djbbjwigc tlis fmvien,

ln rfisnm tln “Miscust jd tln Efrnnks jd Ut. Tigengts, wlj tjj`n tlnir fmvfgtfcn,fgm mistrjynm f crnft pfrt jd tlft ljpndubb Ejbjgin’. Slibn Efrjg’s snttbnrs “wnrnig tlis mistrnssn’, tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm efon tj tln rnbind jd tln survivjrs, tfìgctlno tj tln Qjonrjjg frnf jd ejfstfb Cuifgf “wlnrn tlny knefon f DbjurisligcEjbjgin’. lis fppfrngtby tjj` pbfen ig 64>1. Igmnnm, it lfs knng rnpjrtnm tlft igtlis vnry ynfr tln Isbfgm Efriks jd Mjoigief (gjt Ut. Tigengt) wnrn prnpfrigc f wfrnxpnmitijg tj jkfcj. Fbb ig fbb, tln pieturn jd tln pnrijm jd Nurjpnfg snttbnongt

ig jkfcj tnroigftigc ig tln oim-snvngtnngtl engtury is jgn jd dinren rnsistfgen



669 ( ― . )

fcfigst tln suksnqungt igvfmnrs ky kjtl tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs jd tln isbfgm,fgm nspneifbby tln Isbfgm Efriks jd Ut. Tigengt fgm Crngfmf8 it wfs Fonrigmifgljstibity tlft ngmnm ojst nfrby fttnopts tj nstfkbisl Nurjpnfg ejbjgins jg jkfcj.

Durtlnr Mutel fgm Ejurbfgmnr vngturns

Ky tln nfrby 64>1s jkfcj lfm knejon fg isbfgm ugjeeupinm ky Nurjpnfgs fcfig.Djr f sljrt pnrijm it wfs bndt jgen ojrn tj its futjeltljgjus iglfkitfgts fgm jgbydrnqungtnm ky slips djr wftnrigc fgm rndrnsligc, jr snfsjgfbby ky Drngel dislnrs fgmturtbnrs drjo Cufmnbjupn fgm Ofrtigiqun. Knsimns, feejrmigc tj f ejgtnopjrfrysjuren, Isbfgm Efriks efon tj jkfcj jeefsijgfbby ig jrmnr “tj tf`n rndrnslongtswliel tlny gnnmnm kndjrn cjigc tj wfr fcfigst tln Frjvfcuns PFrfwf`s_, jr fdtnrrnturgigc drjo suel nxpnmitijgs’. ln isbfgm wfs fppfrngtby stibb iglfkitnmpriofriby ky @fbi’gf. Ig 64>5 jr 64>= Dftlnr Qnbbnprft, f Drngel oissijgfry, ont

f @fbi’gf (Cfbiki) elind drjo jkfcj ft f ofhjr @fbi’gf vibbfcn jg tln Cufrfpieln[ivnr ig nfst Tngnzunbf wlj lfm trfvnbbnm tlft dfr witl ;> tj 51 jd lis djbbjwnrs djrtrfmigc purpjsns. Ln rnejrms f ejgvnrsftijg witl tlis @fbi’gf elind wlj, jg lnfrigctlft Qnbbnprft lfm frrivnm drjo Drfgen djr prjsnbytizigc purpjsns, wislnm lio tjejgdiro tlft tln prinst lfm gjt ejon djr trfmigc ig ejttjg, kirms jr jtlnr tligcs.Ky tlis tion tln nstfkbislnm Drngel fgm Ngcbisl ejbjgins ig tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns lfmcrfmufbby elfgcnm tlnir ejrn nejgjoie fetivity drjo tln eubtivftijg jd tjkfeej tjsucfr efgn. Ig tln 64=1s tln sucfr prjenssigc tnelgjbjcy wfs igtrjmuenm ky tlnMutel drjo Krfzib sioubtfgnjusby igtj tln Drngel Snst Igmins, Kfrkfmjs fgm Ut.@itts. Ig fmmitijg, Mutel onrelfgts suppbinm tln bjefb pbfgtnrs jd tlnsn isbfgms

tln gnenssfry ernmit djr igvnstongt ig sucfr ofelignry fgm kbfe` sbfvns. Igmnnm,ig tlnsn ynfrs tln iopjrtftijg jd Fdriefg sbfvns igernfsnm ejgsimnrfkby wlibn tlnprnvijusby mjoigftigc sofbbljbmigcs jd f dnw ferns nfel, jdtng wjr`nm ky bioitnmguoknrs jd wlitn igmngturnm snrvfgts, wnrn fofbcfoftnm tj djro efpitfb-igtngsivn,bfrcn-sefbn nstftns jpnrftnm ky tln djrenm bfkjur jd f oubtitumn jd kbfe` sbfvns.

It wfs witl tln purpjsn jd nstfkbisligc ejbjgins kfsnm jg sucfr tlft ig 64>= kjtltln Ejurbfgmnrs fgm tln Mutel rngnwnm tlnir fttnopts tj snttbn ig jkfcj. listion tln Ejurbfgmnr ngtnrprisn wfs digfgenm ky tln Mu`n liosnbd. F oubti-ntlgiecrjup jd f dnw lugmrnm pnjpbn snttbnm ugmnr f Mutel cjvnrgjr, Sibbno Ojbbngs,ft fgm frjugm tln jbm Mutel djrtidieftijg jd Qbyojutl jg Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy,

kfptizigc it Djrt Hfejkus. jkfcj wfs rngfonmGnu @urbfgm(Cnrofg djr “GnwEjurbfgm’). F dnw ojgtls bftnr f Mutel (Xnnbfgm) crjup jd ejbjgists frrivnm fttln wigmwfrm simn jd tln isbfgm wlj nstfkbislnm tlnosnbvns ft prnsngt [je`by Kfy,tlng efbbnm[jjm`bip (“[nm Ebidd’) Kfy. Fdtnrwfrms, tlny ebfionm tj lfvn ejgebumnmf trnfty jd dringmslip witl tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs. Igmnnm, tln Ejurbfgmnrs jgbybnfrgnm jd tln Mutel prnsngen ft tln jtlnr simn jd tln isbfgm wlng tlny efonferjss tlrnn Mutelong wlj lfm knng bndt fs ljstfcns djr tln sjg jd fg Fonrigmifgelind ig f vibbfcn ig tln ojugtfigjus engtrfb pfrt jd jkfcj. ln Ejurbfgmnrsbjst gj tion fgm ioonmiftnby jvnrrfg tln Mutel ngefopongt. Fbtljucl kjtlpfrtins fcrnnm tj bnfvn nfel jtlnr ugmisturknm, tln Mutel wnrn djrenm tj feenpt tln

gjoigfb sjvnrnicgty jd tln Ejurbfgmnrs jvnr tln isbfgm. ^gmntnrrnm, tlny stfrtnm tj



6;1

kuibm f tjwg jg tln sljrn jd [je`by Kfy, fetufbby ft tln sitn jd prnsngt Bjwnr jwgUefrkjrjucl. It wfs efbbnmBfopsigsstfm fdtnr tln pftrjgs fgm digfgeifb suppjrtnrsjd tln ejbjgy, tln Bfopsigs krjtlnrs, wnfbtly onrelfgts drjo Xnnbfgm. ln tjwglfm f djrtidieftijg witl tln cjvnrgjr’s rnsimngen, f strjgc ljusn fgm fg frsngfb, fs

wnbb fs wfrnljusns, rnsimngens fgm f elurel, fbb ejgstruetnm fbjgc prnsngt Oibdjrm[jfm. ln ngtirn nxpfgsn jd tln wigmwfrm ejfst drjo Qntit rju fgm Bittbn [je`byKfy ig tln sjutlwnst tj prnsngt Libbskjrjucl Kfy ig tln gjrtlnfst wfs ebnfrnm fgmcrfmufbby krjuclt ugmnr eubtivftijg.

ln Mutel ejbjgy wfs rfpimby strngctlngnm ky gnw iooicrfgts, igebumigccrjups jd Hnws fgm Drngel Lucungjts (Qrjtnstfgts), fgm Mutel pbfgtnrs wlj bndtKrfzib fdtnr its surrngmnr tj tln Qjrtucunsn (64>=). ln bfttnr tjj` tlnir kbfe` sbfvnsfgm ofgy Fonrigmifg fbbins witl tlno. Ujon jd tlnsn ofy lfvn knng nopbjynmfs fuxibifrins ig tln rngnwnm Mutel jkfcj ejbjgy jd Gnw Sfbelnrng fs tlnylfm knng ig Krfzib. Fbb tjcntlnr, ig 644; tlnrn wnrn sjon 6;>1 wlitn snttbnrs fgm

=11―>11 Fdriefg sbfvns ig tln Mutel-jeeupinm pfrt jd tln isbfgm. Djur ynfrs bftnrtlnrn wnrn nicltnng sucfr oibbs jg jkfcj, tln ofhjrity jd wliel wnrn jpnrftnm kyfgiofb trfetijg. Ky tlis tionBfopsigsstfm lfm knejon f ofhjr engtrn jd rncijgfbtrfmn fgm jkfcj wfs knejoigc tln stjrn jd Nurjpnfg ofgudfeturns djr tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns. Fpfrt drjo sucfr efgn, tln Mutel pbfgtnm f vfrinty jd trjpiefb erjps djrnxpjrt tj tln ojtlnr ejugtry, suel fs ejttjg, ejejf, igmicj, efssif distubf (cjbmngsljwnr trnn), rjueju, fgm tjkfeej wlibn efttbn fgm ljrsns wnrn iopjrtnm djr stje`krnnmigc. Fpfrt drjo fcrieubturn, lugtigc, turtbigc fgm disligc wnrn prfetisnm.Ig fmmitijg, tln Mutel eut mynwjjms ig tln prnsngt Kbjjmy Kfy frnf. ( ln bfttnrgfon is mnrivnm drjo tlis fetivity wliel ejbjurnm its wftnr rnm.) Onfgwlibn, tln

Ejurbfgmnr ejbjgy jg tln bnnwfrm simn jd jkfcj wfs dfrigc bnss wnbb. Ig spitn jdrncubfr rnigdjrenongts fgm gnw snttbnrs, sngt ky tln Mu`n jd Ejurbfgm, tln oixnmpjpubftijg jd Gnw Ejurbfgm mwigmbnm mun tj ibbgnssns fgm Fonrigmifg fttfe`s. Fbb tjcntlnr, tln ejbjgy gnvnr lfm ojrn tlfg sjon >11 iglfkitfgts, ofigby wlitndfronrs fgm sjbminrs.

Drjo tln jutsnt tln Ejurbfgmnrs wislnm tj nstfkbisl f trfmn rnbftijgslip witltln jkfcj @fbi’gf. Ig 64>= Ojbbngs rnpjrtnm tlft tln bfttnr lfm divn vibbfcns jgtln isbfgm. Nfel jd tlnsn snttbnongts prjkfkby ejgsistnm jd jgn nxtngmnm dfoiby fsln gjtns tlft nfel lfobnt ejugtnm sjon ;> pnjpbn ugmnr f efptfig, lfvigc jgn(wfr) efgjn. Feejrmigc tj f ofp, prjkfkby mrfwg ky Ojbbngs, jgn jd tlnsn vibbfcns

wfs situftnm ebjsn tj tln Ejurbfgmnr snttbnongt, prjkfkby ig prnsngt Qbyojutl.Ljpigc tj ejgebumn f trnfty jd dringmslip witl tln Fonrigmifgs, tln Ejurbfgmnrsnxelfgcnm irjg fxns, `givns fgm oirrjrs djr lfooje`s witl tln @fbi’gf. Igmnnm,tln Butlnrfg pfstjr, snrvigc tln Ejurbfgmnr ejoougity, lfm knng igstruetnm kyMu`n Hfejk tj stumy tln igmicngjus bfgcufcn sj fs “tj bjj` tj it snrijusby tlft tlnoigms jd tln sfvfcns ejubm kn mirnetnm tj prjpnr rnvnbftijg jd Cjm’. Ln lfm tjfvjim fgy ìgm jd rnbicijus misputn, kut ig nvnry efsn “tj fet witl cngtbngnss fgmtngmnrgnss’. Gjtigc tlft tln @fbi’gf (“@rikng’) jd jkfcj wngt tj wfr fcfigst tln Frfwf` jd rigimfm fgm tln ofigbfgm, Ojbbngs ejoongtnm tlft tln bfttnr wnrnfeeustjonm tj visit tln isbfgm ig >1―41 efgjns, nfel ejgtfigigc sjon ;> wfrrijrs.

ln @fbi’gf wjubm kn “vnry wjrrinm fkjut tlnsn frfwfejns djr tlny frn lnbbislby



6;6 ( ― . )

strjgc fgm kncig bfrcn kfttbns’. Fppfrngtby Frfwf`s drjo tln ofigbfgm fgm IsbfgmEfriks drjo Ut. Tigengt fttfe`nm tln Ejurbfgmnr snttbnongt snvnrfb tions, ìbbigcvfrijus jd its iglfkitfgts. Fbtljucl ig 64>> tln Ejurbfgmnrs wnrn stibb fkbn tj sngmf slip witl trjpiefb prjmuen ljon, tlrnn ynfrs bftnr tlnir situftijg lfm wjrsngnm

tj suel fg nxtngt tlft f Mutelofg ejubm rnpjrt tlft jgby sjon didty Ejurbfgmnrsrnofignm jd tln jricigfb pjpubftijg wlj, knsimns, wnrn ugfkbn tj wjr` jg tlnirdfrobfgms djr dnfr jd bnfvigc tln djrt “jg feejugt jd npimnoies fgm tln sfvfcnswlj frn lugtigc tlno’. Slng mun tj wfr ig Nurjpn tln Mu`n wfs ugfkbn tj sngmsuppbins tj jkfcj, tln Mutel igeitnm f outigy fojgc tln cfrrisjg jd Djrt Hfejkusfgm ig 64>9 tln Ejurbfgmnr ejbjgy wfs igejrpjrftnm igtj tlft jd tln Bfopsigs.

Fbtljucl mjeuongtfry nvimngen tlft tln Mutel ejbjgy jg jkfcj’swigmwfrm ejfst wfs nvnr fttfe`nm ky Fonrigmifgs is bfeìgc, it is rnejrmnm tlftigmivimufb nstftn jwgnrs gnfr prnsngt Libbskjrjucl Kfy djrtidinm tlnir ljusns“fcfigst igeursijgs jd tln Ufvfcns’. lis succnsts tlft tlnsn rfims jeefsijgfbby

tjj` pbfen. Jgn jd tln pbfgtnrs ig tlis frnf rnpjrtnmby lfm f sofbb djrtidieftijgfrjugm lis ljusn witl twj efggjgs. Jkvijusby,Bfopsigsstfm wfs tjj pjpubjusfgm wnbb mndngmnm tj kn fttfe`nm ky tln Fonrigmifgs. Fdtnr tln igejrpjrftijgjd tln Ejurbfgmnr ejbjgy, tln Mutel djrtidinm tln bnnwfrm ejfst fcfigst IsbfgmEfrik fttfe`s ky rndurkisligc tln Ejurbfgmnr djrtidieftijg ft Qbyojutl fgm kyejgstruetigc f rnmjukt efbbnmKnbbnvistn ig tln Kueejj/Ojugt Irvign frnf ig jrmnrtj “prnvngt tln Igmifgs tj misnokfr` lnrn’. ln Mutel mnofgmnm tlft visitigcIsbfgm Efriks jktfignm pnroissijg tj bfgm jg jkfcj drjo tln cjvnrgjr jd tlnisbfgm. Fbsj, tln iglfkitfgts jd tln sofbb, isjbftnm ejoougity jd Ufgmy Qjigt fttln sjutlwnstnrg tip jd jkfcj, wlnrn murigc tln mry snfsjg pjtfkbn wftnr ejubm

kn jktfignm jgby drjo wnbbs, djrtidinm jgn jd tlnsn “eistnrgs’, ugmjuktnmby ig jrmtj prnvngt igtnrdnrngen witl tln wftnr suppby ky tln Fonrigmifgs. Gnvnrtlnbnssit is rnejrmnm tlft ig 6441 tln bnnwfrm pfrt jd jkfcj suddnrnm f ofhjr fttfe` ky Fonrigmifgs (Isbfgm Efriks:) murigc wliel tln Mutel usnm tln jbm Ejurbfgmnrsuppby jd cugpjwmnr.

ln dbjurisligc Bfopsigs ejbjgy efon tj fg ngm mun tj tln igernfsnm rivfbryfojgc tln Nurjpnfg pjwnrs. ln Mutel trfmn ojgjpjby fggjynm kjtl tln Drngelfgm Ngcbisl cjvnrgongts tj suel fg nxtngt tlft tlny igitiftnm f snrins jd fttnoptstj slut jut tln Mutel drjo tln Snst Igmifg ofr`nt ky prjebfioigc “gfvicftijgbfws’ wliel (tj tln misofy jd tln pbfgtnrs) djrkfmn djrnicgnrs tj purelfsn tln

prjmuen jd tlnir ejbjgins. Fdtnr tln Ngcbisl Erjwg lfm vjwnm jddieifb suppjrtdjr tln Ejurbfgmnr ebfio tj jkfcj, tln pftrjg jd Gnw Sfbelnrng, EjrgnbisBfopsigs, sjuclt suppjrt drjo tln Drngel. Ky pfyigc f ejgsimnrfkbn suo jdojgny tj tln Drngel ojgfrel, ln wfs rfisnm tj f pnnrfcn fgm ofmn tln Kfrjg jd

jkfcj. Fetufb suppjrt djr tln Mutel ejbjgy wfs gjt djrtlejoigc, ljwnvnr, fgmmurigc tln Unejgm Fgcbj―Mutel SfrBfopsigsstfm wfs efpturnm fgm pbugmnrnmky f pfrty jd Hfofiefg kueefgnnrs (6444). lny hust djrstfbbnm f djren jd f dnwlugmrnm ong drjo Kfrkfmjs, fssistnm ky Isbfgm Efrik fuxibifrins. ln kueefgnnrs“mnstrjynm fbb tlft tlny ejubm gjt efrry fwfy’0 jgby tln djrtrnss fgm tln cjvnrgjr’sljusn wnrn spfrnm. ln Ngcbisl bndt f sofbb cfrrisjg wliel fdtnr f dnw ojgtls ig

its turg wfs jvnrrug ky f sofbb Drngel djren drjo Crngfmf. Digfbby, tln Mutel bnm



6;;

ky tln Xnnbfgm fmoirfb Erihgssng rntjj` tln isbfgm ig 6443 fdtnr lfvigc ejgqunrnmtln Ngcbisl ejbjgy jd Uurigfon. Ujon onoknrs jd Erihgssng’s ernw feeimngtfbbyont fg Fonrigmifg wlibn wfbìgc fbjgc tln knfel, prjkfkby ft [je`by Kfy. Igvitnmtj pfy f visit tj tln bfttnr’s vibbfcn, tlny pfssnm tlrjucl f djrnst fgm frrivnm ft

fgjtlnr simn jd tln isbfgm. Lnrn tlny efon ferjss f bfrcn guoknr jd Fonrigmifgs,fbtjcntlnr ojrn tlfg f lugmrnm ong, fronm witl kjws, frrjws fgm wfr ebuks. Ft bfst tlny frrivnm ft f vibbfcn ejgsistigc jd sjon didty ljusns wlnrn tlny slfrnmf onfb fgm sjon efssfvf knnr witl tln Fonrigmifgs. lny pfrtnm ig dringmslip.Erihgssng gjw rnstjrnm tln djrtidieftijg jdBfopsigsstfm , bnfvigc f sofbb cfrrisjgtj prjtnet tln rnogfgts jd tln tjwg.

Gnw snttbnrs fgm sjbminrs wnrn sngt drjo Xnnbfgm tj jkfcj ky tln Bfopsigsdfoiby ig 644<. Fg fttnopt wfs ofmn tj rnkuibmBfopsigsstfm fgm tj rnsuon tlneubtivftijg jd efsl erjps. Unttbnongt fppfrngtby tjj` pbfen ig f ojrn rfgmjoofggnr tlfg kndjrn fgm gnw frnfs jg tln wigmwfrm ejfst wnrn jeeupinm. ln

ejbjgy wfs ibb-dftnm, ljwnvnr. Slibn tln Mutel ejoofgmnr rnpjrtnm sjjg fdtnrmisnokfr`ftijg tlft f dringmby rnbftijgslip wfs `npt up witl tln bjefb @fbi’gf(Cfbikis), wlj ejugtnm sixty cjjm frelnrs, tln snttbnongt wfs fttfe`nm ky twngtypirjcuns witl 6>1 Gnpjij (“Gipjirs’) drjo rigimfm jgby f dnw ojgtls bftnr. Fssistnm ky tln @fbi’gf, tln Mutel wnrn fkbn tj rnpubsn tlis fssfubt. ln @fbi’gfwnrn rnwfrmnm witl irjg fxns, eutbfssns fgm `givns. Ujjg, ljwnvnr, fg fttfe` kyIsbfgm Efriks drjo Ut. Tigengt tjj` pbfen wliel ejst tln bivns jd 69 ong, wjongfgm elibmrng. ln pbfgtnrs fgm tln cjvnrgjr jd tln isbfgm gjw pntitijgnm tln Utftnsjd Xnnbfgm tj sngm ojrn sjbminrs fgm sjon vnssnbs ig jrmnr “tj `nnp drnn tln ejfstdrjo tln kfrkfrifgs’. j gj fvfib, fgm tln jutkrnf` jd tln lirm Fgcbj―Mutel

Sfr, ig wliel tln Drngel simnm witl tln Ngcbisl, onfgt tln ngm jd tln snejgmBfopsigs ejbjgy. ln isbfgm wfs tf`ng ky f djren drjo Kfrkfmjs wliel bjjtnmfgm mnstrjynm tln djrt fgm fbb kuibmigcs. Fdtnr wlft wfs tj knejon `gjwg fs tln“ jkfcj Qbugmnr’, ofgy pbfgtnrs, tlnir Fdriefg sbfvns fgm efttbn wnrn tf`ng tjKfrkfmjs. Guonrjus sbfvns nsefpnm tj tln djrnst, ljwnvnr. Ujon 3> kbfe` sbfvnswnrn efpturnm fgm tf`ng tj tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms ky f pfrty jd Isbfgm Efriks “wljefon tlitlnr tj cbnfg up suel rnofigs jd pbugmnr fs tln Ngcbisl lfm bndt’.

Ky tln Qnfen jd Snstoigstnr, wliel ngmnm tln lirm Fgcbj―Mutel Sfr (643=),jkfcj wfs fwfrmnm tj tln Mutel fcfig. ln lnirs jd tln Bfopsigs gjw sjbm

tlnir ejbjgy tj tln Utftns jd Ljbbfgm fgm Snst Drisif fgm witl tln Mutel stibb

ft wfr witl Drfgen, tln rnspjgsikibity djr tln mndngen jd jkfcj wfs civng tj tln Fmoirfbty jd Fostnrmfo. F squfmrjg ugmnr Fmoirfb Kige`ns witl gnw ejbjgistswfs sngt drjo Ljbbfgm ig 6434. It wfs mneimnm tj ejgstruet f gnw djrtidieftijgig djronrBfopsigsstfm , tln Utnrrnselfgs (“Utfr Djrt’), ebjsn tj tln jbm jgn kuibt igtln 64>1s, fetufbby ft prnsngt Mutel Djrt. Kige`ns wfs ugfkbn tj digisl tln wjr`jg tln strjgcljbm kndjrn jkfcj wfs fttfe`nm ky f Drngel djren ugmnr tln Ejugtm’Nstréns ig Dnkrufry/Ofrel 6433. F ourmnrjus ngejugtnr kntwnng tln Drngelfgm Mutel dbnnts tjj` pbfen ig [je`by Kfy.=; Unvnrn bjssns djrenm tln Drngel tjwitlmrfw, kut m’Nstréns rnturgnm witl f gnw squfmrjg ig Mnenoknr 6433. Gjw ln

=; Fg nbfkjrftnby jrgfongtnm Drngel efggjg fgm twj siopbn Mutel jgns, rnejvnrnm frelfnjbjciefbbydrjo slips sug` murigc tlis kfttbn ig [je`by Kfy, lfvn knng ojugtnm ft Uefrkjrjucl’s lfrkjur.



6;5 ( ― . )

wfs fkbn tj tf`n tlnUtnrrnselfgs fdtnr fg nxpbjsijg ig tln Mutel pjwmnr ofcfzignlfm ̀ ibbnm Kige`ns fgm lfbd tln djrt’s cfrrisjg. M’Nstréns tjj` 411 prisjgnrs wljoln efrrinm tj Ofrtigiqun. Ujon 31 tj <1 kbfe` sbfvns, wlj lfm limmng ig tlnwjjms murigc tln Mutel―Drngel ljstibitins, wnrn efpturnm ky Isbfgm Efriks wlj,

fdtnr tln mnpfrturn jd tln Drngel, efon tj snfrel djr kjjty ig divn jr six pirjcuns.lny wnrn sniznm ky fg Ngcbisl nxpnmitijg sngt drjo tln Bnnwfrm Isbfgms fgm fdsjon ynfrs tln sbfvns wnrn rnturgnm tj tln Mutel. Qnfen wfs ejgebumnm kntwnngtln Mutel fgm tln Drngel ig 643<. Fbtljucl tlrjucljut tln 64<1s fgm igmnnm fsbftn fs 6499 tln Utftns Cngnrfb jd tln Mutel [npukbie wnrn pntitijgnm djr fpprjvfbjd selnons djr snttbnongt jd jkfcj, fetufb nddjrts tj jeeupy tln isbfgm wnrn gjbjgcnr ofmn ky tln Mutel.

Djbbjwigc tln mnoisn jd tln Mutel ejbjgy, djr f wlibn jkfcj wfs usnm jgbyjeefsijgfbby ky Kfrkfmifgs djr lugtigc wibm ljcs fgm wjjmeuttigc. Fs tln Drngelgncbnetnm tj nstfkbisl tlnosnbvns jg tln isbfgm, tln Mu`n jd Ejurbfgm sniznm

tln jppjrtugity tj of`n f gnw snrins jd fttnopts tj djugm f ejbjgy jg jkfcj’sbnnwfrm ejfst. Ig 64<1 f gnw djrtidieftijg wfs kuibt ft Utjgn Lfvng Kfy ky f sofbbcrjup jd sjbminrs ig Ejurbfgmnr snrvien bnm ky tln Ngcbisl binutngfgt Knggnt, kubfe` jd prjvisijgs fgm fttfe`s drjo Isbfgm Efriks djrenm lio tj bnfvn jkfcj fcfigtln gnxt ynfr, hust kndjrn tln frrivfb jd f oubti-ntlgie crjup jd f dnw lugmrnmEjurbfgmnr snttbnrs ugmnr f Uejttisl ejbjgnb, Ojge`. Digmigc tln ejbjgy ig f kfmslfpn, tln bfttnr mneimnm tj ejgstruet f gnw djrtidieftijg ft [je`y Qjigt. Slibnknigc igstruetnm ky tln Mu`n jd Ejurbfgm tj ejgebumn trnftins jd dringmslip witltln Igmifgs jd tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm rigimfm, Ojge` wfs sjjg fssfubtnm kyIsbfgm Efriks drjo Ut. Tigengt fgm Ut. Bueif, fimnm ky Drngel igtnrbjpnrs, “fs wib

fgm sfvfcn’ fs tln Fonrigmifgs tlnosnbvns, fs tln cjvnrgjr jd Kfrkfmjs gjtnm.Ibbgnssns mneioftnm lis pnjpbn fgm fs f rnbind pfrty gnvnr rnfelnm jkfcj, ig 64<Ojge` mneimnm tj fkfgmjg tln ejbjgy. Fcfig, jkfcj wfs bndt djr sjon ynfrs tjtln rnsimngt Fonrigmifgs (fkjut wljo gjtligc is rnpjrtnm ig tlnsn ynfrs) fgmtj kn usnm jgby djr turtbigc fgm lugtigc jr wjjmeuttigc ky visitigc djrnicgnrs.Qrjkfkby murigc f Kfrkfmifg wjjmeuttigc trip ig 64<= fg Ngcbisl bjgckjft wfstf`ng ky tln “gftivns’ ft jkfcj fgm tln ernw ìbbnm.

Onfgwlibn, Mu`n Hfejk, wlj minm ig 64<;, fgm lis sueenssjr Mu`n DrinmrielEfsioir, lfm ngtnrnm gncjtiftijgs witl fg Ngcbisl onrelfgt-fmvngturnr drjoKfrkfmjs, Efptfig Hjlg Qjygtz, tj lfvn jkfcj snttbnm ky Ngcbislong ugmnr

Ejurbfgmnr dbfc. Qjygtz rnpjrtnmby visitnm jkfcj snvnrfb tions fgm wrjtn f cbjwigprjspnetus jg jkfcj fgm its pjssikibitins jd ejbjgizftijg wliel wjubm kn pukbislnmig Bjgmjg ig 64<5.=5 Efbbigc jkfcj “tln ojst Ejgvngingt, Ejoojmijus, fgmUfbukrijus Isbfgm ig tln Efrikns’, it nxtjbbnm its virtuns fgm jppjrtugitins. Knsimnft tln tion Qjygtz kndringmnm tln “Igmifg Nopnrjr jd rigimfm’, f @fbi’gf, wljoln fbbjwnm tj kjfrm lis vnssnb tjcntlnr witl lis “wfr efptfig’, tlnir wivns fgmsjgs. lis Fonrigmifg, wlj wjubm lfvn knng trfvnbbigc tj jkfcj “witl tljusfgmsjd lis vfssfbs’, fssurnm Qjygtz jd lis pnfendub igtngtijgs. ln bfttnr tjj` tln“Nopnrjr’s’ sjg tj Kfrkfmjs wlnrn ln wfs prnsngtnm tj tln cjvnrgjr. Fdtnrwfrms

=5 [nissunm ig 649>, tlis prjspnetus wjubm knejon Mfginb Mndjn’s ofig sjuren djr lis mnseriptijg jdtln ugiglfkitnm isbfgm ig tln Efrikknfg wlnrn lis ioojrtfb lnrj [jkigsjg Erusjn wfs slipwrne`nm.



6;=

Qjygtz nxelfgcnm gfons witl lio, tln trfmitijgfb Fonrigmifg wfy jd feenptigcigmivimufbs fs big`nm ky ìgslip. Fs bftn fs 631= jgn jd Qjygtz’s fssjeiftns rndnrrnmtj tlis @fbi’gf elind fs tln “Nopnrjr jd tln Efrik gftijg’, stftigc tlft ln “ejonsjgen f ynfr, ig lis pnrifcjns prjenssijgigc rjugm tln Isbfgm jd jkfcj, ebfioigc it

fs lis jwg’. Gjtligc efon jd Qjygtz’s selnons, ljwnvnr, fgm ig 64<5 tln NgcbislErjwg jrmnrnm lio tj enfsn fbb prnpfrftijgs djr Ejurbfgmnr snttbnongt. Dnfrstlft jkfcj, id prjpnrby eubtivftnm, wjubm kn fkbn tj ejopntn dfvjurfkby ig sucfrprjmuetijg witl Kfrkfmjs fgm, ojrnjvnr, wjubm “stnfb’ tln Ngcbisl trfmn tj tlnbfttnr isbfgm, wnrn knligm tlis mneisijg.

ln bfst Ejurbfgmnr fttnopts tj ejbjgizn jkfcj wnrn ofmn ig tln bftn 64<1s. Fgnw oubti-ntlgie crjup jd snttbnrs, bnm ky f Cnrofg ejoofgmnr, Efptfig Uelojbb,frrivnm ft tln isbfgm ig 64<4. lny kuibt f gnw djrtidieftijg ft prnsngt Ojugt Irvign0rnigdjrenongts wnrn sngt ky tln Mu`n jd Ejurbfgm tln djbbjwigc ynfr. Fg nddjrt tjnxelfgcn tioknr djr prjvisijgs fgm ofgudfeturns ft Kfrkfmjs dfibnm fs its cjvnrgjr

djrkfmn tln trfmn, jknyigc Bjgmjg’s pjbiey wliel rnhnetnm Ejurbfgmnr riclts tjjkfcj. Gnvnrtlnbnss, fg Ngcbisl dricftn fssistnm tln snttbnrs ig dicltigc f pfrtyjd Fonrigmifgs, prjkfkby Isbfgm Efriks, fgm f Drngel kfrqun drjo Ofrtigiqun. F mifry `npt ky f Mutel sfibjr ig Ejurbfgmnr snrvien, Hfg Sfnkns, drjo 64<4tj 64<< rnejrms tln ljstibitins witl tlnsn Isbfgm Efriks wlj fppfrngtby oigcbnmwitl bjefb Fonrigmifgs drjo tln sjutlwnstnrg pfrt jd jkfcj, gnfr prnsngt ErjwgQjigt. Sfnkns’ mifry succnsts tlft tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs “wislnm tj trfmn ig fbbdringmslip’ witl tln Ejurbfgmnrs fgm igmnnm mim sj, n.c., ky suppbyigc tln snttbnrswitl disl. Ujon tlirty jd tlno visitnm tln djrtidieftijg witl tlnir wivns fgm fdnw elibmrng. Fdtnr f ojgtl tln dirst “djrnicg’ Fonrigmifgs fppnfrnm, sicgidiefgtby

sljwigc Drngel dbfcs ft tlnir efgjns, sioubtfgnjusby witl f Drngel kfrqun. FgNgcbisl dricftn drjo Kfrkfmjs, wliel suksnqungtby frrivnm ig Bittbn Ejurbfgm Kfy,efpturnm tln Drngel vnssnb fgm sjon pirjcuns “dubb jd Igmifgs witl sjon wlitnong fojgc tlno’. Murigc tln ljstibitins wliel djbbjwnm snvnrfb Ejurbfgmnrs wnrnìbbnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs. Fdtnr f dnw ojgtls Uelojbb survnynm tln sjutlwnstnrgpfrt jd jkfcj, kut wfs ugfkbn tj spjt fgy pirjcuns lnrn. Gnvnrtlnbnss tln ljstibnngejugtnrs kntwnng tln Ejurbfgmnrs fgm tln Fonrigmifgs ejgtigunm.

Onfgwlibn, tln guoknr jd snttbnrs stnfmiby mioigislnm mun tj sie`gnssns wlielrnfelnm npimnoie prjpjrtijgs ig tln rfigy ojgtls ft tln ngm jd tln ynfr. Ky tlngfbrnfmy jgn-tlirm jd tln ejbjgists lfm minm. Fs tln Fonrigmifgs `npt lfrfssigc tln

Ejurbfgmnrs, Uelojbb fttfe`nm sjon jd tln Fonrigmifg ngefopongts gnfr ErjwgQjigt. Unvnrfb Ejurbfgmnr sjbminrs gjw mnsnrtnm igtj tln wjjms, kut wnrn ̀ ibbnm kytln “sfvfcns’. Ig Ofrel 64<3 Uelojbb bndt jkfcj witl ojst rnofigigc ejbjgists fgmsjbminrs. Jgby twj ojgtls bftnr f slip witl prjvisijgs fgm gnw snttbnrs rnfelnm tlnisbfgm, misejvnrigc tlft, fdtnr lfvigc knng fkfgmjgnm, tln Ejurbfgmnr djrtidieftijgfgm kuibmigcs lfm knng mnstrjynm ky f Drngel pfrty wliel feeimngtfbby visitnm tlnisbfgm. Fdtnr tln djrt lfm knng rndurkislnm, tln ljstibitins stfrtnm fcfig ig 64<<. Igfbb <11 Fonrigmifgs rnpjrtnmby gjw fssfubtnm tln ejbjgists wlj wnrn djrenm tj usnfrtibbnry fgm mim gjt mfrn tj bnfvn tln djrt fgy bjgcnr. Digfbby, ojst snttbnrs slippnmjg kjfrm fg Ngcbisl vnssnb kjugm djr Kfrkfmjs witl f efrcj jd wjjm eljppnm ig

jkfcj. Ig 6495 f Mfgisl efptfig efbbnm ft jkfcj fgm ont f dnw Ejurbfgmnrs



6;> ( ― . )

stibb bivigc jg tln isbfgm. lny sfim tlft tlny lfm gjt snng f Ejurbfgmnr slip djrsix ynfrs. Fppfrngtby, tln ejbjgists lfm knng bndt ig pnfen ky tln Fonrigmifgs djrsjon tion fs tlny ebfionm tj lfvn pibnm up f bfrcn qufgtity jd trjpiefb prjmuen djrslipongt. lis rnprnsngts tln bfst rnpjrt jd Ejurbfgmnrs jg jkfcj fs sjjg tln bfst

survivjrs bndt djr Kfrkfmjs. Fbtljucl tln Mu`ns jd Ejurbfgm lnbm tj tlnir ebfiostj jkfcj tlrjucljut tln nicltnngtl engtury, fetufb fttnopts ft snttbigc tln isbfgmwnrn gj bjgcnr ofmn ky tln Ejurbfgmnrs.

F pnfendub igtnrbumn8 ]jkfcj fs f “gnutrfb’ isbfgm

ljucl ebfionm ky Drfgen fgm Kritfig, jkfcj gjw knefon f gj ofg’s bfgmdjr ojrn tlfg lfbd f engtury. It wfs jgby usnm jeefsijgfbby djr rndrnsligc fgmrndittigc ky wfrslips jd kjtl ejugtrins ig jrmnr tj upljbm tlnir riclts tj tln isbfgm.Onfgwlibn, tln gjrtlnrg pfrt jd jkfcj mnvnbjpnm igtj f pirftns’ gnst ig spitn jd

rncubfr nxpnmitijgs sngt drjo Kfrkfmjs tj supprnss kueefgnnr fetivitins. Ig 649= fKfrkfmifg sbjjp, wliel lfm efbbnm ft jkfcj djr trfmn witl tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs,wfs efpturnm ky Drngel privftnnrs. It lfm tln sjgs jd sjon Fonrigmifg “ìgcs’ drjo

rigimfm jg kjfrm wlj wislnm tj visit Kfrkfmjs “tj of`n pnfen fgm snttbn trfmn’witl tln Ngcbisl. ln sbjjp wfs tf`ng tj Ofrtigiqun fgm f “vnry ejgsimnrfkbnefrcj’ wfs bjst. Fbsj, ig 63;5 fg Ngcbisl wfrslip surprisnm f crjup jd pirftnswlj wnrn usigc Ofg-jd-Sfr Kfy, pfrt jd wliel is stibb `gjwg fs Qirftns’ Kfy, djrrndittigc tlnir vnssnbs. ln jutbfws dbnm igtj tln wjjms, kut wnrn rnpjrtnmby tf`ngky tln Kritisl fs tln rnsubt jd sjon trnfelnry ky Fonrigmifgs wlj lfm jricigfbbykndringmnm tlno. Crjups jd Kfrkfmifgs drnqungtby visitnm jkfcj ig tlnsn ynfrs

djr pnrijms jd twj jr tlrnn ojgtls tj eut tioknr, dirn-wjjm fgm mynwjjms. lnnvnr “wjjm-lugcry’ Kfrkfmifgs nvng mnebfrnm tlft “ jkfcj is tj Kfrkfmjs fs fpinen jd wjjmbfgm tj f privftn pnrsjg’. Durtlnrojrn, tln isbfgm wfs iglfkitnm kyf dbuetuftigc crjup jd Fonrigmifgs fgm sjon mjzngs jd Kfrkfmifgs, Upfgisl fgmDrngel turtbnrs (ejurnurs mnsçbns), tln bfttnr drjo Ofrtigiqun fgm Cufmnbjupn, fbbjd wljo efon tj jkfcj pnrijmiefbby murigc tln turtbigc snfsjg.

Ky tln nfrby-nicltnngtl engtury jkfcj knefon f rnducn frnf djr Fonrigmifgsjd tln ofigbfgm fs wnbb fs tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns (Dic. =5). Ig tln 6351s tln isbfgm wfigvfmnm ky crjups jd Elfiof fgm Qfrifcjtj Fonrigmifgs drjo Euofgæ fgm tlnQfrif pngigsubf wlj wislnm tj nsefpn drjo tln fttnopts jd Frfcjgnsn Efpueligs tj

ejgengtrftn tlno ig oissijg vibbfcns. Feejrmigc tj Upfgisl rnejrms, ofgy Elfiofwnrn igmuenm ky Drngel itignrfgt trfmnrs tj cj witl tlno tj jkfcj. Durtlnrojrn,ig tln nfrby 63=1s crjups jd Isbfgm Efriks drjo Ut. Tigengt sjuclt rnducn ig

jkfcj ugmnr prnssurn jd tlnir crjwigc ejgdbiets witl tln igernfsigcby pjwnrdubKbfe` Efriks, nsefpnm Fdriefg sbfvns ofigby drjo Kfrkfmjs wlj lfm oigcbnm witltln nxistigc Fonrigmifgs jg tln isbfgm. Kjtl tln Drngel fgm Kritisl fttnoptnm tjigdbungen tln igmicngjus iglfkitfgts jd jkfcj ky cidts fgm sicgs jd dringmslip. Feejrmigcby, ig 636= tln fetigc cjvnrgjr jd Kfrkfmjs igdjronm Bjgmjg tlft lnlfm ngejurfcnm tln jkfcj Fonrigmifgs tj ejgtigun tlnir fbbifgen tj tln KritislErjwg. Fg fet jd wisldub tligìgc fs tln bfttnr igstnfm ebjsnby fssjeiftnm (fgm

igtnrofrrinm) witl tln Drngel turtbnrs wlj djronm tln ofhjrity jd tln Nurjpnfgs



6;4

jg tln isbfgm. Ky tlis tion tln Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns ig cngnrfb lfm stfrtnm tj mnebign stnnpby. Iopjrtnm misnfsnssuel fs sofbbpjx, onfsbns, elie`ng pjx, igdbungzf, fgm mipltlnrif,

sprnfmigc tlrjucl luofg ejgtfet, jkvijusby djronm tln ofhjrdfetjrs ig tln mioigutijg jd tln igmicngjus pnjpbn jd tln frelipnbfcj.ln Isbfgm Efriks prjkfkby wnrn ig rnbftivnby cjjm lnfbtl fs bftn

fs tln 64>1s, mun tj tlnir mispnrsnm jeeupftijg pfttnrg ig tlnBnssnr Fgtibbns fgm tln snpfrftijg jd tlnir vibbfcns jg tln vfrijusisbfgms, fbb jd wliel ejgtrikutnm tj isjbftijg jd pjtngtifb djeusns jdigdnetijg. ln stnnp mnebign ig pjpubftijg snng tjwfrms tln ngm jdtln snvngtnngtl engtury ofy lfvn knng mun tj tln iopjrtftijg jd Fdriefg misnfsns suel fs ynbbjw dnvnr fgm ofbfrif, wliel prjkfkbysprnfm mun tj tln igernfsnm prnsngen jd nsefpnm kbfe` sbfvns fojgc

tln Isbfgm Efriks ig tlnsn ynfrs.

Dicurn =5. Ejgvngtijgfbiznm

pieturn j fg Fonrigmifg

ejupbn, sljwg ig efrtjueln j

fg Ngcbisl ofguseript ofp j

Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy, ]jkfcj, ky

Hjlg Kyrgn, 6341. Ejbb. ]LO.





6;<

tln gfon jd f spneidie typn jd Tngnzunbfg vnssnb prjvimnm witl f trifgcubfr sfib.)Ky tlis tion, mun tj tlnir fssjeiftijg witl tln Drngel turtbnrs, tln Fonrigmifgsjd jkfcj lfm knejon tljrjuclby cfbbieiznm, spnfìgc Drngel fgm igdbungenm kyDrngel eubturn. Ig dfet, jgby jgn prnsngt tjpjgyo ig tln isbfgm is jd jricigfbby

Fonrigmifg (Isbfgm Efrik) mnrivftijg, Ofg-jd-Sfr Kfy, wliel rnprnsngts fonfgigcdub Ngcbisl ejrruptijg jdoægljrn (ofgjwf , ofg-j’-wfr ), tln igmicngjusgfon jd tln ofcgidiengt dricftnkirm. lis kirm, wliel is rnpjrtnm ky Qjygtz witlrndnrngen tj jkfcj fs nfrby fs 64<5, “of`ns tj tln slippigc sjon mistfgen drjotln Ejfst, nrn nvnr tln Unfofg efg misejvnr Bfgm’.

Drjo ofrcigfbizftijg tj nxtigetijg

jkfcj’s mndigitn mnvnbjpongt fs f pbfgtftijg ejbjgy wfs igitiftnm fdtnr tlnejgebusijg jd tln Unvng Ynfrs’ Sfr ig 6345 wlng Drfgen enmnm its ebfios tj tln

isbfgm tj Kritfig. ln djbbjwigc ynfr tln fetufb jeeupftijg jd jkfcj tjj` pbfenwlng tln dirst binutngfgt-cjvnrgjr, Fbnxfgmnr Krjwg, bfgmnm ig prnsngt @igc’sKfy. Feejrmigc tj lis privftn snerntfry, Cnjrcn Cikks, tln slip wfs wnbejonm kytln “Elfrfik elindtfig’ jd jkfcj’s wigmwfrm ejfst, Efrmigfb, wlj “efon jdd ig lisEfgjn, tj pfy f visit jd [nspnet’. Lis pnjpbn frn mnseriknm ky Cikks fs sljrt igstfturn, kut wnbb prjpjrtijgnm, ouseubfr fgm fetivn, sljwigc f ejppnr-ejbjurnmsìg fgm “bjgc fgm ejfrsn kbfe` lfir’ dbjwigc “bjjsnby jg tlnir sljubmnrs’. Ong fgmwjong wngt gf`nm “witl tln nxenptijg jd f sofbb ebjut Pebjtl_ pfssigc kntwnngtln bncs, fttfelnm ky f cirmbn jd twigns jd middnrngt ejbjurs, ig wliel wfs lnbm tlnir`gidn’. Ig 6344 Cikks visitnm [jusnbbn ig tln Uicgfb Libb frnf. Ig spitn jd tln bfttnr’s

oixnm pfrngtfcn, Cikks efbbnm lio “fg Igmifg elind P…_ snttbnm ig f vfbn, ft f sljrtmistfgen drjo [je`by Kfy’. Ln lfm gjtnm fbrnfmy tlft tln Efrik wjong mim fbb tlnljusn wjr` fgm tln bfkjur jd tln cfrmng, fbsj ofìgc “frtiebns djr mjonstie usn’.[jusnbbn sljwnm Cikks f snpfrftn lut wlnrn lis wivns fgm mfucltnrs wnrn ft wjr`,sjon ofìgc efssfvf krnfm fgm jtlnrs spiggigc “drjo tln mistfdd’. Jgn wjofg wfswnfvigc f ejttjg lfooje`, usigc f bjjo. Jg f pbjt jd crjugm, ebjsn tj tln lut,tln wjong eubtivftnm Igmifg yfos, swnnt pjtftjns, efssfvf, pbfgtfigs, fgm sucfrefgn. [jusnbbn jddnrnm Cikks fgm lis pfrty luts tj stfy jvnrgiclt fgm suppbinm tlnKritisl witl wibm onfts fgm djwb, fs wnbb fs ejgels, rivnr oubbnts fgm jystnrs drjoKueejj [nnd.

Onfgwlibn, tln Kritisl pbfgs djr tln snttbnongt fgm fcrieubturfb mnvnbjpongtjd jkfcj wnrn ig fg fmvfgenm stftn jd prnpfrftijg. ln isbfgm wfs survnynmfgm ofppnm, fgm mivimnm igtj bjts jd 611 tj >11 ferns wliel wnrn put up djrsfbn tj pbfgtnrs, wlibn djrtidieftijgs wnrn nstfkbislnm ft strftncie pjigts fbjgc tlnsljrnbign. ln djrnstnm frnf jg tln Ofig [imcn wfs rnsnrvnm fs Erjwg Bfgmsdjr tln suppby jd tioknr fgm tj ejgsnrvn wftnr suppbins. Knsimns, sofbb bjts jd61―51 ferns wnrn fbbjeftnm tj “pjjr snttbnrs’. lnsn wnrn situftnm jg tln nmcnsjd tln swfopy djrnbfgms jd tln bfrcnr rivnr nstufrins jr jg wftnrbnss trfets ig tlnsjutlwnst jd tln isbfgm. Qfrt jr fbb jd tlis bfgm snt fsimn djr “pjjr snttbnrs’ wfsfppfrngtby onfgt djr rnsimngt Fonrigmifgs. Fbsj, spneidie bjts wnrn fssicgnm tj

tlno, djr igstfgen jg tln bnnwfrm ejfst tj “@igc Qntnr tln Igmifg Elind’ fgm lis



6;9 ( ― . )

dfoiby, ft Uicgfb Libb tj [jusnbbn, fgm ft Utumbny Qfr` jg tln wigmwfrm ejfst tj“tln Igmifg Drfgeis fgm lis dfoiby’. Bfgm sfbns ejgtigunm ugtib 6336. Ky tlis ynftln ngtirn isbfgm (nxenpt tln Ofig [imcn [nsnrvn) lfm knng civng jut tj privftnngtnrprisn. Qbfgtnrs drjo Kfrkfmjs, Ngcbfgm, Irnbfgm, fgm nspneifbby Uejtbf

dbje`nm ig. Bfgm ebnfrigc jpnrftijgs rfpimby prjcrnssnm. Ojst bfgm wfs krjucltugmnr sucfr efgn jr ejttjg eubtivftijg fbtljucl piongtj (fbbspien), eiggfojg,cigcnr, gutonc, fgm igmicj wnrn crjwg fs wnbb. Ofgy sucfr nstftns fbsj lfm ruomistibbnrins, fgm guonrjus efttbn, ljrsns fgm oubns wnrn iopjrtnm. ln prjhnetnmtjwgs mnvnbjpnm bnss nfsiby. Jgby Uefrkjrjucl, tln prnsngt efpitfb, fgm tj f bnssnnxtngt Qbyojutl oftnrifbiznm. Qjpubftijg crnw nxpjgngtifbby8 ig 63<1 tln isbfgmlfm =3= wlitn iglfkitfgts fgm 61,465 Fdriefg sbfvns. Fs bftn fs 6333 tlnrn wnrnstibb f dnw lugmrnm Fonrigmifgs bivigc jg jkfcj. ln nxenssivn bfkjur igvjbvnmig tln bfgm ebnfrigc jpnrftijgs fgm ig cngnrfb tln lfrsl bivigc ejgmitijgs jd tlnkbfe` pjpubftijg bnm tj sbfvn igsurrnetijgs ig 6349, 6336 fgm 633=. lny wnrn

put mjwg ky tln oibitif, pjssikby witl tln fssistfgen jd tln bjefb Fonrigmifgs.ln rugfwfy sbfvns nitlnr tjj` rnducn ig tln “licl wjjms’ jr dbnm tj tln jej frnfjd gjrtlnfst rigimfm. lny wnrn hjignm ky crjups jd jkfcjgifg Efriks. Mun tjtln ebnfrigc jd tln djrnsts tln lugtigc crjugms jd tln Fonrigmifgs knefon ojrnfgm ojrn bioitnm “fgm tlnir mwnbbigcs wnrn jpng tj igtrusijg’, fs f rnsubt jd wlielpfrtins jd tlno fkfgmjgnm tln isbfgm, snttbigc ig gjrtlnfst rigimfm wlnrn tlnrnwnrn stibb vfst djrnsts. ( ln jej frnf lfs rnofignm f dfvjuritn frnf djr oicrftigc

jkfcjgifgs ugtib tln prnsngt.) Fbtljucl fdtnr 633< vfrijus nddjrts wnrn tf`ng tj strngctlng jkfcj’s mndngen,

igebumigc tln ejgstruetijg jd Djrt @igc Cnjrcn, tlny prjvnm igsuddieingt wlng

f Drngel djren fttfe`nm fgm ejgqunrnm tln isbfgm ig 63<6. Jddieifbby enmnm kKritfig tj Drfgen twj ynfrs fdtnrwfrms, tln fcrieubturfb mnvnbjpongt jd tln isbfgmprjcrnssnm ugigtnrruptnmby. Qjpubftijg igernfsnm ojmnrftnby. Ig 63<4 tln isbfgmlfm =53 wlitn iglfkitfgts, 6=9 drnn ejbjurnms, 66,45< Fdriefg sbfvns, fgm fs dnwfs ;= Fonrigmifgs (Efriks), tln bfttnr rnsimigc ft Ofg-jd-Sfr Kfy. Djur ynfrs bftnrjgby divn Fonrigmifgs wnrn ejugtnm, bivigc jg tln isbnt jd Bittbn jkfcj. Ig 6395

jkfcj elfgcnm lfgms fcfig wlng tln Kritisl rntjj` tln isbfgm. Uucfr nxpjrtspnf`nm ig tln 6391s wlibn mun tj dfbbigc priens ejttjg eubtivftijg mnebignm mrfstiefb

ln nxprnssijg “fs wnfbtly fs f jkfcj pbfgtnr’, eurrngt ig tlnsn ynfrs, is succnstivnjd tln prjspnrity jd tln isbfgm’s pbfgtjerfey. ln dnw rnofigigc Fonrigmifgs bnm

f ofrcigfbiznm nxistngen, dfr drjo tln isbfgm’s ofhjr engtrns jd pjpubftijg. lrnndfoibins jd [nm (Ynbbjw) Efriks rnpjrtnmby bivnm ig f ejrgnr jd Kntsy’s Ljpn (prnsnBjuis m’Jr) nstftn, tlng jwgnm ky Uir Sibbifo Yjugc (Hugijr), jppjsitn Vunng’sIsbfgm ig tln 6391s. (Ft prnsngt tlis pfrt jd Bjuis m’Jr is stibb efbbnm Igmifg Qjigt.[nejrmigc lis onntigc witl “elind’ Bjuis jd tln “Elfrfikns’ bivigc jg lis nstftn ig639;, Yjugc, f wnfbtly pbfgtnr wlj wfs tj kn cjvnrgjr jd jkfcj kntwnng 6<13fgm 6<6>, gjtnm tlft Bjuis wfs jgby divn ynfrs jbm wlng lis dftlnr fgm dfoibydbnm drjo Ut. Tigengt knefusn jd Kbfe` Efrik prnssurn sjon didty ynfrs prnvijusbyfrjugm 63=1. ln dfoiby wfs sigen mivimnm igtj tlrnn mistiget jgns ky igernfsn igguoknrs. Bjuis is pjrtrfynm fs “f vnry sngsikbn ofg’ wlj “ig lis trfddie` jd disl fgm

jtlnr frtiebns, lfs jktfignm sjon `gjwbnmcn jd tln Drngel bfgcufcn’. Yjugc wfs







65;

tln Upfgisl Erjwg jrmnrnm twnbvn Eftfbfg Efpueligs tj trfvnb tj rigimfm igjrmnr tj “rnmuen’ its Fonrigmifgs ky djugmigc oissijg vibbfcns. Frrivigc ig Fucust64<3, fdtnr sjon ojgtls ojst jd tlno nokfr`nm jg f vjyfcn ky pirjcun fbjgctln wnst ejfst, fsengmigc tln Cufrfefrf fgm Eipnrj rivnrs fgm wfbìgc fbjgc

trfibs, cuimnm ky Fonrigmifgs, ig jrmnr tj snbnet bjeftijgs djr tln nstfkbislongt jdoissijg vibbfcns ig wnst, engtrfb fgm sjutl rigimfm. ln oissijg sitns wnrn eljsngtfìgc igtj feejugt tln mngsity jd tln igmicngjus pjpubftijg, tln fvfibfkibity jd fdrnsl wftnr suppby, feenss tj tln snf fgm/jr tln bjefb fcrieubturfb pjtngtifb. Ojrnprinsts frrivnm ig 6496, mneimigc tj nstfkbisl fmmitijgfb oissijgs, nspneifbby fbjgcrigimfm’s sjutl ejfst.

Ig fbb divn oissijgs wnrn djugmnm ky tln Efpuelig prinsts fojgc tln Gnpjijjd wnst fgm engtrfb rigimfm, wlj drjo gjw jg wnrn efbbnm tln “Gfpfriof Igmifgs’ig jrmnr tj mistigcuisl tlno drjo tln Gnpjij (fgm Frfwf`s) jd tlnngejoingmfs ,fbsj rndnrrnm tj fs tln “ejoofgms’ (Dic. 59).== ln dirst oissijg vibbfcn,Bf Qurïsiof

Ejgenpeiõg mn Ofrïf Ufgtïsiof mn Cufyrif , wfs nstfkbislnm ft tln djjt jd GfpfriofLibb jg tln Cubd jd Qfrif ig 64<3. Its bjeftijg, rnpjrtnmby gnfr tln vibbfcns jd tlrnnigmicngjus elinds, is wnbb `gjwg sigen tln ruignm elurel jd tln tlng fkfgmjgnmoissijg wfs stibb stfgmigc, hust gjrtl jd prnsngt Ut. Tigengt Utrnnt, wlng tlnUpfgisl pbfggnm tln bfyjut jd tln tjwg jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj ig 63<4. Ebnfrby, tlnoissijg jeeupinm tln libb sbjpns gjrtl jd Ofriquirn Tfbbny witl f bfgmigc pbfenig tln kfy tj tln wnst. ln jbmnst tjwg jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj lfm f engtrfb ofr`ntsqufrn, tln Qbfzf mn Ufg Efrbjs, kntwnng Ut. Tigengt fgm Elfejg Utrnnts. It isgjw `gjwg fs tln “Jbm Enontnry’, f gfon wliel ofy rndbnet tln oissijg. Ft tln“sofbb pjrt’ jd Cufyrif tln isbfgm’s Binutngfgt-Cjvnrgjr wfs stftijgnm ig jrmnr

tj “cufrm fgm prjtnet’ tln ejgvnrtnm Fonrigmifgs. Fbojst 61 ò tj tln nfst, fstln erjw dbins, fgjtlnr Efpuelig oissijg snttbnongt,Bf Fgugeïftf mn Gfzfrnt mnUfvfgf Crfgmn , wfs djugmnm ig tln vieigity jd gign igmicngjus vibbfcns (pnrlfpsnxfccnrftigcby nstioftnm tj kn jeeupinm ky f tljusfgm Fonrigmifgs), gjrtl jd tlnprnsngt engtrn jd Qrigens jwg. ln [jofg Eftljbie elurel jd tlis tjwg, wlielUpfgisl-spnfìgc rigimfmifgs efbbnmBf Oisiõg ugtib rnengtby, stibb stfgms ft tlnsitn jd tln djronr oissijg, djugmnm ig 64<3, rnbftivnby dfr drjo tln eurrngt tjwgwliel mnvnbjpnm ig tln gigntnngtl engtury. F tlirm oissijg,Ufgtf Fgf mn Ufvfgntf (Ufkfgntf ), wfs nstfkbislnm ig 64<3 gnfr twj igmicngjus vibbfcns jg tln bndt kfg`jd tln Ufvjgnttf [ivnr, f trikutfry jd tln [ivubnt [ivnr. It wfs situftnm jg tjp jd

f rimcn ig f djronr sucfr efgn frnf sjon ;>1 o wnst jd tln Uir Ujbjojg LjeljyLiclwfy, ebjsn tj tln Ejuvf erjssjvnr.=> Kntwnng 6311 fgm 631> f djurtl oissijgvibbfcn,Gunstrf Unöjrf mn Ojgtsnrrftn , wfs djugmnm wnst jd tln Ofyj [ivnr, friclt trikutfry jd tln Cufrfefrf [ivnr, ig tln Ojgtsnrrft Libbs jd wnst rigimfm.Its bjeftijg is nxfetby `gjwg, tjj. Fs ft Ufvfgf Crfgmn, tln Ojgtsnrrftn oissijgjeeupinm tln frnf frjugm tln prnsngt [jofg Eftljbie elurel ig tln engtrn jd tlnvibbfcn jd Ofyj, wliel jricigftnm ig tln oim-gigntnngtl engtury ft tln bjeftijg

== Ig 64<1 it wfs rnpjrtnm tlft rigimfm wfs iglfkitnm ky Gfpfriof Igmifgs fgm Frfwf`s jd wljo tlnbfttnr wnrn “ugejgvnrtnm fbknit vnry mjeibn’.

=> ]n igmicngjus gfon is mnrivnm drjo tlft jd f sofbb trnn (sfvjgnttn ), tln rjjts jd wliel wnrntrfmitijgfbby usnm fs f onfgs jd stupidyigc stsl.



655 ( ― )

jd tln djronr oissijg snttbnongt. (Ig tln 6<>1s tlnrn stibb nxistnm “f dnw vnsticns’jd tln tlng mnsnrtnm oissijg.) Digfbby, f didtl oissijg vibbfcn,Ufg Drfgeisej mn bjs Frngfbns , wfs djugmnm nfrby ig 64<< jg tln kfg` jd tln Frngf [ivnr, sjutlnfst jdprnsngt Ufg [fdfnb ( uopugf) ig engtrfb rigimfm. Its jricigfb sitn is gjt prneisnby

`gjwg, fbtljucl it is ebfionm tj lfvn knng bjeftnm ky f Drngel Mjoigiefg prinstig 6<<>, usigc bjefb Upfgisl/Fonrigmifg jrfb trfmitijgs. Fttnopts tj nstfkbisl stfkbn oissijgs fbjgc tln sjutl fgm sjutlnfst ejfsts jd

tln isbfgm prjvnm fkjrtivn fs gjgn jd tlnsn survivnm djr ojrn tlfg f mnefmn fgmjdtng bnss. Jg tln nfst ejfst f Efpuelig oissijg,Ufg Drfgeisej mn bjs Ejejs , wfssnttbnm jg Ejejs Kfy, pnrlfps gnfr tln Gfrivf [ivnr, ig 64<9. It wfs fkfgmjgnmdjr ug`gjwg rnfsjgs tlis sfon ynfr. Ig tln sjutlnfst tln oissijg jdUfg Hjsnplmn Ofyfrj wfs djugmnm ig 6496 jg tln sljrn jd Ofyfrj Kfy, pjssikby ft prnsngtUt. Hjsnpl, gjrtl jd Qinrrnvibbn. Ujon jd its iglfkitfgts dbnm drjo tln oissijgtln djbbjwigc ynfr wlibn jtlnrs rnvjbtnm ig 6493. ljsn efpturnm wnrn tf`ng tj

Cufyrif. ln Ofyfrj oissijg nxistnm pnrlfps ugtib 649<. Jg tln sjutl ejfst tlnnfstnrgojst Efpuelig oissijg,Ufg Drfgeisej mn Efrnirj (Efrinrj), wfs djugmnmprjkfkby ft Cufyfcufyfrn ig 6496. It wfs fttfe`nm ky Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgmig 6495 fgm 6493, jg tln bfttnr jeefsijg tln twj rnsimngt prinsts kfrnby nsefpigcfssfssigftijg. ln oissijg wfs fkfgmjgnm tln djbbjwigc ynfr. Its nxfet bjeftijg isgjt `gjwg, fbtljucl fg frelfnjbjciefb sitn yinbmigc Ofyjim enrfoies fssjeiftnmwitl listjrie cbfss knfms is `gjwg drjo tln wnstnrg ngm jd Cufyfcufyfrn Kfy.=4 Durtlnr wnst fbjgc tln sjutl ejfst fgjtlnr fkjrtivn oissijg wfs djugmnm, prjkfkbyfojgc Frfwf`s, ig 6496 gnfr tln Ojrucf [ivnr ft f bjeftijg wlnrn rnpjrtnmby tlnNgcbisl lfm f sofbb djrt (lfbd f engtury prnvijusby). It wfs fkfgmjgnm kndjrn 6314.

Digfbby, fgjtlnr Efpuelig oissijg vibbfcn wfs djugmnm jg tln Enmrjs Qngigsubfgnfr tln Unrpngt’s Ojutl, f rnpjrtnmby “wnbb pjpubftnm’ frnf. It prjkfkby bfstnm bntlfg f ynfr.

ln oissijgs wnrn suppjsnm tj rnsnokbn oigifturn vnrsijgs jd Upfgisl tjwgs.Imnfbby f squfrn djronm tln engtrn jd tln oissijg snttbnongt. Its nfstnrg simn wfsjeeupinm ky tln elurel, tln prnskytnry fgm stjrn ljusns witl djjm stje`s fgmfcrieubturfb igstruongts. ln jtlnr ejoougfb kuibmigcs, suel fs tlnefsf mnefkibmj djr vibbfcn onntigcs fgm erfdt sljps, wnrn jdtng tj kn djugm jg tln gjrtlsimn jd tln pbfzf. ln elurel, wliel wfs igvfrifkby nfst―wnst jringtnm, mjoigftnmtln vibbfcn. Ig rigimfm it lfm wfbbs jdtfpif fgm f tlftelnm rjjd, witl stftuns jd

ejbjurnm wjjm igsimn. ( ln jricigfb elurel jd tln Ufvfgntf oissijg onfsurnm<.=Ó=.5 o.) ln Fonrigmifg ljusns wnrn bfim jut ig jrmnrby pfttnrg witlig tlnoissijg ejgdigns. lny wnrn rnetfgcubfr fgm prjvimnm witl sjon djro jd fttie. Jgfvnrfcn jgn ljusn wjubm lfvn slnbtnrnm sjon 9.> pnjpbn. It is gjt `gjwg wlntlnrfbb Efpuelig oissijgs ig rigimfm rnsnokbnm tlis imnfb bfyjut. Ig snvnrfb efsnpnrlfps f elurel wfs kuibt ebjsn tj fg nxistigc Fonrigmifg snttbnongt witljutdjreigc its iglfkitfgts tj ojvn igtj f gnwby mnsicgnm oissijg vibbfcn, wlieltlny lfm tj kuibm tlnosnbvns. Ft fgy rftn, tln oissijgs ig wnst rigimfm wnrnejggnetnm witl nfel jtlnr ky jbm igmicngjus djjtpftls, sjon jd wliel wjubm

=4 ]nsn knfms igebumn snvngtnngtl tj nicltnngtl-engtury Upfgisl knfms, igebumigc twj ejrgfbignm’Fbnppj snnm knfms (6>3>-6<;1) fgm guonrjus nokrjimnry knfms.



65=

mnvnbjp igtj “[jyfb [jfms’. Djr igstfgen, fg Fonrigmifg mirt trfe` wngt drjo tlnCufyrif oissijg tj tln nfst, pfssigc sjutl jd tln Ofriquirn Tfbbny tlrjucl prnsngtLicl Utrnnt fgm Ejddnn Utrnnt tj tln Gfpfriof―Ofyfrj [jfm, wliel bnfms tj tlndjronr Ufvfgf Crfgmn oissijg fgm stibb trfvnrsns Qrigens jwg. Ojgtsnrrftn wfs

ejggnetnm witl Ufvfgntf ky tln prnsngt Ofyj [jfm, wliel knyjgm jrtucf is stibb`gjwg fs tln Igmifg rfib [jfm fgm pfssns tlrjucl f lfobnt efbbnm Igmifg Elfig.Drjo tln jutsnt tln tfs`s jd tln oissijgfrins wnrn ebnfr tj rigimfm’s cjvnrgjr8

tj kncig witl kfptizigc tln Fonrigmifgs, tlng tnfeligc tlno tj wjr` djr wfcns,ig jrmnr strst tj kuy ebjtlns sj fs tj fkfgmjg tlnir lfkit jd cjigc tj elurel gf`nm,fgm tlng tj pfy f sofbb trikutn tj tln Erjwg. ]n oissijgs wnrn snbd-suppjrtigcfcrieubturfb ejbjgins0 tln rnsimngt Fonrigmifgs eubtivftnm efssfvf, ofizn, kfgfgfsfgm ejejf jg tln vibbfcn’s ejoojg crjugms. ]n prjstts wnrn usnm djr mnejrftigctln elurel, tln durgiturn jd tln prnskytnry fgm tln rftijgs jd tln oissijgfrins.

wj mfys f wnn` wnrn ngtirnby mnvjtnm tj ejejf prjmuetijg (wliel mnofgmnm

bioitnm bfkjur), djur mfys tj wjr` jg tln Fonrigmifgs’ jwg pbjts, eubtivftigc djjmerjps djr tlnosnbvns jr djr sfbn. ]n Uugmfys wnrn djr rnbicijus igstruetijg. ]nbfttnr wfs dfeibitftnm ky tln fvfibfkibity jd Elfiof crfoofrs ig Ufvfgf Crfgmn fgmOjgtsnrrftn, wlibn ig 636= tln Ufvfgntf oissijg lfm twj (gjw bjst) ofguseripts,fppfrngtby put tjcntlnr ky tln bjefb prinsts, jg tln Gfpfriof bfgcufcn.=3 ]noissijgfrins ejubm efbb jg tln Fonrigmifgs djr wjr` jg tln elurel, prnskytnry jrenontnry. ]ny wnrn jkbicnm fs wnbb ugmnr tlnoitf tj wjr` jutsimn tln oissijgsdjr tln Upfgisl bfgmjwgnrs murigc f bioitnm tion pnrijm. ]n Efpuelig prinsts lfmdubb humieifb pjwnrs fgm ejubm ig iet ejrpjrfb pugislongt ky wlippigc jr lfvnugruby Fonrigmifgs put igtj tln bjefb prisjg. Fbtljucl nfel oissijg wfs suppjsnm

tj lfvn its jwgefeiqun jr efpitæg (elind) fgmefkibmj (ejugeib), fs wnbb fsrncimjrns(ejugeibbjrs),fbefbmns (ofcistrftns), fgmfbcufeibns (pjbienong), tln pftnrgfbistiefutljrity jd tln prinsts wfs ugbioitnm. ^gtib 6494, tln bfttnr rnenivnm fg fggufbfbbjwfgen drjo tln ejbjgifb trnfsury0 tln Fonrigmifgs mim gjt pfy fgy titlns jr dnnstj tln prinsts fgm wnrn nxnoptnm drjo pfyigc trikutn djr twngty ynfrs. Elinds wnrncivng tln titbn “mjg’ fgm lfm spneifb ugidjros fgm igsicgif. ]n Gfpfriof oissijgsfs f wljbn lfm jgn “Cngnrfb’, trfignm ky tln Upfgisl, wlj ejoofgmnm tln ofbnwfrrijrs fetigc fs “ntlgie sjbminrs’. Dnstivfbs wnrn lnbm jg tln gfon mfys jd tlnpftrjg sfigts jd tln oissijgs. Drjo gjw jg, tln Gnpjij fgm Frfwf` jd rigimfmfrn rndnrrnm tj ky Upfgisl rftlnr tlfg igmicngjus pnrsjgfb gfons ig tln listjrie

mjeuongts, succnstigc tlnir rnbftivn feeubturftijg tj Upfgisl sjeinty.Nsefpigc rnofignm tln ofhjr prjkbno jd tln rigimfm oissijgs. Fs tln cjvnrgjrjd rigimfm wrjtn tj tln Erjwg ig 649=, tln Fonrigmifgs prndnrrnm tj bivn ig tlnirjwg wfy ig tln djrnsts fgm mim gjt wisl tj snttbn ig oissijgs. ]nir outigjusknlfvijur wfs ngejurfcnm ky fttfe`s jg tln oissijgs efrrinm jut ky Sfrfj(Cufrfgj, Cufrfugj, Cufrfjjg) drjo tln ofigbfgm wlj sfw tln Fonrigmifgsbivigc ig tlno fs fbbins jd tln Upfgisl. Ky tlis tion tln Sfrfj, ofigby jeeupyigctln mnbtf jd tln Jrigjej, wnrn ugmnr prnssurn drjo tln Upfgisl wlj fttnoptnm tjngsbfvn tlno. Ig 649= f prinst drjo Cufyrif ejopbfignm tlft tlis oissijg lfm knng

=3 Ig 635; it wfs gjtnm tlft Gnpjij fgm Gfpfriof rnprnsngtnm “tln ejoojg bfgcufcn’ jd tln Fonrigmifgs ig rigimfm’s oissijgs.



65> ( ― )

fttfe`nm tln prnvijus ynfr ky Sfrfj, fimigc bjefb Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn limigcig tln djrnsts fgm ojugtfigs fgm igeitigc tln iglfkitfgts jd tln oissijg tj rnvjbt.Igmnnm, fbb fttnopts tj djugm oissijgs fbjgc rigimfm’s sjutl fgm nfst ejfsts turgnmjut tj kn ugsueenssdub mun tj rnvjbt fgm mnsnrtijg, pfrtifbby rnsubtigc drjo Sfrfj

fttfe`s. ]is dfiburn jd tln oissijg systno ig tln isbfgm’s sjutlnrg pjrtijg djronmfg frnf jd ofhjr ejgenrg tj tln Upfgisl. Knsimns, murigc f visit jd 64<< tj tln ngejoingmfs jr “ejoofgms’ ig gjrtl rigimfm, tln cjvnrgjr djugm tlft spiritufbejgmitijg jd tlnsn vibbfcns wfs pjjr8 twnbvn ynfrs lfm pfssnm sigen tlny wnrn visitnky f prinst. Jgby Friefcuf lfm f elfpbfig. Djbbjwigc fg jsteifb mnernn tj djrkimpnrsjgfb snrvien ky tln Fonrigmifgs, tlis sfon cjvnrgjr, Mjg Unkfstifg mn [jtntf,drnnm 51; Fonrigmifgs ̀ npt nnetivnby fs sbfvns ky tln Upfgisl ejbjgists. (Qrfetiefbbfbb jd tlno lfm knng efpturnm jg tln ofigbfgm, ojst jd tlno ig tln Jrigjej Tfbbnyfgm f dnw ig Euofgæ.) ]nsn Fonrigmifgs wnrn crfgtnm bfgm gnfr Ut. Hjsnpl wlnrntlny nstfkbislnm f vibbfcn,Ufgtf Eruz mn Kungfvistf , ig 64<9 (Dic. 59). Ig fbb 53

ljusns wnrn kuibt lnrn, ofigby jeeupinm ky wjong fgm elibmrng. F bfrcn wjjmngerjss tjj` tln pbfen jd f elurel. Fgjtlnr vibbfcn wfs djugmnm gnfr Qjrt-jd-Upfig.Ejgsistigc jd jgby six ljusns, it lfm twngty Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn nopbjynm fssneurity djrens fssistigc witl slip igspnetijgs. Lnrn f elurel nxistnm fbrnfmy.

F snrins jd nvngts, wliel djr tln Upfgisl iglfkitfgts jd rigimfm wnrn ojstsljeìgc, tjj` pbfen murigc fgm djbbjwigc f ofhjr uprisigc jd tln Gnpjij ft tln Frngfbns oissijg ig engtrfb rigimfm ig Mnenoknr 6499. ^grnst stfrtnm wlng tlnybnfrgnm drjo jtlnrs fkjut tln ftrjeitins ejooittnm ky tln Upfgisl murigc f visit kytln cjvnrgjr jd rigimfm fgm lis jddieifbs tj tln oissijg vibbfcns jd Cufyrif, UfvfgfCrfgmn fgm Ufvfgntf. It fppnfrs tlft tln iglfkitfgts jd tlnsn Gfpfriof oissijgs

lfm gjt fkfgmjgnm fbb tlnir igmicngjus knbinds ig spitn jd tlnir ejgvnrsijg fgm, igtln wjrms jd tln Upfgisl, wnrn “bivigc bi`n kfrkfrifgs usigc tlnir dfbsn imjbftrins’igmubcigc ig “sjrenrins, fkusns fgm supnrstitijgs’ ky djbbjwigc tlnir slfofgs ( pnfi-ong) wlj wnrn “spnfìgc witl tln mnvibs’. ln Upfgisl pugislnm tlnsn “Igmifgsjrenrnrs fgm tljsn wlj ejgtrfmietnm tln igstruetijg jd tln ljby mjetrign’ snvnrnby,fppfrngtby ky lfgcigc tlno. Dnfrigc tlis sfon dftn, tln efptfig jd tln Frngfbnsoissijg pbfggnm tln risigc tjcntlnr witl f dnw feejopbiens. Igmnnm, wlng tln gnxtmfy murigc wjr` jg f gnw elurel tln Fonrigmifgs rndusnm tj pbfen f knfo igpjsitijg, tlny wnrn wfrgnm tlft tln cjvnrgjr wfs mun tj frrivn ig tln oissijg fgmwjubm tf`n stnrg onfsurns id tlny pnrsistnm ig tlnir rndusfb tj wjr`. lis igengsnm

tln Fonrigmifgs sj ouel tlft tlny ourmnrnm tln rnsimngt prinsts fgm f efrpngtnrfttfelnm tj tln oissijg. Sitl tln fssistfgen jd jtlnr onoknrs jd tln oissijg,suksnqungtby tln cjvnrgjr fgm lis rntigun wnrn fokuslnm0 tlny lfm hust erjssnmtln Fripj (Efrjgi) [ivnr jg tlnir wfy tj Frngfbns. Fbojst fbb tln Upfgisl prinstsfgm cjvnrgongt jddieifbs ig lis pfrty fgm sjon Fdriefg sbfvns wnrn ìbbnm, usigcpjisjgnm frrjws. [nturgigc tj tln oissijg, tln Fonrigmifgs mnstrjynm tln ljonsjd tln ebnries fgm rfgsfe`nm tln elurel witl nvnrytligc ig it. Ufigts’ dicurns fgmjrgfongts wnrn mnsnerftnm, tln sfernm vnstongts tjrg igtj strips (fgm ejgvnrtnmigtj bjigebjtls), wlibn tln fbtfr wign wfs mrug` fgm tln ljby jibs spibbnm. Fdtnrwfrmfbb tln Fonrigmifgs bndt tln oissijg, dbnnigc igtj tln djrnsts.



654

Sfrgnm ky f snrijusby wjugmnm survivjr jd tln fssfubt, ioonmiftn fetijg wfstf`ng ky tlnefkibmj jd Ut. Hjsnpl. Dnfrigc tln pjssikibity jd f cngnrfb igmicngjusrnvjbt ig tln isbfgm, itsfbefbmns (ofcistrftns) dirst ofmn surn tlft tln Fonrigmifgs jdtln ngejoingmfsstibb rnofignm bjyfb tj tln Upfgisl. Igmnnm, tln fssistfgen jd tljsn

bivigc ig fefricuf fgm Frfuef ejubm kn fsenrtfignm nfsiby. ( lnefkibmj rnwfrmnmtlnir efptfigs (elinds) ky drnnigc tlno drjo djrenm bfkjur djr snvnrfb ynfrs.) Unvnrfbsnfrel nxpnmitijgs wnrn jrcfgiznm ig jrmnr tj digm tln rnknbs. F dirst pftrjb jdtlirty Upfgisl fgm f lugmrnm Fonrigmifgs drjo fefricuf fgm Frfuef wngt fsdfr fs tln Fripj [ivnr fgm ngejugtnrnm tln kjmins jd tln cjvnrgjr fgm lis pfrty,rnfbizigc tlft tln outignnrs lfm dbnm tj tln nfst fgm sjutlnfst. Fgjtlnr Upfgisl―Gnpjij mntfelongt djugm tlft sjon jd tln ducitivns lfm cjgn tj Ojugt fofgffgm fdtnrwfrms ojvnm tj fg “isbfgm’ ig tln Gfrivf Uwfop, ebjsn tj tln knfel jdEjejs Kfy.=< Lnrn tln pursuigc squfm ngejugtnrnm f dubby Fonrigmifg froy jdniclty Gnpjij drjo Ufvfgf Crfgmn fgm sjon drjo Ojrucf, bnm ky Mjg Fgtjgij

mn bf Eruz, tln igmicngjus “Cngnrfb’ jd fbb tln Gfpfriof Fonrigmifgs, fssistnm kyf Upfgisl binutngfgt. Fdtnr sjon sìroislns witl tln rnknbs fgm prjvisijgnm ky fdnw Upfgisl fgm twngty Fonrigmifgs drjo Frfuef, tln mntfelongt witl Gnpjijdrjo fefricuf fgm Frfuef rnturgnm tj Ut. Hjsnpl. Lfvigc misbjmcnm tln rnknbsdrjo tlnir limigc ig tln Gfrivf Uwfop, tln Gfpfriof cngnrfb gjw pursunm tlnofs dfr fs prnsngt Qjigt [fmix wlnrn snvnrfb jd tlno huopnm jdd tln rje`s fgm wnrnmrjwgnm ig tln snf. Fbb tln jricigfb igsticftjrs jd tln outigy wnrn ̀ ibbnm, igebumigctlnir bnfmnr wlj lfm put jg tln cjvnrgjr’s ugidjro fgm wfs efrryigc lis stfdd fgmswjrm. Jgby f dnw rnknbs nsefpnm ky dbnnigc tj tln Efriks jd Frrneidns (prnsngtUfbykif) jg tln gjrtlnfst ejfst. Fbb <= efptivns wnrn tf`ng tj Ufvfgf Crfgmn fgm

tlng tj Ut. Hjsnpl. Fbsj, Efptfig Efbixtj jd Ufvfgntf mnbivnrnm tj tln Upfgisl twj Fonrigmifgs drjo Frngfbns, wlj lfm ejon tj lis oissijg witl tln gnws jd tlnuprisigc. Ig fbb 46 ofbn rnknbs wnrn put tj mnftl wlibn tln wjong fgm elibmrngknbjw 6; ynfrs jd fcn wnrn ngsbfvnm. Mjg Fgtjgij mn bf Eruz wfs ejgcrftubftnmky tln gnwby frrivnm cjvnrgjr fgm civng djur jd tln efpturnm wjong fs sbfvns. Fbb ig fbb, tln Frngfbns risigc rnprnsngtnm tln bfst gjtfkbn nruptijg jd igmicngjuspjwnr ig tln isbfgm. It is quitn irjgie tlft tlis digfb fttfe` jg Upfgisl ejgtrjb wfsput mjwg ky jtlnr Fonrigmifgs, fetigc fs fuxibifrins djr tln Upfgisl. Fppfrngtbyky gjw tlnir fbbncifgen tj tln Upfgisl lfm kncug tj supnrsnmn tln igmicngjustrikfb bjyfbtins, fs kjtl tln Frngfbns igsurcngts fgm tlnir pursunrs wnrn prigeipfbby

fddibiftnm tj tln Gnpjij pnjpbn.

Fkjbitijg fgm rnigstftnongt jd tln oissijgs

ln nfrby ynfrs jd tln nicltnngtl engtury sfw f crjwigc ejgdbiet kntwnng tlnoissijgfrins fgm tln ejbjgy’s bfgmjwgnrs, wlj rnsngtnm tlnir bioitnm feenss tj tln Fonrigmifg bfkjur djren ig tln isbfgm. Ky tlis tion tln nejgjoy wfs crfmufbbyioprjvigc mun tj tln wimn eubtivftijg jd ejejf (jd tln “erijbbj’ vfrinty), nspneifbbysigen trnns mnrivigc drjo snnms iopjrtnm drjo Efrfefs fgm Euofgæ lfm knng

=< Bftnr it fppnfrnm tlft sjon jd tln rnknbs wislnm tj limn jg Ojugt fofgf, fwfitigc tln jppjrtugitytj hjig f pfrty jd Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm jg jgn jd tlnir rfims jg tln isbfgm.



653 ( ― )

pbfgtnm. Knefusn jd tln bfe` jd ejigfcn, ejejf gjw knefon tln bjefb eurrngey, fsjg tln ofigbfgm ejfst. rigimfm’s ejejf wfs jd nxenbbngt qufbity fgm, kjuclt fgmpfim djr ig fmvfgen, it dntelnm licl priens. ln ofig djrnicg trfmnrs wnrn Mutelprivftnnrs fgm sbfvnrs. Jtlnrwisn, tln ejejf wfs nxpjrtnm tj Efrfefs wlnrn it ejubm

kn bjfmnm jg rncistnrnm vnssnbs drjo Upfig. Drngel fgm Ngcbisl pirftns jeefsijgfbigtnrdnrnm witl tln trfmn ky snizigc slips bjfmnm witl ejejf. Ig 6316 fg Ngcbisldricftn drjo Kfrkfmjs tlrnftngnm tj fttfe` tln isbfgm0 it wfs elfsnm fwfy ky sixty Fonrigmifgs ugmnr f Upfgisl efptfig. (Nvngtufbby tln ejejf igmustry wfs sjsueenssdub tlft ig 6369 rigimfm ejubm fddjrm tj nquip fgm fro f slip-jd-wfr tjprjtnet its trfmn.) Mun tj tln crjwigc prjspnrity ig tln isbfgm, tln mnofgm djrbfkjur igernfsnm ejrrnspjgmigcby. ln Upfgisl snttbnrs, sjon 6;1 gjw, ejopbfignmtlft tln Fonrigmifgs ig tln oissijgs wnrn pfopnrnm fgm `npt ig imbngnss wlibntlny wnrn mnginm tln usn jd Fonrigmifg bfkjur. (Kbfe` sbfvns wnrn middieubt cnt.) Igmnnm, tln Elurel ejgtrjbbnm fbb tlis bfkjur fgm tln oissijgs wnrn bnfmigc

ig tln prjmuetijg jd ejejf djr nxpjrt. Fs fg nxpnriongt, tln Upfgisl bfgmjwgnrswnrn crfgtnm pnroissijg tj nopbjy Fonrigmifgs drjo tln oissijgs fs bfkjurnrsig tln ejejf dinbms ig rnturg djr pfy, djjm fgm rnbicijus igstruetijg. Ljwnvnr, tlnpbfgtnrs rnpjrtnmby misrncfrmnm tlnsn jkbicftijgs fgm fdtnr f pnrijm jd 4―< ojgttln Fonrigmifgs rnturgnm tj tln oissijgs, nxlfustnm, sie` witl lugcnr fgm ugebfm.^gmnrstfgmfkby, tln oissijgfrins rndusnm tj ejgtigun tln frrfgcnongt.

Ig 631< tln Upfgisl Erjwg mneimnm tj fet jg tln rnqunsts jd rigimfm’s cjvnrgjr,wlj suppjrtnm tln pbfgtnrs, fgm mnofgmnm tln witlmrfwfb jd tln oissijgfrins. Muntj fppnfbs ky tln Efpueligs, it wfs gjt ugtib 6365 tlft tln rjyfb jrmnr wfs put igtjnddnet. Ky tlis tion tln djur Gfpfriof oissijg vibbfcns jd wnst rigimfm lfm ig fbb

6636 iglfkitfgts. Sitl =16 pnjpbn, Ufvfgf Crfgmn wfs tln bfrcnst. ln oissijgswnrn gjw trfgsdjronm igtj punkbjs mn mjetrigf ig wliel tln futljrity jd tln prinst(eurf ) wfs rnmuenm tj rnbicijus igmjetrigftijg, wlibnejrrncimjrns , fppjigtnm kytln cjvnrgjr, mnfbt witl foigistrftivn fgm humieifb ofttnrs. ln bfttnr gjw lfmmirnet feenss tj tln Fonrigmifg bfkjur ig tln oissijgs fs wnbb fs tlnngejoingmfsfgm mispjsnm jd it fs tlny wislnm. Fs tln Efpueligs bndt rigimfm ig 636=, tlnsneubfr ebnrcy lfm tj tf`n jvnr. lis pjsnm f ofhjr prjkbno fgm ig 6369 sjon jdtln prnvijus oissijgfrins wnrn fbbjwnm tj dibb pjsts tnopjrfriby ig tlnir djronroissijgs fs tlny wnrn tln jgby prinsts wlj `gnw tln “Igmifg bfgcufcns’. Ky tlistion jkvijusby jgby onoknrs jd tln bjefb Gnpjij nbitn wnrn fkbn tj spnf` Upfgisl,

fs murigc tln 6311 trifb jd tln Frngfbns igsurcngts, gjgn jd tln feeusnm wfs fkbntj ugmnrstfgm tln prjennmigcs witljut tln fssistfgen jd fg igmicngjus igtnrprntnr,Efptfig Ofrtig mn Ongmjzf jd tln Frfuefngejoingmf . Djbbjwigc tln misoissfb jdtln Efpueligs, tln oissijg vibbfcns kncfg tj misigtncrftn fgm ofgy Fonrigmifgsbndt tlno ig jrmnr tj bivn ig tln igtnrijr “witl tln sfvfcns jd tln jtlnr gftijgsrnvnrtigc tj imjbftry’, fs f Upfgisl mjeuongt jd 63;6 nxprnssnm it. Knsimns, fttfe`sky tln Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm stibb tjj` pbfen, rnpjrtnmby igeitigc tln oissijg Fonrigmifgs tj rnknbbijg fgm efrryigc jut ngsbfvigc rfims. ln djur Gfpfriofvibbfcns lfm jgby 4;5 Fonrigmifgs ig 63;;, hust jvnr lfbd tln guoknr tng ynfrsprnvijusby.



65<

Qrjkfkby djrenm, Elfiof fgm Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm tjj` up rnsimngenig tln ngejoingmf vibbfcns ig 636;.=9 ln bfttnr wnrn fkjbislnm tlrjucljut tlnngtirn Upfgisl nopirn fgm trfgsdjronm igtj punkbjs mn mjetrigfig 6364. Ky tlistion tlnrn wnrn sjon 4>1 Fonrigmifgs bivigc ig tlno. lnir iglfkitfgts lfm

knng ugmnr suel prnssurn tj pfy trikutn ig tln djro jd pnrsjgfb snrvien jr kyprjmueigc erjps, tlft tln cjvnrgjr ejopbfignm ig 6366 tlft tlny lfm tjj bittbntion tj eubtivftn tlnir jwg bfgms. ligcs wnrn gjt ioprjvigc fdtnr tln fkjbitijg jdtln ngejoingmf systno fs tlnejrrncimjrns , wlj wnrn jdtng rnbftnm tj tlnir jwgnrs,`npt oisusigc tln Fonrigmifgs ft tions. Fbsj, rnbicijus igstruetijg wfs gncbnetnm8prinsts wnrn gjt pfim fgm tlnngejongmnrjs rndusnm tj prjvimn tlno witl wign,krnfm, jib, fgm jrgfongts. Gnvnrtlnbnss, ig 6363 tln Fonrigmifgs jd Frfuef kuibtfg ngtirnby gnw elurel sigen tln jbm jgn wfs ejopbntnby ruignm. lrjucljut tlnsnynfrs, tln Upfgisl snttbnrs rnofignm fbojst wljbby mnpngmngt jg tln Fonrigmifgsjd tln djronr ngejoingmfs djr djjm suppbins. Ig spitn jd tlis, tln Upfgisl `npt

ejopbfigigc tlft tlny wnrn rftlnr bfzy, fgm lnftlngs “witl fs ofgy wjong fs nfelwislns’. Knsimns, tlny nghjynm ouel ojrn drnnmjo tlfg tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlnoissijgs wljo tlny rnpjrtnmby trinm tj burn fwfy, fs fppfrngtby lfppngnm witldjrty dfoibins ig 6364. Ejgvnrtnm Fonrigmifgs wnrn rnwfrmnm witl drnnmjo drjotrikutn djr twngty ynfrs. lis lfm tj kn pfim ig cjjms, djr bfe` jd eurrngey8 ofizn,efssfvf, kbfe` wfx, tjkfeej, lfrmwjjm, fgm rjpn jd tln ofljn trnn. Ljwnvnr, ig631> tln Fonrigmifgs wnrn wjrìgc jgn tlirm jd tln ynfr jg tln nstftns jd tlnngejongmnrjs igstnfm jd pfyigc tlnir prnseriknm trikutn ig ojgny jr fcrieubturfbprjmuen. Ky tln 63;1s, fpfrt drjo crjugm prjvisijgs fgm ofizn, druits suel fspbfgtfigs, pfwpfws, pignfppbns, jrfgcns, bnojgs, fgm wftnronbjgs wnrn eubtivftnm

ig tln djronr ngejoingmf vibbfcns, gjw punkbjs mn mjetrigf , wlibn pics, cjfts,ofrns, ljrsns fgm elie`ng wnrn rfisnm. Knsimns, tlnir ofbn iglfkitfgts rnofignmngbistnm ig tln oibitif wlibn tlny `npt cufrm ft tln ojutl jd tln Efrjgi [ivnr fswnbb. Ig 631> Ut. Hjsnpl lfm ig fbb <1 ong wlj ejubm knfr fros, fojgc wljotlnrn wnrn vnry dnw Upfgisl0 ojst jd tlno wnrnonstizjs , oubftjs fgm drnn kbfe`s,“fbb pjjr pnjpbn’. Ig 63;; it lfm ig fmmitijg 6<6 Gnpjij fuxibifrins drjo tln djur“ejoofgms’ fgm tln vibbfcn jd Kungfvistf gnfr Ut. Hjsnpl.

ln prjmuetijg jd ejejf rjsn rfpimby fdtnr tln bfgmjwgnrs wnrn fbbjwnm tjnopbjy tln Fonrigmifgs drjo tln djronr oissijgs fgm ngejoingmfs jg tlnir nstftns.Knigc jd supnrijr qufbity, it dntelnm licl priens. Ljwnvnr, tln isbfgm’s prjspnrity

mim gjt bfst bjgc, fs ig 63;> f misfstrjus dugcus misnfsn ruignm tln ngtirn stje`jd ejejf trnns, fs f rnsubt jd wliel pjvnrty strue` fbb tln pbfgtnrs. Ofgy snttbnrs(fgm sbfvns) gjw noicrftnm tj tln ofigbfgm fgm rigimfm’s gjg-Fonrigmifgofbn pjpubftijg mnebignm tj f onrn 64; fmubts, wlibn Ut. Hjsnpl crfmufbby bfpsnmigtj jkbivijg. Ig mnspnrftijg, ig 63;< tln cjvnrgjr nvng sngt fg nxpnmitijg tjtln ofigbfgm ig jrmnr tj snfrel djr Nb Mjrfmj. Igmnnm, tln ejbjgy wfs gnfrbykfg`rupt. ln Upfgisl snttbnrs rnpjrtnmby “dnm tlnosnbvns witl wlft bittbn tlnyejubm pnrsjgfbby cnt ig tln wjjms fgm ig tln snf’. Knsimns, knigc ig f “oisnrfkbnstftn’ fgm suddnrigc “ouel sie`gnss fgm mistrnss drjo tln wfgt jd djjm, onmieigns

=9 Jd tlnsn, Friefcuf lfm knng fmoigistnrnm ky tln Erjwg sigen 64<9.



659 ( ― )

fgm fttngmfgen’, ofgy Fonrigmifgs gjw bndt tln djronrngejoingmf fgm oissijgsnttbnongts ig jrmnr tj bivn “ig tln libbs fs id tlny wnrn lnftlng’, fs f Upfgifrm gjtnmmisfpprjvigcby ig 635;. Fs tln Gnpjij jd tln tlrnn “ejoofgms’ lfm fssistnm tlnUpfgisl fs kjft lfgms, fronm witl kjws fgm frrjws, murigc fg nxpnmitijg fcfigst

Efriks ig tln Jrigjej Tfbbny ig 6355, wliel mim gjt yinbm tlno fgy kjjty, fgm igjrmnr tj nfsn tln kurmng jg tln bjyfb Fonrigmifgs ig cngnrfb, fbb wnrn rnbinvnm jtrikutn djr six ynfrs. Gnvnrtlnbnss, tln ojvnongt tj tln igtnrijr ejgtigunm. (Ig tlisrnspnet it sljubm kn `npt ig oigm tlft ig tlis pnrijm f dnw tljusfgm Fonrigmifgs,fkjut wliel tln Upfgisl listjrie mjeuongts frn virtufbby sibngt, wnrn pnrofgngtbyiglfkitigc tln pfrts jd tln isbfgm wliel wnrn knyjgm Upfgisl ejgtrjb.) j fmm tjtln oisnry, virubngt sofbbpjx npimnoies lit tln isbfgm ig 6359 fgm 63=6.

Djr f bjgc tion rnqunsts tj tln Erjwg tj sngm ojrn ebnries tj tln isbfgm wnrnugsueenssdub8 ig 6359 tlnrn wfs jgby jgn prinst (witljut fgy `gjwbnmcn jd tlnGnpjij bfgcufcn) djr fbb djur Gfpfriof oissijg vibbfcns. Ln rnenivnm cjjms ig

pfyongt djr lis mutins wliel “wnrn gjt jd ouel vfbun’. Digfbby, ky rjyfb mnernn Frfcjgnsn Efpueligs, wlj lfm knng fetivn ig Euofgæ jg tln ofigbfgm djr ofgyynfrs, wnrn civng elfrcn jd tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs, tlnrnky rnigstftigc tlnoissijg systno, ig 63==. It wfs gjt ugtib 63=9 tlft fetijg wfs tf`ng fgm twjgnw oissijg snttbnongts ( punkbjs mn mjetrigf ) wnrn djugmnm ig tln isbfgm. ln dirstjd tlnsn,Bjs Ufgtjs [nyns mn Oueurfpj, wfs fppfrngtby situftnm gjt dfr drjo tlnjricigfb sitn jd sixtnngtl-engtury Euoueurfpj vibbfcn (Dic. 59). It wfs nstfkbislnmprjkfkby fojgc Fonrigmifgs jd Frfwf` ntlgieity jricigftigc drjo tln ofigbfgm,kut ejubm gjt rntfig tlno djr vnry bjgc, knefusn jd tlnir “gfturfb igejgsistngey’ fstln Upfgisl nxpbfignm. Fkfgmjgnm ig 63>6, tln oissijg wfs rn-nstfkbislnm tlrnn

ynfrs fdtnrwfrms fgm ebjsnm fcfig sjjg fdtnr. lis wfs ofigby knefusn tln cjvnrgjrrndusnm tj ejgtrikutn tj its up`nnp. F snejgm oissijg,Ufgtf [jsf mn Friof , wfsdjugmnm ig tln nxistigc Gnpjij snttbnongt jd Friof, hust sjutl jd tln Gjrtlnrg[fgcn. It wfs bjeftnm ig tln gniclkjurljjm jd tln prnsngt [jofg Eftljbie elureljd tlis vibbfcn, wliel is situftnm jg tln kfg` jd tln Frfuef [ivnr. Lnrn bfgm tjejgstruet tln oissijg wfs mjgftnm tj tln Elurel ky f Upfgisl snttbnr. Ljwnvnr,tlis oissijg, tjj, wfs fkfgmjgnm ig 63>=. ( ln bfyjut jd tln prnsngt tjwg jd Friof mnvnbjpnm jut jd tlft jd tln oissijg wliel wfs rnvivnm ig 63<4.)

Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln pjpubftijg jd tln djur Gfpfriof snttbnongts wfs ngbfrcnm kycrjups jd Elfiof fgm Qfrifcjtj Fonrigmifgs drjo tln ofigbfgm. Qfrtby, tlis ofy

lfvn knng igmuenm ky f sofbbpjx npimnoie wliel rfvfcnm tln Qfrif Qngigsubf ig6354, wlibn rnpjrtnmby Drngel itignrfgt trfmnrs igeitnm tlnsn Fonrigmifgs tj hjigtlno fgm cj tj jkfcj (snn Elfptnr <). Ig 6359 6>1 “pfcfg’ Elfiof wnrn bivigc igtln Gfpfriof vibbfcns. Fbsj, ig tln 63=1s bfrcn guoknrs jd “Ynbbjw’ (Isbfgm) Efriksojvnm drjo Ut. Tigengt tj gjrtlnfst rigimfm fgm tln ofigbfgm, dbnnigc drjo tlnprnssurn jd tln Kbfe` Efriks. lnsn Isbfgm Efriks snttbnm, witl tln Elfiof fgmQfrifcjtj, jg tln gjrtl ejfst ft Frrneidns (Ufbykif Kfy), hust nfst jd prnsngt jej,fgm tln bfttnr fbsj jg tln nfstnrg sljrn ft Euofgf Kfy.>1 Fs wn lfvn snng, Efriks

>1 ]n gfon Ufbykif is jd Isbfgm Efrik (@fbi’gfcj) mnrivftijg fgm jeeurs fs f tjpjgyo ig tln Efriknrritjry jd Mjoigief fs wnbb. It is rnbftnm tj tln Isbfgm Efrik gfon djr rigimfm,elfbéikn (prjgjugenm

fs Ŧfbéykn) fgm pnrlfps tln Isbfgm Efrik tnro elfbïkfkjòn , onfgigc “snpfrftn’.



6=1

(@fbi’gf) wnrn snttbnm lnrn ig 6499 wlng tlny wnrn hjignm ky Gnpjij ducitivns drjo Frngfbns. Knigc knyjgm mirnet Upfgisl ejgtrjb, gjrtlnfst rigimfm ebnfrby knefonf rnducn frnf djr vfrijus Fonrigmifg crjups, fgm fdtnr tln Kritisl snttbnongt jd

jkfcj fbsj djr rugfwfy sbfvns drjo tlis isbfgm.

Ig tln 63>1s tln ejejf igmustry rnejvnrnm sjonwlft mun tj tln igtrjmuetijgjd tln Krfzibifg “ djrfstnrj’ vfrinty wliel prjvnm tj kn lfrminr tlfg tln jgn crjwgprnvijusby. Ujon ejbjgists rnturgnm tj tln isbfgm, kut ejejf prjmuetijg gnvnr fcfigfssuonm tln iopjrtfgen it lfm ig tln nfrby 6311s. Qnjpbn rnofignm oisnrfkbypjjr fgm wnrn strue` ky pnrpntufb jutkrnf`s jd sofbbpjx, ofbfrif fgm ynbbjwdnvnr. Ig 63>3 Ut. Hjsnpl wfs suel f mnrnbiet pbfen tlft f gnwby frrivnm cjvnrgjrejubm gjt digm f prjpnr ljusn djr liosnbd fgm wngt tj bivn ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig. Itbnm tj bigcnrigc ejgdbiets witl tlnefkibmj wliel lnbm tj Ut. Hjsnpl fs tln isbfgm’sefpitfb. lnsn ynfrs fbsj sfw tln nstfkbislongt jd gnw oissijg vibbfcns ( punkbjsmn mjetrigf ) ky tln Frfcjgnsn Efpueligs wlj wislnm tj ejgtigun tlnir nddjrts ft

nvfgcnbizftijg jd tln rigimfm Fonrigmifgs djbbjwigc tln dfiburn jd Oueurfpj fgm Friof. Feejrmigcby, ig 63><―63>9 ig fbb divn gnw oissijgs wnrn djugmnm, wlibntln Efpueligs gjoigfbby tjj` elfrcn jd tln djur Gfpfriof vibbfcns fgm tln djronrngejoingmf snttbnongts fs wnbb. Ojst jd tln gnw oissijgs wnrn nstfkbislnm iggjrtlnfst rigimfm. ln dirst jd tlnsn,Gunstrf Unöjrf mn bf Fsugeiõg, wfs djugmnmfojgc Elfiof fgm Efriks ig tln gniclkjurljjm jd tln prnsngt [jofg Eftljbieelurel jd jej, wliel is situftnm ig fg isjbftnm lfobnt stibb efbbnm ln Oissijg,sjon ;.> ò wnst jd tln engtrn jd tlis gjrtl ejfst vibbfcn. ln prnsngt elurel isbjeftnm jg f sofbb prjojgtjry jppjsitn twj libbs, drjo wnst tj nfst, tln OissijgLibb fgm tln @fbidjgif Libb. ^gtib tln nfrby 6911s tln elurel stjjm jg tjp jd

tln Oissijg Libb. ln gfon @fbidjgif is f ejrruptijg jd tln gfon tln dnofbnIsbfgm Efriks cfvn tj tlnir pnjpbn, @fbi’pugf. (F trfe` cjigc up tlis libb wfs efbbnmtln @fbidjgif [jfm ugtib rnengtby.) Fgjtlnr oissijg, Frrneidns, wfs nstfkbislnm ftUfbykif Kfy, bnss tlfg ; ò nfst jd jej, fojgc Efriks, Elfiof fgm Qfrifcjtj, jdwliel tln twj bfttnr crjups wnrn rnengt frrivfbs. Its nxfet bjeftijg is gjt `gjwg.

lis fppbins fbsj tj f tlirm oissijg, Euofgf, wliel wfs ernftnm fojgc Efriks,Elfiof fgm Qfrifcjtj ft Euofgf Qjigt jg tln nfst ejfst. Jkvijusby, tln gfonis f ejoonojrftivn tjpjgyo, rnoigmigc jd tln frnf jd jricig jd tln twj bfttnrntlgie crjups. F djurtl, sioibfrby ugbjeftnm, oissijg wfs djugmnm fojgc Elfiofsjonwlft igbfgm drjo tln nfst ejfst ft Ofturf, fkjut ;1 ò, fs tln erjw dbins,

sjutl jd Euofgf.>6

Digfbby, f didtl oissijg,Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf , wfs nstfkbislnmfojgc Frfwf`s fgm Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm ft Uipfrif ig sjutlwnst rigimfm. Itwfs bjeftnm ig tln vieigity jd tln prnsngt [jofg Eftljbie elurel ig tlis vibbfcn.

Fbb tlnsn oissijgs wnrn sljrtbivnm fs tln Efpueligs bndt tln isbfgm fcfig fdtnrf dnw ynfrs sigen tln bjefb cjvnrgongt wfs ugwibbigc tj suppjrt tlno digfgeifbby.

lny ejgtigunm tj nxist fs Fonrigmifg vibbfcns, sigen fbb jd tlno nxenpt Ofturffrn sljwg fs suel jg tln dirst mntfibnm ofp jd rigimfm, mrfwg ky Fcustïg Erfonig 6333. Bittbn is `gjwg fkjut mfiby bidn ig tln vfrijus Fonrigmifg vibbfcns igtlis pnrijm, fbtljucl ebnfrby Lispfgieizftijg wfs mnvnbjpnm durtlnst ig tln djronr

>6 Ujonwlft bftnr, ig tln 6331s sofbb crjups jd Drngel turtbnrs fgm ejejgut pbfgtnrs snttbnm ibbncfbbyfojgc tln Fonrigmifgs jd rigimfm’s gjrtl fgm nfst ejfsts ft jej, Euofgf fgm Ofgzfgibbf.





6=;

ofhjr nfrtlquf`n mnstrjynm ofgy ljusns fgm kjtl elurelns jd Ut. Hjsnpl, tlndjrtidieftijg fgm cjvnrgjr’s rnsimngen ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig, fgm tln oissijg elurelnsjd Ufvfgf Crfgmn, Cufyrif, fgm Ojgtsnrrftn, fs wnbb fs tljsn jd tln “ejoofgms’jd Frfuef fgm fefricuf. ln ngtirn vibbfcn jd Ufvfgntf lfm kurgnm mjwg twj

ynfrs prnvijusby mun tj f dirn efusnm ky ebnfrigc tln oissijg’s ejoojg crjugms.Jgby sjon rnbicijus jkhnets suel fs f sibvnr elfbien, sjon sfernm vnstongts fgmf ljby dicurn ejubm kn sfvnm drjo tln elurel. ln Fonrigmifgs wnrn ojvnm tjOjgtsnrrftn. Ojgny djr rnkuibmigc tln vibbfcn wfs mjgftnm ky tln Erjwg ig 6349.

lrnn ynfrs bftnr f misfstrjus mrjuclt efusnm tln ejopbntn dfiburn jd tln ejejferjp. Fcfig, tln isbfgm’s pjpubftijg nxpnringenm f ejopbntn rnbfpsn igtj pjvnrty.Ofgy snttbnrs fs wnbb fs Fonrigmifgs noicrftnm tj tln ofigbfgm. Ky tln 6331s tlnUpfgisl cjvnrgongt digfbby rnfbiznm tlft, bfeìgc ofgpjwnr fgm efpitfb, rigimfmwljsn strftncie iopjrtfgen wfs rnejcgiznm ft bfst, wjubm rnofig ugmnvnbjpnmugbnss its pjbiey rncfrmigc tln isbfgm mrfstiefbby elfgcnm. Djbbjwigc its feenptfgen

tlft djrnicg iooicrftijg wjubm kn nssngtifb tj mnvnbjp tln isbfgm igtj f prjditfkbnpbfgtftijg nejgjoy kfsnm jg sbfvn bfkjur, dfr-rnfeligc rndjros wnrn iopbnongtnm.^btioftnby tln sueenss jd tlnsn nejgjoie fgm sjeij-pjbitiefb elfgcns wjubm bnfm tjtln ofrcigfbizftijg jd rigimfm’s Fonrigmifg pjpubftijg.

Djrnicg iooicrftijg fgm tln mnvnbjpongt jd f pbfgtftijgnejgjoy

Ig 6334 tln gnwby frrivnm cjvnrgjr, Mjg Ofgunb Dæbqunz, rnpjrtnm tj tln Erjwgtlft ejgmitijgs ig rigimfm wnrn mnpbjrfkbn8 it lfm knejon f snoi-mnsnrtnm isbfgm

wljsn rnofigigc snttbnrs wnrn liclby ugeivibisnm. Knsimns, tln fvfibfkbn cjvnrgongtkuibmigcs wnrn gjt ojrn tlfg strfw slfe`s. lis sfon ynfr Ofmrim fbbjwnm tlniooicrftijg jd djrnicg pbfgtnrs ugmnr enrtfig ejgmitijgs (gjtfkby tlnir knigc[jofg Eftljbie), crfgtigc tlno bfgm jg nfsy tnros ejupbnm witl tfx igengtivns.Drjo 6333 jgwfrms nspneifbby Drngel pnjpbn drjo Crngfmf, wliel, bi`n jkfcj,wfs jgn jd tln isbfgms enmnm tj Kritfig ig 6345, fgm sjon Irisl snttbnrs ojvnmig. ln strnfo swnbbnm wlng ig 63<5 nvng ojrn cngnrjus tnros wnrn jddnrnm tjiooicrfgts ig tln dfojus E émubf jd Qjpubftijg, spneidiefbby mnsicgnm tj fttrfetwnfbtly Drngel pbfgtnrs, kjtl wlitn fgm ejbjurnm. (Drfgen wfs ebjsnby fbbinm witlUpfig sigen 6346.) Jtlnr rndjros wnrn ofmn fs wnbb8 trfmn kntwnng Upfig fgm its

ejbjgins wfs biknrfbiznm wlibn ig 6333 rigimfm wfs krjuclt ugmnr tln Efptfigey-Cngnrfb jd Tngnzunbf fgm tln Igtngmfgt ft Efrfefs.>; Drjo 63<= jgwfrms, tlnisbfgm’s sjeij-pjbitiefb fgm nejgjoie rnejgstitutijg wfs ngnrcntiefbby fgm sìbdubbycuimnm ky f gnw cjvnrgjr, Mjg Hjsé Ofrif Elfeõg. Krigcigc witl tlno tlnirsbfvns, efpitfb fgm `gjw-ljw, tln Drngel gnwejonrs snt up pbfgtftijgs jd ejttjg,ejejf, ejddnn fgm sucfr. jjbs fgm nquipongt, ljrsns, oubns fgm jxng djr trfgspjrtfgm wjr` jg tln nstftns wnrn iopjrtnm. Ujjg tln iooicrfgts ky dfr jutguoknrnmtln Upfgisl ig tln isbfgm. Sitl tln Drngel, tlnir djjm, mfgens, ousie, fgm sjeifbeustjos, igebumigc efrgivfb, wnrn igtrjmuenm. Igmnnm, rigimfm lfm knejon f

>; ]n isbfgm lfm knng jsteifbby snpfrftnm drjo (Tngnzunbfg) Cufyfgf fs nfrby fs 634;. It wfs ofmn fsnpfrftn igtngmfgey ig 6396.



6=5 ( ― )

Drngel ejbjgy rubnm ky Upfig. Slibn ig 63<1 ejoonreifb fcrieubturn wfs ejgdignmtj tln crjwigc fgm nxpjrt jd ejejf, vfgibbf, igmicj, fggfttj, ejttjg, fgm ofizn, kytln 6391s sucfr lfm knejon tln ojst iopjrtfgt erjp. Ky tlis tion sjon 6>1 sucfrpbfgtftijgs, ojst jd tlno Drngel jwgnm, lfm knng nstfkbislnm ig tln vfbbnys jd tln

Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, fbjgc tln wnst ejfst fgm gnfr tln gnw tjwg Ufg Dnrgfgmj. Ofgydjrnstnm frnfs wnrn krjuclt ugmnr eubtivftijg gjw. rfmn igernfsnm trnongmjusbyfgm Qjrt-jd-Upfig knefon f kustbigc pjrt wlnrn tlnefkibmj digfbby ojvnm ig 63<=.Ofigby Kritisl slippigc prjditnm, ljwnvnr.

Slibn prijr tj 63<1 tln guoknr jd Fdriefg sbfvns wfs igsicgidiefgt fgm tlnfvfibfkbn bfkjur djren wfs mnpngmngt jg tln Fonrigmifg prnsngen ig tln isbfgm,Drngel iooicrftijg ejopbntnby rnvnrsnm tlis pieturn. Igmnnm, witlig f mnefmn

rigimfm’s mnojcrfplie strueturn elfgcnm ejopbntnby drjo Upfgisl-Fonrigmifgtj Drngel-Fdriefg. Ig 63<9 tln sbfvn trfmn wfs mnebfrnm jpng fgm tln guoknrjd Fdriefg sbfvns crnw nxpjgngtifbby. ln isbfgm’s tjtfb pjpubftijg igernfsnm drjo

5=5; ig 633< tj ><99 ig 63<= fgm gjt bnss tlfg 63,36< ig 6393. Slibn tlnpnrengtfcn jd wlitns fgm drnn ejbjurnms rnofignm prfetiefbby tln sfon, ojvigcdrjo =1.5% tj 5>.9% fgm 53.=%, tlft jd Fdriefg sbfvns crnw drjo 4.4% tj 5<.<%fgm >4.>%, fgm tlft jd tln Fonrigmifgs mnebignm drjo >5.6% tj ;>.5% fgmdigfbby 4.6%. Ljwnvnr, it sljubm kn `npt ig oigm tlft fg ugejugtnm guoknr jd Fonrigmifgs wnrn stibb bivigc knyjgm Upfgisl ejgtrjb. Knsimns, tln fetufb mnernfig tln guoknr jd ejgvnrtnm Fonrigmifgs ig tln isbfgm wfs rnbftivnby bioitnm, drjo6<;= tj 6=9> fgm 61<;. It lfm vfrijus efusns, igebumigc priofriby oisencngftijg,misnfsn fgm noicrftijg tj tln ofigbfgm. ln crjwtl jd tln guoknrs jd drnnejbjurnms wfs mun pfrtifbby tj tln dfet tlft f rjyfb mnernn jd 63<9 igstruetnm tln

Upfgisl ejbjgins tj wnbejon nsefpnm Drngel fgm Kritisl sbfvns, fs f rnsubt jd wlieltlrjucljut tln 6391s rigimfm rnenivnm guonrjus snfkjrgn rugfwfys igebumigcofgy drjo jkfcj. Ojrnjvnr, ig 63<5 crjups jd Isbfgm Efriks drjo Mjoigiefoicrftnm tj gjrtlnfst rigimfm, tlrnn ynfrs bftnr djbbjwnm ky Kbfe` Efriks drjoUt. Tigengt. Ig spitn jd jkhnetijgs ky Elfeõg, tlnefkibmj crfgtnm bfgm jg tlnnfst ejfst tj tln bfttnr jd tlnsn ducitivns, ft bnfst sjon jd wljo rnturgnm tj Ut.Tigengt ig jrmnr tj ejgtigun tlnir wfr fcfigst tln Kritisl ig 639>. Ofgy dbnm tj

rigimfm fcfig fdtnr its ejgebusijg ig 6393. lnir snttbnongt ofy lfvn knng ftUfbykif (tln snejgm tjpjgyo jd tlis gfon ig gjrtlnfst rigimfm) jg tln sljrn jdUfbign Kfy fgm ioonmiftnby sjutl jd Kfbfgmrf Kfy. Bi`n Ufbykif, tln bfttnr gfon is

f ejrruptijg jd fg Isbfgm Efrik tnro,kfbæggf , onfgigc “snf’.ln djrnicg iooicrftijg fgm tln ejgejoitfgt prnssurn jg tln fvfibfkbn bfgmigmuenm Elfeõg tj rnmuen tln guoknr jd igmicngjus oissijg vibbfcns, sj fs tj knfkbn tj mistrikutn tln ejoougfb bfgms jd tlnsn snttbnongts tj gnw Drngel frrivfbs.

ln Fonrigmifgs mim gjt lfvn fgy ebfios tj privftn prjpnrty ig tln oissijgsfgm, knsimns, ky gjw tlny lfm fppfrngtby knejon sj suksnrvingt tj tln Upfgisltlft tlny bfe`nm fgy fkibity jr mnsirn tj rnsist Elfeõg’s onfsurns. Fkjut 63<1 fvisitjr tj tln oissijgs rnofr`nm tlft tln “tnopnrfongt fgm mjeibity’ jd rigimfm’s Fonrigmifgs ofmn tlno “vnry bi`nfkbn’, fmmigc tlft tlnir mjcs “fgm mrug`nggnssejgstitutn fbb tlnir mnbiclts’. Uioibfrby, ig 63<< fg Ngcbisl efptfig rnpjrtnm tlft

tln Gnpjij jd tln oissijgs wnrn “fg igjddngsivn fgm igmjbngt rfen jd pnjpbn’ wlj





6=> ( ― )

Lfrris Uqufrn, is stibb Elurel prjpnrty. ln ofig ejgengtrftijg jd tln Fonrigmifgpjpubftijg wfs tj tln gjrtlwnst jd tln engtrn jd tln oissijg, jg Efbvfry Libb fgmkntwnng f sofbb trikutfry jd tln Ofusief [ivnr fgm @igc Utrnnt. Ft prnsngt tln[jofg Eftljbie enontnry ejvnrs ojst jd tln bfttnr frnf. ln jricigfb djjtpftl

wliel ejggnetnm Frfuef (Frjuef) witl Friof is stibb rnejcgizfkbn ig tln NfstnrgOfig [jfm, tln Friof Jbm [jfm fgm Ujrzfgj Utrnnt. ( ln bfttnr strnnt is efbbnmfdtnr tln Upfgisl dfoiby wliel suppbinm tln dirstejrrncimjrns jd tln Friof oissijg.) Fonrigmifg (Ofyjim) pjttnry fs wnbb fs sjon Upfgisl enrfoies lfvn knng djugm igtln frnf ft tln kfe` jd tln elurel fgm its vieigity.

Elfeõg durtlnr mneimnm tj fofbcfoftn tln djur Gfpfriof oissijgs ftOjgtsnrrftn, kut ig 639= jgby tln Fonrigmifgs jd Ufvfgntf lfm ojvnm tlnrn.Cufyrif enfsnm tj nxist fdtnr 63<= wlng its iglfkitfgts guoknrnm jgby 6<. wjynfrs bftnr Elfeõg nstfkbislnm Ufg Dnrgfgmj ft tln sitn jd tln jbm oissijg. Itwfs mnebfrnm f tjwg ig 639;. Uuksnqungtby, Ojgtsnrrftn wfs fkfgmjgnm fgm

ky 6393 tln =45 Fonrigmifgs jd tln Gfpfriof oissijgs lfm knng cftlnrnm igUfvfgf Crfgmn. It wjubm nxist fs fg Fonrigmifg oissijg snttbnongt ugtib tln oim-gigntnngtl engtury. Ft Uipfrif ig sjutl rigimfm f prnvijusby fkfgmjgnm oissijg,Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf , wfs rnvivnm witl Frfwf`s fgm Sfrfj ig 63<=. Ig 639> it stibblfm f rnsimngt Efpuelig fs tlneurf mjetrignrj jd tln vibbfcn wlj wfs its djugmnr. Ig6393 it ejugtnm 659 igmicngjus iglfkitfgts. Drjo its igenptijg tln Uipfrif oissijgwfs jdtng visitnm ky Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm. Ulnbb rndusn, Nurjpnfg enrfoies(igebumigc bftn nicltnngtl-engtury pnfrbwfrn fgm nfrtlngwfrn), stjgn drfcongts,ontfb jkhnets, fgm pipnstnos lfvn knng djugm ig tln gniclkjurljjm jd Uipfrif’sprnsngt [jofg Eftljbie elurel wliel stfgms ft tln sitn jd its prnmnenssjr jd

oissijg tions. Upiritufb cuimfgen wfs bfeìgc ig tln rnofigigc Fonrigmifg vibbfcnsjd gjrtlnfst rigimfm, jej, Euofgf fgm Ufbykif, fbtljucl tlny lfmefpitægns pjkbfmjrns , igstitutnm fs cjvnrgongt jddieifbs tj tf`n efrn jd tlnir fmoigistrftivnfgm humieifb ofttnrs, bi`n tlnejrrncimjrns jd tln Gfpfriof oissijgs. Ig 63936>> Fonrigmifgs wnrn ejugtnm ig tlnsn vibbfcns. Digfbby, ig tlnsn ynfrs tlnrn stirnofignm fg ug`gjwg guoknr jd Fonrigmifgs ig tln igtnrijr jd tln isbfgm, pfrt jdwljo djronrby bivnm ig tln oissijg snttbnongts. Fkjut 63<1 f djrnicg visitjr gjtnmtlft tlnrn wnrn “ofgy dfoibins wlj lfvn knng bivigc f gjofmie bidn ig tlnsn wjjms’,wlj, wlng “tlny lfppng ig tlnir wfgmnrigcs tj frrivn gnfr tlnsn Poissijg_ vibbfcns,tlny ngtnr tlno ejgdimngtby fgm prnsngt tlnir elibmrng tj tln prinsts djr kfptiso.

lis tlny pnrdjro fppfrngtby witl crnft mnvjtijg fgm sigenrn dfitl, prnsngtigc tlnprinst witl cfons fgm efssfvf ef`ns’. lis succnsts tlft tlnsn Fonrigmifgs lfmknejon fs Lispfgieiznm fgm ft bnfst gjoigfbby ejgvnrtnm fs tljsn bivigc ig tlnoissijg vibbfcns. It wfs gjt bjgc kndjrn tlny fgm tln jtlnr rigimfm Fonrigmifgswitgnssnm tln luoibiftigc mndnft wliel Upfig, tln ejbjgifb pjwnr wliel rubnm tlnisbfgm djr twj lugmrnm ynfrs fgm lfm rnmuenm tlno tj sukoissijg, suddnrnm murigtln Drngel-igspirnm fgm snbd-mnebfrnm Fgcbj―Upfgisl Sfr, fs f rnsubt jd wlie

rigimfm knefon pfrt jd tln Kritisl nopirn (6393).





6=3

61. Kritisl ejbjgizftijg fgm Fonrigmifg pnrsistngen ig]rigimfm (6393―prnsngt)

ln systno jd Fonrigmifg oissijg vibbfcns wfs digfbby fkfgmjgnm fdtnr lfbdf engtury jd Kritisl rubn. Ky tln 6<>1s jgby tln djronr oissijgs jd Friof fgmUipfrif rnofignm fs tjwgs iglfkitnm ky rnbftivnby ofgy pnjpbn jd “purn’ fgmoixnm Efrik fgm Sfrfj fgenstry, rnspnetivnby. Ig tlnsn ynfrs igernfsigc guoknrsjd sofbb suksistngen dfronrs jd oixnm Upfgisl―Fonrigmifg―Fdriefg mnsengt, s

efbbnm pnjgs, iooicrftnm igtj rigimfm drjo tln ofigbfgm, tlnrnky rnigdjreigctln Lispfgiznm igmicngjus pjpubftijg nbnongt ig tln isbfgm. ln pnjgs fbsjrnvitfbiznm tln fggufb enbnkrftijgs jd tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb ig Friof wliel lfvnfttrfetnm pnjpbn drjo fbb jvnr rigimfm ugtib tln prnsngt. ln jgcjigc pibcriofcnsfgm trfmn nxpnmitijgs jd tln ofigbfgm Sfrfj tj Ufg Dnrgfgmj fgm Uipfrif, fgmtlnir igvjbvnongt ig tln fggufb dnfsts jd Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf ig tln bfttnr tjwg, lfvnsioibfrby `npt fbivn tln rnonokrfgen jd tln igmicngjus pjpubftijg nbnongt igtln oubti-ntlgie ejgdicurftijg jd rigimfm sjeinty. Ky suppjrtigc digfgeifbby fgmojrfbby f snrins jd bjefb igitiftivns snnìgc djr rnejcgitijg jd Friof’s igmicngjusrjjts, tln rnengt cjvnrgongts jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj lfvn sljwg tj kn quitn

sngsitivn tj tln mnsirn jd tln Efriks jd tlis tjwg tj kn rnejcgiznm fs f mistigetntlgie crjup prjum jd its fgenstry fgm eubturfb lnritfcn.

]ln ngm jd oissijg tions ig Kritisl ]rigimfm

Ig Dnkrufry 6393 it tjj` tln Kritisl jgby f dnw mfys tj ejgqunr rigimfm. Ufibigcigtj tln Cubd jd Qfrif witl f ofhjr dbnnt, tlny igmuenm tln Upfgisl tj snt dirn tjtlnir jwg sofbb squfmrjg ojjrnm ft Elfcufrfofs wlibn tln bfttnr put up onrnbytj`ng rnsistfgen jg bfgm.>= Feejrmigc tj tln rftlnr cngnrjus tnros jd efpitubftijg,Upfgisl eivib fgm erioigfb bfw wjubm kn ofigtfignm fgm tlis wfs ejgdironm ft

tln jddieifb enssijg jd tln isbfgm ky tln Upfgisl ky tln rnfty jd Foings (6<1;).Uigen it wfs gjt fbbjwnm fg Fssnokby nbnetnm ky tln bjefb wlitn pbfgtnrs (fjkfcj ig 6345), rigimfm knefon f Kritisl “Erjwg Ejbjgy’, f situftijg wliel,

witl jeefsijgfb ejgstitutijgfb elfgcns, wjubm bfst ugtib rigimfm fgm jkfcjknefon fg igmnpngmngt ejugtry ig 694;. ^gmnr Kritisl rubn tln isbfgm’s nejgjoieeireuostfgens mnvnbjpnm witljut ofhjr sntkfe`s. Ig 6393 rigimfm lfm priofribysucfr, ejddnn, ejttjg, fgm sjon ejejf pbfgtftijgs. Gjw f ofhjr igdbux jd ojgnytjj` pbfen fgm ofgy prjspnetivn pbfgtnrs (witl tlnir sbfvns) dbje`nm ig. Nspneifbby

>= Bfeìgc oibitfry suppbins fgm trjjps, Elfeõg lfm jrcfgiznm tln bfgm mndngen tj tln knst jd lisfkibitins8 jgn jd lis dnw djrtisteftijgs wfs fronm witl tln oibitif fgm nvng “f dnw Igmifgs P…_ witlkjws fgm frrjws’.



6=<

tln sucfr igmustry dbjurislnm8 wlibn rigimfm prjmuenm 6=.; oibbijg pjugms wnicltjd sucfr ig 6<1;, tlis fojugt lfm risng tj 53.3 oibbijg ig 6<5<. Ig 6<19 sucfrwfs crjwg jg fbojst 31% jd tln tjtfb fernfcn jd eubtivftnm bfgm ig tln isbfgm.Ky tln 6<51s bfrcn trfets jd bfgm, nspneifbby ig tln Efrjgi Kfsig fgm fbjgc tln

wnst ejfst fs dfr sjutl fs Ufg Dnrgfgmj, lfm knng rnebfionm nspneifbby djr sucfreubtivftijg. Knsimns, ig tlnsn ynfrs tln wjrbm priens djr ejejf pbuoontnm, wliel,fmmnm tj snvnrfb ynfrs jd erjp dfiburns, bnm tj f slfrp rnmuetijg ig its prjmuetijg. Fbtljucl fs nfrby fs 6<14―13 tln sbfvn trfmn lfm knng djrkimmng ig tln Kritislnopirn, it wfs gjt ugtib 6<5< tlft sbfvnry wfs fkjbislnm fgm dubb “Nofgeipftijg’wfs crfgtnm tj tln ngsbfvnm kbfe` pjpubftijg jd tln isbfgm, djbbjwigc djur ynfrs jd“fpprngtienslip’. Drnn ejbjurnms lfm fbrnfmy knng pbfenm ky bfw nqufb tj wlitns ig6<;9. Slibn Upfgisl wfs stibb spj`ng ig pfrts jd tln isbfgm fgm ig tln Fonrigmifgngebfvns, ojst pnjpbn spj`n f Drngel pftjis , wlibn Ngcbisl rnprnsngtnm tln bfgcufcnjd cjvnrgongt fgm kusignss.

Onfgwlibn, tln Fonrigmifg sncongt jd rigimfm’s pjpubftijg crfmufbbymnebignm fgm knefon igernfsigcby ofrcigfbiznm. Ig 6<61 tln jddieifb engsus jd tlnisbfgm ejugtnm ig fbb 64>9 igmicngjus pnjpbn, dfbbigc tj 361 ig 6<;1 fgm >;1 ig6<5<. lis wjubm onfg tlft ig tln bfttnr ynfr gjt ojrn tlfg 6.5% jd tln tjtfbpjpubftijg (59,5;< pnjpbn) ejubm kn efbbnm jd Fonrigmifg mnsengt. Fbtljucl gjmjukt oisencngftijg, misnfsn fgm noicrftijg tj tln ofigbfgm fddnetnm tln guoknrjd rigimfmifg Fonrigmifgs ig tlnsn ynfrs gncftivnby, it is bi`nby tlft tln situftijgwfs bnss kbnf` tlfg pfigtnm ky tlnsn jddieifb ejugts, fs tlny wjubm lfvn tf`ng igtjfeejugt jgby tln Fonrigmifgs bivigc ig tln rnofigigc oissijg vibbfcns, gjtfkby Friof, Ufvfgf Crfgmn, Uipfrif, fgm jej. Nurjpnfg visitjrs tj tlnsn oissijgs

cngnrfbby nxprnssnm ugdbfttnrigc stnrnjtypnm jpigijgs jd tlnir iglfkitfgts. ln Fonrigmifgs wnrn snng fs “lfrobnss fgm igfetivn elibmrng’ jd wljo tln “tjtfb wfgtjd ongtfb fgm P…_ kjmiby ngnrcy is knyjgm ernmikibity’. Ig 6<;> fg Ngcbislofgnoplfsiznm tln pnrenivnm bidnbnss elfrfetnr jd tln oissijg Igmifgs jd Friof fgmUfvfgf Crfgmn, gjtigc fkjut tln bfttnr tlft “gjtligc snnos tj fddnet tlno bi`njtlnr ong0 gnitlnr hjy gjr sjrrjw, fgcnr, jr eurijsity, tf`n fgy ljbm jd tlno.Kjtl oigm fgm kjmy frn mrngelnm ig tln mnnpnst fpftly0 P…_ sibngen is ig tlnirmwnbbigcs fgm imbngnss ig fbb tlnir wfys’. Ln rnofr`nm tlft murigc lis visit tj Friof tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlis oissijg wnrn sittigc djr ljurs ig ojtijgbnss sibngen.Uioibfrby, ig 6<15 fg Ngcbisl snf efptfig ejoongtnm jg tln Efriks jd rigimfm’s

gjrtlnfst ejfst tlft tlnir igmjbngen wfs nxtrnon, tln “crnftnst pfrt jd tln tion isspngt ig swigcigc ig tlnir lfooje`s’. Ln fmmnm tlft ojst wjr` wfs mjgn ky tlnwjong wlibn tln ong jgby wngt disligc. Ig dfet, tln Nurjpnfg visitjrs snnonmsurprisnm tlft tln Fonrigmifgs wnrn quitn sftisdinm wlng tlnir kfsie suksistngengnnms wnrn dubdibbnm, mnvjtigc tln rnst jd tlnir tion, fs f ejgtnopjrfry wrjtn, tj“sojìgc, mfgeigc, fgm fbb ìgms jd fousnongts’. Knsimns, f visitjr tj tln Uipfrifoissijg gjtnm ig 6<=3 tlft ln “sfw gjgn jd tln fpftly sj jdtng ongtijgnm’.

Ig 6<69 jej, Euofgf fgm pjssikby Ufbikif wnrn stibb snpfrftn vibbfcns, fbtljucljgby jej lfm f rnsimngt prinst. ln oissijg’s kfptisofb rncistnrs, wliel stfrtnmig 6<53, rndnr tj fbb Fonrigmifg ojtlnrs fs “Efrfiknssn’. ln Efrik ntlgieity

jd tln nfrby gigntnngtl-engtury Fonrigmifg iglfkitfgts jd rigimfm’s gjrtlnfst



6=9

ejfst is ejgdironm ky tlnir ejgtnopjrfryejrrncimjr , wlj gjtnmtlft tlny efbbnm tlnosnbvns Efbidjurgfgs , wliel ebnfrby rnprnsngts fejrruptijg jd @fbi’pugf, i.n., tln gfon tln dnofbn Isbfgm Efriks cfvntj tlnosnbvns. Knsimns, ig tlnsn ynfrs crjups jd Elfiof stibb bivnmig tln ojugtfigjus frnf gjrtl jd Friof. Jeefsijgfbby tlny efonmjwg tj tln oissijg vibbfcn ig jrmnr tj nxelfgcn wibm onfts djr sofbb

ljusnljbm cjjms. Fdtnr 6<>= tlnsn Elfiof wnrn snng gj ojrn fs fofhjr eljbnrf npimnoie wliel strue` tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln gjrtlejfst fgm tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn nxtigcuislnm tlno. ln igmicngjuspjpubftijg jd tln gjrtl ejfst fbsj mioigislnm mun tj noicrftijg. Igtln nfrby 6<11s rnpjrtnmby Fonrigmifgs drjo tlis rncijg dbnm igtjtln wjjms fgm tj tln ofigbfgm ig jrmnr tj witlmrfw tlnosnbvns fgmtlnir dfoibins drjo tln mietftjrifb knlfvijur jd jej’s ejoofgmfgt,f “ejgtnoptikbn bittbn tyrfgt’, wlj, tjcntlnr witl fgjtlnr pbfgtftijgjwgnr, djrenm tlno tj wjr` fs sbfvns jg tlnir nstftns. Gjt fbb Fonrigmifgs jd tln gjrtl ejfst wnrn fs sukoissivn tj tln Nurjpnfgs.

F kbigm slfofg efbbnm Uybvnstnr, wlj wfs 41 ynfrs jd fcn ig 6<14,is rnejrmnm tj lfvn nxnreisnm fg fbojst fksjbutn futljrity jvnr tlnEfriks jd tln gjrtl ejfst. Fppfrngtby ln pjisjgnm fgjtlnr slfofgwlj efusnm lis kbigmgnss. Knsimns, ln rnpjrtnmby jkstruetnm tlnejgvnrsijg jd tln Efriks fgm tjrn mjwg tln erjss ig sjon vibbfcnknefusn, ln sfim, prinsts “frn ojrn nxpnrt ofcieifgs tlfg oysnbd’.

Ig tln nfrby gigntnngtl engtury Friof knefon rigimfm’s ojstiopjrtfgt oissijg vibbfcn. Its elurel wfs rnkuibt fgm f knbb-tjwnrfmmnm djbbjwigc f lurriefgn wliel kbnw mjwg tln elurel ig 6<61(Dic. ==). wj ynfrs bftnr fg igdbux jd Isbfgm Efriks drjo Ut. Tigengt

tjj` pbfen fdtnr f snrins jd nruptijgs jd tlis isbfgm’s Ujudriìrn vjbefgj.

Dicurn ==. Elurel j tln Friof

oissijg, ]rigimfm. Mrfwigc ky

Efptfig Sibsjg, 6<53. Ejurtnsy

Cérfrm F. Knssjg.





6>6

wliel tln stftun jd Ufgtf [jsf wfs efrrinm tlrjucl tln oissijg ky djur Efriks.Ebnfrby, tln dnstivfb, wliel fttrfetnm pnjpbn drjo fbb jvnr tln isbfgm, djronm f ofhjrnvngt fgm fg ngmurigc vnliebn djr ngsurigc ejoougity ejlnsijg, rnigdjreigc itfs f ugit wlibst ofìgc it pukbieby visikbn. Igmnnm, it wjubm rnofig tln prionigstitutijg fgm eubturfb syokjb jd tln Efriks jd Friof tlrjucljut tln gigntnngtlfgm twngtintl engturins ugtib tln prnsngt.

ln Fonrigmifgs jd tln oissijg vibbfcn jd Ufvfgf Crfgmn (prnsngt Qrigensjwg) wnrn bnss djrtugftn tlfg tljsn jd Friof ig tnros jd suppjrt ky tln nfrby

gigntnngtl-engtury rigimfm cjvnrgongt (Dic. =>). Ig 6<;> Ufvfgf Crfgmn, tlngejugtigc ;;9 pnjpbn, wfs mnseriknm fs ejgsistigc jd elindby twj pfrfbbnb rjws jd“bfrcn fgm bjdty’ ljusns witl f spfeijus crfss-ejvnrnm strnnt jr prjongfmn kntwnngtlno. ln ljusns, wliel stjjm ft igtnrvfbs jd 5―=.> ontrns, wnrn “knfutidubbyejgstruetnm’ jd spfrs jd kfokjj, tlftelnm witl pfbo krfgelns, fgm “vngtibftnm igtln ojst fcrnnfkbn ofggnr’. F prjhnetijg jd tln rjjd ft tlnir drjgt, suppjrtnm kypjsts, djronm f slfmy cfbbnry “ugmnr wliel tln Igmifgs wibb sit djr ljurs tjcntlnrig ojtijgbnss sibngen’. rfmitijgfbby, tln oissijg wfs tf`ng tj nxtngm tj f rfmius jd411vfrfs (sjon >11 o) mivnrcigc drjo its elurel, knyjgm wliel tln Fonrigmifgslfm tlnir dfroigc pbjts. Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln elurel wfs ig f kfm stftn8 ig 6<;= it wfs

mnseriknm fs “f vnry oisnrfkbn kfrg’. Knsimns, tln situftijg jd tln Fonrigmifgs wfsquitn cbjjoy. Ig 6<14 f Tngnzunbfg visitjr, tln rnvjbutijgfry cngnrfb Drfgeisejmn Oirfgmf, gjtnm tlft tlny wnrn nxpbjitnm ky tln rnsimngt prinst wlj lfm snttbnmf Upfgifrm ig f ruo sljp ig tln oissijg, witl wljo ln slfrnm tln prjdits, “djrtln bjvn jd spirits is tln elind vien jd tln Igmifgs’. Oirfgmf wfs “miscustnm witltln ofggnr ig wliel tln Igmifgs wnrn trnftnm’. ligcs wnrn gjt ioprjvigc wlng Sjjmdjrm fppjigtnm [jknrt Oitelnbb, tln ofgfcnr jr jwgnr jd snvnrfb nstftns,fs tln ejoofgmfgt jd Gjrtl Gfpfriof. ln Fonrigmifgs lfm tj wjr` djr tlnejoofgmfgt wlng jrmnrnm fgm, feejrmigc tj f ejgtnopjrfry, tlny wnrn “put igtjf cfgc bi`n f snt jd sbfvns’. Ig tlis wfy Oitelnbb lfm tln “[jyfb [jfm’ kntwnng Ufg

Dnrgfgmj fgm Ufvfgf Crfgmn crfvnbnm ig 6<6<, kut tln Ufvfgf Crfgmn Fonrigmifglfm tj wjr` jg lis jwg nstftns fs wnbb. Ig jrmnr tj `nnp tlno jknmingt, tlny wnrn“wlippnm, pjsitivnby wlippnm, fbojst mfiby’. ln oissijg prinst wfs fs tyrfggiefb fstln ejoofgmfgt. Efbbnm “f sefgmfb tj lis jrmnr, fgm f eursn tj lis dbje`’, ln “wngtdrjo tln fbtfr tj tln tfp, wlnrn ln sjbm ruo ky mrfos jr cibbs’. Knsimns, ln djrenmtln Fonrigmifgs tj wjr` ig lis cfrmngs fgm ejbbnetnm fbb tln yjugc cirbs ugmnr lisrjjd. ln situftijg ioprjvnm ugmnr lis sueenssjrs ig tln bftnr 6<;1s fgm 6<51s,kut fdtnr 6<5> tln oissijg mim gjt lfvn f rnsimngt prinst fgy bjgcnr.

ln Fonrigmifgs jd tln sjutlnrgojst oissijg, Uipfrif, dfrnm knttnr tlfg tljsnjd Ufvfgf Crfgmn. Nstfkbislnm fojgc Sfrfj fgm Frfwf`, it bjst f guoknr jd its

iglfkitfgts wlng ft tln enssijg tj Kritfig ig 6<1; tln rnsimngt prinst prnmietnm

Dicurn =>. Qjrtrfits j twj Fonrigmifgs j tln Ufvfgf Crfgmn

oissijg, ]rigimfm. Ejbjurnm bitljcrfpls ky [ielfrm Krimcngs

(6<;1), pukbislnm ig lis Snst Igmif Uengnry P…_, Bjgmjg 6<54.



6>;

tlft tlny wjubm kn oistrnftnm ky tln gnw rubnrs jd tln isbfgm. Ofgy tjj` tj tlnwjjms sjutl jd tln oissijg jr oicrftnm tj tln ofigbfgm. Sjjmdjrm fttnoptnm tjrnjrcfgizn tln oissijg ky bjeftigc tlnrnig rjyfbist noicrfgts drjo Tngnzunbf, fsf rnsubt jd wliel fdtnr tlis ejugtry’s Sfr jd Igmnpngmngen (6<66―6<;5) Uipfrif’s

pjpubftijg rjsn tj fbojst >11 pnjpbn. Ig 6<=3 tln oissijg is mnseriknm fs ejgsistigcjd fkjut ;> ljusns kuibt jd frrjw rnnm (rjsnfu) wfttbnm witl igejokustikbn“tigonnt’, pbfstnrnm witl ynbbjw oum. lny wnrn prjvimnm witl kfokjj bfmmnrs.Durgiturn ejgsistnm jgby jd lfooje`s0 tfkbns fgm elfirs wnrn rfrn. Bivn wibm ljcswnrn `npt igsimn ig kfokjj efcns0 mjonstie utngsibs ejgsistnm jd efbfkfslns fgmkfs`nts. Knsimns, ljusns jd lugtnrs lfm ofgy mjcs. ln oissijg lfm f rnsimngtprinst, f seljjbofstnr fgm fejrrncimjr . Uipfrif wfs f engtrn jd trfmn wliel wfsvisitnm jdtng ky ofigbfgm Sfrfj (Sfrfjjgs), nxelfgcigc kfs`nts fgm lfooje`sdjr ynbbjw fgm rnmrjueju, ruo fgm tjkfeej. Bfgmigc ft Vuigfo jr Ojrucf, tlnywfb`nm up tj Uipfrif jr Ufvfgf Crfgmn, rnspnetivnby. Qfrt jd tln trfe` tj tln bfttnr

oissijg lfs knejon `gjwg fs “Igmifg Sfb`’.>4

Fs ig Friof, tln enbnkrftijg jd tlngfon-mfy jd tln oissijg pftrjgnss, Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf, wfs fg fggufb dnstivfb wlielwfs liclbicltnm ky f sjbnog prjenssijg jd tln stftun jd tln Ljby Ulnplnrmnsstlrjucl tln strnnts jd tln vibbfcn. lis stftun is mnseriknm fs efrvnm drjo rnm enmfrfgm wnfrigc f strfw lft fgm sib` cjwg. [uojur lfs it tlft tln stftun wfs efrrinmdrjo tln ofigbfgm ky f prinst wlj lfm tj dbnn drjo pnrsneutijg. lis ofy lfvnlfppngnm murigc tln Tngnzunbfg Sfr jd Igmnpngmngen wlng ofgy prinsts, ojstjd wljo wnrn rjyfbists, bndt tln ofigbfgm djr rigimfm.

Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln pjbitiefb ugrnst jg tln ofigbfgm fbsj bnm tj fg igernfsigcguoknr jd jtlnr iooicrfgts wlj wislnm tj nsefpn tln turojib ft ljon. Ig dfet,

rnducnns drjo kjtl simns, rnpukbiefgs fgm rjyfbists, dbnm tj rigimfm. ln Kritisldirst ngejurfcnm tln Tngnzunbfg rnknbs tj usn rigimfm fs f kfsn djr pbfggigc tlniruprisigc, kut knefon ojrn syopftlntie tj tln rjyfbist efop fdtnrwfrms. lnofhjrity jd iooicrfgts wnrn sofbb suksistngen dfronrs (ejguqunrjs ), ig rigimfmejoojgby ̀ gjwg fs pnjgs ( pnjgns ), wlj efon fs nfrby fs Upfgisl tions fs snfsjgfbbfkjurnrs tj tln sucfr fgm ejejf nstftns jd tln isbfgm jr fs wjjmeuttnrs fgm pnttytrfmnrs. Ig spitn jd Sjjmdjrm’s uttnrfgen tlft “gjtligc efg nxennm tln bfzignss jdtln Upfgisl pnjgs kut tln Igmifgs’, ig tln 6<;1s tlny wnrn cngnrfbby humcnm fs“trfetfkbn fgm bfkjrijus’. Ig tlnsn ynfrs tln pnjgs wnrn ngejurfcnm ky tln (Upfgisl)oissijg prinsts tj snttbn ig Friof, gjt knefusn jd tlnir fkibitins fs nstftn wjr`nrs

fgm suksistngen dfronrs, kut tj ofigtfig tln mjoigfgen jd Upfgisl eustjos,bfgcufcn fgm trfmitijgs, tlus rnigdjreigc tln mwigmbigc guoknrs jd Lispfgiznm Fonrigmifgs. Igmnnm, tln pnjgs wnrn typiefbby jd oixnm Fonrigmifg―Upfgisl― Fdriefg mnsengt fgm eubturfbby fs wnbb fs plysiefbby pnjgs fgm Fonrigmifgsdjronm jvnrbfppigc eftncjrins. Kjtl wnrn Upfgisl-spnfìgc suksistngen dfronrsjr pnfsfgts, feeustjonm tj bivn ig Upfgisl-stybn wfttbn-fgm-mfuk ljusns (fhjupfs ),sbnnp ig lfooje`s, wnfvn kfs`nts fgm nft efssfvf krnfm fgm ofizn pins. Knsimns,tlny wnrn imngtidinm witl tln Upfgisl eubturfb lnritfcn, fgm witl tion tln pnjgs, Fonrigmifgs fgm Upfgisl jd rigimfm wnrn ejgdbftnm igtj jgn krjfm pjpubftijg

>4 Ig 6<63 Nrig (Ufg Drfgeiqun) djronm f rngmnzvjus djr Sfrfj drjo tln ofigbfgm fs wnbb. Utibb durtlnrwnst, tlnrn is f Vufrfljjg [ivnr jg tln Enmrjs Qngigsubf.



6>5

crjup ky tln jtlnr sncongts jd sjeinty. ln igernfsn jd tln Upfgisl-spnfìgcpjpubftijg mun tj tlis pnjg iooicrftijg bnm tj tln strngctlngigc fgm rnvivfb jdtln Upfgisl bfgcufcn ig tln isbfgm, wliel lfm knng ugmnr prnssurn drjo Drngel pftjis fgm Ngcbisl sigen tln Kritisl tf`njvnr.

Sjjmdjrm’s sueenssjrs, knigc kusy witl tln prnpfrftijgs djr Nofgeipftijg,mim gjt efrn fkjut tln prnsnrvftijg jd tln Upfgisl-djugmnm oissijgs. Ig 6<5=tln jddien jdejrrncimjr wfs fkjbislnm fgm suksnqungtby stipngmifry ofcistrftnswnrn fppjigtnm tj mnfb witl gjg-spiritufb ofttnrs ig tln stibb survivigc oissijgs,krigcigc tln Fonrigmifgs ugmnr ejoojg bfw. ln oissijgs wnrn gnvnr jddieifbbytnroigftnm, kut tln rnjrcfgizftijg jd rigimfm’s igtnrgfb fmoigistrftivn kjugmfrinsugmnr Cjvnrgjr Bjrm Lfrris ig 6<=9, ernftigc tln systno jd wfrms, krjuclt fkjuttlnir missjbutijg fgywfy. Drjo gjw jgwfrm pnjpbn lfm tj mnojgstrftn djrofb titbnstj bfgm fgm lfvn tln bfgm mnnms rncistnrnm. lis wjr`nm fcfigst tln Fonrigmifgsfs gjgn jd tlno pjssnssnm suel mnnms fgm ofgy ejubm gjt rnfm jr writn. Fbb bjts

jd bfgm ig tln oissijg vibbfcns wnrn put up djr sfbn ft fg upsnt prien fgm tlnoissijg Fonrigmifgs, wlj ky bfw wnrn gjt pnroittnm tj jwg prjpnrty, bjst tlnirbfgm. (Jd ejursn, fbb jd tlis wfs ig dbfcrfgt ejgtrfvngtijg tj tln ejgmitijgs ugmnrwliel tln Upfgisl enmnm tln isbfgm tj tln Kritisl ig 6<1;.) Gj igdjroftijg isfvfibfkbn jg jej, kut ig Friof tlis lfppngnm tj ojrn tlfg ;11 Efriks wlj djugmtlnosnbvns witljut bfgm jr wjr` fgm ig mnprnssnm nejgjoie eireuostfgens. Fdtnrtln missjbutijg jd tln Friof oissijg, its iglfkitfgts rntrnftnm tj Efbvfry Libb fgmdurtlnr igtj tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn. Uqufttnrs, nspneifbby djronr sbfvns, fbb ngcfcnmig ejejf eubtivftijg, ojvnm igtj tln oissijg bfgms fgm surrjugmigc frnfs. Ig 6<=5jgby snvng Fonrigmifg dfoibins wnrn stibb bivigc ig Ufvfgf Crfgmn, fbb tln jtlnr

lfm rntrnftnm igtj tln djrnst. Ky tlis tion ojst jd tln bfttnr wnrn igtnrofrrinm witlpnjgs fgm efon tj tln oissijg jgby djr snbbigc cfon jr “crfss’ lfooje`s. Jtlnrslfm cjgn tj tln ofigbfgm, ig tln 6<>1s rnpjrtnmby visitigc tln djronr oissijg jgenf ynfr tj pfy rnspnet tj tln crfvns jd tlnir fgenstjrs, tfìgc witl tlno sjon kfs`ntsfgm ofts djr sfbn. Ky tln 6<=1s Uipfrif wfs iglfkitnm ky f oixnm pjpubftijg jdUpfgisl-spnfìgc Frfwf`s, pnjgs, fgm djronr Fdriefg sbfvns ngcfcnm ig tjkfeej,ejejf fgm ejddnn eubtivftijg.>3 Ft tln tion it stibb djronm f bivnby engtrn jd trfmn djrtln ofigbfgm Sfrfj. Murigc tlnir visits, tln bfttnr, igebumigc tlnir slfofg, jdtngstfynm ig tln ljusn jd tln (djronr) oissijgejrrncimjr . Ig spitn jd tln misfppnfrfgenjd tln jej fgm Ufvfgf Crfgmn oissijg vibbfcns, ig Friof fgm Uipfrif f mistigetivn

spirit jd ejoougfbity wfs `npt fbivn fojgc tlnir bfrcnby Lispfgiznm pjpubftijgjd “purn’ jr oixnm Fonrigmifg mnsengt, nvng fdtnr tln missjbutijg jd tln oissijgsystno.

Knejoigc f sofbb sncongt jd f pburfb sjeinty

Djbbjwigc tln fkjbitijg jd sbfvnry, ojst jd tln djronr sbfvns ojvnm jdd tlnpbfgtftijgs, snttbigc ig vibbfcns wliel sprfgc up frjugm tln isbfgm’s ofhjr tjwgs.Ujon knefon urkfg bfkjurnrs, pjrtnrs fgm mjonsties jr snttbnm fs sìbbnm wjr`nrs,

>3 Ig 6<=3 f visitjr sfw ig jgn ljusn jd tln vibbfcn twj ong rjbbigc eicfrs, ebfioigc tlft tlny ofmn 911jd tlno pnr mfy.



6>=

wlibn jtlnrs `npt wjrìgc snfsjgfbby ft tln nstftns, sioubtfgnjusby eubtivftigcsofbb pbjts jd dfro bfgm. Ky crjwigc druits, crjugm prjvisijgs, pnfs, knfgs, sjonejejf jr ejddnn, fgm `nnpigc f dnw ejws, pics, cjfts, fgm elie`ngs, tlnsn pnfsfgts,jdtng squfttigc jg Erjwg bfgms, fmjptnm f wfy jd bidn wliel ebjsnby rnsnokbnm

tlft jd tln pnjgs fgm oixnm Upfgisl―Fonrigmifgs tlrjucljut tln isbfgm. lnbfkjur prjkbno, dfenm ky tln Drngel Ernjbn fgm Kritisl nstftn jwgnrs, wfs sjbvnmky tln iooicrftijg jd crjups jd wjr`nrs drjo vfrijus pbfens. Dirst jd fbb, tlnrnbftivnby licl wfcns pfim jg tln rigimfm pbfgtftijgs fttrfetnm pnjpbn drjo tlnsofbb isbfgms jd tln Snst Igmins. Drjo tln 6<=1s jgwfrms tlny wnrn djbbjwnm ky“igmngturnm’ bfkjurnrs drjo Qjrtucunsn Ofmnirf, Eligf, fgm (tlng) Kritisl Igmif.Jgby tln Nfst Igmifg iooicrfgts rnofignm fcrieubturfb wjr`nrs, ofgy jd wljoknefon pnfsfgt dfronrs drjo tln 6<31s jgwfrms. ( lnir iooicrftijg wfs lfbtnmig 6963.) Uofbb trfmnsong drjo Uyrif fgm Bnkfgjg efon f dnw mnefmns fdtnrwfrms.Uucfr, crjwg ky igernfsigcby bfrcnr ejopfgins, rnofignm tln isbfgm’s ofhjr igejon

nfrgnr ugtib 6<9<. Fs f rnsubt jd tln igernfsigc mnofgm djr eljejbftn jg tln Kritislofr`nt tln eubtivftijg jd ejejf kjjonm jg rigimfm fdtnr tln 6<31s. lis wfsofigby tln felinvnongt jd tln pnjgs, wlj, bi`n tln kbfe` pnfsfgts, wnrn lnbpnmky tln jpngigc up jd tln Erjwg bfgms tj sofbbljbmnrs murigc tln bftn 6<41s fgm6<31s.>< Igmnnm, ky tln 6<31s tlnrn wnrn fs ofgy fs ;111 Tngnzunbfgs frrivigcnfel ynfr. Unttbigc ebjsn tj tln Upfgisl-spnfìgc pjpubftijg ig tln isbfgm, tlnyjeeupinm pfrts jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, tln Engtrfb [fgcn fgm tln sjutl ejfst,prnsnrvigc tlnir jwg trfmitijgs jd bfgcufcn, djjm, ousie, mfgeigc, fgm rnbicijg.It wfs ig 6<4> tlft tln dirst jib wnbb wfs mribbnm ig rigimfm. lis onfgt tln stfrtjd tln pntrjelnoiefb igmustry wliel wjubm knejon tln isbfgm’s prion nejgjoie

fetivity ig tln gnxt engtury. Fbb ig fbb, ky tln nfrby 6911s tln ejopbieftnm dfkrie jdrigimfm’s pburfb sjeinty, f trun “efbbfbjj’ jd pjpubftijg crjups, lfm knng djronm.It wfs durtlnr ngrielnm mun tj tln ugidieftijg jd tln isbfgm witl jkfcj ig 6<<9.

Slft wfs tln pbfen jd tln Lispfgiznm “purn’ jr oixnm Fonrigmifgs ig tlisoubti-ntlgie sjeifb fgm eubturfb ejgcbjonrftn murigc tln bftn gigntnngtl engturyfgm tlnrnfdtnr: Ky tlis tion jgby f dnw dfoibins jd igmicngjus mnsengt, fbb pnfsfgtdfronrs, wnrn stibb bivigc fg isjbftnm bidn ig tln djrnsts jd tln Gjrtlnrg [fgcn.[nmuenm ig 6<31 ky fg jutkrnf` jd sofbbpjx, tln Efriks jd tln gjrtl ejfst wnrnbioitnm tj f mjzng “purn’ dfoibins ft tln ngm jd tln engtury. Gnvnrtlnbnss, ft prnsngttlnrn frn stibb pnjpbn jd oixnm igmicngjus mnsengt bivigc ig tln jej/Euofgf frnf

jd tln gjrtlnfst. ln sofbbpjx npimnoie jd 6<31 fbsj fddnetnm tln pjpubftijg jd Friof, fbtljucl it is ebfionm tlft ig 6<<< tlnrn wnrn stibb sjon 31―<1 “purn’ fgmsjon ;11 oixnm Fonrigmifgs bivigc gnfr tln djronr oissijg, gjtfkby jg EfbvfryLibb. Fbb lfm fmjptnm Upfgisl gfons jr igtnrofrrinm witl Upfgisl dfoibins, efrryigcsurgfons suel fs Lnrgfgmnz, Bjpnz, Efbmnrjg, fgm Efopj. Knsimns, oixturn witlpnjgs fgm ejbjurnm iooicrfgts drjo tln sofbb isbfgms jd tln Snst Igmins tjj`pbfen fs wnbb. ln ejejf kjjo jd tln 6<31s bnm tj f ofhjr igdbux jd pnjgs fgmrngnwnm tln djrtugns jd tln Upfgisl fgm Drngel Ernjbn dfoibins, tln sj-efbbnm cngs m’Frion , wlj lfm knng fkbn tj fequirn ouel bfgm ig fgm frjugm tln djronr

>< ]n engtrfb pjsitijg jd tln pnjgs ig tln nxpfgsijg jd ejejf ig rigimfm nfrgnm tlno tln gie`gfonejejf pfgyjbs (f ejrruptijg jdnspföjb ).



6>>

oissijg. It bnm tj f rnvivfb jd igtnrnst ig tln bjefb elurel, wliel wfs rnkuibt ig 6<49fgm ngbfrcnm ig 6<<<, rnpjrtnmby drjo stjgn lnwg ft Efbvfry Libb fgm efrrinmky tln Efriks jg tlnir sljubmnrs tj tln tjwg. Ojrnjvnr, tln bjefb “ejejf nbitn’ojvnm tj felinvn ougieipfb snbd-cjvnrgongt djr Friof. lny wnrn sueenssdub fgm

ig 6<<< tln tjwg wfs crfgtnm f rjyfb elfrtnr knstjwigc it tln stftus jd kjrjucl,wliel fbbjwnm Friof tj lfvn its jwg kjrjucl ejugeib, kumcnt fgm tfx kfsn. Ojstiglfkitfgts jd igmicngjus jr oixnm Upfgisl―Tngnzunbfg―Fonrigmifg mnsengt igtln tjwg’s rncijg bivnm bi`n pnfsfgts nbsnwlnrn ig rigimfm8 ig 6956 jut jd tln6919 mwnbbigcs ig Friof, 6>;< (<1%) wnrn typiefbby Upfgisl-stybn wfttbn-fgmmfuk ljusns tlftelnm witl pfbo bnfvns (Dic. =4f-k). lny stue` tj trfmitijgfbby Fonrigmifg ljusnljbm itnos suel fs lfooje`s, efssfvf crftnrs fgm squnnznrs(snkueæg), bjc ojrtfrs fgm wjjmng pnstbns djr pjugmigc ofizn, ejejf jr ejddnn,rivnr stjgns djr erusligc spiens, sj-efbbnm Efrik kfs`nts, fgm kfokjj disl pjts.

ln jgcjigc pnjg iooicrftijg rnigdjrenm fgm rnvitfbiznm rigimfm’s Upfgisl―

Fonrigmifg eubturn. Ig Friof tlis wfs ojst jkvijus drjo tln fggufb enbnkrftijgsjd tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb ig wliel typiefbby pnjg mfgens fgm ousie, sj-efbbnmpfrfgc (drjo pfrrfgmf , “cjigc jut fgm sigcigc’), gjw lfm f engtrfb pjsitijg.Qfrfgc is crjugmnm priofriby ig fg jbm pnjg trfmitijg jd ljusn-tj-ljusn efrjbigcig rurfb tjwgs fgm vibbfcns nspneifbby frjugm Elristofs, igvjbvigc strigc kfgmspbfyigceuftrjs , cuitfrs, ofgmjbigs, vijbigs, fgm Fonrigmifgslfe-slfes . Fbsj, tlnpnjgs igtrjmuenm tlnsnkueæg mfgen, f vfrinty jd tln Nurjpnfg ofypjbn mfgen, igwliel tln mfgenrs wnrn mrnssnm bi`n Fonrigmifgs, fgm jtlnr mfgens ig wliel tlnpfrtieipfgts mnpietnm fgiofb dicurns. Digfbby, it ofy lfvn knng mun tj pnjg igdbungetlft ig tlnsn ynfrs tln rjbns jd tln dnstivfb ìgcs fgm qunngs, wlj jricigfbby wnrn

nbnetnm djr f wnn`, wnrn nssngtifbby rndjroubftnm. Gjw fg nbmnrby bfmy knigstitutnm djr bidn fs tln “Efrik Vunng’ ig elfrcn jd ejjrmigftigc tln jvnrfbb nddjrtsdjr tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb. lis nbnvftijg jd tln pjsitijg jd tln dnstivfb qunngrndbnetnm tln elfgcigc elfrfetnr jd tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb ig tlnsn ynfrs, wliel igvfrijus rnspnets knefon f pukbie rngmitijg jd f ljusnljbm rnbicijus ritufb pfrtieubfrtj tln pnjgs `gjwg fs tln “erjss wf`n’ (vnbjrij mn bf eruz ). ln elind jrcfgiznr jdtlis enrnojgy wfs fbwfys tln dnofbn lnfm jd tln ljusnljbm, tln sj-efbbnm “`nnpnrjd tln erjss’ (fof mn bf eruz ). Igmnnm, tln syokjb jd futljrity jd tln Efrik Vunngwfs f dbft sibvnr erjss. Slibn knigc nbnetnm djr lnr trfmitijgfb `gjwbnmcn rncfrmigtln prjenssigc jd efssfvf fgm ofizn, kfs`nt wnfvigc, tln prnpfrftijg jd lnrkfb

rnonmins, fgmjrfeiõgns (prfynrs usnm ig lnfbigc), sueenssivn Efrik Vunngs wnrnjdtng rnbftnm. Lnr jddien lfs rnofignm ugtib tln prnsngt. Fs bftn fs tln 6<<1s tlnrnwfs f “@igc’ fs wnbb, wlj wfs nbnetnm djr bidn djr jvnrsnnigc tln ong’s wjr` djr tlenbnkrftijgs, suel fs tln ebnfgigc jd tln enontnry fgm tln euttigc jdtiritn pfbosdjr mnejrftigc tln elurel fgm tln kfokjj pjbns usnm tj sneurn tln ejbjurdub dbfcswliel wnrn pbfenm frjugm Lfrris Uqufrn.

Ig tln snejgm lfbd jd tln gigntnngtl engtury crfmufb elfgcns tjj` pbfen fswnbb ig tln sneubfr fousnongts wliel lfm fbwfys knng snejgmfry tj tln spiritufbfspnets jd tln dnstivfb. Ig 6<>3 jgby snvng “purn’ Fonrigmifgs ejubm kn djugm tprnsngt tln cjvnrgjr witl f dbfc ft tln knciggigc jd tln enbnkrftijgs. Gjw tln

trfmitijgfb mfgens fgm spjrts suel fs frelnry misfppnfrnm witl tln fetjrs tlnrnig,



6>4

Dicurn =4. Efrik ljusns,

Friof, ]rigimfm, 691=. Qljtjs

ky Hnssn Sfbtnr Dnw`ns,

pukbislnm ig lis ]ln Fkjricigns

jd Qjrtj [iej fgm Gniclkjrigc

Isbfgms, Sfsligctjg, ME, 6913.



6>3

knigc rnpbfenm ky qufmribbns, wfbtzns, ljrsn rfens, fgm efrm cfons suel fs kbigljj`ny. ]n fggufb rfens ft Friof murigc tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb knefon dfojusisbfgm-wimn. F efggjg igstfbbnm ft Efbvfry Libb wfs usnm tj sicgfb tln stfrt jd tlenbnkrftijgs. It wfs pbfenm lnrn ig 6956 tlrjucl Cjvnrgjr Uir Ebfumn Ljbbis. ]n

efggjg kbfst rnpbfenm tln strigc jd f rje`nt wliel, feejrmigc tj tln bjefb trfmitijg,itsnbd sukstitutnm djr tln kbjwigc jd f ejgel slnbb ig jrmnr tj fggjugen tln knciggigcsjd tln dnstivitins. Jd ejursn, tln sjbnog prjenssijgs rnofignm tln engtrfb nbnongtjd tln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb. ]n stftun jd tln sfigt, wliel wfs gjrofbby `npt igsimntln elurel, wfs fgm is tf`ng tj tln Efrik Vunng djr tln wnn` jd tln enbnkrftijgs.Lnrn it is pbfenm jg f tlrjgn fgm mnejrftnm ig cfrbfgms jd pig`, rnm, ynbbjw, fgmwlitn pfpnr rjsns, ofmn ky tln dnofbns jd tln ejoougity. Knfutistnm ig tlis wfy,it wfs efrrinm tlrjucl tln strnnts jd tln tjwg ig jrmnr tj kn stgfbby pbfenm fcfig igtln elurel jd tln djronr oissijg. Ig tlnsn ynfrs snvnrfb jrfb trfmitijgs sprfgc up jgtln fppnfrfgen jd Ufgtf [jsf mn Biof ig Friof. Jgn bncngm lfs it tlft tln stftun

jd tln sfigt wfs djugm ky tlrnn ofbn Efrik lugtnrs ft tln ngtrfgen jd f efvn (jr fgfturfb sprigc) ig tln djrnsts jd tln Cufgfpj Lniclts gjrtl jd tln tjwg. Feejrmigctj jtlnrs, tlny ngejugtnrnm f snnoigcby bjst, yjugc, muok Upfgisl cirb, wljotlny tjj` tj tln oissijg. Ljwnvnr, tln gnxt ojrgigc sln lfm misfppnfrnm, kut tlnlugtnrs djugm lnr kfe` ft tln pbfen wlnrn tlny lfm ejon ferjss lnr tln strst tion. Fcfig sln misfppnfrnm fgm f tlirm tion fs wnbb. Gjw tln Efriks djugm jgby f ejrjgfjd rjsns ft tln efvn (jr sprigc) fgm f gne`bfen, fdtnr wliel tlny wngt tj tln oissijgprinst wlj imngtistnm tln cirb fs tln spirit jd Ufgtf [jsf lnrsnbd fgm jrmnrnm tlnlugtnrs tj efrvn lnr stftun, ljgjr lnr fgm `nnp lnr dnfst mfy.

Igtnrnstigcby, ejopfrfkbn trfmitijgs frn tjbm jg tln (kbfe`) Tircig jd Ojgtsnrrft,

wjrslippnm ft jrtucf ig tln Engtrfb [fgcn, fgm Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf, enbnkrftnm igtln djronr oissijg jd Uipfrif ig sjutl rigimfm. Fbtljucl kfsiefbby jd Upfgisljricig, sjon igmicngjus nbnongts frn jkvijus, gjtfkby tln digmigc jd tln cirb (jrstftun) ft tln efvn ngtrfgen jr tln sprigc, kjtl typiefbby ngtrins tj tln “Jtlnr Sjrbm’ ig Fonrigmifg knbind (snn Elfptnr >).>9 Knsimns, tln bncngms fssjeiftnm witltln mnvjtijgs tj tln Ljby Ulnplnrmnss, wliel fttrfet pibcrios drjo fbb jvnr tlnisbfgm up tj tln prnsngt, igejrpjrftn nbnongts ebnfrby jd Sfrfj mnrivftijg. Sitl Friof, Uipfrif rnprnsngts tln ojmnrg tjwg ig rigimfm witl tln ojst mistigetigmicngjus rnonokrfgens. ln dnfst jd Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf lfs knng enbnkrftnm fdnw wnn`s fdtnr Nfstnr sigen tln jricig jd tln oissijg ig tln bftn nicltnngtl engtury.

Jg tlis mfy f sjbnog prjenssijg jd tln stftun jd tln Ljby Ulnplnrmnss is lnbmtlrjucl tln strnnts jd Uipfrif. Guonrjus ebfios frn ofmn jd oirfebns pnrdjronmfgm dfvjurs crfgtnm tlrjucl tln mivign igtnrenssijg jd tln Ljby Ulnplnrmnssnspneifbby murigc tln enbnkrftijgs. Jvnr tln ynfrs tln stftun jd Bf Mivigf Qfstjrflfs knejon tln jkhnet jd vngnrftijg ky gjg-[jofg Eftljbies, gjtfkby Qrjtnstfgtsjd vfrijus mngjoigftijgs, Sfrfj Fonrigmifgs, Nfst Igmifg Ligmus fgm Ousbios,fgm djronrby fbsj Elignsn. Ligmus efbb tln stftunUupfrnn @n Ofi (“Ojtlnr jdUipfrif’) fgm imngtidy lnr witl tlnir cjmmnss @fbi. lny lfvn wjrslippnm tln sfigt

>9 ]n Uipfrif bncngm sfys tlft lugtnrs lnfrm tln eryigc jd f elibm jg Uipfrif Libb fgm jg igvnsticftigcdjugm tln stftun jd Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf wliel tlny tjj` tj tln prinst jd Jrjpueln. Fdtnr tln stftun lfmmisfppnfrnm tlrnn tions, tln prinst mneimnm tj kuibm f slrign ft tln pbfen wlnrn it lfm knng djugm.



6><

drjo tln tion jd igmngturnslip jg Ljby lursmfy fgm Cjjm Drimfy, ofìgcjddnrigcs tj tln stftun jd hnwnbry, jib, rien, efgmbns, fgm ojgny. Bf Mivigf Qfstjrfis ebfionm tj lnfb tln sie`, crfgt wnfbtl tj tln gnnmy fgm fbbjw kfrrng wjongtj civn kirtl, mnofgmigc cidts jd bjvn fgm sigenrn tlfg`s ig nxelfgcn. Uioibfrby,

tln Sfrfj lfvn pfim ljofcn tj tln Ljby Ulnplnrmnss, wlj is ejgsimnrnm tj kntlnir “spneifb prjtnetjr’ sigen tion ioonojrifb. ln stftun is snng fs nokjmyigcMfufrfgi (“Ojtlnr jd tln Djrnst’), f cjmmnss wlj, ofgidnstigc lnrsnbd fs f (rnm)trnn snrpngt, jricigftnm fs tln trfgsdjroftijg jd tln efgjn ofmn ky Lfkuri, tln Sfrfj eubturn lnrj wlj fdtnr lis dbiclt drjo tln ofigbfgm djugm lis digfb ljonft Gfpfriof Libb (snn Elfptnr >). Igmnnm, tlnrn frn jrfb trfmitijgs ig fgm frjugmUipfrif tlft tln stftun is jricigfbby Sfrfj fgm wfs usurpnm ky tln Upfgisl.

ln ebjsn rnbftijgslip kntwnng tln Sfrfj fgm rigimfm, nspneifbby Uipfrif fgmGfpfriof Libb, gj mjukt jricigftnm ig prn-Ejbuokifg tions. Ig dfet, ft prnsngttlnrn frn stibb pnjpbn jd “purn’ jr oixnm Sfrfj (fgm Frfwf`) fgenstry bivigc ig

sjutl rigimfm. Knsimns, ugtib tln 69=1s crjups jd ofigbfgm Sfrfj rncubfrbyvisitnm tlnir sfernm sitn jd Gfpfriof Libb djr ejbbnetigc qufrtz erystfbs fgm pinensjd qufrtzitn tj kn put igsimn slfofg’s rfttbns, fbsj nxelfgcigc trfmn itnos djrljusnljbm cjjms fgm tjkfeej jg tln ofr`nt jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj (snn Elfptnr >).Ujon jd tlno ofy lfvn mnsengmnm drjo Sfrfj wlj djronrby bivnm ig sjutl

rigimfm. Fbtljucl tlnsn hjurgnys wnrn djrkimmng ky tln Tngnzunbfg cjvnrgongtig tln 69=1s, Sfrfj efgjns, bfmng witl djr igstfgen kjws fgm frrjws, lfooje`s,fgm kirms, rnpjrtnmby lfvn knng snng fs dfr gjrtl fs Qjrt-jd-Upfig ugtib rnengtby.41 Uioibfrby, tln prnsngen jd ofigbfgm Sfrfj ig tln gniclkjurljjm jd Uipfrif wfsejoojg ugtib wnbb igtj tln twngtintl engtury. Fkjut 6<>1 fg Ngcbisl trfvnbnr

rnpjrtnm ln sfw tnopjrfry luts ofmn ky visitigc Sfrfj, jd f dnw pjbns witl sjonkrfgelns jd efrft pfbos fbjgc tln krimbn pftl drjo Ojrucf tj Ufvfgf Crfgmn. Kytlnsn ynfrs tln Sfrfj kncfg tj kn snng fs ugtfonfkbn, igmnpngmngt fgm nbusivnelfrfetnrs. Igmnnm, tj tlis mfy igmivimufbs pnrenivnm fs wibm jr cypsy-bi`n ig tlnirknlfvijur frn rndnrrnm tj fs Sfrfljjgs. Ig sjutl rigimfm ljrrjr stjrins frn tjbm jdtln Sfrfj ngtnrigc yfrms ft giclt fgm stnfbigc ebjtlns jdd tln mryigc bigns jr nvngsgfteligc kfkins. Ig fmmitijg, feejrmigc tj djb` trfmitijg tlrjucljut tln isbfgm,tln Sfrfj fequirnm supnrgfturfb pjwnrs. Ig tln 69=1s fs dfr gjrtl fs jej tlnywnrn snng fs pjwnrdub slfofgs. Ky tln 6<91s tln Sfrfj knefon ngslrignm ig tlndicurn jd tln Sibm Igmifg ft rigimfm’s efrgivfb, fbtljucl fbojst lfbd f engtury

nfrbinr tln dirst pjrtrfyfbs jd “Igmifgs drjo Ujutl Fonrief’ wnrn pnrdjronm murigctln efrgivfb pfrfmn ig Qjrt-jd-Upfig ky pnjg ofsqunrfmnrs mfuknm witl rnm jelrnfgm efrryigc Fonrigmifg kjws fgm frrjws, quivnrs fgm kfs`nts.46

41 Ig tln djb` trfmitijg jd sjutl rigimfm tln Sfrfj wnrn sjontions rndnrrnm tj fs “Efriks’ fgm tlis ofylfvn knng tln jricig jd tjpjcrfpliefb gfons suel fs Efrik Tfbbny ig Qjigtn-á-Qinrrn fgm Efrik Utrnnt(witl its Efrik Ljusn) ig Ufg Dnrgfgmj. ]n bfttnr rjfm igitifbby wfs f djjt pftl cjigc up GfpfriofLibb, typiefbby f trfe` tf`ng ky tln Sfrfj murigc tlnir pibcriofcn tj tln sfernm ljon jd tlnir eubturnlnrj Lfkuri.

46 Ig tln 6951s Fdrj― rigimfmifgs tjj` up Fonrigmifg ofsìgc ft efrgivfb witl its ejggjtftijg jdsfvfcnry fgm wibmgnss. Ljwnvnr, tlny mrnssnm fs “[nm Igmifgs’ drjo tln Gjrtl Fonriefg pbfigs,efrryigc kjws fgm frrjws. Slibn tlis Fonrigmifg ofsìgc wfs quitn pjpubfr djr sjon tion, it bjstits engtrfb pbfen ig efrgivfb fdtnr tln 69>1s, fbtljucl it rnofignm iopjrtfgt ig Ufg Dnrgfgmj.



6>9

]ln prnsngt Fonrigmifg ejoougity jd ]rigimfm

Feejrmigc tj tln gftijgfb pjpubftijg engsus jd ;166, 6=46 pnjpbn ig rigimfm fgmjkfcj, jr 1.66% jd tln twig isbfgms’ tjtfb pjpubftijg jd 6.5;< oibbijg pnjpbn,

ejgsimnr tlnosnbvns jd “igmicngjus’ fgenstry. Ljwnvnr, it is quitn jkvijus tlft

(gjtfkby ig rigimfm) tlnrn frn pnjpbn wlj, tljucl suksuonm ig tln engsus ugmnrtln eftncjrins jd “Fdriefg’ jr “oixnm ntlgieity’, ig dfet frn jd (pfrtby) Fonrigmifgmnsengt. Fs gjtnm fbrnfmy, ojst rigimfmifgs jd dubb jr pfrtifb igmicngjus nxtrfetijfrn tj kn djugm ig tln jej/Euofgf frnf fgm ig fgm frjugm tln tjwgs jd Frioffgm Uipfrif. It is nspneifbby ig Friof tlft tln (Lispfgiznm) Fonrigmifg rjjts jdits iglfkitfgts lfvn knng noplfsiznm ky f mnmieftnm ejupbn jd tlno murigc tlnpfst djrty ynfrs jr sj. Ig 6934 [iefrmj Klfrftl Lnrgfgmnz djugmnm tln Ufgtf[jsf Efrik Ejoougity, wliel lfs rnengtby rngfonm itsnbd fs tln Ufgtf [jsfDirst Qnjpbns Ejoougity (U[DQE) ig jrmnr tj sljw tlft its onoknrslip isjpng tj Fonrigmifgs jd fbb ntlgie fddibiftijgs. ln U[DQE crfmufbby lfs rnenivnm

rnejcgitijg fgm suppjrt drjo sueenssivn cjvnrgongts jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj fgmtln fttngtijg jd tln gftijgfb onmif. Utibb ft prnsngt Lnrgfgmnz is tln prnsimngt jdtln U[DQE0 ln fbsj lnbm tln jddien jd mnputy ofyjr jd Friof. lfg`s tj lio fgmtln jtlnr U[DQE onoknrs, igebumigc tln Efrik Vunng, ig 6991 tln jrcfgizftijgwfs jddieifbby rnejcgiznm ky tln cjvnrgongt fs tln “sjbn bncitioftn rnprnsngtftivnjd rigimfm’s rntfignm ejoougity jd Fonrigmifgs’. Knsimns, tng ynfrs bftnr tlncjvnrgongt prjebfionm Jetjknr 6= (tln fggivnrsfry jd Linrrnyof’s mnstruetijgjd Ut. Hjsnpl ig 6453) fs tln fggufb “Gftijgfb Mfy jd [nejcgitijg jd rigimfm’sIgmicngjus Qnjpbns’. [nengtby, tln U[DQE fmjptnm f “soj`n enrnojgy’, igvjbvigctjkfeej sojìgc ky f Gnw Fcn slfofg feejopfginm ky jddnrigcs jd efssfvf krnfm

fgm ejrg, fgm tln kurgigc jd igengsn witl tln slfìgc jdslfe-slfes , fs f onfgs jdrnvivigc wlft frn fssuonm tj kn jricigfb Fonrigmifg knbinds fgm ritufb.ln U[DQE lfs kuibt f Efrik [nsjuren Engtnr ft Qfub Oitelnbb Utrnnt jg bfgm

mjgftnm ky tln [jofg Eftljbie Elurel jd Friof, wlnrn it fttnopts tj rnvivntln prnpfrftijg jd efssfvf krnfm fgm trfmitijgfb igmicngjus lfgmierfdts suel fstln wnfvigc jd kfs`nts, ofts, dfgs, fgm efssfvf sidtnrs fgm strfignrs, usigc tiritnkusl rjpns, fgm lnfvy kfs`nts ofmn jd ofouri (ofojj ) vigns. Fbsj, nmueftijgfbfetivitins frn knigc pursunm ig jrmnr tj prjojtn fwfrngnss fgm fpprneiftijg djr tlneubturn, listjry fgm trfmitijgs jd tln Efriks ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Drjo 6991jgwfrms tln U[DQE lfs rnenivnm fg fggufb sukvngtijg drjo tln cjvnrgongt fs

wnbb fs jgn drjo tln Friof Kjrjucl Ejugeib djr tln Efriks’ ofigtngfgen jd tlnUfgtf [jsf Dnstivfb. wj ynfrs bftnr, wlng rigimfm fgm jkfcj pbfynm ljst tj tlnEfrikknfg Dnstivfb jd tln Frts (EF[IDNU F), Friof wfs fbbjeftnm f cngnrjus crfgtky tln cjvnrgongt tj fet fs tln engtrn djr Fonrigmifg mnbncftijgs drjo ferjss tln Snst Igmins, wlft lfs sigen knng rndnrrnm tj fs “ ln Dirst Cftlnrigc’ jd Efrikknfg Fonrigmifgs ig rigimfm. ln djbbjwigc ynfr tln cjvnrgongt ig ejjpnrftijg witltln U[DQE ljstnm “ ln Unejgm Cftlnrigc’ ig Friof, fgm tln U[DQE wfs djrofbbyfppbfumnm djr its “suppjrt jd Igmicngjus efusns wjrbmwimn’. Utibb ig 6995 tjrcfgizftijg rnenivnm f Gftijgfb Fwfrm, tln Elfejgif Onmfb (Uibvnr), djr Eubturnfgm Ejoougity Unrvien drjo tln tlng Qrnsimngt jd tln [npukbie jd rigimfm fgm

jkfcj, Gjjr Lfssfgfbi. Digfbby, tln cjvnrgongt lfs bnfsnm divn ferns jd bfgm ig



641

jrmnr djr tln U[DQE tj nstfkbisl f “Ojmnb Fonrigmifg Tibbfcn’,snrvigc fs fg nmueftijgfb fgm eubturfb tjuriso dfeibity. ln rigimfm[nciongt lfs jddnrnm tln U[DQE fssistfgen witl tln strueturfb

wjr`, ngcignnrigc fgm ofgpjwnr gnnmnm ig ebnfrigc tln bfgms fgmejgstruetigc tlis vibbfcn. lis ofhjr prjhnet, wliel lfs knng pursunmky tln U[DQE djr ynfrs, stibb lfs tj tf`n slfpn.

ln U[DQE fetivitins igtngmnm tj rnvivn tln Fonrigmifg imngtityfgm tj rntrinvn tln jbm-tion igmicngjus trfmitijgs jd Friof lfs snrvnmfs fg nxfopbn djr jtlnr pnjpbn jd Fonrigmifg mnsengt ig rigimfm,wlj wisl tj snn` djr tlnir igmicngjus rjjts. Igmnnm, pnjpbn jd “purn’fgm oixnm Sfrfj fgenstry ig tln Uipfrif rncijg, bnm ky “Nbmnr’[fkigf Ulfr, lfvn rnengtby jrcfgisnm f crjup, tln Sfrfj Gftijg,rnprnsngtigc tlis ntlgie ejoougity. ln struccbn djr rnejcgitijg fs

f mistiget ntlgie ugit ig tln pburfb sjeinty jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, fssljwg ky tln onoknrs jd tln Ufgtf [jsf Dirst Qnjpbns Ejoougityfgm tln Sfrfj Gftijg, enrtfigby ejgtrikutns tj tln crjwtl jd bjefbprimn ig knigc mnsengmnm drjo tln nfrbinst pnjpbns wlj jeeupinmtln twig isbfgms, igmnnm tln dirst iglfkitfgts jd tln Snst Igmifgfrelipnbfcj (Dic. =3).

Dicurn =3. ]ln Efrik Vunng j

Friof, feejopfginm ky jtlnr

Efrik bfmins, ig trfmitijgfb

mrnss ft tln Dirst Qnjpbns’Lnritfcn Mfy ig Jetjknr ;16=.

Jg tln irst rjw, rjo bn t tj

riclt8 prnsngt Ufgtf [jsf

Efrik Vunng Hnggi nr Efssfr,

Eftlnrign Luooigckirm

[foirnz fgm Hjyenbyg Ejf.



646

Npibjcun. ]ln Fonrigmifglnritfcn jd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

Fbtljucl, fs wn lfvn snng, tln Fonrigmifgs misfppnfrnm drjo jkfcj fkjut twjlugmrnm ynfrs fcj wlibn ft prnsngt jgby f sofbb sncongt jd rigimfm’s pjpubftijgejgsimnrs itsnbd tj kn jd “purn’ jr oixnm igmicngjus fgenstry, tln Fonrigmifgigdbungen jg tln oftnrifb, bigcuistie fgm eubturfb elfrfetnristies jd tln twigisbfgms’ ejopbieftnm ojmnrg sjeinty rnofigs ejgsimnrfkbn. Dirst jd fbb, tln sjon511 rncistnrnm frelfnjbjciefb sitns ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj tnstidy tj tln djronr

jeeupftijg ky sueenssivn Fonrigmifg pnjpbns jd kjtl isbfgms wnbb igtj tln listjriepnrijm, igmnnm ugtib tjmfy. ln bfe` jd fmnquftn bncfb prjtnetijg jd tlnsn pbfensjd djronr snttbnongt fgm jtlnr fetivitins ky tln dirst iglfkitfgts jd tln twj isbfgmsejgtiguns tj kn f sjrn pjigt, wliel sljubm kn f ofttnr jd urcngt igtnrnst tj fbbtljsn strivigc djr tln ejgsnrvftijg jd jur eubturfb lnritfcn. Uitns suel fs Kfgwfri

rfen, Enmrjs, Qfbj Unej, Nrig, Ut. Knrgfrm, Ufvfgntf, Cjbmng Crjvn, Ufgmy Qjigfgm Ut. Eftlnrign’s, tj ongtijg jgby f dnw wliel frn stibb (pfrtby) nxistigc, frn jdojrn tlfg bjefb igtnrnst8 tlny frn jd Efrikknfg-wimn iopjrtfgen fgm sljubm kntrnftnm fs suel.

F snejgm eftncjry jd lfbbofr`s jd tln riel eubturfb lnritfcn jd igmicngjus jricig

ig rigimfm is djronm ky tln guonrjus tjpjgyos (pbfen gfons) jd Fonrigmifgmnrivftijg (Dic. =<). lny frn tj kn djugm fbb jvnr rigimfm. (Igmicngjus pbfengfons frn rfrn ig jkfcj.) Ig fbb ;11 jd rigimfm’s tjpjgyos frn jd Fonrigmifgmnrivftijg, kut sigen f sigcbn gfon ofy rndnr tj divn jr six middnrngt tjpjcrfpliefbdnfturns, jeeurrigc ig cnjcrfpliefb ebustnrs, fetufbby gjt bnss tlfg =>1 jd tlnsn efrry Fonrigmifg tjpjgyos.4; Ojrnjvnr, tln ojst iopjrtfgt cnjcrfpliefb nbnongts jd

rigimfm lfvn typiefbby Fonrigmifg gfons. Slibn snvnrfb jd tlnsn tjpjgyos ofyjricigfbby mftn drjo prn-Ejbuokifg tions, jtlnrs frn ojrn bi`nby jd ojrn rnengtmftn, djr igstfgen ejignm ky Fonrigmifg-igdbungenm Upfgisl jr pnjgs. ln bfrcnguoknr jd Fonrigmifg tjpjgyos ig rigimfm is ugiqun djr tln Efrikknfg fgm

rndbnets tln bioitnm Upfgisl jeeupftijg jd tln isbfgm ugtib tln 63<1s fgm tln bjgclistjry jd ugigtnrruptnm Nurjpnfg―Fonrigmifg igtnrfetijg jg tln isbfgm. Knsimns,ofgy jd tlnsn gfons frn mnrivnm drjo tln igmicngjus gfons jd trnns, pbfgts fgmfgiofbs wliel lfm gj ejugtnrpfrts ig Nurjpn fgm, fs f rnsubt, wnrn fmjptnm kytln Upfgisl. Iefejs (drjolieæej, “ejej pbuo jr dft pjr`’ trnn), Elfcufrfofs (drjoelfcufrfoj , “pfboistn’ pfbo), Eugupif (drjoeugupif , “ofrmi-crfs’ pbfgt), fgmEfrfpfb (drjoefrfpf , erfppj, “erfkwjjm’ trnn) frn nxfopbns. Tfrijus Fonrigmifggfons sljw Upfgisl igdbungen, ernftigc lykrim djros, djr igstfgen ky tln fmmitijgjd tnroigfbs suel fs-fb (onfgigc8 “f pbfen jd fkugmfgen jd’) fgm -itj jr -itf

4; ]nsn tjpjcrfpliefb dnfturns igebumn tjwgs, vibbfcns, rivnrs, kfys, sprigcs, pjigts (prjojgtjrins),libbs, ojugtfigs, nstftns, rjfms, djrnsts, fgm rnnds.



64;

(onfgigc8 “f pbfen jd dnw’). Ftfcufb, Ojrielfb, ioitfb, Frifpitf,

Efuritf, fgm Ojriquitj frn nxfopbns. Fbsj, spnbbigc vfriftijgs jeeurwliel frn mun tj Upfgisl igdbungen8 Eukf/Ejuvf, Ofrfkfb/Ofrfvfb,fgm Gfrikf/Gfrivf.

Igtnrnstigcby, ojst igmicngjus tjpjgyos jd Efrikfg mnrivftijgfrn tj kn djugm ig tln gjrtlnrg pfrt jd rigimfm wlibn tljsn jd Frfwf`fg jricig frn rnstrietnm tj tln sjutl fgm sjutlwnst ejfstsjd tln isbfgm. ]is rn nets tln snttbnongt frnfs jd tln Fonrigmifgpnjpbns bivigc ig rigimfm ft tln tion jd Ejbuokus. Knsimns, f dnw Sfrfj gfons frn tj kn djugm ig tln sjutlwnst. Ofgy tjpjgyossioibfr tj tljsn jd rigimfm fppnfr jg tln ofigbfgm fs wnbb, nspneifbby

ig nfstnrg Tngnzunbf, pjigtigc tj tln ebjsn rnbftijgslip kntwnng tlnEfrikfg fgm Frfwf`fg mifbnets jd rigimfm fgm tljsn jd tln ejgtigngt.ypiefbby Efrikfg pbfen gfons igebumn Nb Enrrj mn Fripj (drjo

fripj , “efssfvf crimmbn’), Nb ueueln (drjotuùsi , “luooigc kirm’),ugfpugf (drjo tjgf , “wftnr, rivnr’, fgm - pjgf , “up, upjg’, tlus8 “jg

tln rivnr’), Ejrjzfb (drjoejrjzj , “crucru’ pfbo), fgm jej (drjotjej ,“wibm sfpjmibbf’ trnn). Frfwf`fg pbfen gfons frn djr igstfgen EnykfQjigt (drjoenikf , “sib` ejttjg trnn’), Uipfrif (drjoteipir , “lfrmwjjm’,fgm-fri , “rjucl, ejfrsn’), Cufrfpieln (drjo-pieln , “strnfo, jw’),fgm Ojrucf (drjoojrnùin , “wjjm stjr`’). Ig fmmitijg tj igmicngjus

pbfen gfons, tlnrn frn Ngcbisl fgm Upfgisl tjpjgyos ig rigimfm

Dicurn =<. Ofp j ]rigimfm fgm

]jkfcj (igsnt), sljwigc8(6) Fonrigmifg tjpjgyos0

(;) Ngcbisl fgm Upfgisl

pbfen gfons pjigtigc tj pfst

Fonrigmifg jeeupftijg jr

fetivity.



645

wliel rnoigm jd Fonrigmifg jeeupftijg, suel fs Igmifg Sfb`, Efrik Tfbbny, EfrikUtrnnt, Igmifg rfib [jfm, fgm [fyf mnb Efrikn. Jgby jgn tjpjgyo ig jkfcj isprjkfkby jd igmicngjus (Isbfgm Efrik) jricig, Ofg-jd-Sfr Kfy (drjooægljrn ,“ofcgistengt dricftnkirm’), fbtljucl tlnrn frn tlrnn Ngcbisl tjpjgyos rnoigmigc jd

tln Fonrigmifg prnsngen ig tln isbfgm, igebumigc @igc Qntnr’s Kfy, Igmifg Sfb`, fgmIgmifg Qjigt, jd wliel tln bfttnr gfon jeeurs ft twj bjeftijgs.lnrn frn vfrijus tnros ig tln prnsngt Ngcbisl ernjbn jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj

wliel lfvn knng fmjptnm mirnetby drjo jgn jd tln Fonrigmifg bfgcufcns tlftwnrn spj`ng jg tln twj isbfgms jr drjo f Nurjpnfg bfgcufcn, gjtfkby Upfgisljr Drngel, wliel lfm igejrpjrftnm pfrtieubfr Fonrigmifg nxprnssijgs. Ofgy jdtlnsn wjrms frn gfons jd pbfgts, trnns fgm fgiofbs, sjon jd wliel frn djugm fbsjig tln rigimfmifg tjpjgyos. Uuel gfons frn qung` (drjoeungej, “pneefry’),icufgf (“bizfrm’), bfppn (drjobfpf , “bfrcn rjmngt’), ofgieju (“jpjssuo’), ejbikri(“luooigc kirm’), cngip (drjo cngipf , “cngip druit’), pfelrj (drjo pf`rj , “elitjg’),

fgm elipelip (drjoelipielipn , “mjgfx ebfo’), tj ongtijg jgby f dnw. Ig fmmitijg,tlnrn frn gfons jd jkhnets jd Fonrigmifg oftnrifb eubturn wliel lfvn pfssnm jvnrigtj tln ojmnrg Ngcbisl jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Nxfopbns frn pirjcun (drjo pirfcuf ), kfrkneun (drjokfrkfejf ), kjutju (drjo fputu, “wnfpjg stie`’), snkuefg(drjo eikuefg, “efssfvf squnnznr, ejubnv’), fgm efgjn (drjoefgjf ). ln sfon efgkn sfim jd gfons jd djjm jr mislns suel fs frnp (drjofrnpf , “drinm ejrgonfb pinwitl onft dibbigc’), ofizn (drjoofisi ), fgm efssfvf (drjoefzfki ). Digfbby, f quitnigtnrnstigc crjup jd gjugs, eurrngt ig tln prnsngt ernjbn jd tln twig isbfgms, ofmnf bjgc hjurgny tj frrivn lnrn. lny jricigftn drjo tln upifg bfgcufcn jd tln Fonrigmifgs jd tln Krfzibifg ejfst wlnrn tlnsn wjrms wnrn fmjptnm ky Drngel

trfmnrs ig tln nfrby sixtnngtl engtury. Igejrpjrftnm ig Drngel, tlnsn gfons jd pbfgts,fgiofbs fgm itnos jd igmicngjus oftnrifb eubturn wnrn igtrjmuenm tj tln Efrikknfg,gjtfkby tln Drngel Snst Igmins. (Lnrn snvnrfb jd tlno wnrn fmjptnm ky tln bjefbIsbfgm Efriks.) Digfbby, tlny bfgmnm ig rigimfm witl tln Drngel iooicrftijg jd tln63<1s fgm sprnfm tj jkfcj fdtnrwfrms. lnsn wjrms igebumn fcjuti (drjofeuti ),tfpir (drjo tfpirf ), fhjupf (drjo fiupfun ), kjuefg (drjo ojefno , “kfrkneun’),rjueju (drjo urueu, “rnm ejbjurigc’), fgm efbbfbjj (drjoeffruru).

Fpfrt drjo gfons jd pbfens, fgiofbs, pbfgts, fgm tligcs, tln prnsngt pnjpbnjd rigimfm fgm jkfcj jwn ouel ig tnros jd nejbjciefb `gjwbnmcn, suksistngenprfetiens, wfys jd djjm prnpfrftijg, oftnrifb eubturn, trfmitijgfb onmieigns, fgm

djb` knbinds tj tln igmicngjus iglfkitfgts jd tln twj isbfgms. lis is nspneifbby muntj tln trfgsoissijg jd bidnwfys kntwnng tln Fonrigmifgs (witl tln pnjgs) fgmtln Fdriefg sbfvn pjpubftijg jd ejbjgifb tions fgm tlnir mnsengmfgts, tln isbfgmpnfsfgtry wliel mnvnbjpnm fdtnr Nofgeipftijg. Knsimns, tlnrn frn gjwfmfys stibbvnry vifkbn sjeifb plngjongf wliel knbjgc tj tln Fonrigmifg (fgm pnjg) bncfey jd

rigimfm fgm jkfcj.Cfyfp (jr bngm-lfgm ) djros fg nxfopbn. Iopjrtfgt eubturfbtrfgsdnrs drjo tln Fonrigmifgs (fgm pnjgs) tj tln isbfgm pnfsfgtry fbsj tjj` pbfenwitl rnspnet tj tln tnelgjbjcy jd suksistngen fcrieubturn fgm tln djjm erjps fgmdruits eubtivftnm (snn Elfptnr >). Fetufbby, sofbb dfroigc ig tln twig isbfgms tjmfyefg kn snng tj djro f sygerntie dusijg jd Fdriefg fgm Nurjpnfg nbnongts witl fbrnfmy

nxistigc systnos jd igmicngjus eubtivftijg fgm djjm prnpfrftijg. ln sfon fppbins



64=

tj tln disligc fgm lugtigc tnelgiquns wliel frn jr wnrn knigc fppbinm ky bjefbpnjpbn. Knsimns, fojgc tln sofbb dfronrs jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj tln trfmitijgfbmivisijg jd bfkjur kntwnng ong fgm wjong rncfrmigc tln vfrijus suksistngenfetivitins ebjsnby rnsnokbns tlft jd Fonrigmifg (fgm pnjg) sjeinty. Uioibfrby, tln

`gjwbnmcn jd onmieigfb pbfgts fgm tlnir usn djr tln trnftongt jd ighurins fgmig tln prnpfrftijg jd “kusl tnfs’, tf`ng djr eurigc ibbgnssns, wliel nxists fojgcofgy bjefb pnjpbn, ojst bi`nby jwns ouel tj jbm Fonrigmifg fgm pnjg eurftivnprfetiens wliel wnrn lfgmnm mjwg drjo cngnrftijg tj cngnrftijg, fgm slfrnmwitl tln sofbb dfronrs jd Fdriefg fgenstry ig ejbjgifb tions. Jd ejursn, tlis fppbinsfbsj tj tln usn jd kftls fs prjtnetijg fcfigst pnrenivnm nvib spnbbs fgm oiselinvjusdjrens, fgm djr ritufb ebnfgsigc. Digfbby, tln Upfgislonstizjs fgm Fdriefg sbfvns fgmtlnir mnsengmfgts wnrn prjdjugmby igdbungenm ky Fonrigmifg rnbicijus ejgvietijgsfgm ejsojbjciefb vinws, bnfmigc tj vfrijus djros jd fofbcfoftijg kntwnng Fonrigmifg, Fdriefg fgm Nurjpnfg knbinds (snn Elfptnr >). Fbb jd tlis succnsts tlft

fbtljucl pnjpbn jd “purn’ jr oixnm Fonrigmifg mnsengt djro jgby f sofbb sncongtjd tln pjpubftijg jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, gjwfmfys ofgy jricigfbby Fonrigmifgbigcuistie, sjeifb fgm eubturfb trfmitijgs frn cngnrfbby slfrnm ky pnjpbn jd fbb ìgmsjd ntlgie mnrivftijg tlrjucljut tln twig isbfgms.



64>

Fefrnwfgf 8 (E) Igmicngjus tnro usnm djr Fonrigmifg elinds jr “crnft ong’ ig rigimfmfgm tln Jrigjej Tfbbny.

Fmjrgjs 8 (U) Luofg- fgm fgiofb-bi`n jrcnjontrie lnfm bucs sljwg jg tln prn-Ejbuokifg pjttnry jd tln Efrikknfg.

Fhjupf 8 ( ) Uofbb wfttbn-fgm-mfuk ejttfcn igtrfmitijgfb Upfgisl stybn, tlftelnm witl pfbobnfvns, jd wliel tln bjfo usnm djr pbfstnrigc

tln wfbbs wfs fppbinm tj f stie` drfonwjr` (snnfbsj8 “tfpif ’).

Fbefbmn 8 (U) Ofcistrftn ig Upfgisl tjwg.

Fbcufeib 8 (U) Ejgstfkbn jr pjbien jddienr igUpfgisl tjwg.

Fgcbjpljgn 8 Ngcbisl-spnfìgc.

Fgtlrjpjplfcus 8 ofg-nftnr, efggikfb.

Fgtlrjpjzjjojrplie lnfm bucs 8 Ojmnbnm dfensjg pjttnry vnssnbs sljwigc kjtl luofg-bi`nfgm fgiofb-bi`n dnfturns (snn fbsj “fmjrgjs ’).

Fppbiqué dibbnts 8 Gfrrjw strips jd ebfy fppbinmfs f djro jd mnejrftijg tj tln wfbb jd pjttnryvnssnbs.

Frfcjg 8 Djronrby igmnpngmngt ìgcmjo iggjrtlnfst Upfig.

Frfuquigjim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg(efbbnm fdtnr tln Frfuquïg sitn ig tln OimmbnJrigjej Tfbbny jg tln ofigbfgm), mistrikutnm

ig tln Cuifgfs, Tngnzunbf fgm rigimfm,ofrìgc tln bfst pfrt jd tln Enrfoie Fcn, igrigimfm drjo ef. FM 4>1/<11 ugtib 6=>1.

Frfwf` (Frufe) 8 (F) Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifg pnjpbn jricigfbby bivigc ig tlnCuifgfs, tln Jrigjej Tfbbny fgm sjutl

rigimfm (snn fbsj8 “Bj`õgj’, “ run Frfwf`’).

Frfwf`fg 8 Dfoiby jd rnbftnm Fonrigmifgbfgcufcns mistrikutnm ig Fofzjgif, tlnCuifgfs fgm tln Efrikknfg.

Frelfnjbjcy 8 systnoftie stumy jd pfst luofgeubturn fgm sjeinty tlrjucl tln rnejvnry fgmnxefvftijg jd oftnrifb rnofigs.

Frelfie Fcn 8 Utfcn ig tln mnvnbjpongt jd Fonrigmifg eubturn fgm sjeinty, elfrfetnriznmky f suksistngen nejgjoy kfsnm jg lugtigc,disligc, ejbbnetigc, fgm igeipingt ljrtieubturn,fgm f tnelgjbjcy typidinm ky stjgn, kjgn, fgmslnbb frtidfets, cngnrfbby bfeìgc pjttnry.

Frqunkus 8 Didtnngtl-engtury oftelbje` cug,usufbby dirnm drjo f suppjrt.

Frtidfet 8 Ofg-ofmn, usnm jr ojmidinm jkhnet.

Futjmngjoigftijg 8 Ejoojg gfon civng kytln onoknrs jd fg ntlgie crjup tj tlnosnbvns.

Kfrrfgejim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg(efbbnm fdtnr tln Kfrrfgefs sitn ig tln BjwnrJrigjej Tfbbny jg tln ofigbfgm), mistrikutnmig tln Cuifgfs, Tngnzunbf fgm rigimfm,ofrìgc tln oimmbn pfrt jd tln Enrfoie Fcn,ig rigimfm drjo ef. FM 511 ugtib 4>1/<11

Knrcfgtign 8 (U) wj-ofstnm Upfgisl sfibigcvnssnb.

Kijtie ejoougity 8 Fbb bivigc jrcfgisos bivigc igf pfrtieubfr ngvirjgongt.

Kbfe` Efrik 8 Jddsprigc jd tln Isbfgm Efrikfgm Fdriefg sbfvns nsefpnm nspneifbby drjoKfrkfmjs wlj jrcfgiznm tlnosnbvns fs fg Fonrigmifg pnjpbn jg Ut. Tigengt, fmjptigcbfgcufcn, eubturn fgm sjeinty drjo tln IsbfgmEfrik (snn fbsj8 “[nm (Ynbbjw) Efrik’).

Kjutju 8 (E) Sjjmng wfr ebuk, usnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm.

Efkibmj 8 (U) Upfgisl tjwg ejugeib.

Efeiqun 8 (F) Igmicngjus tnro djr fg Fonrigmifgelind.

Efop jr kivjufe sitns 8 Bjeftijgs utibiznm sljrtbyky tln Fonrigmifgs djr mwnbbigc murigclugtigc, disligc jr ejbbnetigc nxpnmitijgs.

Cbjssfry



644

Efpitæg 8 (U) nro fmjptnm ky tln Fonrigmifgsdjr “elind’ ugmnr Nurjpnfg igdbungen.

Efpitæg pjkbfmjr 8 (U) Jddienr ig elfrcn jd tlnUpfgisl oissijgs ig gjrtlnfst rigimfm witlsioibfr dugetijgs fs tlnejrrncimjr .

Efpueligs 8 [jofg Eftljbie Jrmnr jd drifrs,wliel lfs ugmnrtf`ng oissijgfry fetivitins igofgy pfrts jd tln wjrbm.

Efrfeubï 8 (E) Mnejrftivn jrgfongts ofmnjd fg fbbjy (oixturn) jd cjbm, ejppnr fgmsibvnr, jricigftigc drjo tln Ujutl Fonriefgofigbfgm fgm mistrikutnm igtj tln Snst Igmins(snn fbsj8 “ cufgïg’).

Efrik 8 (E) Efrikfg- fgm Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifg pnjpbn jricigfbby bivigc ig tlnCuifgfs, tln Jrigjej Tfbbny, gjrtl rigimfm,

jkfcj, fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns (snn fbsj8“Isbfgm Efrik’, “@fbi’gf’, “@fbi’gfcj’, “OfigbfgmEfrik’, “[nm (Ynbbjw) Efrik’).

Efrikfg 8 Dfoiby jd rnbftnm Fonrigmifg bfgcufcnsmistrikutnm ig Fofzjgif, tln Cuifgfs fgm tlnEfrikknfg.

Efrignpfcjtj 8 (E) Efrikfg-spnfìgc Efrikpnjpbn bivigc ig gjrtlwnst rigimfm

tlrjucljut tln ejgtfet pnrijm.Efsf mn efkibmj 8 (U) Upfgisl tjwg lfbb.

Efsf rnfb 8 (U) Cjvnrgjr’s rnsimngen ig Upfgisltjwg.

Eftfbjgif 8 [ncijg jd gjrtlnfst Upfig, djronrbypfrt jd tln igmnpngmngt ìgcmjo jd Frfcjg.

Efyj ejopbnx 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg(efbbnm fdtnr tln Efyj sitn jg Ut. Tigengt),imngtiefb tj tlft jd tln Isbfgm Efrik, mistrikutnm

ig tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns fgm rigimfm fgmjkfcj, ofrìgc tln ngm jd prn-Ejbuokifgtions fgm tln ejgtfet pnrijm ugtib wnbb igtjtln nicltnngtl engtury.

Enmrjsfg 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb suktrfmitijg jdtln Ufbfmjim snrins (efbbnm fdtnr tln Enmrjssitn ig rigimfm), mistrikutnm ig tln Cuifgfs,tln Tngnzunbfg ejfst fgm tln Snst Igmins,ofrìgc tln nfrby fgm oimmbn pfrts jd tlnEnrfoie Fcn, ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj drjo

ef. ;11 KE ugtib FM 4>1/<11.

Enrfoie Fcn 8 Utfcn ig tln mnvnbjpongt jd Fonrigmifg eubturn fgm sjeinty, elfrfetnriznmky f suksistngen nejgjoy kfsnm jglugtigc, disligc, ejbbnetigc, fgm mnvnbjpnmljrtieubturn, fgm f tnelgjbjcy typidinm kypjttnry (enrfoies), fgm stjgn, kjgn fgm slnbbfrtidfets.

Elfcufgns (Uifwfgi) 8 (S) Sfrfjfg-spnfìgcsukcrjup jd tln Sfrfj, jricigfbby bivigc igwnst rigimfm fgm tln Jrigjej mnbtf.

Elnrt 8 lfrm fgm mngsn rje` typn usnm ky tlnEfrikknfg Fonrigmifgs djr ofìgc sofbbtjjbs nopbjynm djr vfrijus purpjsns.

Ebfg 8 @ig crjup, gjt gnenssfriby bivigc tjcntlnr(“gjg-rnsimngtifb’), trfeigc mnsengt drjo f

ejoojg (jdtng oytliefb) fgenstjr.Ejejf pfgyjbs 8 (U) Gie`gfon (mnrivnm drjo

nspföjb ) djr tln “pnjgs’ wlj oicrftnm tjrigimfm drjo tln ofigbfgm ig tln bftn

nicltnngtl tlrjucl nfrby twngtintl engturins,rndnrrigc tj tlnir strjgc igvjbvnongt ig tlnejejf igmustry (snn fbsj8 “pnjgs’).

Ejopbnx (stybn) 8 ln elfrfetnristie oftnrifbeubturn trfits jd f crjup jd pnjpbn, rntrinvnmtlrjucl frelfnjbjciefb onfgs.

Ejgquistfmjr 8 (U) Upfgisl ejgqunrnr.

Ejgtfet pnrijm 8 Npisjmn jd tln dirst Fonrigmifg‛Nurjpnfg ejgtfets, cngnrfbby tf`ng tj bfst igtjtln sixtnngtl fgm snvngtnngtl engturins.

Ejgtrfkfgmistfs 8 (U) nro (“souccbnrs’)usnm ky tln Upfgisl tj rndnr tj tln Ngcbisl,Drngel fgm Mutel wlj efon fs trfmnrs tj tlnUpfgisl Efrikknfg ig tln sixtnngtl tlrjuclsnvngtnngtl engturins.

Ejguej (swimmng) 8 (F) Uofbb pbjt jd fcrieubturfbbfgm, jdtng ebnfrnm ky sbfsl-fgm-kurg ontljmsfgm eubtivftnm witl siopbn onfgs djr jgby fdnw ynfrs (snn fbsj8 “ejguqunrj’).

Ejguqunrj 8 (U) Qnfsfgt jr sofbb dfronr (snn fbsj8“ejguej’).

Ejrrncimjr 8 (U) Upfgisl jddieifb fppjigtnm ky tlncjvnrgongt fgm elfrcnm witl tln prjtnetijgjd tln oissijg Fonrigmifgs, tln ejbbnetigc jd

trikutn fgm tln rncubftijg jd tln oitf .



643

Ejubnvrn 8 (D) Efssfvf prnss ofmn jd twibbnmkfs`ntry usnm tj nxpnb tln pjisjgjuslymrjeyfgie feim drjo tln crftnm pubp (snnfbsj8 “oftfpnn ’, “snkueæg’).

Ejurnurs mns çbns8 (D) rfmnrs, wjjmeuttnrs fgm

turtbnrs drjo tln Drngel Snst Igmins wljojvnm frjugm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns murigc tlnsnvngtnngtl fgm nicltnngtl engturins.

Euftrj 8 (U) Uofbb Bftig Fonriefg strigcnmigstruongt, usufbby witl djur strigcs,nspneifbby pjpubfr ig Tngnzunbf fgm igtrjmuenmtj rigimfm ky tln pnjgs.

Eubticng 8 Mjonstieftnm pbfgt.

Eurf mjetrignrj 8 (U) Upfgisl prinst elfrcnm witltln ejgvnrsijg fgm igstruetijg jd tln oissijg Fonrigmifgs.

Mijritn 8 [je` typn witl f kbfe`-fgm-wlitnojttbnm fppnfrfgen, typiefbby djugm ig engtrfb

jkfcj.

Mistfdd 8 Uofbb stfdd djr ljbmigc tln wjjb jr ejttjgig spiggigc.

Mueft 8 (U) Upfgisl ojgntfry ugit fgm cjbm ejig.

Ngejongmnrj/f 8 (U) [neipingt jd fgngejoingmf .

Ngejoingmf (“ejoofgm’) 8 (U) Crfgt jd Fonrigmifg vibbfcn civng tj Upfgisl ejbjgistsfs f pnrsjgfb rnwfrm djr snrviens jr onrits,igebumigc tln kngndit jd tln gftivns’ bfkjur.

Ngtrfmf 8 (U) Upfgisl nxpbjrftijg hjurgny,snfreligc djr trnfsurn.

Nstufrign ngvirjgongt 8 Krfeìsl trfgsitijgzjgn kntwnng f rivnr ojutl fgm tln snf.

Ntlgie crjup 8 Crjup jd pnjpbn (“gftijg’),

listjriefbby nstfkbislnm jg f civng tnrritjry,pjssnssigc rnbftivnby stfkbn bigcuistie fgmeubturfb elfrfetnristies fgm rnejcgizigc tlnirugity fgm middnrngen fs nxprnssnm ig f snbd-fppjigtnm gfon.

Ntlgjengtriso 8 humcigc fgjtlnr eubturn sjbnby kytln vfbuns fgm stfgmfrms jd jgn’s jwg eubturn.

Nxjcfoy 8 [nquirnongt djr ofrrifcn jutsimn fpfrtieubfr sjeifb crjup jr rfgcn jd ìgslip.

Dfetjr 8 Lnfm jd f Mutel trfmigc pjst ig tlnigtnrijr jd tln Cuifgfs ig ejbjgifb tions.

Drjgtinr 8 rfgsitijg zjgn jr slidtigc kjrmnrbfgmkntwnng frnfs iglfkitnm ky middnrngt pnjpbns,ig tln Fonriefs tlft kntwnng tln Fonrigmifgsfgm Nurjpnfgs.

Cfbnjgns (“cfbbnjgs’) 8 (U) Upfgisl ejbjgifb

dbnnt jd onrelfgt vnssnbs witl feejopfgyigcwfrslips (cfbbnjgs), mnstignm djr tln]inrrfDiron (“ofigbfgm’) fgm jeefsijgfbby sfibigctlrjucl tln Cfbbnjgs’ Qfssfcn kntwnng

rigimfm fgm jkfcj.

Cfyfp (cfifppn) 8 (E) Ejoougfb wjr` jdf crjup jd ofbn ig-bfws, gniclkjurs fgmdringms, knigc rnwfrmnm witl djjm fgm mrig`sfdtnr ejopbntijg jd tln tfs`, djr igstfgen tlnebnfrigc jd f cfrmng fgm tln ejgstruetijg jd fljusn jr f kjft.

Crnftnr Fgtibbns 8 ln crjup jd bfrcn isbfgms ig tlngjrtlwnst jd tln Efrikknfg, igebumigc Eukf, Hfofief, Lispfgijbf (Lfiti fgm Mjoigiefg[npukbie), fgm Qunrtj [iej.

Cufgïg 8 (F) Fbbjy (oixturn) jd cjbm, ejppnrfgm sibvnr, usnm djr ofìgc jrgfongts jg tlnUjutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm (snn fbsj8 “efrfeubï ’).

Cuftifj 8 (F) Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn ejgsimnrnmtj kn dringms fgm fbbins jd tln Upfgisl ig tlnejgtfet pnrijm.

Cufyfkitfg 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb suktrfmitijgjd tln Frfuquigjim snrins (efbbnm fdtnr tlnCufyfkitf sitn ig Gjrtlnfst Tngnzunbf),mistrikutnm ig nfst Tngnzunbf fgm rigimfm,ofrìgc tln bfst pfrt jd tln Enrfoie Fcn,drjo ef. FM 4>1/<11 ugtib 6=>1.

Cufyfej 8(E) Uofbb bjig ebjtl tinm jg kjtl simnsky f strigc ngeirebigc tln wfist, wjrg ky ofbn Fonrigmifgs ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm.

Lfkuri 8 (S) Sfrfj eubturn lnrj, bncngmfryigvngtjr jd tln efgjn fgm tln pfmmbn, wlj dbnmdrjo tln ofigbfgm witl lis ojtlnr fgm lnrsistnr tj sjutl rigimfm fgm djugm f rnducn jgGfpfriof Libb.

Lfbbueigjcngie mrucs 8 Qsyeljfetivn sukstfgenstlft igmuen lfbbueigftijgs.



64<

Lnoftitn 8 [nm irjg stjgn, usnm ky tln Fonrigmifgs djr jktfigigc rnm ejbjurigc usnmdjr mnejrftigc pjttnry fgm jtlnr oftnrifbitnos.

Luous 8 Krjwg tj kbfe` sjib, jricigftigc drjo

tln mnejopjsitijg jd pbfgt jr fgiofb ofttnr.Igmijs 8 (U) nro fppbinm ky Ejbuokus tj tln

iglfkitfgts jd tln Fonriefs fs ln oistf`ngbyfssuonm tlft ln lfm misejvnrnm f wnstnrgrjutn tj Fsif (“Igmif’).

Igluoftijg (kurifb) 8 [itufb mnpjsitijg jd fmnfm pnrsjg’s kjmy igtj f crfvn, suksnqungtbytj kn ejvnrnm witl nfrtl.

Igvnrtnkrftns 8 fgiofbs witljut f vnrtnkrfbejbuog, suel fs igsnets, erfks, bjkstnrs, sgfibs,ebfos, jetjpusns, stfrdisl, snf-ureligs, fgmwjros.

Isbfgm Frfwf` 8 nro fppbinm ky gigntnngtl-engtury bigcuists tj tln Fonrigmifgs jd tlnCrnftnr Fgtibbns, fs ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm ojstjd tln bfttnr spj`n f bfgcufcn knbjgcigc tj tln Frfwf`fg bfgcufcn dfoiby.

Isbfgm Efrik 8 nro civng ky fgtlrjpjbjcists tjtln @fbi’gfcj/@fbi’pugf jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns.

Isjtjpn fgfbysis 8 Unn “strjgtiuo isjtjpn fgfbysis’. Huokin 8(Fdr) Upirit elfrfetnr jd jdtng ofbnvjbngt

elfrfetnr, tln cljst jd f mnfm pnrsjg.

@fbi’gf (@fri’gf) 8 (E) Gfon wliel tlnOfigbfgm Efrik cfvn tj tlnosnbvns, onfgigc“tln pnjpbn’.

@fbi’gfcj 8 (E) Gfon, mnrivnm drjo @fbi’gf,wliel tln ofbn Isbfgm Efrik cfvn tj tlnirpnjpbn.

@fbi’pugf 8(F) Gfon wliel tln dnofbn IsbfgmEfrik cfvn tj tlnir pnjpbn.

Bfgcufcn (bigcuistie) dfoiby 8 Crjup jd rnbftnmbfgcufcns (snn fbsj8 “Frfwf`fg’, “Efrikfg’,“ upifg’).

Bncuf (“bnfcun’) 8 Upfgisl ugit jd mistfgen, fkjut>.> ò.

Bnssnr Fgtibbns 8 Frelipnbfcj jd sofbb isbfgmsstrnteligc drjo rigimfm fgm jkfcj tjQunrtj [iej fgm tln Tircig Isbfgms, igebumigcKfrkfmjs, tln Sigmwfrm Isbfgms fgm BnnwfrmIsbfgms.

Bicgitn 8 Krjwgisl-kbfe` ejfb, ig rigimfmgfturfbby jeeurrigc ig tln Engtrfb [fgcn.

Bitlie 8 Dirst stfcn ig tln mnvnbjpongt jd Fonrigmifg eubturn fgm sjeinty, elfrfetnriznmky f suksistngen nejgjoy priofriby kfsnmjg lugtigc fgm ejbbnetigc, fgm f tnelgjbjcytypidinm ky elippnm stjgn fgm kjgn frtidfets.

Bjfo 8 Ujib ejgsistigc jd f drifkbn oixturn jd ebfy,sibt fgm sfgm.

Bj`õgj 8 (F) Gfon tln Frfwf` cfvn tj tlnosnbvns,onfgigc “tln pnjpbn’ (snn8 “Frfwf`’).

Ofigbfgm Efrik 8 nro civng ky fgtlrjpjbjciststj tln Efrikfg-spnfìgc @fbi’gf jd tln Cuifgfsfgm tln Jrigjej Tfbbny.

Ofit-sjuren 8 (D) Oytliefb djb` ernfturn fetigcfs tln prjtnetjr jd tln dislns wliel mnvnbjpnmjut jd tln Fonrigmifg spirit elfrfetnr `gjwgfs tln Ofstnr jd Disl.

Ofhjbief 8(U) ig-ngfonb cbfznm, ejbjurdub Itfbifgfgm Upfgisl tfkbnwfrn (mislns fgm pbftns), dirstofmn ig tln Oimmbn Fcns.

Ofbjef 8 ( ) Fonrigmifg oubti-dfoiby ljusn,djronrby tj kn djugm ig bfrcn pfrts jd tlnUjutl Fonriefg ofigbfgm (fgm rigimfm).

Ofofg-Mbj 8(D) Oytliefb djb` ernfturn, knbinvnmtj bivn ig pjjbs fgm rivnrs, wliel mnvnbjpnmjut jd f dnofbn Fonrigmifg spirit elfrfetnrfetigc fs f prjtnetrnss jd wjong ig elibmkirtl.

Ofrfef, ofrfe 8 (F/E/ ) Efbfkfsl rfttbn, usnmky Fonrigmifg slfofgs murigc gjeturgfblnfbigc séfgens (snn fbsj8 “ pnfi -ofg’, “slfe-slfe’ , “slfofg’).

Oftfpnn 8 (E) Efssfvf prnss ofmn jd twibbnmkfs`ntry usnm tj nxpnb tln pjisjgjuslymrjeyfgie feim drjo tln crftnm pubp (snnfbsj8 “snkueæg’, “ejubnvrn ’).



649

Ofyjim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg igrigimfm (efbbnm fdtnr tln Ofyj sitn ig tln

Engtrfb [fgcn), ofrìgc tln ngm jd prn-Ejbuokifg tions fgm tln ejgtfet pnrijm ugtibwnbb igtj tln nicltnngtl engtury.

Onfg snf bnvnb (OUB) 8 Fvnrfcn bnvnb jd tlnjenfg’s surdfen.

Onstizj 8(U) Upfgisl tnro djr tln jddsprigc jd fwlitn fgm fg Fonrigmifg.

Oiefenjus selist 8 [je` typn, ejgtfigigc bfrcnqufgtitins jd (sligy) oief pfrtiebns, witlf tngmngey tj spbit ig bfynrs. It is typiefb jd

rigimfm’s Gjrtlnrg [fgcn.

Oimmng mnpjsit 8 [ndusn lnfp, jdtng ejgsistigc jdbfrcn feeuoubftijgs jd slnbbs fgm jtlnr djjmrnofigs, drfcongts jd pjttnry fgm/jr frtidfetsjd stjgn, kjgn, slnbb, fgm ejrfb, djroigc pfrtjd f djronr snttbnongt sitn.

Oisiõgns (“oissijgs’) 8 (U) Tibbfcns nstfkbislnmjg tln ofigbfgm fgm rigimfm ky tln Upfgislig jrmnr tj ejgvnrt, miseipbign fgm nxpbjit tln Fonrigmifgs wlj wnrn ejopnbbnm tj bivn igtlno.

Oitf 8(U) Mrfdt bfkjur systno djr pukbie wjr`s,

ejopubsjry djr nfel Fonrigmifg vibbfcn ugmnrUpfgisl ejgtrjb.

Ojrisej 8 Upfgisl Ojjr, mnsengmfgt jd tln Frfks wlj iglfkitnm Upfig kndjrn tln dfbb jdCrfgfmf (6=9;).

Ojrtufry (kurifb) cidt 8 Jkhnet(s) put igtj fcrfvn ig jrmnr tj feejopfgy f mnfm pnrsjg’skjmy.

Oubftj 8 (U) Upfgisl tnro djr tln jddsprigc jd fwlitn fgm fg Fdriefg.

Gnpjij 8 (E:) Qrjkfkby Efrikfg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifg pnjpbn bivigc ig engtrfb fgm nfst

rigimfm fgm tln Jrigjej Tfbbny murigc tlnejgtfet pnrijm.

Gnw Fcn 8 Upiritufb ojvnongt mrfwigc jgfgeingt ejgenpts drjo vfrijus Fonrigmifgfgm Nfstnrg trfmitijgs.

Jrfeiõgns 8 (U) Qrfynrs fgm prfynr sjgcs usnm igeurigc ky pnjg lnfbnrs.

Jrtjirjim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg (efbbnmfdtnr tln Jrtjirn sitn ig sjutlnfst rigimfm),mistrikutnm ig tln Cuifgfs, Tngnzunbf fgmtln Snst Igmins, ofrìgc tln Frelfie Fcn,ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj drjo ef. 4111 tj>11 KE.

Qfpf-Kjis 8 (D) Oytliefb djb` ernfturn fetigcfs tln prjtnetjr jd tln djrnst fgiofbs, wlielmnvnbjpnm jut jd tln Fonrigmifg spiritelfrfetnr `gjwg fs tln Ofstnr jd Fgiofbs.

Qfrfgc 8 (U) Lispfgie Fonriefg ousie fgmsjgcs igtrjmuenm tj rigimfm ky tln pnjgsjd Fonrigmifg‛Upfgisl‛Fdriefg mnsengt fgmusufbby pbfynm murigc tln Elristofs snfsjg.

Qftjis 8 (D) Ernjbn Drngel spj`ng ig tln Bnssnr

Fgtibbns fgm rigimfm fgm jkfcj.Qnfi -ofg (pifyn) 8 (E) Fonrigmifg slfofg

(onmieign ofg), nopbjyigc lfbbueigjcngiemrucs ig jrmnr tj ejgtfet tln spirit wjrbm djrlnfbigc, prnmietigc tln duturn fgm tj efst nvibspnbbs (snn fbsj8 “lfbbueigjcngie mrucs’).

Qnfrb isbfgms 8Eukfcuf, Ofrcfritf fgm Ejelnjddsljrn nfst Tngnzunbf, wlnrn tln Upfgisllfm Fonrigmifgs mivn djr pnfrb jystnrs murigctln sixtnngtl engtury.

Qnbfcie dislns 8 Disl spneins bivigc ig tln jpng snf.

Qnjgns (“pnjgs’) 8 (U) Uofbb dfronrs jd Fonrigmifg‛Upfgisl‛Fdriefg mnsengt wljoicrftnm tj rigimfm drjo tln ofigbfgmnspneifbby drjo tln bftn nicltnngtl tj nfrbytwngtintl engtury (snn fbsj8 “ejejf pfgyjbs ’).

Qntrjcbypl 8 Fonrigmifg rje` mrfwigc ofmn kypneìgc, crigmigc fgm fkrfmigc.

Qburfb sjeinty 8Ujeinty ejopjsnm jd f onmbnyjd pnjpbns, nfel ljbmigc its jwg rnbicijg,bfgcufcn fgm eubturn tj f enrtfig nxtngt.

Qjttnry rnpnrtjirn 8 Ejopbntn vfrinty jd middnrngtvnssnb djros elfrfetnrizigc f sitn jr eubturfbtrfmitijg.

Qrn-Ejbuokifg pnrijm 8 npisjmn ig tln Fonrigmifg pfst kndjrn tln frrivfb jdEjbuokus (6=9;) ig tln Snst Igmins (snn fbsj8“prnlistjry’).



631

Qrnlistjry 8 nrf ig tln luofg pfst kndjrn tln dirstwrittng mjeuongts (ig rigimfm kndjrn tlnfrrivfb jd Ejbuokus ig 6=9<).

Qunkbj mn mjetrigf8 (U) Upfgisl oissijg vibbfcnig wliel f ejrrncimjr fetnm fs its fmoigistrftivn

fgm nxneutivn jddienr wlibn tln futljrity jdtln rnsimngt prinst wfs bioitnm tj spiritufbofttnrs (snn fbsj8 “ punkbj mn vivf ejgvnrsiõg (rnmueeiõg)’).

Qunkbj mn vivf ejgvnrsiõg (rnmueeiõg) 8 (U)Upfgisl oissijg vibbfcn murigc its dirst twngtyynfrs jd nxistngen wlng tln oissijgfry lfmfksjbutn futljrity jvnr tln Fonrigmifgsig eivib fs wnbb fs spiritufb ofttnrs (snn fbsj8“ punkbj mn mjetrigf ’).

[fmijefrkjg mftigc (6=E mftigc) 8 F seingtidiemftigc ontljm, usnm djr frelfnjbjciefb digms,kfsnm jg onfsurigc tln mnefy jd tln rfmijfetivnisjtjpn jd efrkjg ig jrcfgie oftnrifbs, gjtfkbyelfrejfb, wjjm, slnbbs, fgm kjgn.

[nfb 8 Upfgisl ojgntfry ugit fgm ejig.

[nm (Ynbbjw) Efrik 8 nro usnm ig tln nicltnngtlengtury tj rndnr tj tln Isbfgm Efrik jd tlnBnssnr Fgtibbns ig jrmnr tj mistigcuisl tlnodrjo tln Kbfe` Efrik (snn fbsj8 “Isbfgm Efrik’,“@fbi’gfcj’, “@fbi’pugf’).

[ncimjr 8 (U) Ejugeibbjr fttfelnm tj tlnefkibmj jdf Upfgisl tjwg.

[npfrtioingtj 8 (U) Uystno jd bfgm pfrtitijgfojgc tln dirst Upfgisl igvfmnrs jd tlnEfrikknfg isbfgms.

[nseftn 8 (U) Upfgisl sbfvn rfimigc fgm trfmnnxpnmitijgs ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm.

[jueju 8 ( ) [nm picongt fgm djjm ejbjurigc/dbfvjurigc jktfignm drjo tln snnms jd feubtivftnm slruk jr sofbb trnn.

Ufbfmjim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg (efbbnmfdtnr tln Ufbfmnrj sitn ig tln Bjwnr JrigjejTfbbny jg tln ofigbfgm), mistrikutnm ig tlnCuifgfs, Tngnzunbf fgm tln Snst Igmins,ofrìgc tln nfrby fgm oimmbn pfrts jd tlnEnrfoie Fcn, ig rigimfm fgm jkfcj drjoef. ;11 KE ugtib FM 4>1/<11.

Ufokj 8 (U) Upfgisl tnro djr tln jddsprigc jd fg Fonrigmifg fgm fg Fdriefg.

Ufgtf [jsf Dirst Qnjpbns Ejoougity 8 Fonrigmifg jrcfgisftijg jricigfbby djugmnm ft Friof fs tln “Ufgtf [jsf Efrik Ejoougity’(6934), igtngmnm tj rnvivn tln Fonrigmifgimngtity fgm rntrinvn tln jbm-tion igmicngjustrfmitijgs jd tln tjwg.

Unkueæg 8 (F) Efssfvf prnss ofmn jd twibbnmkfs`ntry usnm tj nxpnb tln pjisjgjuslymrjeyfgie feim drjo tln crftnm pubp (snnfbsj8 “ejubnvrn ’, “oftfpnn ’).

Unrins 8Eubturfb trfmitijg rnejgstruetnm drjofrelfnjbjciefb digms.

Unrpngtigitn 8 Crnngisl rje` typn, ig prnlistjryjdtng usnm djr efrvigc jrgfongts jr tjjbs.

Ulfe-slfe 8 Efbfkfsl rfttbn, ft prnsngt usnm ky pfrfgc fgm efbypsj ousieifgs, mnvnbjpnm jutjd tln Fonrigmifg slfofg’s rfttbn (snn fbsj8“ofrfef ’).

Ulfofg 8 Onmieign ofg (snn fbsj8 “ pnfi -ofg’).

Ulnkfij 8 (F) Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifgpnjpbn bivigc jg tln sjutl ejfst jd rigimfmfgm tln ejfstfb zjgn jd tln Cuifgfs murigc tlnejgtfet pnrijm.

Upigmbn wljrb 8 Uofbb dbywlnnb tlft rncubftns tlnspnnm jd f lfgm-jpnrftnm spigmbn.

Utftng (“Utftns’) 8 (M) Bjefb cjvnrgongt jd tlnsnvng prjvigens tlft ofmn up tln Mutel[npukbie, fbsj rnprnsngtnm ig tln hjigtUtftngCngnrffb (“Utftns Cngnrfb’).

Utrjgtiuo isjtjpn fgfbysis 8 Ueingtidie ontljm jdmntnroigigc tln rnbftivn rftij jd tln rfmijfetivnisjtjpn jd strjgtiuo ig luofg kjgns, usnm igfrelfnjbjcy tj prjvimn igdjroftijg jg tlnmint fgm cnjcrfpliefb jricig jd tln igmivimufbssfopbnm.

Uwimmng 8 cfrmng pbjt, ebnfrnm ky sbfsl-fgm-kurgtnelgiquns fgm pbfgtnm witl f dnw erjps, jdtngeubtivftnm djr jgby f dnw ynfrs.

]fïgj 8 (F) nro fppbinm ky fgtlrjpjbjcistsejbbnetivnby tj ojst jd tln Fonrigmifg pnjpbnsjd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns (snn fbsj8 “Isbfgm Frfwf`’).



636

]fpif 8 (U) Bjfo oixnm witl strfw fgmjeefsijgfbby fgiofb mugc, usnm djr pbfstnrigctln wfttbn-wjr` wfbbs jd ejttfcns kuibt ig tlnUpfgisl dfslijg (snn8 “fhjupf ’).

]inrrf Diron (“ofigbfgm’) dbnnt 8 (U) Unn8 cfbnjgns

(“cfbbnjgs’).]rjuofssjim 8 Fonrigmifg eubturfb trfmitijg

(efbbnm fdtnr tln rjuofssén sitn jg Ut. Bueif),mistrikutnm ig jkfcj fgm tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns,ofrìgc tln bfst pfrt jd tln Enrfoie Fcn, ig

jkfcj drjo ef. FM 4>1/<11 ugtib 6=>1.

]run Frfwf` 8 nro fppbinm ky fgtlrjpjbjcists tjtln Frfwf` (jr Bj`õgj) ig jrmnr tj mistigcuisltlno drjo tln Frfwf`fg-spnfìgc pnjpbns (jr“]fïgj ’) jd tln Crnftnr Fgtibbns (snn8 “Isbfgm

Frfwf`’).]upifg 8 Dfoiby jd rnbftnm Fonrigmifg bfgcufcns

mistrikutnm jg tln Krfzibifg ejfst.

Tneigj 8 (U) Ljusnljbmnr ig f Upfgisl tjwg.

Tiribjefbity 8 [nsimngen jd f ofrrinm ejupbn witltln luskfgm’s ìg.

Tjefkubfry 8 Bist jr ejbbnetijg jd wjrms jr wjrmsfgm plrfsns, fbplfkntiefbby jrcfgiznm, mndignmfgm nxpbfignm.

Sfrfj 8 (S) Sfrfjfg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifgpnjpbn jricigfbby bivigc ig sjutlwnst rigimfm,

tln Jrigjej mnbtf fgm gjrtlwnst Cuyfgf. Sfrfjfg 8 Bfgcufcn spj`ng ky tln Sfrfj.

Yfij 8 (E) Efrikfg-spnfìgc Fonrigmifg pnjpbnbivigc ig sjutlwnst rigimfm fgm jg tln ejfstjd tln Cuifgfs ig tln ejgtfet pnrijm.

Yjpf 8 (F) Lfbbueigjcngie sgiddigc pjwmnr ofmndrjo tln eruslnm snnms jd tln Fgfmngfgtlnrftrnn, usnm ky Fonrigmifg slfofgs ig jrmnrtj igmuen fg nestftie trfgen murigc wlieltlny frn fkbn tj ejgtfet tln spirit wjrbm (snn“lfbbueigjcngie mrucs’, “ pnfi -ofg’).

Fkkrnviftijgs8 F, Frfwf`fg0 Fdr, Fdriefg bfgcufcn0E, Efrikfg0 M, Mutel0 D, Drngel0 U, Upfgisl0

, upifg (Krfzib)0 S, Sfrfjfg.





635

Qrn-Ejbuokifg fgm listjrie Fonrigmifg frelfnjbjcy

Kjjonrt, Frin, 69<; ‛ Jur Fonrigmifg lnritfcn.Gfturfbist Ofcfzign = (=)8 ;4‛46.

Kjjonrt, Frin, 69<; ‛ ln rje` mrfwigcs jdEfuritf.Gfturfbist Ofcfzign = (4)8 5<‛==.

Kjjonrt, Frin, 69<> ‛ ln Cufyfkitjim fgmOfyjim snrins8 Fonrigmifg eubturn listjryig rigimfm murigc bftn prnlistjrie fgmprjtjlistjrie tions. Qrjennmigcs ]ngtlIgtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr tln Utumy jd tlnQrn-Ejbuokifg Eubturns jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns, Ofrtigiqun 69<58 95‛6=<.

Kjjonrt, Frin, 69<4 ‛ ln Efyj ejopbnx jd Ut.Tigengt8 Ntlgjlistjriefb fgm frelfnjbjciefbfspnets jd tln Isbfgm Efrik prjkbno. Fgtrjpjbõcief448 5‛4<.

Kjjonrt, Frin, 6994 ‛ ]ln Qrnlistjrie Uitns jd]jkfcj8 F Eftfbjcun fgm Nvfbuftijg. Fbòffr8

ln futljr.Kjjonrt, Frin, ;111 ‛ ]rigimfm, ]jkfcj fgm

tln Bjwnr Jrigjej Igtnrfetijg Uplnrn8 Fg Frelfnjbjciefb/Ntlgjlistjriefb Utumy . Fbòffr8Efiri Qukbieftijgs.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;116 ‛ Ufbfmjim sjeijpjbitiefbjrcfgizftijg. Qrjennmigcs NicltnngtlIgtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Crngfmf 6999 , II8 >>‛33.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;116 ‛ [fptjrifb kirms fs iejgs jdslfofgiso ig tln prnlistjrie Efrikknfg fgm Fofzjgif. Qrjennmigcs Gigntnngtl IgtnrgftijgfbEjgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Frukf ;116 , II8 6;6‛6>3.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;11; ‛ Fcrieubturfb sjeintinsig tln ejgtigngtfb Efrikknfg. Ig8 Hfbib UunmKfmibbj, nm.,Cngnrfb Listjry jd tln Efrikknfg,I8 Futjeltljgjus Ujeintins 8 65=‛69=. Qfris/Bjgmjg8 ^GNUEJ Qukbisligc/OfeoibbfgEfrikknfg.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;11> ‛ Cjbmng Crjvn8 F bftn-prnlistjrie enrfoie ejopbnx jd jkfcj.Bnimng Hjurgfb jd Qjttnry Utumins;68 ;3‛41.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;113 ‛ Qbyojutl8 F bftn-prnlistjrie enrfoie ejopbnx jd jkfcj.Bnimng Hjurgfb jd Qjttnry Utumins ;58 6;6‛6><.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;119 ‛ Kntwnng tln ofigbfgmfgm tln isbfgms8 ln Fonrigmifg eubturfbcnjcrfply jd rigimfm.Kubbntig jd tln Qnfkjmy Ousnuo jd Gfturfb Listjry >1 (6)8 45‛35.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;161 ‛ Erjssigc tln Cfbbnjgs’Qfssfcn8 Fonrigmifg igtnrfetijg fgm eubturfb(mis)ugity kntwnng rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Ig8Ejriggn B. Ljdofg fgm Fbistfir H. Kriclt,nms., “Ojkibity fgm Nxelfgcn drjo f Qfg-Efrikknfg Qnrspnetivn’, Hjurgfb jd Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy , Upneifb Qukbieftijg 58 614‛6;6.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;16; ‛ Cftnwfy tj tln ofigbfgm8rigimfm fgm jkfcj. Ig8 Sibbifo D. @nncfg,

Ejriggn B. Ljdofg fgm [nginb [jmrïcunz[fojs, nms., ]ln Jxdjrm Lfgmkjj` jdEfrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy 8 6=6‛6>=. Jxdjrm^givnrsity Qrnss.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;16= ‛ ln Efrikknfg Isbfgms.Ig8 Ejbig [ngdrnw fgm Qfub Kflg, nms.,]lnEfokrimcn Sjrbm Qrnlistjry , vjb. ;8Nfst Fsiffgm tln Fonriefs 8 6;63‛6;5=. Efokrimcn8Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;16> ‛ Qrnlistjrie jkfcj8 Fgjutbign. Frelfnjbjcy fgm Fgtlrjpjbjcy8 Hjurgfbjd tln Sfbtnr [jtl Ousnuo jd Fgtlrjpjbjcy 69(;)8 5>‛>1.

Kjjonrt, Frin, Kircit Dfknr-Ojrsn fgm K. Irvigc[jusn, ;165 ‛ ]ln Yfbn ^givnrsity Nxefvftijgsig ]rigimfm jd 69=4 fgm 69>5. Yfbn ^givnrsityQukbieftijgs ig Fgtlrjpjbjcy 9;. Gnw Lfvng8 Yfbn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Kjjonrt, Frin, fgm Qntnr J’Kring Lfrris, 69<=‛ ln Qitel Bf`n ig frelfnjbjcy.Gfturfbist Ofcfzign > (66)8 5=‛=3.

Kikbijcrfply



63=

Kjjonrt, Frin, fgm Qntnr J’Kring Lfrris, 69<<‛ Fg Igvngtjry jd tln Frelfnjbjciefb Uitns ig]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj. Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm8

ln ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins.Kjjonrt, Frin, fgm Béjgim @fongndd, ;115

‛ Qrnbioigfry rnpjrt jg frelfnjbjciefbigvnsticftijgs ft Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy, jkfcj. Qrjennmigcs ]wngtintl Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Ufgtj Mjoigcj ;115 , II8 =>3‛=4<.

Kjjonrt, Frin, Jofr [. Jrtiz- rjgejsj fgm L.L.vfg [nctnrng Fbtngf, 69<3 ‛ Frelfnjbjciefb-Listjriefb survny jd jkfcj, Snst Igmins. Hjurgfb mn bf Ujeiété mns Foériefgistns 358;=4‛;><.

Kjjonrt, Frin, fgm Efssfgmrf . [jcnrs, ;113 ‛rjuofssjim stjgn frtidfets ig jkfcj8 [je`typns fgm sjuren frnfs.Qrjennmigcs ]wngty- dirst Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, ]rigimfm ;11> , I8 ;<;‛;9=.

Elfulfrhfsigcl, Frelikfbm U. 699= ‛ Uixtnngtlengtury elnvrjg knfms djugm ig rigimfm.Cfyfp8 [nvinw jd tln Frts 69<=‛699= 8 ;4. UfgDnrgfgmj Frts Ejugeib, rigimfm.

Ebnongt, Elristjplnr J., ;111 ‛ [nogfgt

Fonrigmifg crjups jg nicltnngtl engturyjkfcj, Snst Igmins:8 F ejopfrisjg jd ejfrsnnfrtlngwfrns drjo djur sitns.]ln Dbjrimf Fgtlrjpjbjcist >5 (6)8 6;‛;>.

Mjrst, Ofre E., ;111 ‛ Ofgzfgibbf 68 Fg Frelfnjbjciefb Uurvny jd f Qrn-Ejbuokifg Uitnjg ]rigimfm8 Upftifb Qfttnrgigc, Enrfoies,Bitlies fgm Dfugfb [nofigs . OF lnsis,Bnimng ^givnrsity .

Mjrst, Ofre E., ;11= ‛ Ofgzfgibbf 68 Ernftigc

f sitn-sefbn pjttnry ebfssidieftijg ft f oubti-ejopjgngt Enrfoie fcn sitn jg rigimfm.Bnimng Hjurgfb jd Qjttnry Utumins ;18 >5‛3=.

Mjrst, Ofre E., ;11< ‛]ln Qrn-Ejbuokifg UFG-6 Uitn, Ofgzfgibbf, ]rigimfm8 Qrnbioigfry[nsnfrel [npjrt Dinbmwjr` Jetjknr ;113 . Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Gftijgfb Frelfnjbjciefb Ejooittnnjd rigimfm fgm jkfcj.

Dnw`ns, Hnssn S., 6913 ‛]ln Fkjricigns jd Qjrtj[iej fgm Gniclkjrigc Isbfgms . Sfsligctjg,

ME8 wngty-didtl Fggufb [npjrt jd tlnKurnfu jd Fonriefg Ntlgjbjcy (6915‛691=).

Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 6935 ‛ Qrnbioigfryrnpjrt jg Kfgwfri rfen, f prnenrfoie sitnig rigimfm. Qrjennmigcs Djurtl IgtnrgftijgfbEjgcrnss djr tln Utumy jd tln Qrn-EjbuokifgEubturns jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns, Ut. Bueif 6936866>‛6;>.

Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 6934 ‛ ln Qrnenrfoiepnrijm ig rigimfm. Ig8 Bigmf Uie`bnr[jkigsjg, nm.,Qrjennmigcs jd tln Dirst Qunrtj[iefg Uyopjsiuo jg Frelfnjbjcy 8 55‛4=. Ufg Hufg mn Qunrtj [iej8 Dugmfeiõg Frqunjbõcief, Fgtrjpjbõcief n Listjrief mn Qunrtj [iej[npjrt 6.

Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 693< ‛ F rnvisnmelrjgjbjciefb drfonwjr` djr Enrfoie rigimfmfgm jkfcj. Qrjennmigcs Unvngtl IgtnrgftijgfbEjgcrnss djr tln Utumy jd tln Qrn-EjbuokifgEubturns jd tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns, Efrfefs 6933 8=3‛45.

Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 6996 ‛ Fonrigmifg rigimfmfgm jkfcj. Qrjennmigcs ]wnbdtl IgtnrgftijgfbEjgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Efynggn69<3 8 ;>9‛;49.

Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 6996 ‛ F Qfbnj-Igmifgstnoonm pjigt drjo rigimfm, Snst Igmins.Qrjennmigcs Djurtnngtl Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Kfrkfmjs 6996835‛95.

Lnfby, Qfub D., Fggn @nngbnysimn fgm OfreE. Mjrst, ;165 ‛ Isjtjpn fgfbysis fgmrfmijefrkjg mftigc jd prnlistjrie luofg kjgndrjo tln Ofgzfgibbf (UFG 6) sitn, rigimfm.Efrikknfg Ejggnetijgs 5 (6)8 51‛=>.

Hfgsng, [ielfrm, fgm Ofre E. Mjrst, ;113 ‛Upftifb pfttnrgigc fgm strueturns jd tlnoubti-ejopjgngt Enrfoie fcn sitn UFG 6,Ofgzfgibbf, rigimfm. Qrjennmigcs ]wngty- dirst Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, ]rigimfm ;11> , I8 56>‛5;3.

Bfddjjg, Hfsjg N., ;16; ‛Qfttnrgs jd Qfbnjojkibityig tln Fgeingt Fgtibbns . QlM missnrtftijg,Bnimng ^givnrsity.

Bjpigjt, Gnib L., ;16; ‛ ]ln Bf [nejggfissfgenUitn, f Qrnlistjrie Tibbfcn ig tln ]rigimfmIgtnrijr . Uprigcdinbm, OJ8 Oissjuri Utftn^givnrsity.



63>

Bjpigjt, Gnib L., ;165 ‛ Uuoofry jd Frelfnjbjciefb[nsnfrel ky tln Engtnr djr Frelfnjbjciefb[nsnfrel, Oissjuri Utftn ^givnrsity ‛ Ofrel ;6‛Fprib 65, ;165. Uprigcdinbm, OJ8 OissjuriUtftn ^givnrsity.

Oie`bnkurcl, Lfybny B., ;16; ‛ ̂ gusufb pfttnrgsjd mngtfb efbeubus mnpjsits ig s`nbntfb oftnrifbdrjo tln sitn jd Ofgzfgibbf, rigimfm8Kijfrelfnjbjciefb nvimngen djr lfkitufb ejefbnfd elnwigc:Efrikknfg Ejggnetijgs ;/6 .

Oie`bnkurcl, Lfybny B., fgm Hfion [. Qfcæg- Hioégnz, ;16; ‛ Gnw igsiclts igtj tlnejgsuoptijg jd ofizn fgm jtlnr djjmpbfgts ig tln prn-Ejbuokifg Efrikknfgdrjo stfrel crfigs trfppnm ig luofg mngtfbefbeubus. Hjurgfb jd Frelfnjbjciefb Ueingen 598;=4<‛;=3<.

Ojgns, Oiefl, ;113 ‛ Fonrigmifg bitlies jdjkfcj8 F prnbioigfry rnpjrt. Qrjennmigcs

]wngty-dirst Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djrEfrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, ]rigimfm ;11> , II83>3‛344.

Ginwnc, Mnggis E., ;111 ‛Ulnbbs ig Frelfnjbjcy8 Frelfnjbjciefb Ulnbb jg ]rigimfm fgmCufmnbjupn8 ]wj Efsn Utumins , ; vjbs. OF

lnsis, Bnimng ^givnrsity.Ginwnc, Mnggis E., fgm Ofre E. Mjrst, ;116

‛ ln Ofgzfgibbf 6 (UFG-6) sitn, rigimfm. Qrjennmigcs Gigntnngtl Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Frukf ;116, I8635‛6<>.

Jstfp`jwiez, Hjfggf, Elristjplnr Krjg`[fosny, Fbnx E. Sinmngljndt, Dijgf Krje`,

jo Liclfo, fgm Ufounb O. Sibsjg, ;166‛ “ lis rnbie jd fgtiquity’8 Didtl tj didtnngtlengtury wjjm efrvigcs drjo tln sjutlnrgBnssnr Fgtibbns. Ig8 Ejriggn B. Ljdofg fgm Fggn vfg Muihvngkjmn, nms.,Ejoougitins igEjgtfet8 Nssfys jg Frelfnjbjcy, Ntlgjlistjryfgm Ntlgjcrfply jd tln Fonrigmifg Eireuo-Efrikknfg8 653‛631. Bnimng8 Uimnstjgn Qrnss.

Qfcæg-Hioégnz, Hfion, [nginb [jmrïcunz-[fojs,Kfsib F. [nim, Ofrtihg vfg mng Knb, fgmEjriggn B. Ljdofg, ;16> ‛ Nfrby mispnrsfbs jdofizn fgm jtlnr djjm pbfgts igtj tln UjutlnrgEfrikknfg fgm Gjrtlnfstnrg Ujutl Fonrief.

Vuftnrgfry Ueingen [nvinws 6;58 ;56‛;=4.

[fy, Hfe` L., ;16> ‛ Qrjeurnongt fgm usn jd elnrtdrjo bjefbiznm sjurens ig rigimfm. Hjurgfb jdEfrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy 6>8 6-;<.

[nim, Kfsib F., ;115 ‛ Frelfnjbjciefb Uurvnysfgm Nxefvftijg jd Bjt 65 jd Ofrifggn Nstftn,

Kbfgelissnusn, ]rigimfm (Huby‛Fucust ;115). Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm8 ln ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins.

[nim, Kfsib F., ;166 ‛ Igtnrio rnpjrt jg tlnUt. Hjlg Frelfnjbjcy Qrjhnet. Frelfnjbjcyfgm Fgtlrjpjbjcy8 Hjurgfb jd tln Sfbtnr [jtl Ousnuo jd Fgtlrjpjbjcy 63 (6)8 59‛>=.

Utnfmofg, Mfvim S., fgm Ulfryg Hjgns, ;114‛ Bjgc-tnro trngms ig prnlistjrie disligcfgm lugtigc jg jkfcj, Snst Igmins. Bftig

Fonriefg Fgtiquity63 (5)8 564‛55=.Utnfmofg, Mfvim S., fgm Fggn T. Utj`ns, ;11; ‛Elfgcigc nxpbjitftijg jd tnrrnstrifb vnrtnkrftnsmurigc tln pfst 5111 ynfrs jg jkfcj, SnstIgmins.Luofg Nejbjcy 51 (5)8 559‛543.

Utnfmofg, Mfvim S., fgm Fggn T. Utj`ns, ;115 ‛ Fg frelfnjbjciefb survny fgm tnst nxefvftijgft tln Ufbfmjim Kbfgelissnusn sitn, rigimfm. Qrjennmigcs ]wngtintl Igtnrgftijgfb Ejgcrnss djr Efrikknfg Frelfnjbjcy, Ufgtj Mjoigcj

;115 , I8 599‛=14.

Qriofry listjrie sjurens fgm ofps

Fcufmj, Qnmrj mn, 6945 P6><6_ ‛[nejpibfeiõgListjrifb mn Tngnzunbf , ; vjbs. Nm. CuibbnrojOjrõg. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mnListjrif.

Fgmrnws, @nggntl [., nm., 69>9 ‛NgcbislQrivftnnrigc Tjyfcns tj tln Snst Igmins6><<‛6>9> . Bjgmjg8 Lf`buyt Ujeinty.

Fgjgyojus, ef. 63<1 ‛Ejgenrgigc tln Isbfgm jd]rigimfm wliel knfrs Gjrtl-Ujutl ig rnbftijg tjtln Mrfcjg’s Ojutl. rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl ky@nobig O. Bfurngen. Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm8^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins (typnseript).

Kfsfgtf, Hjsnpl, 6<>5 ‛]ln Isbfgm jd ]rigimfm,Drjo tln Bftnst Uurvnys . Bjgmjg8 Hjlg Frrjwsoitl.

Krntjg, Fmnbn E., 69;6 ‛ ln Frufe Igmifgs jd

Tngnzunbf. Ofg ;68 9‛6;.



634

Kuissig`, Dftlnr Q.H., nm., 695< P6499/6311_ ‛]ln Frngf Ofssfern ]rigimfm8 6st Mnenoknr, 6499 .Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Listjriefb Ujeinty jd rigimfmfgm jkfcj.

Kyrgn, Hjlg, 6341 ‛ F Qbfg jd crnft Ejurbfgm

Kfy, survnym ig Fucust 6341 . Ofguseript ofp,jkfcj Ousnuo, Uefrkjrjucl.Efroielfnb, Cnrtrum, fgm @ngmry` U. Sisn,

nms.,]rigimfm (fgm ]jkfcj) Listjriefb UjeintyQukbieftijgs , 6‛999. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 ListjriefbUjeinty jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj.

Efubïg, Dftlnr Fgtjgij, 6944 P6339_ ‛Listjrifmn bf Gunvf Fgmfbueïf , ; vjbs. Nm. DftlnrQfkbj Jhnr. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bfListjrif.

Ejbneeiõg mn Mjeuongtjs Ignmitjs [nbftivjs fbMnseukrioingtj, Ejgquistf y Jrcfgizfeiõg mnbfs Fgticufs Qjsnsijgns Nspföjbfs mn ^btrfofr ,=; vjbs. (EMI^), 6<<>/695;. Ofmrim8 [nfb Fefmnoif mn bf Listjrif.

Ejbuokus, Elristjplnr, 699= ‛ Feejugts fgmBnttnrs jd tln Unejgm, ]lirm, fgm Djurtl Tjyfcns ,; vjbs. Nm. Qfjbj N. fvifgi, Ejgsunbj Tfrnbf, Hufg Cib, fgm Ofrigf Ejgti0 trfgsb. drjotln Upfgisl ky Bueifgj D. Dfrigf fgm Ofre

F. Kne`witl. Gujvf [feejbtf Ejbjokifgf,Ngcbisl Nmitijg. [jof8 Oigistry jd Eubturfbfgm Ngvirjgongtfb Fssnts.

Ejbuokus, Dnrmigfgm, 699; P6>36_ ‛]ln Bidnjd tln Fmoirfb Elristjplnr Ejbuokus Ky LisUjg Dnrmigfgm . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl fgmnm. ky Knghfoig @nng. Gnw Krugswie`, GH8[utcnrs ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Erfon, Fcustïg, 6333 ‛ Ofpf mn bf Ysbf mn]rigimfm . Ofguseript ofp, Frelivj Cngnrfb

mn Igmifs, Unvibbf.mn Fgcuifgj, Dftlnr Oftlnj, 69;< P631;_ ‛Oissiõg Fpjstõbief ng bf Isbf mn bf rigimfm mnKfrbjvngtj, y ng Ufgtj ljoé mn Cufyfgf,Qrjvigeif mn Nb Mjrfmj P…_. Ig8 OfgunbUnrrfgj y Ufgz, nm.,[nbfeijgns Listõriefs mnbfs Oisijgns mn Qfmrns Efpueligjs mn TngnzunbfUicbjs \TII y \TIII 8 9>‛6=5. Ofmrim8 Uuærnz.

mn Fronbbfmf, Dftlnr Ensærnj, nm., 6941 ‛Qjr bfTngnzunbf Igmicngf mn Fynr y mn Ljy , ; vjbs.

Efrfefs8 Ujeinmfm mn Eingeifs Gfturfbns BfUfbbn.

mn Efrrjenrf, Dftlnr Kungfvngturf, 694< ‛ Oisiõgmn bjs Efpueligjs ng Cufyfgf , 5 vjbs. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

mn Efrvfhfb, Dftlnr Hfeigtj, 69<> P64=<_ ‛Mnseukrioingtj mnb rïj Fpurn . Nm. Hjsé Fbeigf

Drfgel. Ofmrim8 Listjrif 64.mn Efstnbbfgjs, Hufg, 694; P6><9_ ‛Nbncïfs mn

Tfrjgns Ibustrns mn Igmifs . Nm. Isffe H. Qfrmj.Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

mn Bfnt, Hjlfggns (Hnfg), 64=1 ‛B’Listjirn muGjuvnfu Ojgmn ju Mnseriptijg mns IgmnsJeeimngtfbns , ; gm nm. Bnymn8 Nbsnvinr.

mn Bfnt, Hjlfggns, 6956/6953 ‛Ifnrbye` Tnrlfnbvfg mn Tnrrieltigclng mnr CnjetrjynnrmnSnst-Igmiseln Ejopfcgin , = vjbs. Nm.

U.Q.B. b’Ljgjré Gfknr. ’s-Crfvnglfcn8Bigseljtng-Tnrnngicigc.mn Bfs Efsfs, Dftlnr Kfrtjbjoé, 69>3/6946

P6>;1/6>46_ ‛Listjrif mn bfs Igmifs , ; vjbs.Nm. Hufg Qnrnz mn umnbf Kunsj. Ofmrim8Kikbijtnef mn Futjrns Nspföjbns.

mn Bfs Efsfs, Dftlnr Kfrtjbjoé, 694> P6>>;_ ‛Krnvïsiof [nbfeiõg mn bf Mnstruieiõg mn bfsIgmifs. Ig8 Bnwis Lfg`n fgm O. CioégnzDnrgægmnz, nms.,]rftfmjs mn Drfy Kfrtjbjoé mn

Bfs Efsfs , vjb. 68 5‛699. Oéxiej8 Djgmj mnEubturf Nejgõoief.mn Qfopbjgf, Dftlnr Oicunb, 69;< P63<1_ ‛

[nbfeiõg mn bfs ejgvnrsijgns mn Efpueligjsfrfcjgnsns, mn bf Qrjvigeif mn Euofgæ0 P…_.Ig8 Ofgunb Unrrfgj y Ufgz, nm.,[nbfeijgnslistõriefs mn bfs Oisijgns mn Qfmrns Efpueligjsmn Tngnzunbf Uicbjs \TII y \TIII 8 6=>‛;>4.Ofmrim8 Uuærnz.

mn [ijgncrj, Dftlnr Drjibæg, nm., 696< ‛[nbfeijgns

mn bfs oisijgns mn bjs QQ Efpueligjs ng bfsfgticufs prjvigeifs nspföjbfs ― ljy [npøkbiefmn Tngnzunbf 64>1‛6<63 , ; vjbs. Unvibbf8Xfrzunbf/Bf Nxpjsieiõg.

mn Tnrfejnelf, N. rjejgis, nm., 6949 ‛Mjeuongtjs pfrf nb Nstumij mn bjs NsebfvjsGncrjs ng Tngnzunbf . Efrfefs8 FefmnoifGfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.



633

Mjrtf, Ngriqun O., nm., 6943 ‛ Oftnrifbns pfrf bf Listjrif mn bf Eubturf ng Tngnzunbf(6>;5‛6<;<)8 Mjeuongtjs mnb Frelivj Cngnrfbmn Igmifs mn Unvibbf . Ofmrim8 Crædiefs Eõgmjr.

Mumbny, Uir [jknrt, 64=4 ‛ POfp jd Cuifgf_,

Frefgj mnb Ofrn , Fonrief \III. Dirngzn.Mumbny, Uir [jknrt, 6<99 ‛]ln Tjyfcn jd [jknrt

Mumbny P…_tj tln Snst Igmins, 6>9=‛6>9> . Nm.C.D. Sfrgnr. Bjgmjg8 Lf`buyt Ujeinty.

Djroisfgj, Bueifgj, nm., 699; ‛Bnttnrs drjo fGnw Sjrbm8 Fonricj Tnspueei’s Misejvnry jd Fonrief. rfgsb. drjo tln Itfbifg ky Mfvim Hfejksjg. Gnw Yjr`8 Ofrsibij.

Cuoibbf, Dftlnr Hjsé, 6945 P63=6_ ‛Nb JrigjejIbustrfmj y Mndngmimj, ; vjbs. Nm. Hjsé Guentn-

Ufrmi. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mnListjrif.Lf`buyt, [ielfrm, 6915/691> P6><9_ ‛]ln

Qrigeipfb Gfvicftijgs, Tjyfcns, ]rfddiquns fgmMisejvnrins jd tln Ngcbisl Gftijg P…_, 6; vjbs.Cbfscjw8 OfeBnljsn.

Lfrejurt, [jknrt, 69;< P6465_ ‛ F [nbftijg jd fTjyfcn tj Cuifgf P…_6465. Nm. E.F. Lfrris.Bjgmjg8 Lf`buyt Ujeinty.

Lfrbjw, Tigengt ., nm., 69;> ‛EjbjgisigcNxpnmitijgs tj tln Snst Igmins fgm Cuifgf,64;5‛6443 . Bjgmjg8 ln Lf`buyt Ujeinty.

Lubon, Qntnr, fgm Gnib B. Slitnlnfm, nms., 699;‛ Sibm Ofhnsty Ngejugtnrs Sitl Efriks DrjoEjbuokus ]j tln Qrnsngt Mfy8 Fg Fgtljbjcy .Jxdjrm8 Ebfrngmjg Qrnss.

Hfgn, Eneib, nm., 69<< ‛]ln Djur Tjyfcns jdEjbuokus . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl ky Eneib Hfgn. Gnw Yjr`8 Mjvnr Qukbieftijgs.

@frihjsnoitj, [fsihno, fgm Qlibip Mi`bfgm,nms., ;11= ‛ Xnnuwsn frelivfbif uit Uurigfonng jobiccngmn `wfrtinrng 6443 ‛64<5.Qfrfofrikj8 Uurigffos Ousnuo/@MT Frelitnets.

@jgntz`n, [ielfrm, nm., 69>5/694; ‛ Ejbneeiõg mnMjeuongtjs pfrf bf Listjrif mn bf DjrofeiõgUjeifb mn Lispfgjfoérief 6=95‛6<61 , 5 vjbs.Ofmrim8 Ejgsnhj Uupnrijr mn IgvnsticfeijgnsEingtïdiefs.

Bnfb, Igmndjgsj, nm., 693< ‛Bikrjs y kikbijtnefsng Tngnzunbf Ejbjgifb (6455‛6343), ; vjbs.Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

Bjrionr, Hjyen, nm., ;114 P6>94_ ‛ Uir Sfbtnr[fbncl’s Misejvnrin jd Cuifgf. Bjgmjg8

Lf`buyt Ujeinty.Ofbbnt, Efpt. D., 6<1; ‛ Mnseriptivn Feejugt jd tln

Isbfgm jd ]rigimfm8P…_. Bjgmjg8 S. Dfmng.Ofrtirn m’Fgclinrf, Qintrj, 696; P6=95/6>;>_

‛ Mn Jrkn Gjvj8 ]ln Niclt Mnefmns jd Qntnr Ofrtyr M’Fgclnrf , ; vjbs. rfgsb. drjo tlnUpfgisl ky Drfgeis F. OfeGutt. Gnw Yjr`8Kurt Drfg`big.

Oibbfrns Efrbj, F., nm., 6944 ‛ Frelivjs mn bjs[ncistrjs Qrigeipfbns mn Onrimf y Efrfefs8

Qrjtjejbjs mnb Uicbj \TI . Efrfefs8 FefmnoifGfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.Ojrngj, Fgtjgij F., nm., 694= ‛ [nbfeijgns

Cnjcrædiefs mn Tngnzunbf . Efrfefs8 FefmnoifGfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

Ojrisjg, Ufounb N., nm., 6945 ‛ Hjurgfbs fgmJtlnr Mjeuongts jg tln Bidn fgm Tjyfcnsjd Elristjplnr Ejbuokus . rfgsb. drjo tlnUpfgisl ky Ufounb N. Ojrisjg. Gnw Yjr`8Lnritfcn Qrnss.

J’Krifg, Qftrie`, fgm Tnrbyg @big`ngkjrc, nms.,6994 Pef. 6>91_ ‛Listjirn Gfturnbbn mns Igmns8]ln Mrf`n Ofguseript ig ]ln Qinrpjgt OjrcfgBikrfry . rfgsb. drjo tln Drngel ky [utl U.@rfnonr. Gnw Yjr`8 S.S. Gjrtjg.

Jvinmj y Tfbmés, Cjgzfbj Dnrgægmnz mn, 69>9P6>5>/6>=3_ ‛Listjrif Cngnrfb y Gfturfb mnbfs Igmifs, Isbfs y ]inrrf Diron mnb Ofr Jeéfgj,> vjbs. Nm. Hufg Qérnz mn umnbf Kunsj.Ofmrim8 Kikbijtnef mn Futjrns Nspföjbns.

Qnbbnprft, Dftlnr Qinrrn, ;119 P64>>_ ‛[nbftijgmns Oissijgs mns Qìrns mn bf Ejopfcgin mn Hésusmfgs bnsÇbns nt mfgs bf ]nrrn Dnrgn mn b’Foériqunoérimijgfbn . Nm. [éfb Junbbnt. Vuékne8 Qrnssnsmn b’^givnrsité Bfvfb.

Qlibbips, Hr., Sibbifos M., fgm Ofr` M. Hjlgstjg,nms., ;111 ‛]nstiojgins Drjo tln EjbuokifgBfwsuits . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl ky FggnOfrin Sjbd. [npnrtjriuo Ejbjokifguo <.

urgljut8 Krnpjbs.



63<

Qjygtz, Efpt. Hjlg, 6916 P64<5_ ‛]ln QrnsngtQrjspnet jd tln Dfojus Isbfgm jd ]jkfcj P…_.Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Yuibbn.

[fbncl, Uir Sfbtnr, 6<=< P6>94_ ‛]ln Misejvnryjd tln Bfrcn, [iel, fgm Knfutidub Nopirn jd

Cuifgf . Nm. Uir [jknrt L. Ueljokurc`.Bjgmjg8 Lf`buyt Ujeinty.[fbncl, Uir Sfbtnr, 69;< P6>94_ ‛]ln Misejvnrin

jd tln bfrcn fgm knwtidub Nopirn jd Cuifgf . Nm.Tigengt . Lfrbjw. Bjgmjg8 Frcjgfut Qrnss.

[fbncl, Uir Sfbtnr, 6993 P6>94_ ‛]ln Misejvnrinjd tln Bfrcn, [iel fgm Knwtidub Nopyrn jdCuifgf . Nm. Gnib B. Slitnlnfm. Gjrofg,J@8 ^givnrsity jd J`bfljof Qrnss.

[jelndjrt, Elfrbns mn, 644> ‛Bn ]fkbnfu mn b’Isbn

mn ]fkfcj, ju mn bf Gjuvnbbn Jòfbelrn, B’ugn mnsIsbns Fgtibbns mn b’Foériqun . Bnymn8 Efrpfgtinr.

[jelndjrt, Elfrbns mn, 6444 ‛]ln Listjry jdKfrkfmjs, Ut Elristjplnrs, Onvis, Ut Tigengts, Fgtncj, Ofrtigiej, Ojgsnrrft, Fgm tln rnstjd tln Efrikky-Isbfgms, Ig fbb \\TIII , ; vjbs.

rfgsb. drjo tln Drngel ky Hjlg Mfvins.Bjgmjg8 Utfr`ny & Mrigc, Hr.

Ufigskury, S.G., nm., 6<41 ‛Efbngmfr jd UtftnQfpnrs, Ejbjgifb Unrins, Fonrief fgm Snst

Igmins, 6>3= ‛ 6441 . Bjgmjg8 Qukbie [nejrmJddien.Uioõg, Dftlnr Qnmrj, 6945 P64;3_ ‛Gjtieifs

Listjrifbns mn Tngnzunbf , ; vjbs. Nm. Mnontrij[fojs Qérnz. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mnbf Listjrif.

Uyoejx, Cnjddrny, fgm Hnsøs Efrribbj, nms.,;116 ‛ Bfs Efsfs jg Ejbuokus8 ]ln ]lirmTjyfcn . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl ky OielfnLfoonr fgm Kbfir Uubbivfg. [npnrtjriuo

Ejbjokifguo 66. urgljut8 Krnpjbs.lnvnt, Fgmrnwn, 6936 P6>4<_ ‛]ln Gnw Djugm

Sjrbmn Jr Fgtfreti`n . rfgsb. drjo tln Drngel. Fostnrmfo8 Mf Efpj Qrnss.

Tæzqunz mn Nspigjsf, Fgtjgij, 69=; Pef.64;</64;9_ ‛ Ejopngmiuo fgm Mnseriptijgjd tln Snst Igmins . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgislfgm nm. ky E. ^ptjg Ebfr`. Sfsligctjg, ME8Uoitlsjgifg Igstitutijg.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., nm., ;166 ‛Jd Efggikfbs fgm@igcs8 Qriofb Fgtlrjpjbjcy ig tln Fonriefs .^givnrsity Qfr`, QF8 Qnggsybvfgif Utftn^givnrsity Qrnss.

Yjugc, Uir Sibbifo, 6<13/6<6; ‛ Fg Listjriefb,

Utftistiefb, fgm Mnseriptivn Feejugt jd tln Isbfgmjd ]jkfcj . Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm8 ^givnrsityjd tln Snst Igmins (ofguseript).

Tfrijus listjr iefb fgmfgtlrjpjbjciefb feejugts

Fgmnrsjg, Nmcfr, 6931 ‛Ungin ùrznoginì Fonri`Ć ug ]jkĆcj `jbjgizĆeihf . Utje`ljbo8Mfucfvf.

Fbncrïf, [iefrmj N., 69<6 ‛Bfs Qrionrfs GjtieifsUjkrn bjs Igmijs Efrikns . Ufg Hufg8 Nmitjrifb^givnrsimfm mn Qunrtj [iej/Engtrj mnNstumijs Fvfgzfmjs mn Qunrtj [iej y NbEfrikn.

Fgmrnws, @nggntl [., 6944 ‛NbizfkntlfgQrivftnnrigc8 Ngcbisl Qrivftnnrigc murigctln Upfgisl Sfr 6><>‛6415. Efokrimcn8Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Fgmrnws, @nggntl [., 693< ‛]ln UpfgislEfrikknfg8 ]rfmn fgm Qbugmnr 6>51‛6451 .Gnw Lfvng8 Yfbn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Fgmrnws, @nggntl [., 69<= ‛]rfmn, Qbugmnr fgmUnttbnongt8 Ofrition Ngtnrprisn fgm tln Cngnsisjd tln Kritisl Nopirn, 6=<1‛6451 . Efokrimcn8Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Fgtljgy, Oielfnb, ;116 ‛ Fgfpfriof8 ]lnListjry jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj fgm Its Ngvirjgs(]ln Gfpfriofs) , ; vjbs. Ufg Dnrgfgmj8 EityEjugeib jd Ufg Dnrgfgmj.

Knbbjur, Lnbngn, fgm Ufounb @igsnr, 699< ‛ Fonrigmifg ofsìgc ig rigimfm efrgivfb.]lnMrfof [nvinw =; (5)8 6=3‛649.

Kjbtjg, Lnrknrt N., 6963 ‛ ln oissijg fs fdrjgtinr igstitutijg ig tln Upfgisl-Fonriefgejbjgins. Fonriefg Listjriefb [nvinw ;58=;‛46.

Kjjonrt, Frin, 69<= ‛ ln Frfwf` Igmifgs jdrigimfm fgm Ejfstfb Cuifgf, ef 6>11‛64>1.

]ln Hjurgfb jd Efrikknfg Listjry69 (;)8

6;5‛6<<.



639

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;11; ‛ Fonrigmifg‛Nurjpnfgngejugtnrs jg fgm frjugm jkfcj (6=9<‛ef.6<61). Fgtrjpjbõcief 93/9<8 36‛;13.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;119 ‛ ln nfrbinst Muteldjrtidieftijgs jd jkfcj. Frelfnjbjcy fgm

Fgtlrjpjbjcy8 Hjurgfb jd tln Sfbtnr [jtl Ousnuo jd Fgtlrjpjbjcy 64 (6)8 56‛=;.Kjrmn, Qinrrn-Custfvn-Bjuis, 69<; P6<34/6<<5_

‛ ]ln Listjry jd ]rigimfm ^gmnr tln UpfgislCjvnrgongt , ; vjbs. rfgsb. drjo tln Drngelky Hfons F. Kfig fgm Kricfminr-Cngnrfb F.U. Ofvrjcjrmftj. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 QfrifQukbisligc Ej.

Kjuelnr, Qlibip Q., 699; ‛Efggikfb Ngejugtnrs8Nurjpnfgs fgm Isbfgm Efriks, 6=9;‛6345.

Kfbtiojrn/Bjgmjg8 Hjlgs Ljpìgs ^givnrsityQrnss.Krnrntjg, Krimcnt, 6939 ‛[fen [nbftijgs ig

Ejbjgifb ]rigimfm 6<31‛6911 . Efokrimcn8Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Krnrntjg, Krimcnt, 69<6 ‛ F Listjry jd Ojmnrg]rigimfm 63<5‛694; . @igcstjg8 Lnignofgg.

Kurgs, Uir Fbfg E., 694> ‛Listjry jd tln KritislSnst Igmins . Bjgmjg8 Fbbng & ^gwig.

Efroielfnb, Cnrtrum, 6946 ‛]ln Listjry jd tlnSnst Igmifg Isbfgms jd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj6=9<‛6911 . Bjgmjg8 Fbvig [nmofg.

Ejbnrimcn, Lngry G., 6<;4 ‛Uix Ojgtls ig tlnSnst Igmins, ig 6<;> . Gnw Yjr`8 Efrvibb, Kbiss& Slitn.

Ejtljgfy, Dftlnr [.Q.O. Knrtrfgm, 6<95 ‛]rigimfm8 Hjurgfb m’ug oissijgfirn Mjoigiefigmns Fgtibbns fgcbfisns . Qfris8 [étfux nt Dibs.

Mfuxijg-Bfvfyssn, Hnfg Drfgãjis, 6<;1 ‛

F Utftistiefb, Ejoonreifb, fgm QjbitiefbMnseriptijg jd Tngnzunbf, ]rigimfm, Ofrcfritf,fgm ]jkfcj . rfgsb. drjo tln Drngel. Bjgmjg8 Slittf`nr.

Mfy, Elfrbns S., 6<>; ‛Divn Ynfrs’ [nsimngen igtln Snst Igmins . Bjgmjg8 Ejbkurg.

mn Efrrjenrf, Dftlnr Kungfvngturf, 694< ‛ Oisiõgmn bjs Efpueligjs ng Euofgæ , 5 vjbs. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

mn Tnrtnuib, Dftlnr Fgtljgy, 6935 ‛Uir Bjuis mnTnrtnuib8 Lis Bidn fgm ]ions . Qjrt-jd-Upfig8Ejbuokus Qukbislnrs.

mn Tnrtnuib, Dftlnr Fgtljgy, 699> ‛ Ofrtyrs fgm Ourmnrnrs8 ]rigimfm 6499 . Qjrt-jd-Upfig8

Bitlj Qrnss.mn Tnrtnuib, Dftlnr Fgtljgy, fgm Elris-Frtlur

mn Sibmn, ;119‛ ]ln Kbfe` Nfrtl jd UjutlGfpfriof. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Bitlj Qrnss.

mn Tnrtnuib, Bjuis F.F. Cfstjg, 6<<= ‛]rigimfm8 ItsCnjcrfply, Gfturfb [nsjurens, Fmoigistrftijg,Qrnsngt Ejgmitijg, fgm Qrjspnets , ; gm nm.Bjgmjg8 Efssnbb.

Ngeigfs, N.O., 69;3 ‛ Friof ft tln ion jd Uir[fbpl Sjjmdjrm. Ig8 Fbdrnm [ielfrms, nm.,Misejvnry Mfy Enbnkrftijg 69;3 Ujuvngir 835‛3=. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Drfg`big’s.

Dnrgægmnz-Fronstj, Dnbipn, ;114 ‛ Fonricj8 ]ln Ofg Slj Cfvn lis Gfon tj Fonrief . Bjgmjg8 Snimngdnbm & Giejbsjg.

Djrtn, Ofxioibifg E., ;115 ‛ Ljw ]ln Fonrigmifgs jd Friof Bjst ]lnir Bfgms8 Gjtns drjo Qriofry fgm Jtlnr Listjriefb Ujurens,6<1;‛6<<1 . Friof, rigimfm8 Ufgtf [jsfEfrik Ejoougity.

Djrtn, Ofxioibifg E., ;11> ‛ [uigs jd Fksngen, Qrnsngen jd Efriks8 (Qjst)Ejbjgifb[nprnsngtftijgs jd Fkjricigfbity ig ]rigimfmfgm ]jkfcj . Cfignsvibbn8 ^givnrsity Qrnss jdDbjrimf.

Drfsnr, Bijgnb O. 6936 P6<96/6<94_ ‛Listjry jd]rigimfm , ; vjbs. Bjgmjg8 Drfg` Efss.

Cfokbn, S.L., 6<44 ‛ ]rigimfm8 Listjriefb fgmMnseriptivn8 Knigc f Gfrrftivn jd Gign Ynfrs’[nsimngen ig tln Isbfgm . Bjgmjg8 Yftns & Fbnxfgmnr.

Ciksjg, Elfrbns, 6944 ‛Upfig ig Fonrief . Gnw Yjr`8 Lfrpnr & [jw.

Cjbmwfssnr, Oielnbn, 699=/6994 ‛ [nonokrfgensjd tln Sfrfj8 ln Oirfeubjus Utftun jdUipfrif, rigimfm. Fgtrjpjbõcief <=8 5‛=;.

Cjbmwfssnr, Oielnbn, 699</6999 ‛ Unnìgc tln Fgenstjrs. Fgtrjpjbõcief <98 5‛;=.



6<1

Cjsbigcf, Ejrgnbis El., 6936 ‛]ln Mutel ig tlnEfrikknfg fgm jg tln Sibm Ejfst 6><1‛64<1 . Fssng8 Tfg Cjreuo.

Cubbie`, Elfrbns H.O.[., 69<> ‛ Oytls jd f Oigjrity8 ]ln Elfgcigc ]rfmitijgs jd tln

Tigengtifg Efriks . Fssng8 Tfg Cjreuo.Lfrbjw, Tigengt ., 695; ‛[fbncl’s Bfst Tjyfcn .

Bjgmjg8 Frcjgfut Qrnss.Lfrrielfrfg, Dftlnr Hjlg ., 693> ‛]ln Eftljbie

Elurel ig ]rigimfm 6=9<‛6<>; . Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Igprigt Efrikknfg.

Lnigng, L. Mintnr, 699; ‛ ln nfrby ejbjgizftijgjd tln Bjwnr Jrigjej fgm its iopfet jgprnsngt mfy igmicngjus pnjpbns. Fgtrjpjbõcief3<8 >6‛<4.

Lnooigc, Hjlg, 693< ‛]ln Unfrel djr Nb Mjrfmj.Bjgmjg8 Kjj` Ebuk Fssjeiftns.

Lnrgfgmnz, [iefrmj Klfrftl, fgm Ofxioibifg E.Djrtn, ;114 ‛ ‒Ig tlis pbfen wlnrn I wfs elind‟8Listjry fgm ritufb ig tln ofigtngfgen fgmrntrinvfb jd trfmitijgs ig tln Efrik ejoougityjd Friof, rigimfm. Ig8 Ofxioibifg E. Djrtn,nm.,Igmicngjus [nsurcngen ig tln EjgtnopjrfryEfrikknfg8 Fonrigmifg Uurvivfb fgm [nvivfb 8613‛656. Gnw Yjr`8 Qntnr Bfgc.

Lnrs`jvits, Onbvibbn H., fgm Drfgens U. Lnrs`jvits,69=3 ‛]rigimfm Tibbfcn . Gnw Yjr`8 @gjpd.

Licofg, Kfrry S., ;166 ‛ F Ejgeisn Listjry jd tlnEfrikknfg. Efokrimcn8 Efokrimcn ^givnrsityQrnss.

Ljbbis, Uir Fbdrnm Ebfum, 69=6 ‛ F Krind Listjryjd ]rigimfm ^gmnr tln Upfgisl Erjwg. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Cjvnrgongt Qrigtnr.

Igcrfo, Fonbif @., ;11< ‛ [nfmigc listjry,

pnrdjroigc Efrik8 ln Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb fgm Fonrigmifg imngtity ig rigimfm.EfrikknfgUtumins 54 (;)8 4>‛9=.

Hiongnz C., Ojrnbbf F., 69<4 ‛Bf NsebfvitumIgmicngf ng Tngnzunbf (Uicbj \TI). Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

Hjsnpl, Nmwfrm B., 6<5< ‛Listjry jd ]rigimfm .Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 L.H. Oibbs.

@igcsbny, Elfrbns, 6<33 ‛ Ft Bfst8 F Elristofs igtln Snst Igmins , ; gm nm. Bjgmjg8 Ofeoibbfg.

@bjjstnr, Sio, 699< ‛Ibbieit [ielns8 Mutel ]rfmnig tln Efrikknfg, 64=<‛639> . Bnimng8 @I BTQrnss.

@gfpp, Hnddrny, 6995 ‛ Nbizfkntlfg jkfeej.Ig8 Utnplng Crnngkbftt, nm.,Gnw Sjrbm

Ngejugtnrs 8 ;35‛56;. Knr`nbny8 ^givnrsity jdEfbidjrgif Qrnss.Bnfly, Dftlnr Tigengt, 69<1 ‛Eftljbie Elurel

ig ]rigimfm 6393‛6<;1 . Friof, rigimfm8 Ut.Mjoigie Qrnss.

Bnfly, Dftlnr Tigengt, 69<1 ‛Kisljp HfonsKue`bny 6<;1‛6<;< . Friof, rigimfm8 Ut.Mjoigie Qrnss.

Bjrionr, Hjyen, 6933 ‛ [fbncl’s dirst rnejggfissfgenjd Cuifgf: Fg Ngcbisl survny jd tln Jrigjej

ig 6><3.]nrrfn Igejcgitfn 98 3‛;6.Bjrionr, Hjyen, 693< ‛ ln Ngcbisl ejgtrfkfgm

tjkfeej trfmn ig rigimfm fgm Cuifgf6>91‛6463. Ig8 @nggntl [. Fgmrnws, G.Q.Efggy fgm Q.N.L. Lfir, nms.,]ln SnstwfrmNgtnrprisn8 Ngcbisl Fetivitins ig Irnbfgm, tln Ftbfgtie fgm Fonrief 6=<1‛64>1 8 6;=‛6>1.

Bu`n, Uir Lfrry, 69>1 ‛Efrikknfg Eireuit .Bjgmjg8 Gieljbsjg & Sftsjg.

Ofrtig, [. Ojgtcjonry, 6<54 ‛ Listjry jd tlnSnst Igmins8 Ejoprisigc Hfofief, Ljgmurfs,]rigimfm, ]jkfcj, Crngfmf, tln Kflfofs, fgmtln Tircig Isbfgms , = vjbs. Bjgmjg8 Slittf`nr.

Ofssé, Frofgm, 69<< ‛]ln Mifrins jd Fkké Ofssé6<3< ‛ 6<<5, = vjbs. rfgsb. drjo tln Drngel kyO.B. mn Tnrtnuib. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Mn Tnrtnuib.

Ofttinsng, Jttj L., 69=1 ‛ Min @jbjgifb- ugmÒknrsnnpjbiti` mnr ùrbígmiselng Lnrzôcnio 63. ugm 6<. Hflrlugmnrt . Ututtcfrt8@jlblfoonr.

O’Efbbuo, Qinrrn D., 6<1> ‛]rfvnbs ig ]rigimfmmurigc tln Ojgtls jd Dnkrufry, Ofrel, fgm Fprib, 6<15,P…_. Bivnrpjjb8 ln futljr.

Ojlfoonm, Qftrieif, ;119 ‛ Iofcigc ]lnEfrikknfg8 Eubturn fgm Tisufb ]rfgsbftijg.Jxdjrm8 Ofeoibbfg.

Ojjmin-@ukbfbsigcl, Uybvif, 699=‛ ]ln EjejfQfgyjbs jd ]rigimfm8 Fg Jrfb [nejrm. Bjgmjg8Kritisl Fefmnoie Qrnss.



6<6

Ojrfbns Qfmrõg, Drfgeisej, ;16; ‛Upfgisl]rigimfm . rfgsb. drjo tln Upfgisl fgm nm. ky Frofgmj Cfreïf mn bf jrrn. @igcstjg8 Ifg[fgmbn.

Ojrnfu, Hnfg-Qinrrn, 699; ‛Bns Qntitns Fgtibbns mn

Elristjpln Ejbjok á [ielnbinu (6=95‛645>).Qfris8 @frtlfbf.Ojrisjg, Ufounb N., 69=; ‛ Fmoirfb jd tln Jenfg

Unf8 F Bidn jd Elristjplnr Ejbuokus . Kjstjg8Bittbn, Krjwg & Ej.

Ojrisjg, Ufounb N., fgm Ofurieij Jkrncõg,694= ‛ ]ln Efrikknfg Fs Ejbuokus Ufw It. Kjstjg8 Bittbn, Krjwg & Ej.

Gfipfub, Uir Timifmlfr U., 6949 ‛ ]ln Bjss jd NbMjrfmj8 F Listjry . Lfrojgmswjrtl8 Qngcuig

Kjj`s.Gnwsjg, Bigmf F., 6934 ‛ Fkjricigfb fgm Upfgisl

Ejbjgifb ]rigimfm8 F Utumy ig Eubturn Ejgtfet.Bjgmjg8 Fefmnoie Qrnss.

Gnwtjg, Frtlur Q., 6944 ‛]ln Nurjpnfg Gftijgsig tln Snst Igmins 6=95‛64<< . Bjgmjg8 Kbfe`.

Gjnb, Hnssn F., 6944 ‛Upfgisl Ejbjgifb Fmoigistrftijg fgm tln Ujeij-NejgjoieDjugmftijgs jd ]rigimfm, 6333-6393 .^gpukb. QlM lnsis, Efokrimcn ^givnrsity,Efokrimcn.

Jhnr, Dftlnr Qfkbj, 6944 ‛ Bf pjbitief Igmifgf mn[jmricj mn Gfvfrrntn, nserikfgj mn Ofrcfritfn igdjrofmjr mn Bf Efsfs. Fgufrij mn Nstumijs Fonriefgjs ;58 51>‛ 5;3.

Jhnr, Dftlnr Qfkbj, 6944 ‛Bf Djrofeiõg mnbJringtn Tngnzjbfgj, vjb 68Ernfeiõg mn bfsCjknrgfeijgns . Efrfefs8 ^givnrsimfm Eftõbief‒Fgmrns Knbbj‟.

Jttn, Ngriqun, 6933 ‛Bfs Qnrbfs mnb Efrikn8Gunvf Efmiz mn Eukfcuf . Efrfefs8 Dugmfeiõg Hjlg Kjubtjg.

Jttbny, Efrbtjg [., 6936 ‛]ln Utjry jd UfgDnrgfgmj. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 ln futljr.

Qnrnrf, Oicunb Ægcnb, ;111 ‛Jrj y LfokrnCufyfgf Uicbj \TI8 Fgtrjpjbjcïf listõrief y nejbjcïf eubturfb mn ug ofbngtngmimj6=9< ‛6>93 . Efrfefs8 ^givnrsimfm Engtrfb mnTngnzunbf.

Qlibbip, Hnfg-Kfptistn, 6<;= ‛ Fg Fmmrnss tj tln[iclt Ljgjurfkbn Nfrb Kftlurst rnbftivn tjtln Ebfios wliel tln Ejbjurnm Qjpubftijg jd]rigimfm lfvn tj tln sfon Eivib fgm QjbitiefbQrivibncns witl tlnir Slitn Dnbbjw Uukhnets, ky fDrnn Oubfttj jd tln Isbfgm . Bjgmjg.

Qjlb, Drnmnrie` H., 69== ‛ Fonricj Tnspueei Qibjt Ofhjr. Gnw Yjr`8 Ejbuokif ^givnrsity Qrnss.

[nyns, Nbof, nm. 693< ‛]ln Efrik Ejoougity . Friof, rigimfm8 Ufgtf [jsf EfrikEjoougity.

[jjs, Mjn`n, 699; ‛ Xnnuwng ng mn SnstigmiselnEjopfcgin (64;6‛643=). Lubst8 Tfg Cnyt.

[jwfg, H.E., 695= ‛ Vunng jd tln Efriks.]ln]rigimfmifg ; (6)8 ;=‛;>.

Uejtt, Hubius U., 6994 ‛ Erisserjssigc Nopirns8Ulips, Ufibjrs, fgm [nsistfgen ig tln Bnssnr Fgtibbns ig tln Nicltnngtl Engtury. Ig8 [jknrtB. Qfqunttn fgm Utfgbny B. Ngcnrofg, nms.,]ln Bnssnr Fgtibbns ig tln Fcn jd NurjpnfgNxpfgsijg8 6;<‛6=5. Cfignsvibbn8 ^givnrsityQrnss jd Dbjrimf.

Uibvf Ojgtföns, Isofnb, 69<5 ‛Ljokrns y Ouhnrnsmnb Uicbj \TI Tngnzjbfgj, = vjbs. Efrfefs8 Fefmnoif Gfeijgfb mn bf Listjrif.

Uunm Kfmibbj, Hfbib, 693< ‛Bjs Efrikns8 [nfbimfm jDfkubf8 Ngsfyj mn [netidiefeiõg Listõrief . [ïjQinmrfs, Qunrtj [iej8 Nmitjrifb Fgtibbfgf.

^gmnrlibb, Nmwfrm K., 6<4; ‛]ln Snst Igmins8]lnir Ujeifb fgm [nbicijus Ejgmitijg. Bjgmjg8 Hfe`sjg, Sfbdjrm & Ljmmnr.

Tfuclfg, Fbmng ., ;11; ‛ Uir Sfbtnr [fbncl’sIgmifg igtnrprntnrs, 6><=‛646<.]ln Sibbifofgm Ofry Vufrtnrby >9 (;)8 5=6‛534.

Ticgnrfs, Bjuis-Fgmré, 6934 ‛]ln Misejvnry jdUjutl Fonrief fgm tln Fgmfbusifg Tjyfcns .Eliefcj/Bjgmjg8 ln ^givnrsity jd EliefcjQrnss.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 69<< ‛Bjrms jd tln ]icnrUpirit8 F Listjry jd tln Efriks ig EjbjgifbTngnzunbf fgm Cuyfgf 6=9<‛6<;1 . Mjrmrnelt8Djris Qukbieftijgs.



6<;

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6991 ‛ ln Ugf`n Sfrrijrs ‛Ujgs jd tln icnr’s nntl8 F mnseriptivn fgfbysisjd Efrik wfrdfrn, ef. 6>11‛6<;1. Ig8 HjgftlfgLffs, nm.,]ln Fgtlrjpjbjcy jd Sfr 8 6=4‛631.Efokrimcn8 Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6991 ‛ Efrik NtlgieUjbminrigc ig Tngnzunbf, tln Cuifgfs, fgmtln Fgtibbns, 6=9;‛6<;1.Ntlgjlistjry 53 (=)85>3‛5<>.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6995 ‛ Gftivn FonriefgEubturns fbjgc tln Ftbfgtie Bittjrfb jd Ujutl Fonrief, 6=99‛64>1.Qrjennmigcs jd tln Kritisl Fefmnoy <68 693‛;56.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6995 ‛ Ntlgie rfgsdjroftijgfgm Listjriefb Misejgtiguity ig Gftivn

Fofzjgif fgm Cufyfgf, 6>11‛6911.B’Ljoon 55 (;-=)8 ;<>‛51>. Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 699= ‛ ln Fgeingt

Fonrigmifg Qjbitins jd tln Fofzjg, tlnJrigjej, fgm tln Ftbfgtie Ejfst8 F Qrnbioigfry Fgfbysis jd lnir Qfssfcn drjo Fgtiquitytj Nxtigetijg. Ig8 Fggf E. [jjsnvnbt, nm., Fofzjgifg Igmifgs drjo Qrnlistjry tj tln|Qrnsngt 8 55‛>5. uesjg8 ln ^givnrsity jd Frizjgf Qrnss.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., nm., 699> ‛Sjbvns Drjo tlnUnf8 [nfmigcs ig tln Fgtlrjpjbjcy jd tln GftivnEfrikknfg. Bnimng8 @I BT Qrnss.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6999 ‛ Gftivn sjeinty fgmtln Nurjpnfg jeeupftijg jd tln Efrikknfgisbfgms fgm ejfstfb]inrrf Diron , 6=9;‛64>1.Ig8 Qintnr E. Noonr fgm Cnrofg EfrrnrfMfofs, nms.,Cngnrfb Listjry jd tln Efrikknfg,vjb. ;8Gnw Ujeintins8 ]ln Efrikknfg ig tlnBjgc Uixtnngtl Engtury 8 6<1‛;11. Bjgmjg/Kfsigcstj`n8 ^GNUEJ/OfeOibbfg.

Slitnlnfm, Gnib B., 6999 ‛ ln erisns fgmtrfgsdjroftijgs jd igvfmnm sjeintins8 lnEfrikknfg (6=9;‛6><1). Ig8 Drfg` Ufbjojgfgm Utufrt K. Uelwfrtz, nms.,]ln EfokrimcnListjry jd tln Gftivn Qnjpbns jd tln Fonriefs ,vjb. 58Ujutl Fonrief , pfrt 68 <4=‛915.Efokrimcn8 Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Sibknrt, Hjlfggns, 6995 ‛ Oystie Ngmjwongt8[nbicijus Ntlgjcrfply jd tln Sfrfj Igmifgs .Efokrimcn, OF8 Lfrvfrm ^givnrsity.

Sibknrt, Hjlfggns, 6995 ‛ Oigmdub jd Dfoign8[nbicijus Ebioftjbjcy jd tln Sfrfj Igmifgs .Efokrimcn, OF8 Lfrvfrm ^givnrsity.

Sibbifosjg, Hfons F., 69;5 ‛Ngcbisl Ejbjginsig Cuifgf fgm jg tln Fofzjg 641=‛644< .

Jxdjrm8 Ebfrngmjg Qrnss. Sibbifosjg, Hfons F., 69;4 ‛]ln Efrikknn

Isbfgms ^gmnr tln Qrjprintfry Qftngts . Jxdjrm8Jxdjrm ^givnrsity Qrnss.

Sisn, @ngmry` U., 695=/695< ‛Listjriefb U`ntelnsjd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj, = vjbs. Bjgmjg/Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 Listjriefb Ujeinty jd rigimfm fgm

jkfcj.

Fonrigmifg eubturfb lnritfcn

Kf`sl-Ujjmnng, [fwwimf, 69<4 ‛ Fonrigmifg]jpjgyos jd ]rigimfm0 Bigcuistie Bncfey jd Qfst Fonrigmifg Jeeupftijg. Qfpnr prnsngtnm fttln Uixtl Kinggifb Ejgdnrngen jd tln Ujeintydjr Efrikknfg Bigcuisties fgm ln FonriefgMifbnet Ujeinty, Fucust 69<4. Ut. Fucustign,

rigimfm8 ln ^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins.Knssjg, Cérfrm F., ;116 ‛Djb`bjrn fgm Bncngms

jd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj. Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 QfrifQukbisligc Ej.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;116 ‛ Gfons djr jkfcj. Hjurgfbmn bf Ujeiété mns Foériefgistns <38 559‛5=9.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;161 ‛ @fïri, rigimfm8 ln jgntrun isbfgm. Frelfnjbjcy fgm Fgtlrjpjbjcy8 Hjurgfb jd tln Sfbtnr [jtl Ousnuo jd Fgtlrjpjbjcy 64 (;)8 ;9‛=;.

Kjjonrt, Frin, ;166 ‛ ln jbmnst pbfen gfons jdjkfcj. Frelfnjbjcy fgm Fgtlrjpjbjcy8 Hjurgfb

jd tln Sfbtnr [jtl Ousnuo jd Fgtlrjpjbjcy 63

(6)8 6‛;6.Elfulfrhfsigcl, Frelikfbm U., ;11< ‛ F Mietijgfryjd ]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj Djb`bjrn . Bf [jofig,

rigimfm8 ln futljr.Drinmnriei, Cnjrc, 6941 ‛ Fonri`fgistiselns

Sôrtnrkuel ugm Libdswôrtnrkuel dòr mng Fonri`fgistng8 Mnutsel ‛ Upfgisl ‛ Ngcbisl.^givnrsitít Lfokurc, Fklfgmbugcng fusmno Cnkint mnr Fusbfgmsùgmn >5. Lfokurc8Erfo, Mn Cruytnr & Ej.



6<5

Bfgen, Elnryb, ;116 ‛Ernjbn [nonmins8 EfsnUtumins jd Ntlgjvntnrigfry Onmieign ig ]rigimfmfgm ]jkfcj . QlM missnrtftijg, Sfcngigcng^givnrsity, ln Gntlnrbfgms.

Bfurngen, @nobig O., 693> ‛ Ejgtiguity fgm

elfgcn ig rigimfmifg tjpjgyos.GinuwnSnst-Igmiseln Cims >1 (6)8 6;5‛6=;.Bfurngen, @nobig O., 69<1 ‛ ln survivfb jd tln

Upfgisl bfgcufcn ig rigimfm.Ginuwn Snst-Igmiseln Cims >= (6)8 ;65‛;;<.

Gnwnb Bnwis, Hjlg, 69<5 ‛ Fhjupf8 Frelitneturn jdtln Efrikknfg ‛ ]rigimfm’s Lnritfcn . Qjrt-jd-Upfig8 ln futljr.

Unfdjrtl, E.N., E. Mnggis Fmfos fgm Y. Uybvnstnr,69<5 ‛ F Cuimn tj tln Onmieigfb Qbfgts jd]rigimfm & ]jkfcj (rnvisnm nm.). Bjgmjg8Ejoojgwnfbtl Unerntfrift.

ljopsjg, [.S. 69>3 ‛ F prnbioigfry survny

jd tln Upfgisl mifbnet jd rigimfm.Jrkis 485>5‛535.ljopsjg, [.S. 69>9 ‛ Qrn-Kritisl pbfen-gfons

ig rigimfm.Mn Snst-Igmiseln Cims 59 (6)8653‛64>.

Signr, Bisn, ;119 ‛Mietijgfry jd tln Ngcbisl/ Ernjbn jd ]rigimfm & ]jkfcj Jg ListjriefbQrigeipbns . Ojgtréfb/@igcstjg8 OeCibb‛Vunng’s ^givnrsity Qrnss.





6<>

Fppngmix. Igstitutijgs fgmousnuos witl sicgidiefgtfrelfnjbjciefb ljbmigcs drjo]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

• Kritisl Ousnuo, Bjgmjg, ^@ • Efokrimcn ^givnrsity Ousnuo, Efokrimcn, ^@ • Gftijgfb Ousnuo jd tln Fonriefg Igmifg, Sfsligctjg/Gnw Yjr`, ÛF •

Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry, Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm*• Lfrris Ejbbnetijg, Qjigtn-f-Qinrrn Sibmdjwb rust, Qntrjtrig Btm., rigimfm*• jkfcj Listjriefb Ousnuo, Djrt @igc Cnjrcn, Uefrkjrjucl, jkfcj*• Lfrris Ejbbnetijg, Hjlg Mjgfbmsjg Efopus, ^givnrsity jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj,

Qjrt-jd-Upfig, rigimfm• Lfrris Ejbbnetijg, Xjjbjciefb Ousnuo, Mnpfrtongt jd Bidn Ueingens, ^givnrsity jd

tln Snst Igmins, Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm• Frelfnjbjciefb [nsnfrel Bfkjrftjry, Mnpfrtongt jd Listjry, ^givnrsity jd tln Snst

Igmins, Ut. Fucustign, rigimfm• Yfbn Qnfkjmy Ousnuo, Gnw Lfvng, Ejggnetieut, ÛF

Ejbbnetijgs witl nxlikitijgs jd frelfnjbjciefb digms drjo rigimfm fgm jkfcj, wliel frnjpng tj visitjrs, frn ofr`nm witl fg fstnris`.





6<3

Igmnx

F

Fefrnwfgf , 49, 9>, 64> Fix-bf-Elfpnbbn, rnfty jd, 6;3 Fhjupf , 61<, 6>;, 645, 64>, 636 Fbkuhfr, Hufg Ofrtïg mn, 9= Fofefrfki, <4 Fofgftny, <9 Fofzjgif, >9, 3>, 64>‛4 Fonrigmifg (tnro), 6 Foings, rnfty jd, 651, 6=3 Fgfpfriof, 34 Fgcuibbf, == Frfejrfiof, 31, 35 Frfofif, 35‛=, 61>, 619 Frfuef [ivnr, 659, 6== Frfuef, Ufg Fcustïg mn,9<, 61=, 654‛9, 6=;,

6==‛> Frfwf`, 4‛3, 9‛66, ;=, >9‛41, 43, 49‛31,35‛4, <1‛6, <3‛<, 91, 95‛>, 9<‛61;,61=‛>, 613, 619‛6;, 664, 66<‛;6,65;‛=, 659‛=1, 6=>, 6>6, 6>5, 6><, 64>,64<, 631‛6

Frfwf`fg, 3‛66, ;>, 33, 39‛<1, <3, 64;,64>‛4, 64<, 631‛6

Frfwfgibi, <1 Frfyf Qngigsubf, 34

Frelfie Fcn, 61, 63‛;5, 64>, 649 Frngf [ivnr, 655 Frngfbns , Ufg Drfgeisej mn bjs , 9<, 656, 655,

65>‛3, 6=1 Friefcuf, Ufg Hufg mn,9<, 61=‛>, 65>, 65< Friof, 61, 43, 9<, 619‛61, 659‛=1, 6==‛>,

6=3‛>3, 6>9‛41, 631 Friof Jbm [jfm, 6=> Friof , Ufgtf [jsf mn , 659, 6==

Fripj [ivnr, 65>‛4

Fripj Ufvfggfl, 6>, 41 Frjuef, 9<, 61=, 6=> Frrneidns, 9<, 654, 659‛=1 Frufefy, << Ftfcufb, 61, ;4‛3, 59‛=1, 64; Ftnriof, 611 Fyfbf, Dftlnr Drfgeisej mn, 95

KKflfofs, <>, <3Kfbfgmrf Kfy, 5, 6=5Kfbtlfsfr, 611Kfbtie Unf, 66<Kfgwfri Qnrsjg, ;6Kfgwfri rfen, 61, 64‛3, 69‛;6, 646Kfr`nr, Efptfig Fgmrnw, 9=Kfrjg, Efptfig, 35Kfrr, @nggntl S., 6>Kfrrfgejim snrins, ;<‛5;, 5=, 59‛=5, =>‛4,

=<, >1, >;, ><, 64>Kfstimfs, [jmricj mn, <3‛<Kfueugfr, 49, 36, 33, <5, <<‛<9, 619Knbbn Cfrmng, 6;3Knggnt, Binutngfgt [jknrt, 6;5Knrrïj y Jruöf, Fgtjgij mn, 4;, 93, 99‛61=,

614, 66>Knrrïj y Jruöf, Dnrmigfgm mn, 61>‛<, 66>Kntsy’s Ljpn, 6;9Kieln, 61, 64Kige`ns, Fmoirfb Hfejk, 6;;‛5Kbfe` Efrik, 6;>, 6;9, 659, 6=5, 64>, 631Kbfe` Drifrs, 91Kbfe` [je`, 663Kbfgelissnusn, 61, ;4‛3, =;

Kbjjmy Kfy, 6;1



6<<

Kjokslnbb Kfy, 61, 54‛3Kjg Feejrm, 61, ;6‛;;, 4<Kjgj mn Vunhj, Hufg, <4Kjjy, lnjmjjr mn, ;5, ;3Kjutibbinr, Efptfig, 9>Kjutju, 35, 645, 64>Krfij, 3>Krfvj, Mjg Qnmrj [nyns, 6==Kritisl Ousnuo, Bjgmjg, 6<>Krjfm spnetruo mint, 63, 5;, >4Krjwg, Fbnxfgmnr, 6;<Kueejj, 66<, 6;6, 6;3Kueejj [nnd, 4<, 6;<

Kungfvistf , Ufgtf Eruz mn , 9<, 65>, 65<, 6==Kubbkrjj`, Hjlg F., ;4, 53Kuslgnbb, Cnjddrny L.U., ;<

EEfknbifu, Fkrflfo, 615, 61>Efeiqun , 49‛31, 65=, 64>Efbivigy Qjbyelrjon, ><Efbvfry Libb, 6=>, 6>5‛>, 6>3

Efokrimcn, ljofs E., ;3, =1Efokrimcn ^givnrsity, Ngcbfgm, ;<, 6<>Efop (kivjufe) sitns, 65, ;1, ;;, ;>, 5;, >;,

>9, 6;=, 64>Efgffg, 6;3Eföj Ofgfoõ, 4;, 35, <=, <<Efgjn Kfy, 5, 663Efgtyofg, 616Efpn Crfeifs-f-mijs, 95

Efpitæg, 65=, 644Efpitæg pjkbfmjr , 6=>, 644Efpueligs, >9, <6, 9<, 665, 6;>, 656‛=, 653,

659‛=1, 6=>, 644Efrfefs, 93, 615‛=, 666, 665, 654‛3, 6=;Efrfeub ï, 36, 3=, 9;, 644‛3Efrfj, 49, 31 3>‛4, 9=, 611Efrfpfb, 646Efrfpfgf, 93, 99‛611, 61=

Efrfpielfiof, <6

Efrfpusn Kfy, 66<, 6;3Efrmigfb, @igc, 6;3‛<Efrnirj (Efrinrj), Ufg Drfgeisej mn , 9<, 655Efrik, 4, <‛9, 66, 41, 45‛=, 43, 49‛36, 3=‛>,

9=, 9<, 614‛3, 619, 666‛;, 664, 66<, 6;=,6;<‛9, 654, 659‛=1, 6=3‛>6, 6>5‛41,64>‛4, 64<, 631

Efrik Vunng, 6>>, 6>3, 6>9‛41Efrik [nsjuren Engtnr, 6>9Efrik Utrnnt, Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 6><, 645Efrik Tfbbny, 6><, 645Efrikfg, <‛9, 66, ;5, 49‛31, 35, 39, 61=,

64;, 644, 64<‛9, 636Efrikns , <, 35, <>‛3, <9, 95‛=, 93, 99, 614‛3,

619, 664Efrignpfcjtj, 9, 45, 49, 35, <<‛9, 9=,99‛611, 61;, 613, 619, 644

Efrjg, Efptfig, 66<Efrjgi [ivnr, =, 6>, 9=, 99, 61<, 666, 65>,

65<, 6=<Efrjgi Uwfop, 4Efrrnrf Isbfgm, 61, 96Efrrjfri, 611

Efrtfcngf, 91Efspfr Crfgmn (Cfspfrnn), 61, 54‛3Efstnbbfgjs, Hufg mn, <<‛9Efuritf, 61, 65‛=, 64;Efybus, Elfrbns mn ukiìrns Ofrqunss mn, 6;3Efyj ejopbnx, >9‛41, 644Enmrjs sitn/ejopbnx, 61‛66, ;4, ;<, 9<, 646Enmrjsfg suksnrins, ;<‛9, 56, =6, 644Engtrfb kfsn efops, 64

Engtrfb [fgcn, =‛>, 64, ;6, 6>=, 6>3Enrfoie Fcn, 61, ;>, ;<, 64>‛3, 631‛6Enrnojgifb sitns, =;Enykf Qjigt, 64;Elfefelfefrn, 61, ;4, <=Elfejofr, 49, <<, 666Elfejofr Igmifgs, 666Elfejofrn, 49, <<, 666Elfeõg, Mjg Hjsé Ofrif, 6=;‛>, 6=3Elfejg Utrnnt, Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 65;



6<9

Elfcufgns, 61, ;5, 49, 644Elfcufrfofs, 6=3, 646Elfiof, <1‛6, 6;>, 6;3, 65=, 65<‛=6, 6=9Elurel Utrnnt, Friof, 6==Eipnrj [ivnr, 65;Ejefb 6, 61, ;;‛5Ejeln, 91, 649Ejejs Kfy, 655, 654Ejejs , Ufg Drfgeisej mn bjs , 9<, 655Ejddnn Utrnnt, Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 65=Ejbt, Uir Lngry, 619‛61Ejbuokus, Elristjplnr, 6‛;, 4‛<, >9, 46‛;,

4>, 43, 36, 35, 34, <5‛=, 64;, 64<‛31Ejbuokus Kfy, 4;, <5, 611Ejbuokus Elfggnb, ;, 64, =4, 33Ejoofgms, 615, 65;, 65>, 65<‛9, 6=6‛;,

6==, 643Ejguej, 4=, 31, 644Ejppf, Fbdrnmj, ;6Ejrfb Bjwbfgms, =, >;Ejrngtign (Ejrfgtihg) [ivnr, 613Ejrjzfb, 64;

Ejrrncimjr , 61=, 656, 653‛<, 6==‛>, 6=9‛>1,6>;‛5, 644, 631Ejsf, Hufg mn bf, <=Ejubnvrn , 4>, 645, 643‛<, 631Ejurbfgm (@urbfgm ), 46, 45, 3>, 66>, 66<‛;6,

6;5‛>Ejurbfgm ejopbnx, ;<Ejurbfgm [ivnr, 61, ;4, 663Ejuvf, 65;, 64;Erfon, Fcustïg, 6=1Erihgssng, Fmoirfb Fkrflfo, 6;;Erjwg Qjigt, 61, =;, 6;=Eruz, Mjg Fgtjgij mn bf, 654Eufrf, 9<, 61=, 6==Eukfcuf, ;>, 34, <=‛>, <3‛96, 649Euofgæ, <6, <3, 93, 99‛611, 615, 614,

666‛5, 6;>, 656, 65>‛4, 659Euofgf Kfy, 5, <6, 9<, 659‛=1, 6=>, 6=<,

6>=, 6>9Euofgf Qjigt, 6=1

Euoueurfpj, 49, <<‛9, 93, 616‛;, 659Eugupif, 646Eurifpfg, 611‛;Euricufj, 666

MMfufrfgi, 6><Mndjn, Mfginb, 6;5Mn Cfggns Utrnnt, Friof, 6==m’Nstréns, Tien-Fmoirfb Ejugt Hnfg, 6;;‛5Mnvib’s Sjjmyfrm, 39Mifofgæ, <9Mjoigief, 41, 35, 39, 95‛=, 615, 614, 664‛<,

6;3, 659, 6=5Mrfcjg’s Ojutls, <=, 96Mry [ivnr, ;4Mumbny, Uir [jknrt, 36, 3>, <6, 611‛6Mutel Snst Igmif Ejopfgy (SIE), 663‛<Muvnrgn, Isffe, 614

NNfrby Enrfoie Fcn, ;<, 51‛==, >4Nfstnrg Ofig [jfm, 616‛;, 61=, 613, 6=>Nb Enrrj mn Fripj, 64;Nb ueueln, 6=, 61<, 64;Nofgeipftijg, 6=<, 6>5, 645Nofgeipftijg Mfy, <5Ngeisj, Ofrtïg Dnrgægmnz mn, 46Ngejoingmf, 4;, 9<, 615‛9, 66;‛5, 65;,

65>‛=6, 6==, 643Nrig Qjigt, <5, 6>;Nrig sitn/ejopbnx, 61, ;4, ;9‛5;, 53‛=1, =>,

>6, 646Nsejkfr, Mjg Mincj Bjpnz mn, 661‛6, 663Nssnquikj [ivnr, 34, 666

DDflbknrc, Ufounb, 43Dæbqunz, Mjg Ofgunb, 6=;Dnrmigfgmj, 61;Dnw`ns, Hnssn S., 56, =1, 6>4Dicunrjf, [jmricj mn, <3‛<



691

Dbigt mnpjsits, 65, ;1Dbusligc (Tbissigcng), 663Djrnst [nsnrvn, 61, 6>Djrt Hfejkus (Hn`fks), 45, 669, 6;6Djrt @igc Cnjrcn, 6;9, 6<>DjrtGinuw Tbissigcng, 663Drfgeis, Igmifg, 6;9Drngel Cuifgf, 61>Drinmriel jd Ejurbfgm, Mu`n, 66<Drinmriel Efsioir jd Ejurbfgm, Mu`n, 6;5Dringmslip sitn/ejopbnx, 61, ;4, ;<

CCfbnjtf Qjigt, <5, <<, 613Cfbnrf Qjigt, 619‛66Cfbikis, <, 669, 6;;, 6;3Cfyfp, 31, 645, 643Cikks, Cnjrcn, 6;<Cibknrt, 66>Cjfgfcjfgfrn, 99‛611, 61;Cjccig, Hjlg O., 61<Cjbmng Crjvn ( rigimfm), 61, 96

Cjbmng Crjvn sitn/ejopbnx, 61, ;4, 55, =6,>;‛5, >4‛<, 646Cjbmng Bfgn, 39Cjbmskjrjucl Kfy, 6;3Crfgm Elnoig, <5Crnft Ejurbfgm Kfy, 61, >5‛9, 663, 669,

6;4‛3Crnft ong, 5>, 49‛31, 35, <<, 9>, 611, 619,

64>Crnft [ivnr, 6;3Crnftnr Fgtibbns, 3‛<, 5>, 41‛;, <>, 9;,

643‛<, 631‛6Crngfmf, ;>, 35‛=, <=, 95, 99, 614, 619,

664‛3, 669, 6;6, 6=;Crincj, Fgtjgij, 9=Crincj, Hjrcn, 9=Crjngnwncng, Fnrt Fmrifng, 666Cufmnbjupn, <, 35, 669, 6;>

Cufiqunrï, <>, 619Cufgfpj Lniclts, 6>3Cufgïg, 36, <=, <4, 9;, 9=‛>, 644‛3Cufpj [ivnr, 34Cufrfefrf [ivnr, 65;Cufrfpieln [ivnr, 615, 669Cuftifj , 3=, <4‛3, 643Cufyfkitfg suksnrins, =>, 643Cufyfcufyfrn, 61, 56, 9<, 655Cufyrif , Bf Qurïsiof Ejgenpeiõg mn Ofrïf

Ufgtïsiof mn , 4<, 9<, 65;‛>, 6=;, 6=>Cufyuej, 36Cunrrf, Eristõkfb, <=Cuifgf Eurrngt, ;Cuifgf(s), ;, 3‛66, 64, ;<‛9, =>‛4, >;,

>9‛41, 4>, 43, 31, 35, 3>‛4, 3<, <1‛6,<=, <3, 91, 9=, 93, 99, 616, 61=‛4, 664‛<,6;3, 64>‛36

Cubd jd Qfrif, ;‛5, 64, 6<, ;4, =>, =9, >6, 4;,4<‛9, 3>, <5‛=, <4‛9, 96, 95‛=, 93, 615,65;, 6=6, 6=3

Cuyfgf, ;5, =4, >6, 3=, 61=, 613, 636Cuyof, <9

LLfkuri, 34, 6><, 643Lfrejurt, Uir [jknrt, 61>Lfrris, Bjrm Cnjrcn, 6>5Lfrris, Qntnr J’Kring, 63, ;1, ;6‛;, ;<, 56,

59, =6, >6, 96, 6<>Lfrtbny, Ofhjr Hnrnoifl, 66;Lnrgfgmnz, [iefrmj Klfrftl, 6>9

Linrrnyof (Lyfriof), 93, 613, 619‛6;,663‛<, 6>9Licl Utrnnt, Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 61, =9, 3>, 65=Libbskjrjucl Kfy, 6;1‛6Lispfgijbf, 3‛<, <>‛3, 615, 643Ljbbis, Uir Ebfumn, 661, 6>3Lunvjs, <=Lurriefgn, 4, 64, =>, 6=9Luyfpfrï, <<



696

IIefejs, 61, >6, 41, 4;, <5, 646Ien Fcn, 6>Igengsn kurgnrs, =5Igmifg Elfig, 65=Igmifg Qjigt, 6;9, 645Igmifg rfib [jfm, 65=, 645Igmifg Sfb`, 6;3, 6>;, 645Igmicngjus (Dirst) Qnjpbns Mfy, 666Igmijs , 6, 3‛<, 91, 9=, 6>1, 64<Igmivimufb digms, 65, ;1‛6, 5;, 41, 91Igtnrfetijg splnrn, ;, ;9, =;, =>, >;Isbfgm (Igsubfr) Frfwf`, 3, 64<, 631‛6

Isbfgm Efrik, <, 66, 41, 43‛<, 31‛6, 35‛=, 34,3<‛9, <6, 9=, 99, 615, 614, 619, 66;‛5,664‛9, 6;6‛<, 651, 659‛=1, 6=5, 6=9,645, 64>‛4, 64<, 631

H Hfejkus (Hn`fks) jd Ejurbfgm, Mu`n, 66<‛;6,

6;5 Hfmjuêg, Fgmré, 6;3 Hjlg jd rigimfm, 616 Hjlg Qrjvjst, 616 Hjsnpl, N.B., 33, <1 Huokins , 3<‛9

@ @firi , 33, <1@fbidjgif Libb, 6=1@fbi’gf, <‛9, 66, ;=, 41, 45, 31, 35‛=, 9>,

611, 615, 61>‛3, 66;, 66>‛4, 66<‛;1,6;;‛=, 6;3, 6=1, 644, 64<

@fbi’gfcj, <‛9, 66, 45, 31, 35, 664, 659, 644,64<, 631

@nyois, Bfurngen, 99, 616, 61>, 66>‛4@igc Qntnr’s Kfy, 6;3, 645@igc Utrnnt, Friof, 6=>, 6>1@igc’s Kfy, 6;3‛<@igcsbny, Elfrbns, 4=@jrifkj ejopbnx, 41

BBf Krnf, ;9, <1, 61;Bf Mivigf Qfstjrf, 6=1, 6=>, 6=3, 6>;, 6>3‛<Bfcjg Mjux, 61, 6=Bf Cuirf, 5, 6;3Bfoknfu, 6;3Bfopsigs, Ejrgnbis, 6;1‛;Bfopsigsstfm , 6;1‛;Bfgm krimcn, ;, 6>‛4Bf [nejggfissfgen, 61, ;9Bfs Efsfs, Dftlnr Kfrtjbjoé mn, <4‛3Bftn Enrfoie Fcn, 6;, =>, =3, =9, >6, >=‛>,

>3

Bfvngtibbn, 9=Bnnwfrm Isbfgms, <, ==, 6;5, 64<Bnssnr Fgtibbns, <‛9, ;>, =;, ==, >;‛5, ><,

46, 45, 4>, 31, 3=‛4, 3<, <6, 96, 66>‛4,669‛;1, 6;>‛4, 644‛36

Bitlie Fcn, 64‛3Bittbn Ejurbfgm Kfy, ;3, 6;=Bittbn [je`by Kfy, 6;1Bittbn jkfcj, 6;9Bbfgjs, Hjlg ., ;3Bj`õgj, 3, 61, >9, 43, 49‛31, 35, <3, 64>,

64<, 636Bjpigjt Tfbbny, ;9Bjrm Lfrris Uqufrn, Friof, 6==‛>, 6>>Bjs Kfhjs, 61, 6>Bjs Kfrrfgejs, ;9Bjs nsticjs, ;>, >6, 664Bjuis, 31, 6;9‛51

Bjuis m’Jr, 4=, 6;9Bjvnrs’ [ntrnft, 61, =1, >;‛5, >4, ><Bjwnr jwg Uefrkjrjucl, 6;1Buefyfgs, <>

OOfig [imcn, =, 6;<‛9Ofigbfgm Efrik, <‛9, 66, 41, 49, 35, <>, 644,

64<

Ofit-sjuren , 3<, 64< Ofhjbief , >9, 61<, 6=6, 64<



69;

Ofbufgf, 49, <<‛91 Ofofg-Mbj, 3<, <6, 64<Ofojrfb, 61, 91‛6Ofg-jd-Sfr Kfy, 6;>, 6;<‛9, 645Ofgunb, 95Ofgzfgibbf, 6=1Ofgzfgibbf 6, 61, ;4‛3, =4‛9, >6‛;Ofqufriof, 611 Ofrfef (slfe-slfe) , 33, 6>>, 6>9, 64<, 631Ofrfefs Kfy, 613‛<Ofrfefs [ivnr, 99Ofrfvfb, 64;Ofrfvfb [ivnr, 49

Ofrcfritf, ;>, 31, 3;‛5, 34, <=‛>, <3‛91,95‛>, 93‛<, 616‛5, 61=, 614, 619, 666‛;,66>‛4, 649

Ofrifggn [ivnr, ;3Ofriquirn Tfbbny, 65;, 65=Ofrjgi (Ofrjwihgn) [ivnr, 61>Ofrslfbb, Efptfig, 66<Ofrtigiqun, 614, 669, 6;5‛>, 6;3Ofrtïr, Qnmrj, 4;

Ofslfo, Efptfig [jknrt, 66;, 66<Ofturf, 9<, 6=1, 6==Ofturf Kfy, 5Ofusief [ivnr, 6=>Ofyfrj, =, 6=, 63, ;5, ;9, >=, 95, 655 Ofyfrj, Ufg Hjsnpl mn , 9<, 655Ofyefy, 93Ofyj, 61, 4>, 43, 9<, 65;, 6=6, 649Ofyj [ivnr, 65;

Ofyj [jfm, 65=Ofyjim snrins, >9, 91‛6, 61<, 655, 6=6, 6=>,

649Ofyrjf, 95‛=Oncfdfugf, 6>Onbeljr, <<Ongmjzf, Efptfig Ofrtig mn, 653 Onstizj, 3<, 665, 65<, 64=, 649Oimmng (rndusn) mnpjsits, 66‛5, ;6‛5, ;>‛3,

5=, 53, =4‛3, >5, 6=6, 649

Oibdjrm 6, 61, ;6‛;Oibdjrm [jfm, Uefrkjrjucl, 6;1Oirfgmf, Cngnrfb Drfgeisej mn, 6>6Oissijg Libb, 6=1Oissijg vibbfcns, >9, 46, 4>, 43‛<, 36, 35, <6,

9<, 619, 665, 6;>, 6;3, 656‛=>, 6=3‛>>,6>3, 645, 644‛3, 649‛31

Oitf , 61=, 65=, 644, 649Oitelnbb, [jknrt, 6>6Ojbbngs, Sibbno, 45, 669‛;1Ojge`, Ejbjgnb Drfgz, 6;5Ojgtsnrrft, <Ojgtsnrrft Libbs, 65; Ojgtsnrrftn , Gunstrf Unöjrf mn , 4>, 43, 9<,

65;, 65=, 6=6‛;, 6==‛>Ojjr, Ejrgnbis mn, 666Ojjr, Hfg mn, 663Ojrifl, 6;3Ojrucf, 9<, 661, 66;, 654, 6>;, 6><, 64;Ojrucf [ivnr, 655Ojrucf [jfm/Nsonrfbmf, 61, 91Ojru`f [ivnr, 61=‛>Ojugt Irvign, =;, 66<, 6;6, 6;=Ojugt Irvign 6, 61, ;4‛3Ojugt Irvign 5, 61, ==Ojugt Irvign ejopbnx, ;<Ojugt fofgf, 654Oueurfpj, 49 Oueurfpj , Bjs Ufgtjs [nyns mn , 9<, 659‛=1Oum vjbefgjns, =, 39

GGfpfriof Libb, 3>‛4, 39, 65;, 6><, 643Gfpfriof Igmifgs, 65;, 65=‛3, 659‛=6,

6==‛>Gfpfriof‛Ofyfrj [jfm, 65=Gfrivf [ivnr, 655Gfrivf Uwfop, 6;, ;5, 9<, 654, 64;Gftijgfb Ousnuo fgm Frt Cfbbnry, Qjrt-jd-

Upfig, 6>, ;4, ;9, 5;‛5, 53, =;, 6<>Gftijgfb Ousnuo jd tln Fonriefg Igmifg,

Sfsligctjg/Gnw Yjr`, ;5, ;3, 56, 6<>



695

Gfvfrrntn, [jmricj Qérnz mn, 91Gnpjij, 9‛66, >9, 49, 35, 34, <3, 93, 99‛611,

61=, 613, 619‛6;, 66>, 663‛<, 6;;, 65;,65=‛=6, 6=5‛=, 6>1, 649

Gnw Ejurbfgm (Gnu @urbfgm ), 669‛;1

Ginuw Sfbelnrng, 663, 6;1‛6Giöj, Qnrfbjgsj, <=Gjrtlnrg Kfsig, =, 41, 43, 61=Gjrtlnrg [fgcn, =‛4, 65‛=, ;9, >6, 43, 39,

<6, <9, 9<, 659, 6=5, 6=9, 6>5‛=, 649

JJelfrfyof, 91Jhnmf, Fbjgsj mn, <=

Jbm Ut. Hjsnpl [jfm, 616J’Onfrf sfvfggfl, 41Jrfgcn Crjvn, 61=Jrmæs, Mincj mn, <<‛91Jrigjej, ;‛5, 3‛<, 61‛66, 64, ;5, ;>, ;9,

=1‛6, =>‛4, >6, 46‛5, 43, 31, 35‛4,39‛<6, <3‛91, 9;‛>, 93‛<, 611‛5, 61>‛3,666‛5, 656, 65=‛>, 659, 64>‛4, 64<‛36

Jrjpueln Bfcjjg, 64, 6<‛9, =<, 6>3

Jrtfb, Hnrõgioj mn, 91Jrtjirn, 61, 63, ;;‛5, 649Jrtjirn [ivnr, ;5Jrtjirjim snrins, 63, 69‛;5, ;>, 649

QQfbj Unej sitn/ejopbnx, 61‛6, ;>‛<, =1, 646Qfofejf, <9Qfpf-Kjis , 3<, 649

Qfrfejf, 34, 9=‛>Qfrfcufgï, <9Qfrfgc , 33, 6>>, 649‛31Qfrnej, 93Qfrif Qngigsubf, ;, ;6, =1, =>, >6, 4;, 4>, 49,

36, 35, 34, <6, <=, <<‛9, 6;>, 659Qfrifcjtj, 6;>, 659‛=1Qfriej, 34, 9=, 93, 611Qfssfcn ritns, 54

Qnfi -ofg ( pifyn ), 33, 65>, 64<‛36

Qnfrb Ejfst, <=‛>Qnbbnprft, Dftlnr Qinrrn, 669Qnjgs, 6=3, 6>;‛>, 6><, 646, 645‛=, 644‛3,

649Qntnr, @igc, 6;3‛<Qntit rju, 6;1, 6;3Qntrjcbypls, 61, 65‛=, ><, 649Qinrrnvibbn, 655Qigzõg, Tiengtn Yfönz, <=Qirftns’ Kfy, 6;>Qirjcun, 3;‛=, 34, <5‛=, <9‛91, 95, 99, 615,

61<‛9, 666, 66>‛4, 6;;‛=, 65;, 645Qitel Bf`n, =‛>, 61, ;<‛9, 55, 5>‛4, =1, =;,

<1‛6, 611, 614

Qbfzf mn Ufg Efrbjs, 65;Qbyojutl, >;‛4, ><, 45, 663, 669‛;6, 6;9Qjigt [fmix, 654Qjigtn-f-Qinrrn, 6><Qjigtn-f-Qinrrn Sibm Djwb rust, ;;, 56, 59,

>6, 96, 6<>Qjonrjjg [ivnr, 66<Qjgen mn Béjg, Cfreïf, 9=Qjgen mn Béjg, Hufg rjeln, 95‛=Qjjgfl [jfm, 61, ;6‛;Qjttnry mnpjsits, 65, 5;Qjrt-jd-Upfig, 49, <9, 9<‛9, 615‛>, 613, 665,

65>, 6=1‛5, 6><, 6<>Qjygtz, Efptfig Hjlg, 6;5‛=, 6;<Qrigen’s Kfy, 6;3Qrigens jwg, 61, 43, 36, 9<, 65;, 65=, 6=6,

6>6Qunrtj [iej, 3, ;>, 54, =6, ==, <>‛4, <<‛9,

95, 615, 643‛<Qugtf Eurfj, 49

V Vufrfljjg [ivnr, 6>;Vunng’s Isbfgm, 6;9Vuigfo, 61, ;4‛3, 661, 6>;Vuiripæ , 3=‛>



69=

[ [fbncl, Uir Sfbtnr, 9, 69, 35, 33, 9>, 93‛615,

61>, 613[fyf mnb Efrikn, 645[nm Ljusn, Qjrt-jd-Upfig, 61, ;4[npfrtioingtj, <>, 615, 631[ntum, Efptfig Hnfg, 9>[ielojgm Kfy, 6;3[ïj Frufef, <<[ïj Crfgmn, 3=, <<[ïj Ofgfoõ, <=, <<[ivubnt [ivnr, 65;[jkigsjg Erusjn, 6;5

[jkigsjg Erusjn Efvn, 61, 6>[jelndjrt, Elfrbns mn, 31[je`by Kfy, 669‛;1, 6;;, 6;3‛<[je`y Qjigt, 6;5[jmrïcunz, Hufg, 664[jn, Uir ljofs, 613[jjm`bip (“[nm Ebidd’) Kfy, 669[jtntf, Mjg Unkfstifg mn, 65>[jung, 6=6

[jusn, Irvigc, 63, ;5, ;4, ;<, 56, =4, 61<[jusnbbn, @igc, 6;3‛9[jxkjrjucl [ivnr, 6;3

UUfkæijgj ebfg, 31Ufbfmnrj, 66, ;>, 631Ufbfmjim snrins, 66, ;>‛9, 56‛=<, >1, >;,

>4‛<, 644, 631

Ufbfs, Hufg mn, 9=Ufbfzfr, Qnmrj mn, 66>Ufbign Kfy, 6=5Ufbykif, 9<, 654, 659, 6=5, 6=>Ufbykif Kfy, 659‛=1Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 61, =9, 43‛<, 3>‛3, 9<, 65;,

6=5, 6=>, 6=3‛<, 6>6, 6><Ufg Drfgeiqun, 63, 6>;Ufg Hjsé mn Jruöf , >9, 9<

Ufg Hufg, 9<‛9, 61;, 61=

Ufg [fdfnb, 655Ufgmy Qjigt, 6;6, 646Ufgtf [jsf Dnstivfb, 6=3, 6>1, 6>>, 6>3, 6>9Ufgtf [jsf Dirst Qnjpbns Ejoougity, 6>9‛41,

639Ufgtj ]joé mn Cufyfgf, 615, 61>, 666Ufvfgf Crfgmn , Bf Fgugeïftf mn Gfzfrnt mn ,

43, 36, 9<, 65;, 65=‛3, 6=6‛;, 6==‛>,6=<, 6>6‛5, 6><

Ufvfgntf , Ufgtf Fgf mn , 61, 9<, 65;‛4, 6=6‛;,6==‛>, 646

Ufvjgnttf [ivnr, 65;Uefrkjrjucl, >5, >4, ><, 6;1, 6;;, 6;9Uelojbb, Efptfig Kfrtljbm Jttj, 6;=

Unmnöj, Fgtjgij, 49, 33, <<‛91Unrpngt’s Ojutl, 64, 4;, <=, 655Unttbnongt (sitns), 66‛5, ;>‛3, 5;, 5=, =>‛4,

>5, ><‛9, 46‛=, 34, <=, <<, 9=, 615, 619,6;1, 6;3, 659, 646, 649

Unvng Ynfrs’ Sfr, 6;<Ulfofg, 6=, ;5, 5>, =;‛5, =4, ><‛9, 34‛<,

<1‛6, 65>, 6=9, 6>5, 6><‛9, 64<‛36Ulfr, Nbmnr [fkigf, 641

Ulnkfij, 9‛61, 49‛31, 35, <3, 61=‛>, 613,631Ulnbb lnfps, 66‛;, ;6‛5, ;>, =3, >5Uicgfb Libb, 6;3‛9Uib`-ejttjg trnn, 39Uipfrif, 9<, 6=1, 6=>, 6=3‛<, 6>6‛5, 6>3‛41,

64;Uir Ujbjojg Ljeljy Liclwfy, 65;Ujrzfgj Utrnnt, Friof, 6=>Ujutlnrg Kfsig, =Ujutlnrg [fgcn, =Upneifb fetivity sitns, 65, ;1, ;>, 5;Ut. Fgg’s [ivnr, ;4Ut. Knrgfrm, 61, ;4‛3, =1, =5, 646Ut. Eftlnrign’s sitn/ejopbnx, 61, =4, 646Ut. Hjlg, 61, 64‛<, ;1‛6Ut. Hjsnpl, >9, 33, 9<‛9, 616‛65, 66<, 65>‛4,

65<, 6=1‛;, 6==, 6>9

Ut. Hjsnpl, Ofyfrj, 9<, 655



69>

Ut. Hjsnpl ;, =9, >6, >9Ut. Hjsnpl [ivnr, 99, 61<, 666Ut. @itts, <, 66;, 664‛3, 669Ut. Bueif, =>, 6;5, 6;3, 636Ut. Ofrtig, ==Ut. Tigengt, 41, 3>, 619, 66;, 664‛9, 6;6‛5,

6;>, 6;3, 6;9, 659, 6=5, 6=9, 64>‛4Ut. Tigengt Utrnnt, Ufg Dnrgfgmj, 65;Utnfmofg, Mfvim S., ;3Utnrrnselfgs (“Utfr Djrt’), 6;;‛5Utj`ns, Fgg F., ;3Utjgn Lfvng Kfy, 6;5Utumbny Qfr`, 6;9Uurigfon, 61>, 613, 66<, 6;;Uwimmng, 6<, 5;, 4=, 644, 631Uybvnstnr, 6=9

] ]fefricuf, Ufg Qfkbj mn , 9<, 61=, 654, 6=6‛;,

6==“ fïgj’, 3, 41, <>‛4, 631‛6]fpif , 6;, 61<, 665, 655, 64>, 636

frrjjpfgfof, 611lnvnt, Fgmré, 96‛;lrnnpjigtnm stjgns, ==, ><jkfcj (gfon), 39, <>jkfcj Listjriefb Ousnuo, >5, >4, 6<> jkfcj Ujugm, 9;jefurfof, 3=jej, 619‛6;, 66<, 6;9, 659‛=1, 6=>, 6=<‛9,

6>5‛=, 6><‛9, 64;jej- ln Oissijg, 9<jpjgyos (pbfen gfons), 659‛=1, 6=5, 646‛5jrtucf, 65=, 6>3rikfb sjeintins, 3‛66, ;5, 5=, 49, <1, 619‛61,

6;3, 654rigimfm fgm jkfcj Listjriefb Ujeinty (Ujutl

Unetijg), 63rigimfmf, Unöjr, <1uopugf, 655ugfpugf, 64;upi, 61<

upifg, 645, 64<, 636uripfri, <<‛91

^^givnrsity jd rigimfm fgm jkfcj, ;1, 6<>^givnrsity jd tln Snst Igmins, 64, ;6, 6<>^tuyfgny, <9

T Tnrf Ikfrcòng, Mjoigcj mn, 4;, 93‛9, 615Tnspueei, Fonricj, 4;, 43, 35, <=Timns, Drfgeisej mn, 615Tinquns, =1

S Sfnkns, Hfg, 6;= Sfigi [ivnr, 3= Sfrfj, 61‛6, 64, ;6, ;5‛=, 43, 35, 34‛3,

39‛<6, 613, 666, 656, 655‛<, 6=1, 6=>,6=3, 6>6‛5, 6>3‛<, 641, 64;, 644‛3, 636

Sfrfj Gftijg, 641 Sfrfjfg, 66, 34, 644, 636 Sfrnj, 61=‛>

Sfrgnr, Uir ljofs, 619, 664 Sfrwie`, [jknrt [iel, Nfrb jd, 66;, 66< Snnpfe`nf, 61> Snstoigstnr, Qnfen jd, 6;; Slimmng, Hfejk, 611‛6 Slitnbfgms, 61, ;4, =5 Sigmwfrm Isbfgms, <, ;6, =>, >;, ><‛41, 45,

3>, <>, 99, 66>‛4, 6;;‛5, 656, 64< Sjjmdjrm, Uir [fbpl, 6>1‛;

Y Yfij, 9‛66, 49, 34, 9=, 93, 616, 61=‛>, 613,

636 Yfbn ^givnrsity, Gnw Lfvng, 63, ;5, ;4, ;<,

61< Yjugc, Uir Sibbifo, 4=, 6;9‛51

X

Xjjbjciefb Ousnuo, ^givnrsity jd tln SnstIgmins, ;6, 6<>











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D[JO ]LN DI[U] UN]]BN [U ^ G]IB ]JMFY

]LN IGMICNGJÛ QNJQBNU JD

]rigimfm fgm ]jkfcj

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