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04/19/23 1Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Risk Mitigation through Knowledge Management
JoAnne Rocker
NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program
Chair, AIAA Technical Information Committee
Topic 4
04/19/23 2Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Discussion Topics
Risk mitigation
Knowledge management
• Communities of practice
• Lessons Learned
• Portals
Technology and cultural change
Conclusion
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 3Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Risk Management (RM) is an organized, systematic decision-making process that efficiently identifies, analyzes, plans (for the handling of risks), tracks, controls, communicates, and documents risk
Purpose: increase the likelihood of achieving program/project goals
Risk mitigation depends upon risk analysis
Many useful sources of information should be compiled to provide input for risk analysis, for example:
• Test data
• Expert opinions
• Hazard Analyses, Failure Modes and Effects Analyses
• Lessons learned data and historical information from other programs/projects
• Software verification and validation
• Risk data generated in other steps in the process
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Risk mitigation is a process involving information analysis from a variety of data sources
Risk Mitigation
Risk Management Procedures and Guidelines, NPG 8000.4
04/19/23 4Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Knowledge management refers to strategies and structures for maximizing the return on intellectual and information resources
• Tacit form (human education, experience and expertise)
• Explicit forms (documents and data)
Creates new value by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of individual and collaborative efforts to organize and use information resources
Increases innovation and improves decision-making
From: “Defining Knowledge Management”, destinationKM.com,
http://www.destinationkm.com/articles/default.asp?ArticleID=949
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Knowledge Management
04/19/23 5Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopmentWhy does the aerospace industry need KM?
• Aerospace is a competitive knowledge-based industry
• Continual learning and re-using information to be competitive, respond to change, stay innovative, and discover new products and processes
• Long-term life cycle for technology development and knowledge can be lost or forgotten if no KM process is in place (KM provides continuity as information is captured, stored, and made available for use)
• Virtual workforce (national and internationally located) need to share resources and information for collaborative work
• Cyclical hiring practices hinders knowledge sharing between experienced employees and new hires
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 6Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Knowledge management strategies and structures
• Communities of practice
• Lessons learned databases
• Portals
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 7Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
From: “Communities for knowledge management,” by Stephen Denning, article found at http://www.stevedenning.com/communities_knowledge_management.html
“Definitions of community of practice vary somewhat, but are usually taken to mean a group of practitioners who share a common interest or passion in an area of competence and are willing to share the experiences of their practice.”
Communities of practice can also be known as:
• Thematic groups (World Bank)
• Learning communities or networks (Hewlett Packard)
• Best practice teams (Chevron)
Communities exist within companies and as well as across company boundaries
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopmentCommunities of Practice
04/19/23 8Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopmentCommon traits of communities of practice (CoP)
• Strong sense of identity with the group - members often from the same line of work (salespeople, technicians, engineers, webmasters, etc).
• Practice is not captured in formal procedures – people learn how to do the work and are seen as competent or not based on working with others
• Use the same the same tools, methods, techniques
• Express themselves in a common language
• Cross-disciplinary not attached to organizational chart
• Differ from projects or teams
• Groups are self-selecting
• Emphasis sharing knowledge and experiences
Source: Fred Nickols, “Communities of Practice: Definition, Indicators & Identifying Characteristics,” http://home.att.net/~discon/KM/CoPCharacteristics.htm
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 9Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
“Lessons learned is a narrative account of an actual experience providing an analysis of what happened, what was expected to happen, an understanding of why there were differences, and what was learned.”
Source: Schlumbergerhttp://www.slb.com/oilfield/index.cfm?id=id27859
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
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Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
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TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Lessons Learned
04/19/23 10Engineering & Technology Management Group
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
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TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
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http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/plls/index.html
04/19/23 11Engineering & Technology Management Group
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/plls/index.html
04/19/23 12Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/plls/index.html
04/19/23 13Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/plls/index.html
04/19/23 14Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
“A portal is a site featuring a suite of commonly used services, serving as a starting point and frequent gateway to the Web (Web portal) or a niche topic (vertical portal). Web portal services often include a search engine or directory, news, email, stock quotes, maps, forums, chat, shopping, and options for customization.”
From: Marketing Terms.com, http://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/portal/
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopmentPortals
04/19/23 15Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Example: aerospace portal (http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/)
04/19/23 16Engineering & Technology Management Group
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Example: aerospace portal (http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/)
04/19/23 17Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
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Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Technology but part of process to implement knowledge management but changing culture is essential to KM success
Source: William Matthews, “Knowledge management's 'worst‘” Federal Computer Week, April 25, 2002, http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2002/0422/web-know-04-25-02.asp
Gartner Inc. conducted a survey on how well organizations utilize knowledge management and found:
• Survey participants scored from high of 78% to low of 2%
• Worst offender was the government with 2%
• Government workers didn’t understand what knowledge management was and how to use it
• Effective knowledge management means information sharing and collaboration and agencies are not used to doing that
French Caldwell, Gartner Research Director, "Knowledge management is a business process that has to be approached with discipline. It is not a technology. You can't buy it in a box."
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 18Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
No KM technology or tool will be successful without a fundamental paradigm shift in corporate culture
• KM initiatives need acceptance and be seen as a way to do things differently
• Means user training, emphasizing the benefits of the new way of working
• KM is not a one-time investment but rather an ongoing process
• Top level management are the champions of KM initiatives
• Success or failure depends on a company's ability and willingness to make real cultural changes
Source: Henry Newberry, “Knowledge Management and Corporate Culture,” Lotus Advisor Magazine, November 2002, p6, http://businessintelligenceadvisor.com/doc/11262
Eng
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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
04/19/23 19Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Risk Mitigation and knowledge management
• Purpose of managing risk is to increase the likelihood of achieving program/project goals
• Way to mitigate risk is through process of risk analysis which draws upon many different types of data and information sources
• Knowledge management provides the structure for collecting, organizing, and making information available for use (communities of practice, lessons learned, portals)
• Leverages corporate knowledge and creates a collaborative work environment
• Business process - not a technology - that needs top-level support to be effective
Knowledge management should be a business practice in the aerospace industry
• Knowledge-based industry
• Highly specialized technologies and processes making it vital to capture and retain corporate knowledge
• Innovation and knowledge creation are keys to survival in competitive marketplace and knowledge management is about getting the right information to the right people at the right time
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Conclusion